Chlorthalidone - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CHLORTHALIDONE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AME...

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CHLORTHALIDONE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Chlorthalidone: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00233-7 1. Chlorthalidone-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on chlorthalidone. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHLORTHALIDONE ................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Chlorthalidone............................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHLORTHALIDONE ......................................................................... 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 Finding Nutrition Studies on Chlorthalidone ............................................................................. 39 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 40 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHLORTHALIDONE ................................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 43 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 45 General References ....................................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CHLORTHALIDONE ................................................................................... 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Chapters on Chlorthalidone ......................................................................................................... 47 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 51 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 53 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 55 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 57 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 61 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 61 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 61 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 67 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 67 CHLORTHALIDONE DICTIONARY ......................................................................................... 69 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 91

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with chlorthalidone is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about chlorthalidone, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to chlorthalidone, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on chlorthalidone. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to chlorthalidone, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on chlorthalidone. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CHLORTHALIDONE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on chlorthalidone.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and chlorthalidone, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “chlorthalidone” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Guidelines for Antihypertensive Treatment: An Update After the ALLHAT Study Source: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 15(1): S51-S54. January 2004. Summary: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) Study, the largest double-blind, randomized trial in patients with hypertension (high blood pressure), confirmed and strengthened the clinical relevance of thiazide diuretics in the treatment of hypertension but did not prove the superiority of these drugs. This article comments on the ALLHAT study, focusing on guidelines for antihypertensive treatment. The authors notes that the study's claim of the superiority of chlorthalidone was based on some secondary outcomes. Moreover, the ALLHAT study has other limitations and its conclusions are in contrast with data from overall controlled clinical trials indicating that given the same BP reduction, the benefit of different drug classes is similar. The authors believe that the ALLHAT study

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will influence ongoing guidelines concerning the choice of antihypertensive drugs if interpretation of its data in favor of diuretics and cost of drugs become the preponderant considerations. However, a more liberal approach based on the choice of all available drug classes seems still to be valid, if the preponderant consideration is that the real benefit of antihypertensive therapy is due to efficient blood pressure control and not to a particular benefit of a single drug class. 22 references. •

Baseline Characteristics of the Diabetic Participants in the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) Source: Diabetes Care. 24(4): 654-658. April 2001. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article reports on a study that described the baseline characteristics of a cohort of hypertensive adults with diabetes who are part of the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). ALLHAT is a double blind randomized trial of 42,448 high risk hypertensive participants ages 55 years or older designed to determine whether the incidence of fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease and combined cardiovascular events differs between diuretic treatment (chlorthalidone) and the alternative therapies of a calcium channel blocker (amlodipine), an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (lisinopril), and an alpha adrenergic blocker (doxazosin). The planned follow up is an average of 6 years, to be completed in March 2002. Of the 42,448 participants in ALLHAT, 15,297 have a history of diabetes. Of these, 50.2 percent are male, 39.4 percent are African American, and 17.7 percent are Hispanic. Demographic and laboratory characteristics of the cohort are similar to those of other studies of the U.S. elderly population with hypertension. The sample size has 42 and 93 percent confidence, respectively, for detecting a 16 percent difference between the diuretic and each of the nondiuretic treatments for the study outcomes. The article concludes that the cohort of people with diabetes in ALLHAT will be able to provide valuable information about the treatment of hypertension in older diabetic patients at risk for incident cardiovascular disease. 1 figure. 1 table. 44 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Chlorthalidone The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to chlorthalidone. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to chlorthalidone.

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore chlorthalidone. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for chlorthalidone: •

Project Title: TREATMENTS

GENHAT-GENETICS

OF

HYPERTENSION

ASSOCIATED

Principal Investigator & Institution: Arnett, Donna K.; Associate Professor; Epidemiology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The Genetics of Hypertension Associated Treatments (GenHAT) is proposed as a prospective study to examine whether the association between selected hypertensive genes and combined fatal coronary heart disease and nonfatal myocardial infarction in high-risk hypertensives is modified by the type of antihypertensive treatment, leading to differential risks of coronary heart disease (CHD). Such genetreatment interactions might shed important light On the variation in patient response to antihypertensive agents, and improve our ability to pick the right antihypertensive for specific patients. GenHAT will be an ancillary study to ALLHAT (the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial). ALLHAT recruited 42,515 hypertensives and randomized them to one of four antihypertensive agents (lisinopril, chlorthalidone, amlodipine, and doxazosin); followup will be completed in March, 2002. GenHAT will characterize hypertension genetic variants and determine their interaction with antihypertensive treatments in relation to CHD. DNA from frozen clots stored at the ALLHAT Central Laboratory will be used to genotype variants of hypertension genes (angiotensinogen -6, angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion, angiotensin type- 1 receptor, alpha-adducin, beta2 adrenergic receptor, lipoprotein lipase, and 10 new hypertension variants expected to be discovered during the course of the study). In addition to the primary aim, a number of secondary aims will be undertaken to evaluate gene- treatment interactions in relation to other endpoints, including all-cause mortality, stroke, heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, decreased renal function, peripheral arterial disease, and blood pressure lowering. Because of the ethnic and gender diversity of ALLHAT, we will also assess effects of these variants on outcomes in key subgroups (age >65 years, women, African Americans, Type II diabetics), and whether the gene-treatment interactions in relation to outcomes are consistent across subgroups. This proposal has the advantages of (1) incorporation into an already funded clinical trial, and (2) collaboration with experienced investigators in genetic analysis (Drs. Boerwinkle and Eckfeldt) and clinical trials (Drs. Davis and Ford). It will, therefore, provide an important and cost-efficient contribution to the knowledge and understanding of the treatment of hypertension. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 3

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text

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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with chlorthalidone, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “chlorthalidone” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for chlorthalidone (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparative clinical study of hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone in oedema states. Author(s): Mutalik GS, Angelo TL. Source: Indian Pract. 1966 May; 19(5): 345-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5938364

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A comparative study of alprenolol and alpha-methyldopa respectively in combination with chlorthalidone in hypertension. Author(s): Tuomilehto J, Puska P, Mustaniemi H. Source: Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1974; 554: 47-54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4593673

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A comparative study of celiprolol and chlorthalidone in hypertensive patients with reversible airways obstruction. Author(s): Capone P, Mayol R, Mathieu M. Source: Br J Clin Pract Suppl. 1985 June; 40: 37-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2864061

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A comparison of celiprolol and chlorthalidone in hypertensive patients with reversible bronchial obstruction. Author(s): Dorow P, Clauzel AM, Capone P, Mayol R, Mathieu M. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1986; 8 Suppl 4: S102-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2427835

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A comparison of chlorothiazide, chlorthalidone and cyclopenthiazide in the treatment of hypertension. Author(s): Louis WJ, Doyle AE, Dawborn JK, Johnston CI. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1973 July 7; 2(1): 23-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4725465

journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparison of chlorthalidone-reserpine and hydrochlorothiazide-methyldopa as step 2 therapy for hypertension. Author(s): Channick BJ, Kessler WB, Marks AD, Adlin EV. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1981; 4(3): 175-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7307035

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A controlled study on the anti-hypertensive effect of a new beta-adrenoreceptorblocking drug, metoprolol, in combination with chlorthalidone. Author(s): Jaattela A, Pyorala K. Source: Clin Sci Mol Med Suppl. 1976 December; 3: 521S-523S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=799561

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A double-blind study of chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide in an outpatient population of moderate hypertensives. Author(s): Finnerty FA Jr. Source: Angiology. 1976 December; 27(12): 738-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=802926

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A fixed combination of metoprolol and chlorthalidone in hypertension. A clinical trial in general practice. Author(s): Govind U, Munro BF, Robertson LI. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1981 December 12; 60(24): 921-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7029740

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A fixed combination of metoprolol slow-release and chlorthalidone, given once daily, in the long-term treatment of arterial hypertension. Author(s): Floris B, Franchetta G, Palestini N, Sonaglioni G, Verdecchia P, Bichisao E. Source: J Int Med Res. 1982; 10(2): 82-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6802690

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A fixed combination of oxprenolol slow-release and chlorthalidone once daily in treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. Author(s): Muiesan G, Agabiti-Rosei E, Buoninconti R, Carotti A, Fariello R, Innocenti P, Toso M, Valori C, Motolese M. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1981 June; 19(6): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7309298

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A general practice trial of antihypertensive therapy comparing a combination of nicardipine and chlorthalidone with atenolol and chlorthalidone. Author(s): Douglas-Jones AP, Coxhead PF. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1986 March; 40(3): 100-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3518779

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A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessment of a combined slow-release metoprolol-chlorthalidone preparation. Author(s): Kendall MJ, Lambert L, Quarterman CP, John VA. Source: J Clin Hosp Pharm. 1981 December; 6(4): 259-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7338557

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A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial of chlorthalidone and bone loss in elderly women. Author(s): Wasnich RD, Davis JW, He YF, Petrovich H, Ross PD. Source: Osteoporosis International : a Journal Established As Result of Cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the Usa. 1995; 5(4): 247-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7492863

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A study on the treatment of arterial hypertension with atenolol/chlorthalidone tablets: preliminary results of a post-marketing surveillance clinical trial on 2449 patients. Author(s): Emanueli A, Born A, Lavezzari M. Source: J Int Med Res. 1984; 12(5): 314-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6389218

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Absolute bioavailability of chlorthalidone in man: a cross-over study after intravenous and oral administration. Author(s): Fleuren HL, Thien TA, Verwey-van Wissen CP, van Rossum JM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1979 February 19; 15(1): 35-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=421727

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Acute antihypertensive, diuretic and metabolic effects of etozolin and chlorthalidone. Author(s): Nami R, Lucani B, Pavese G, Panza F, Moscato D, Martinelli M, Gennari C. Source: Panminerva Medica. 1991 July-September; 33(3): 157-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1771100

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Addition of chlorthalidone to slow-release nifedipine in the treatment of arterial hypertension: a controlled study versus placebo. Author(s): Ferrara LA, Marotta T, Pasanisi F, Mastranzo P, Mancini M. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1988 March; 1(6): 657-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3154330

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Amlodipine or lisinopril was not better than chlorthalidone in lowering CHD risk in hypertension. Author(s): Heckman GA, Psaty BM. Source: Acp Journal Club. 2003 November-December; 139(3): A15; Author Reply A15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14594435

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Amlodipine versus chlorthalidone versus placebo in the treatment of stage I isolated systolic hypertension. Author(s): Ann Intern Med. 2002 Sep 3;137(5 Part 1):I38 Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2002 January; 15(1 Pt 1): 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12204046

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Analysis of chlorthalidone in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography using a rapid column cleanup procedure. Author(s): MacGregor TR, Farina PR, Hagopian M, Hay N, Esber HJ, Keirns JJ. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1984; 6(1): 83-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6710559

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Analysis of chlorthalidone in whole blood by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Rosenberg MJ, Lam KK, Dorsey TE. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1986 March 7; 375(2): 438-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3700570

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Antihypertensive activity of a fixed combination of oxprenolol and chlorthalidone in mild to moderate arterial hypertension. Author(s): Motolese M, Agabiti-Rosei E, Carotti A, Innocenti P, Montervino C, Solinas E, Toso M, Muiesan G. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1980; 18(8): 332-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7409934

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Antihypertensive activity of once daily metoprolol alone and with chlorthalidone and comparison with a twice daily regimen. Author(s): Muiesan G, Agabiti-Rosei E, Carotti A, Corea L, Innocenti P, Montervino C, Prezioso R, Romanelli G, Toso M, Motolese M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1982; 23(3): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6756932

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Antihypertensive and biochemical effects of chlorthalidone. Author(s): Tweeddale MG, Ogilvie RI, Ruedy J. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1977 November; 22(5 Pt 1): 519-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=334436

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Antihypertensive effect of a new imidazoline compound (clonidine) and chlorthalidone, individually and in combination. Author(s): Parsons WB Jr, Morledge JH. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1970 September; 26(3): 258-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5505451

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Antihypertensive effect of atenolol alone or combined with chlorthalidone in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Velasco M, Guevara J, Morillo J, Ramirez A, Urbina-Quintana A, HernandezPieretti O. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1980 May; 9(5): 499-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6994790

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Antihypertensive effect of oxprenolol and chlorthalidone in fixed combination, given once daily. Author(s): Buoninconti R, Motolese M, Rubegni M. Source: J Int Med Res. 1979; 7(6): 519-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=391625

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Antihypertensive mechanism of diuretic treatment with chlorthalidone. Complementary roles of sympathetic axis and sodium. Author(s): Weidmann P, Beretta-Piccoli C, Meier A, Keusch G, Gluck Z, Ziegler WH. Source: Kidney International. 1983 February; 23(2): 320-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6341684

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Antihypertensive therapy with diuretics and beta-blockers at fixed dosage: comparison between the combinations labetalol plus chlorthalidone and atenolol plus chlorthalidone. Author(s): Roja M, Cumetti C, Vergani A, Montanari C, De Cristofaro A. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1985; 11(12): 851-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2873012

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Antihypertensive therapy with verapamil SR plus trandolapril versus atenolol plus chlorthalidone on glycemic control. Author(s): Holzgreve H, Nakov R, Beck K, Janka HU. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2003 May; 16(5 Pt 1): 381-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12745200

Studies

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Assessment of a fixed-dosage combination of atenolol and chlorthalidone (Tenoretic) in hypertensive Nigerians. Author(s): Salako LA, Falase AO, Aderounmu AF, Walker O. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 1990 March; 19(1): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2109522

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Atenolol and chlorthalidone administered alone and in combination for essential hypertension. Author(s): Boike SC, Durley Y, Cubberley RB. Source: Clin Pharm. 1982 September-October; 1(5): 449-53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6764166

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Atenolol and chlorthalidone for hypertension in black South Africans. Author(s): Mhlongo SW. Source: British Medical Journal. 1980 December 6; 281(6254): 1569. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7437884

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Atenolol and chlorthalidone in combination for hypertension. Author(s): Bateman DN, Dean CR, Mucklow JC, Bulpitt CJ, Dollery CT. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1979 April; 7(4): 357-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=375958

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Atenolol and chlorthalidone in combination in the management of older hypertensive patients: a randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Backhouse CI, Hosie J, Tweed JA, Edwards KG. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1985; 9(6): 378-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3886301

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Atenolol and chlorthalidone on blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma renin activity in hypertension. Author(s): Teeuw AH, Leenen FH, Geyskes GG, Boer P. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1979 March; 25(3): 294-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=367678

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Atenolol and chlorthalidone therapy for hypertension: a double-blind comparison. Author(s): Curry RC Jr, Schwartz KM, Urban PL. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1988 November; 81(11): 1401-6, 1411. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3055324

12

Chlorthalidone

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Atenolol, methyldopa, and chlorthalidone in moderate hypertension. Author(s): Webster J, Jeffers TA, Galloway DB, Petrie JC, Barker NP. Source: British Medical Journal. 1977 January 8; 1(6053): 76-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12850

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Autoantibodies related to treatment with chlorthalidone and alpha-methyldopa. Author(s): Feltkamp TE, Mees EJ, Nieuwenhuis MG. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1970 March 3; 187(3): 219-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4910696

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Beneficial effects from systematic dosage reduction of the diuretic, chlorthalidone: a randomized study within a clinical trial. Author(s): Grimm RH Jr, Neaton JD, McDonald M, Case J, McGill E, Allen R, BaileyHoffman G, Kousch D, Childs J, Hulley SB. Source: American Heart Journal. 1985 April; 109(4): 858-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3885701

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Biliary excretion of chlorthalidone in humans. Author(s): Fleuren HL, Verwey-Van Wissen CP, Thien TA. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1980 January-March; 1(3): 103-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7448336

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Binding-site interaction of chlorthalidone and acetazolamide, two drugs transported by red blood cells. Author(s): Beermann B, Hellstrom K, Lindstrom B, Rosen A. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1975 April; 17(4): 424-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=804371

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Bioavailability in man of atenolol and chlorthalidone from a combination formulation. Author(s): McAinsh J, Holmes BH, Fitzsimons TJ, Young J. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1986 May-June; 7(3): 223-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3730522

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Bioavailability in man of atenolol and chlorthalidone from a combination formulation. Author(s): McAinsh J, Bastain W, Young J, Harry JD. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1981 April-June; 2(2): 147-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7248478

Studies

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Bisoprolol vs. chlorthalidone: a randomized, double-blind, comparative study in arterial hypertension. Author(s): Bueno J, Amiguet JA, Carasusan J, Cebollada J, Carretero J. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1990; 16 Suppl 5: S189-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11527126

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Blood pressure response to a single daily dose of a clonidine-chlorthalidone combination. Author(s): Grossman SH, Gunnells JC. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1980 April; 20(4 1): 193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6991550

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Bronchoneutral effects in hypertensive asthmatics--celiprolol versus chlorthalidone. Author(s): Dorow P. Source: J Int Med Res. 1988; 16 Suppl 1: 23A-26A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2975609

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Cadralazine and chlorthalidone as a second-step drug with atenolol in hypertensive patients: differences in blood pressure control during exercise. Author(s): Costa FV, Borghi C, Mussi A, Ambrosioni E. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1986; 30(2): 145-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3709638

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Carbohydrate metabolism during treatment with chlorthalidone and ethacrynic acid. Author(s): Andersen OO, Persson I. Source: British Medical Journal. 1968 June 29; 2(608): 798-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5656298

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Cardiovascular outcomes using doxazosin vs. chlorthalidone for the treatment of hypertension in older adults with and without glucose disorders: a report from the ALLHAT study. Author(s): Barzilay JI, Davis BR, Bettencourt J, Margolis KL, Goff DC Jr, Black H, Habib G, Ellsworth A, Force RW, Wiegmann T, Ciocon JO, Basile JN; ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Source: Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.). 2004 March; 6(3): 116-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15010644

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Cardiovascular response to exercise under increasing doses of chlorthalidone. Author(s): Ogilvie RI. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1976 March 22; 09(5-6): 339-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9291

14

Chlorthalidone

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Changes in blood pressure, serum potassium and electrolytes with a combination of triamterene and a low dose of chlorthalidone. Author(s): Hort JF, Wilkins HM. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1991; 12(7): 430-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1778085

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Changes in left ventricular mass during a double-blind study with chlorthalidone and slow-release nifedipine. Author(s): Ferrara LA, de Simone G, Mancini M, Fasano ML, Pasanisi F, Vallone G. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1984; 27(5): 525-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6394350

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Changes in urinary electrolytes versus serum electrolytes during treatment of primary hypertension with chlorthalidone alone and in combination with spironolactone. Author(s): Falch DK, Schreiner AM. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1981; 209(1-2): 111-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7010926

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Chlorthalidone alone or in fixed combination with slow-release metoprolol in the management of arterial hypertension: a long-term study of 545 patients. Author(s): Bichisao E, Merlini L, Gambini O, Alberti D, Pollavini G. Source: J Int Med Res. 1989 July-August; 17(4): 339-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2676651

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Chlorthalidone analysis using carbonic anhydrase inhibition. Author(s): Johnston MM, Li H, Mufson D. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1977 December; 66(12): 1735-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=411910

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Chlorthalidone and serum cholesterol. Author(s): Schnaper H, Fitz A, Frohlich E, Goldman A, Perry HM Jr, Steele B. Source: Lancet. 1977 August 6; 2(8032): 295. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=69897

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Chlorthalidone as a diuretic agent and its comparative evaluation with polythiazide. Author(s): Shah BR, Desai NH. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1967 September; 15(9): 425-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5587364

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Chlorthalidone attenuates the reduction in total cholesterol and small, dense LDL cholesterol subclass associated with weight loss. Author(s): Bradley K, Flack JM, Belcher J, Elmer P, Miller P, Grimm R Jr. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1993 July; 6(7 Pt 1): 636-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8398006

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Chlorthalidone does not increase the hypotensive effect of nifedipine in essential hypertensives: a crossover multicentre study. Author(s): Salvetti A, Magagna A, Innocenti P, Cagianelli A, Cipriani M, Gandolfi E, Del Prato C, Ballestra AM, Saba P, Giuntoli F, et al. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1989 December; 7(6): S250-1. Erratum In: J Hypertens Suppl 1990 April; 8(4): 399. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2698934

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Chlorthalidone in hypoparathyroidism. Author(s): McCarron DA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1978 October 19; 299(16): 900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=692589

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Chlorthalidone in mild hypertension - dose response relationship. Author(s): Russell JG, Mayhew SR, Humphries IS. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1981; 20(6): 407-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7286051

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Chlorthalidone in prevention of urinary calcium stone. Author(s): Sidabutar RP, Lumenta NA, Suling RC. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1978 January; 61 Suppl 1: 195-204. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=627795

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Chlorthalidone in the long term therapy of patients with hypertension. Author(s): Thomson AE. Source: Int Z Klin Pharmakol Ther Toxikol. 1970 January; 3(1): 21-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5440313

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Chlorthalidone in the treatment of angina pectoris. Author(s): Floyd DB, Domenet JG. Source: The Practitioner. 1973 April; 210(258): 559-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4197353

16

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Chlorthalidone pharmacodynamics in beagle dogs. Author(s): MacGregor TR, Keirns JJ, Farina PR, Matzek KM, Horhota ST, Esber HJ. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1985 August; 74(8): 851-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4032269

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Chlorthalidone plus reserpine versus hydrochlorothiazide plus reserpine in a stepped-care approach to the treatment of essential hypertension. Author(s): Finnerty FA Jr. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1980 May-June; 20(5-6 Pt 1): 357-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7400374

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Chlorthalidone promotes mineral retention in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria. Author(s): Coe FL, Parks JH, Bushinsky DA, Langman CB, Favus MJ. Source: Kidney International. 1988 June; 33(6): 1140-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3404813

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Chlorthalidone reduces calcium oxalate calculous recurrence but magnesium hydroxide does not. Author(s): Ettinger B, Citron JT, Livermore B, Dolman LI. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1988 April; 139(4): 679-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3280829

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Chlorthalidone treatment in patients with hypertension associated with hypokalaemia. Author(s): Skerrett FD. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1985 September 7; 291(6496): 642. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3928064

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Chlorthalidone-associated neutropenia. Author(s): Writer ST, Stevens DL, Starkebaum G. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1982 January; 136(1): 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7072241

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Chlorthalidone-induced hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma. Author(s): Curtis J, Horrigan F, Ahearn D, Varney R, Sandler SG. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1972 June 19; 220(12): 1592-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4624522

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Chlorthalidone--induced hypokalemia and abnormal carbohydrate metabolism. Author(s): Chowdhury FR, Bleicher SJ. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1970 January; 2(1): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5520746

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Chlorthalidone-induced impotence. Author(s): Stessman J, Ben-Ishay D. Source: British Medical Journal. 1980 September 13; 281(6242): 714. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7427412

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Chlorthalidone-induced pseudoporphyria: clinical and microscopic findings of a case. Author(s): Baker EJ, Reed KD, Dixon SL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 November; 21(5 Pt 1): 1026-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2808818

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Chlorthalidone-induced syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Author(s): Luboshitzky R, Tal-Or Z, Barzilai D. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1978 July; 18(7): 336-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=670429

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Chlorthalidone-triamterene: a potassium-sparing diuretic combination for the treatment of oedema. Author(s): Webb EL, Godfrey JC, Rosenbaum R, Zisblatt M, Vukovich RA, Neiss ES. Source: J Int Med Res. 1984; 12(3): 147-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6376209

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Chromatographic separation of chlorthalidone enantiomers using beta-cyclodextrins as chiral additives. Author(s): Herraez-Hernandez R, Campins-Falco P. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2000 April 14; 740(2): 169-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10821402

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Clinical evaluation of labetalol alone and combined with chlorthalidone in essential hypertension: a double-blind multicentre controlled study. Author(s): Lechi A, Pomari S, Berto R, Buniotto P, Parrinello A, Marini F, Cogo L, Tomasi A, Baretta G. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1982; 22(4): 289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7049710

18

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Clinical studies of methyldopa and its combination with chlorthalidone in hypertension. Author(s): Singh S, Mathur MN, Bedi HK. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1967 February; 21(2): 104-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5341937

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Clinical study on the hypotensive action of a chlorthalidone-reserpine association. Author(s): Strata A, Salvatore V. Source: Panminerva Medica. 1966 April; 8(4): 113-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5329329

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Clonidine and chlorthalidone (combipres) in hypertension. Author(s): Mroczek WJ, Lee WR, Davidov ME, Finnerty FA Jr. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1975 January; 17(1): 47-53. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=806428

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Clonidine versus methyldopa. A double blind cross-over study comparing side effects of clonidine and methyldopa administered together with chlorthalidone at a dosage producing the same blood pressure lowering effect. Author(s): Amery AK, Bossaert H, Fagard RH, Verstraete M. Source: Acta Cardiol. 1972; 21(1): 82-99. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4553878

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Clonidine-chlorthalidone combination once and twice daily in essential hypertension. Author(s): Noveck RJ, McMahon FG, Jain AK, Ryan JR. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1980 November; 28(5): 581-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7438676

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Combined clonidine-chlorthalidone therapy in hypertension. Two years' experience in 30 patients. Author(s): Rosenman RH. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1975 September; 135(9): 1236-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1164125

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Comparative effects of enalapril, atenolol and chlorthalidone on blood pressure and kidney function of diabetic patients affected by arterial hypertension and persistent proteinuria. Author(s): Stornello M, Valvo EV, Scapellato L. Source: Nephron. 1991; 58(1): 52-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1857482

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Comparative pharmacokinetic profiles of metoprolol and chlorthalidone administered alone or in combination to healthy volunteers. Author(s): Godbillon J, Gerardin A, John VA, Theobald W. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1983; 24(5): 655-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6873146

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Comparative studies on spironolactone (Aldactone) and chlorthalidone (Hygroton) in the treatment of arterial hypertension. Author(s): Fris T, Lintrup J, Nissen NI. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1966 March; 179(3): 371-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5910857

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Comparison between alprenolol and chlorthalidone as antihypertensive agents. Author(s): Bengtsson C. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1972 May; 191(5): 433-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4555618

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Comparison of chlorthalidone and spironolactone in low--renin essential hypertension. Author(s): Kreeft JH, Larochelle P, Ogilvie RI. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1983 January 1; 128(1): 31-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6336600

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Comparison of chlorthalidone, propranolol and bopindolol in six-month treatment of arterial hypertension. Author(s): Bagatin J, Sardelic S, Pivac N, Polic S, Ljutic D, Rakic D, Naranca M, Bojic L, Kovacic Z, Rumboldt Z. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1998; 18(2): 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9675624

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Comparison of oxprenolol plus chlorthalidone in fixed combination against chlorthalidone alone in mild to moderate essential hypertension; a clinical trial. Author(s): Gruppillo P, Tomasi AM, Masoni A, Finzi C. Source: G Ital Cardiol. 1980; 10(4): 476-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7002694

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Comparison of the antihypertensive activities of xipamide and chlorthalidone: a double-blind, randomized, crossover trial. Author(s): Bonaduce D, Ferrara N, Petretta M, Canonico V, Romango E, Rengo F. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1981; 7(4): 247-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7014105

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Chlorthalidone

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Comparison of the antihypertensive effect of propranolol and practolol combined with chlorthalidone. Author(s): Geyskes GG, Stutterheim A, Boer P, Mees EJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1975 December 19; 9(2-3): 85-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=786689

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Comparison of the antihypertensive effects of betaxolol and chlorthalidone as monotherapy and in combination. Author(s): Burris JF, Davidov ME, Jenkins P, Rofman B, Ginsberg D, Rosenbaum R, Ryan JR, Jain AK, Mroczek WJ. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1989 November; 149(11): 2437-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2684073

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Comparison of the effectiveness of a beta blocker (atenolol) and a diuretic (chlorthalidone) in black hypertensive patients. Author(s): Grell GA, Forrester TE, Alleyne GA. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1984 December; 77(12): 1524-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6390696

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Determination of chlorthalidone in human plasma by reversed-phase micellar liquid chromatography. Author(s): Dadgar D, Kelly MT. Source: The Analyst. 1988 August; 113(8): 1223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3232833

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Determination of chlorthalidone in plasma, urine and red blood cells by gas chromatography with nitrogen detection. Author(s): Fleuren HL, Van Rossum JM. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1978 May 11; 152(1): 41-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=649750

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Diabetogenic effect of chlorthalidone and polythiazide. Author(s): Shah BR, Desai NH. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1968 January; 16(1): 23-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5655059

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Different effects of metoprolol and chlorthalidone on serum lipoprotein levels in mild hypertension. Possible implications for coronary heart disease risk status. Author(s): Holtzman E, Rosenthal T, Goldbourt U, Segal P. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1984 December; 20(12): 1169-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6519949

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Diuretic treatment of Meniere disease. Long-term results with chlorthalidone. Author(s): Klockhoff I, Lindblom U, Stahle J. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1974 October; 100(4): 262-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4412853

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Dose response to chlorthalidone in patients with mild hypertension. Efficacy of a lower dose. Author(s): Materson BJ, Oster JR, Michael UF, Bolton SM, Burton ZC, Stambaugh JE, Morledge J. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1978 August; 24(2): 192-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=354839

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Dose-dependent urinary excretion of chlorthalidone. Author(s): Fleuren HL, Verwey-van Wissen C, van Rossum JM. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1979 June; 25(6): 806-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=445947

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Double-blind comparison of hydrochlorothiazide plus triameterene therapy versus chlorthalidone therapy in hypertension. Author(s): Clark EC, Podolsky S, Thompson EJ. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1979 July; 72(7): 798-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=377507

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Double-blind crossover study of fenquizone compared to chlorthalidone in essential hypertension. Author(s): Angelino PF, Alvino-Demartino A, Mappa R, Donati C. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1985 September; 23(9): 501-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3902676

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Double-blind parallel study of a combination of chlorthalidone 50 mg and triamterene 50 mg in patients with mild and moderate hypertension. Author(s): Spiers DR, Wade RC. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 1996; 13(7): 409-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8862940

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Effect of chlorothiazide and chlorthalidone on glucose utilization in men. Author(s): Staquet M, Lauvaux JP. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 1969; 24(2): 84-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5401399

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Chlorthalidone

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Effect of chlorthalidone binding on the electrophoretic properties of human red cell carbonic anhydrase isozymes. Author(s): Tashian RE, Yu YS. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1972; 28: 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4628561

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Effect of chlorthalidone on zinc levels, testosterone, and sexual function in man. Author(s): Geissler AH, Turnlund JR, Cohen RD. Source: Drug Nutr Interact. 1986; 4(3): 275-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3956387

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Effect of different doses of chlorthalidone on blood pressure, serum potassium, and serum urate. Author(s): Bengtsson C, Johnsson G, Sannerstedt R, Werko L. Source: British Medical Journal. 1975 January 25; 1(5951): 197-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1089446

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Effect of treatment with chlorthalidone and atenolol on response to dilator agents in the forearm resistance vessels of men with primary hypertension. Author(s): Robinson BF, Dobbs RJ, Phillips RJ. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1983 September; 16(3): 327-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6626425

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Effect on intra-arterial blood pressure of slow release metoprolol combined with placebo or chlorthalidone. Author(s): Kieso HA, Gould BA, Mann S, Hornung RS, Altman DG, Raftery EB. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983 September 10; 287(6394): 717-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6412795

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Effectiveness of antihypertensive medications in office and ambulatory settings: a placebo-controlled comparison of atenolol, metoprolol, chlorthalidone, verapamil, and an atenolol-chlorthalidone combination. Author(s): Durel LA, Hayashi PJ, Weidler DJ, Schneiderman N. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992 June; 32(6): 564-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1634645

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Effects of antihypertensive agents propranolol, metoprolol, nadolol, prazosin, and chlorthalidone on ACAT activity in rabbit and rat aortas and on LCAT activity in human plasma in vitro. Author(s): Bell FP. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1985 May-June; 7(3): 437-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2410671

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Effects of chlorthalidone and diltiazem on myocardial ischemia in elderly patients with hypertension and coronary artery disease. Author(s): Serro-Azul JB, de Paula RS, Gruppi C, Pinto L, Pierri H, Nussbacher A, Gebara O, Moffa P, Pereira-Barreto AC, Wajngarten M. Source: Arquivos Brasileiros De Cardiologia. 2001 April; 76(4): 268-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11323730

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Effects of chlorthalidone and mechanical ventilation on hydroxyprolinuria during immobilization by means of muscle relaxants. Author(s): van Kesteren RG, Sangster B, van Heijst AN, Duursma SA. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1991 August; 39(1-2): 11-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1835762

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Effects of chlorthalidone and metoprolol alone or in combination (logroton) on blood pressure, lipids, lipoproteins and circulating plasma ANF levels in essential hypertension. Author(s): Bielmann P, Leduc G, Thibault G, Lepage J, Davignon J. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1991 December; 29(12): 479-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1839902

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Effects of chlorthalidone on serum and total body potassium in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Leemhuis MP, van Damme KJ, Struyvenberg A. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1976; 200(1-2): 37-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8958

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Effects of chlorthalidone, oxprenolol, and their combination in hypertensive blacks: a randomized double-blind crossover study. Author(s): Obel AO. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1989 March; 13(3): 465-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2471894

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Effects of chronic administration of the fixed combination slow-release oxprenololchlorthalidone on left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients. Echocardiographic study. Author(s): Bertoni T, Alberti D, Peloso A, Francucci BM, De Ambroggi L. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1988 March; 26(3): 148-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2970442

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Chlorthalidone

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Effects of clonidin and chlorthalidone on blood pressure and glucose tolerance in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Sung PK, Samet P, Yeh BK. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1971 May; 13(5): 280-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4998390

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Effects of moderate salt restriction in hypertensive patients treated with oxprenolol or chlorthalidone. Author(s): Pollavini G, Comi D, Grillo C, Lombardo M, Mantero O, Minetti L, Selvini A, Suppa G. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1984 August; 22(8): 451-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6490228

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Effects of two doses of the fixed-combination chlorthalidone and slow-release metoprolol on blood pressure at rest and during exercise: a multicenter study. Author(s): Caponnetto S, Alberti D, Bafico GL, Bertulla A, Camerieri A, Francucci BM, Gatto E, Gentile A, Livi S, Mereto PE, et al. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1986 October; 24(10): 574-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3781678

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Effects on casual and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure of slow-release nicardipine and chlorthalidone in arterial essential hypertension: double-blind, crossover study. Author(s): Celentano A, Galderisi M, Tammaro P, Mureddu GF, Garofalo M, de Divitiis O. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1990 May; 28(5): 190-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2365538

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Efficacy and reduced metabolic side effects of a 15-mg chlorthalidone formulation in the treatment of mild hypertension. A multicenter study. Author(s): Vardan S, Mehrotra KG, Mookherjee S, Willsey GA, Gens JD, Green DE. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1987 July 24-31; 258(4): 484-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3599344

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Efficacy and tolerability of long term oxprenolol and chlorthalidone singly and in combination in hypertensive blacks. Author(s): Obel AO. Source: Japanese Heart Journal. 1990 March; 31(2): 183-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2192098

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Enalapril in essential hypertension: the comparative effects of additional placebo, nicardipine and chlorthalidone. Author(s): Donnelly R, Elliott HL, Meredith PA, Reid JL. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1987 December; 24(6): 842-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2830895

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Evaluation of the antihypertensive effect of atenolol in fixed or free combination with chlorthalidone. Author(s): Nissinen A, Tuomilehto J. Source: Pharmatherapeutica. 1980; 2(7): 462-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7010382

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Frusemide and chlorthalidone once daily in normal subjects: differences in diuresis, natriuresis, kaliuresis, and the incidence of hypokalaemia. Author(s): de Graeff A, Haalboom JR, Erkelens DW, Struyvenberg A. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1987 June; 30(5-6): 271-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3627311

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GLC determination of urinary chlorthalidone levels. Author(s): Li H, Johnston MM, Mufson D. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1977 December; 66(12): 1732-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=925939

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Growth hormone (HGH), IRI and total IRI responses to glucose load in selected groups of mental patients. II. Studies on the so-called chlorthalidone-diabetes in chronic schizophrenics. Author(s): Dobrzanski T, Bizon E. Source: Endokrynol Pol. 1974 November-December; 25(6): 455-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4452344

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Half-strength atenolol-chlorthalidone combination (tenoretic mite) in the treatment of elderly hypertensive patients. Author(s): Fogari R, Zoppi A. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1984 July; 22(7): 386-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6469428

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Hemodynamic changes in long-term diuretic therapy of essential hypertension. A comparative study of chlorthalidone, polythiazide and hydrochlorothiazide. Author(s): Lund-Johansen P. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1970 June; 187(6): 509-18. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5458179

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Chlorthalidone

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Hemodynamic effects of cadralazine or chlorthalidone in verapamil-treated elderly hypertensives. Author(s): Antonicelli R, Savonitto S, Tomassini PF, Gambini C, Sardina M, Paciaroni E. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1994 April; 32(4): 198-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8032580

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Hemodynamic effects of once a day administration of combined chlorthalidone and metoprolol slow-release in essential hypertension. Author(s): Pomidossi G, Parati G, Motolese M, Mancia G, Zanchetti A. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1984 December; 22(12): 665-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6526542

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How effective is doxazosin compared with chlorthalidone in the treatment of hypertension? Author(s): Koval PG, McDiarmid T. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2000 July; 49(7): 597-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10923564

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Hydrochlorothiazide versus chlorthalidone: evidence supporting their interchangeability. Author(s): Carter BL, Ernst ME, Cohen JD. Source: Hypertension. 2004 January; 43(1): 4-9. Epub 2003 November 24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14638621

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Hypertension and arrhythmias: effects of slow-release nicardipine vs chlorthalidone: a double-blind crossover study. Author(s): Galderisi M, Celentano A, Tammaro P, Garofalo M, Mureddu GF, de Divitiis O. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1990 October; 28(10): 410-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2258249

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Hypocalciuric effect of chlorthalidone in two hypoparathyroid children. Author(s): Weber G, De Angelis M, Cazzuffi MA, Frisone F, Bevilacqua M, Gaboardi F, Chiumello G. Source: Helv Paediatr Acta. 1986 December; 41(5): 465-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3818335

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Hypokalemic vacuolar myopathy associated with chlorthalidone treatment. Author(s): Oh SJ, Douglas JE, Brown RA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1971 June 14; 216(11): 1858-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5108572

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Hypotensive action and side effects of clonidine-chlorthalidone and methyldopachlorthalidone in treatment of hypertension. Author(s): Amery A, Verstraete M, Bossaert H, Verstreken G. Source: British Medical Journal. 1970 November 14; 4(732): 392-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4921284

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Hypotensive effect of the association atenolol-chlorthalidone in hypertensive diabetics. Author(s): Gentile S, Coltorti M. Source: J Int Med Res. 1984; 12(5): 281-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6500167

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Hypotensive effects of clonidine and chlorthalidone. Controlled clinical trial of drugs administered singly and in combination. Author(s): Toubes DB, McIntosh TJ, Kirkendall WM, Wilson WR. Source: American Heart Journal. 1971 September; 82(3): 312-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4935613

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Impact of aspirin and chlorthalidone on the pharmacodynamics of oral anticoagulant drugs in man. Author(s): O'Reilly RA, Sahud MA, Aggeler PM. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1971 July 6; 179: 173-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4105793

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Improved method for estimating chlorthalidone in body fluids. Author(s): Tweeddale MG, Ogilvie RI. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1974 July; 63(7): 1065-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4852369

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Incidence of chlorthalidone-induced hypercalcemia. Author(s): Palmer FJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1978 June 9; 239(23): 2449. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=650822

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Increase in serum-lipids during treatment of hypertension with chlorthalidone. Author(s): Ames RP, Hill P. Source: Lancet. 1976 April 3; 1(7962): 721-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=56536

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Increased serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in men treated short-term with the diuretic chlorthalidone. Author(s): Gluck Z, Weidmann P, Mordasini R, Bachmann C, Riesen W, Peheim E, Keusch G, Meier A. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1980 March; 29(3): 240-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7374438

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Influence of chlorthalidone on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Org 10172 (Lomoparan), a low molecular weight heparinoid, in healthy volunteers. Author(s): de Boer A, Stiekema JC, Danhof M, Breimer DD. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991 July; 31(7): 611-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1716644

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Influence of the administration time on the antihypertensive and hypokalaemic effects of chlorthalidone in patients with primary hypertension. Author(s): Carpentiere G, Marino S, Castello F. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1985; 5(2): 109-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3894256

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Initial potassium loss and hypokalaemia during chlorthalidone administration in patients with essential hypertension: the influence of dietary sodium restriction. Author(s): Landmann-Suter R, Struyvenberg A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1978 June; 8(3): 155-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=28952

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Interference on metabolism induced by muzolimine and chlorthalidone in type II hypertensive diabetics. Author(s): Pagano G, Dal Molin V, Bozzo C, Carta Q. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Kardiologie. 1985; 74 Suppl 2: 80-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3890395

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Interindividual differences in chlorthalidone concentration in plasma and red cells of man after single and multiple doses. Author(s): Collste P, Garle M, Rawlins MD, Sjoqvist F. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1976 February 6; 9(4): 319-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=971715

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Intrapatient comparison of treatment with chlorthalidone, spironolactone and propranolol in normoreninemic essential hypertension. Author(s): Drayer JI, Kloppenborg PW, Festen J, van't Laar A, Benraad TJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1975 October 31; 36(5): 716-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1103606

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Isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly. A placebo-controlled, dose-response evaluation of chlorthalidone. Author(s): Morledge JH, Ettinger B, Aranda J, McBarron F, Barra P, Gorwit J, Davidov M. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1986 March; 34(3): 199-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3512670

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Lack of arrythmia during severe chlorthalidone induced hypokalaemia. Author(s): Collart F, Laurent M, Ducobu J. Source: Acta Clin Belg. 1982; 37(5): 320. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7158222

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Letter: Chlorthalidone-induced hypercalcemia. Author(s): Weinberger A, Pinkhas J, De Vries A. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1975 January 13; 231(2): 134. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1172671

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Letter: Chlorthalidone-induced hypercalcemia. Author(s): Palmer FJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1974 July 15; 229(3): 267. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4406789

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Long-term antihypertensive efficacy of ketanserin plus chlorthalidone. Author(s): Fasano ML, Soro S, Ferrara LA. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1989; 15(11-12): 587-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2700322

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Long-term effect of acetazolamide and chlorthalidone on the hearing loss of Meniere's disease. Author(s): Corvera J, Corvera G. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1989 March; 10(2): 142-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2735386

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Low-dose atenolol-chlorthalidone combination for treatment of mild hypertension. Author(s): Leonetti G, Pasotti C, Capra A. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1986 January; 24(1): 43-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3514487

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Magnesium depletion in patients on long-term chlorthalidone therapy for essential hypertension. Author(s): Cocco G, Iselin HU, Strozzi C, Cesana B, Baumeler HR. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1987; 32(4): 335-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2886340

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Management of essential hypertension with oxprenolol and chlorthalidone in a fixed combination. Author(s): Karachalios GN. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1983; 3(3): 153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6679518

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Mechanism of the haemodynamic interaction between atenolol, a cardioselective beta-adrenoreceptor-blocking agent, and chlorthalidone in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Velasco M, Guevara J, Morillo J, Ramirez A, Urbina-Quintana A, HernandezPieretti O. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1979 December; 57 Suppl 5: 363S365S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=396082

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Metabolic effects of long-term therapy with muzolimine and chlorthalidone in hypertension. Author(s): Galletti F, Strazzullo P, Gagliardi R, Cirillo M, Siani A, Iacone R, Mancini M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1987; 33(5): 515-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3428346

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Metoprolol with and without chlorthalidone in hypertension. Author(s): Kubik M, Kendall M, Ebbutt A, John V. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1979 January; 25(1): 25-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=363333

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Nonlinear relationship between plasma and red blood cell pharmacokinetics of chlorthalidone in man. Author(s): Fleuren HL, van Rossum JM. Source: Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics. 1977 August; 5(4): 359-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=894487

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One year efficacy and tolerability of oxprenolol slow-release and chlorthalidone on fixed combination in mild to moderate hypertension. Author(s): Masoni A, Tomasi AM, Pirani R, Lazzaretto R, Ambroso G. Source: G Ital Cardiol. 1981; 11(12): 2105-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7346306

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On-line solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of chlorthalidone in urine. Author(s): Salado S, Vera-Avila LE. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1997 March 7; 690(1-2): 195-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9106044

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Pharmacokinetic studies with chlorthalidone (Hygroton) in man. Author(s): Riess W, Dubach UC, Burckhardt D, Theobald W, Vuillard P, Zimmerli M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1977 December 16; 12(5): 375-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=598410

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Pharmacokinetics of atenolol in hypertensive subjects with and without coadministration of chlorthalidone. Author(s): Riva E, Farina PL, Sega R, Tognoni G, Bastain W, McAinsh J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1980 May; 17(5): 333-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7418712

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Pharmacokinetics of chlorthalidone in the elderly after single and multiple doses. Author(s): Colussi D, Schoeller JP, Richard A, Sioufi A. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1983 December; 16(6): 755-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6661366

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Pharmacokinetics of chlorthalidone. Dependence of biological half life on blood carbonic anhydrase levels. Author(s): Mulley BA, Parr GD, Rye RM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1980; 17(3): 203-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6767611

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Placental transfer of chlorthalidone and its elimination in maternal milk. Author(s): Mulley BA, Parr GD, Pau WK, Rye RM, Mould JJ, Siddle NC. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1978 May 17; 13(2): 129-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=658109

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Plasma renin activity does not predict the antihypertensive efficacy of chlorthalidone. Author(s): Salvetti A, Pedrinelli R, Bartolomei G, Cagianelli MA, Cinotti G, Innocenti P, Loni C, Saba G, Saba P, Papi L, et al. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1987; 33(3): 221-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3319646

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Postmarketing survey of the effects of an atenolol/chlorthalidone combination in the treatment of hypertension. Author(s): Maxwell MH, Garrett BN, Saunders E, Schnaper H. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1987; 9(4): 380-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3607820

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Potassium depletion produced by administration of chlorthalidone to nonedematous patients with arterial hypertensin. Author(s): Remenchik AP, Johnston LC. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1966 August; 252(2): 171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5924015

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Potassium loss associated with hydrochlorothiazide versus chlorthalidone. Author(s): Sumiye L, Vivian AS, Frisof KB, Podany EC. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1981; 4(4): 308-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7332917

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Propranolol versus chlorthalidone--a prospective therapeutic trial in children with chronic hypertension. Author(s): Bachmann H. Source: Helv Paediatr Acta. 1984 March; 39(1): 55-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6373679

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Psoriasiform eruption induced by captopril and chlorthalidone. Author(s): Wolf R, Dorfman B, Krakowski A. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1987 August; 40(2): 162-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2957174

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Ramipril decreases chlorthalidone-induced loss of magnesium and potassium in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Simunic M, Rumboldt Z, Ljutic D, Sardelic S. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995 December; 35(12): 1150-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8750365

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Rapid and sensitive determination of chlorthalidone in blood, plasma and urine of man using high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Guelen PJ, Baars AM, Vree TB, Nijkerk AJ, Vermeer JM. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1980 March 14; 181(3-4): 497-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7391165

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Relationship of antihypertensive treatment regimens and change in blood pressure to risk for heart failure in hypertensive patients randomly assigned to doxazosin or chlorthalidone: further analyses from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering treatment to prevent Heart Attack Trial. Author(s): Davis BR, Cutler JA, Furberg CD, Wright JT, Farber MA, Felicetta JV, Stokes JD; ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002 September 3; 137(5 Part 1): 313-20. Summary for Patients In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12204014

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Relative bioavailability of chlorthalidone in humans after single oral doses. Author(s): Farina PR, MacGregor TR, Horhota ST, Keirns JJ. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1985 September; 74(9): 995-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4067856

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Relative bioavailability of chlorthalidone in humans: adverse influence of polyethylene glycol. Author(s): Williams RL, Blume CD, Lin ET, Holford NH, Benet LZ. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1982 May; 71(5): 533-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7097499

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Renin profiling in hypertension and its use in treatment with propranolol and chlorthalidone. Author(s): Woods JW, Pittman AW, Pulliam CC, Werk EE Jr, Waider W, Allen CA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1976 May 20; 294(21): 1137-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=772425

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Reversible acute renal failure associated with chlorthalidone therapy: possible druginduced interstitial nephritis. Author(s): Peskoe ST, McMillan JH, Lorch A, Sussman H, Ozawa T. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1978 January; 67(1): 17-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=621443

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Serum lipoprotein levels during chlorthalidone therapy. A Veterans AdministrationNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute cooperative study on antihypertensive therapy: mild hypertension. Author(s): Goldman AI, Steele BW, Schnaper HW, Fitz AE, Frohlich ED, Perry HM Jr. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1980 October 10; 244(15): 1691-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6997522

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Chlorthalidone

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Severe salt and water deficiency associated with a combination of atenolol and chlorthalidone. Author(s): Bowman CA, Jeffcoate WJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 September 17; 297(6650): 742-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3147759

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Simple, sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatographic method for analysis of chlorthalidone in whole blood. Author(s): Muirhead DC, Christie RB. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1987 May 15; 416(2): 420-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3611275

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Simultaneous determination of atenolol and chlorthalidone in plasma by highperformance liquid chromatography. Application to pharmacokinetic studies in man. Author(s): Giachetti C, Tenconi A, Canali S, Zanolo G. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1997 September 26; 698(1-2): 187-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9367207

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Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP): antihypertensive efficacy of chlorthalidone. Author(s): Hulley SB, Furberg CD, Gurland B, McDonald R, Perry HM, Schnaper HW, Schoenberger JA, Smith WM, Vogt TM. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1985 December 1; 56(15): 913-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4072925

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The antihypertensive and biochemical effects of hydrochlorothiazide/amiloride (Moduretic) versus chlorthalidone. Author(s): van Soeren F. Source: J Int Med Res. 1980; 8(2): 132-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6989682

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The combination of chlorthalidone with nifedipine does not exert an additive antihypertensive effect in essential hypertensives: a crossover multicenter study. Author(s): Salvetti A, Magagna A, Innocenti P, Ponzanelli F, Cagianelli A, Cipriani M, Gandolfi E, Del Prato C, Ballestra AM, Saba P, et al. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1991 February; 17(2): 332-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1709240

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The effect of chlorthalidone on serum lipids and lipoproteins. Author(s): Rosenthal T, Holtzman E, Segal P. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1980 May; 36(1): 111-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7387770

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The effect of chlorthalidone on ventricular ectopic activity in patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The SHEP Study Group. Author(s): Kostis JB, Lacy CR, Hall WD, Wilson AC, Borhani NO, Krieger SD, Cosgrove NM. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1994 September 1; 74(5): 464-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7520210

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The effect of long-term chlorthalidone on stone formation and stone growth, intestinal absorption of calcium and secretion of parathyroid hormone in idiopathic hypercalciuria. Author(s): Lockefeer JH, Juttmann JR, Birkenhager JC. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1977; 20(6): 257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=609363

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The effect of thiazides, chlorthalidone and furosemide on muscle electrolytes and muscle glycogen in normal subjects. Author(s): Bergstrom J, Hultman E. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1966 September; 180(3): 363-76. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5920081

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The efficacy of a potassium-sparing combination of chlorthalidone and triamterene in the control of mild and moderate hypertension. I. Author(s): Webb EL, Godfrey JC, Gertel A, Costello RJ, Applin WJ, Zisblatt M, Vukovich RA, Neiss ES. Source: J Int Med Res. 1984; 12(3): 133-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6376207

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The efficacy of a potassium-sparing combination of chlorthalidone and triamterene in the control of mild and moderate hypertension. II. Author(s): Webb EL, Godfrey JC, Gertel A, Costello RJ, Cooper WH, Zisblatt M, Vukovich RA, Neiss ES. Source: J Int Med Res. 1984; 12(3): 140-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6376208

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The mechanism underlying chlorthalidone-induced hypokalaemia: effects of sodium restriction, potassium suppletion, spironolactone, and triamterene. Author(s): Haalboom JR, Struyvenberg A. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1982; 25(7): 184-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7144988

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The treatment of obese hypertensive black women: a comparative study of chlorthalidone versus clonidine. Author(s): Reisin E, Weed SG. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1992 May; 10(5): 489-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1317910

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The use of low dose of chlorthalidone in hypertensive Nigerians. Author(s): Mabadeje AF. Source: Niger Med J. 1979 July-August; 9(7-8): 755-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=543313

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The Verapamil in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis Study (VHAS): results of longterm randomized treatment with either verapamil or chlorthalidone on carotid intima-media thickness. Author(s): Zanchetti A, Rosei EA, Dal Palu C, Leonetti G, Magnani B, Pessina A. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1998 November; 16(11): 1667-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9856368

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Total body and serum potassium during treatment with atenolol in combination with chlorthalidone. Author(s): Gotzen R, Hiemstra S. Source: J Int Med Res. 1981; 9(4): 292-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7262453

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Total body potassium in patients receiving chlorthalidone and metoprolol for hypertension. Author(s): Gray JM, Lawson DH, Boddy K, East W. Source: Scott Med J. 1983 April; 28(2): 172-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6867699

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Trace elements in serum and urine from hypertensive patients before and during treatment with chlorthalidone. Author(s): Wester PO. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1973 December; 194(6): 505-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4773452

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Trace elements in serum and urine from hypertensive patients treated for six months with chlorthalidone. Author(s): Wester PO. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1974 December; 196(6): 489-94. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4456979

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Treatment of arterial hypertensive disease with diuretics. IV. Effects of long-term high sodium intake on the response to chlorthalidone. Author(s): Johnston LC, Grieble HG, Schoenberger JA, Gantt CL. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1965 December; 250(6): 680-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5321241

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Treatment of hypoparathyroid patients with chlorthalidone. Author(s): Porter RH, Cox BG, Heaney D, Hostetter TH, Stinebaugh BJ, Suki WN. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1978 March 16; 298(11): 577-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=628374

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Treatment of Jamaican hypertensives with atenolol and chlorthalidone. Author(s): Grell GA, Alleyne GA, Robinson HM, Anderson M. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 1981 September; 30(3): 124-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7293174

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Trial of atenolol and chlorthalidone for hypertension in black South Africans. Author(s): Seedat YK. Source: British Medical Journal. 1980 November 8; 281(6250): 1241-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7000296

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Use of the the combination labetalol plus chlorthalidone in essential arterial hypertension therapy. Author(s): Rossi AG. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1981; 3(6): 441-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7260990

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Vascular effects of chlorthalidone in mild hypertensives. Author(s): Bagatin J, Pavlicevic I, Sardelic S, Pivac N, Rumboldt Z. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1995; 15(5-6): 201-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8835618

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Volume factor in low and normal renin essential hypertension. Treatment with either spironolactone or chlorthalidone. Author(s): Vaughan ED Jr, Laragh JH, Gavras I, Buhler FR, Gavras H, Brunner HR, Baer L. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1973 September 20; 32(4): 523-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4729722

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CHLORTHALIDONE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and chlorthalidone.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Chlorthalidone The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “chlorthalidone” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

40

Chlorthalidone

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “chlorthalidone” (or a synonym): •

Effects of chlorthalidone on ventricular hypertrophy in deoxycorticosterone acetatesalt hypertensive rats. Author(s): Department of Physiological Sciences, Biomedical Center, UFES, Vitoria, Brazil. Source: Cabral, A M Carvalhinho, F B Vasquez, E C Cicilini, M A Hypertension. 1994 January; 23(1 Suppl): I180-4 0194-911X

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The influence of beta-cyclodextrin on the solubility of chlorthalidone and its enantiomers. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Potchefstroom University for CHE, Republic of South Africa. Source: Lotter, J Krieg, H M Keizer, K Breytenbach, J C Drug-Dev-Ind-Pharm. 1999 August; 25(8): 879-84 0363-9045

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

Nutrition

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to chlorthalidone; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Magnesium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Food and Diet Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE CHLORTHALIDONE

MEDICINE

AND

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to chlorthalidone. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to chlorthalidone and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “chlorthalidone” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to chlorthalidone: •

Alprenolol in hypertension. Author(s): Johnsson G. Source: Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1974; 554: 5-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4593675

•

An unsuccessful attempt to treat hypertension with acupuncture. Author(s): Sugioka K, Mao W, Woods J, Mueller RA. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1977 Spring; 5(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=322470

•

Angiotensin converting enzymes from urine of treated and untreated essential mild hypertensive patients (EHP) with diuretic: partial purification and characterization. Author(s): Alves KB, Casarini DE, da Costa RH, Plavnik FL, Portela JE, Marson O.

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Source: Agents Actions Suppl. 1992; 38 ( Pt 3): 270-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1334355 •

Benign intracranial hypertension in association with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Author(s): Sastry J, Karandikar SS, English MW. Source: Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 2003 March; 20(2): 157-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12554527

•

Controlled-release potassium supplementation. Author(s): Tarpley EL. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1974 July; 16(7): 734-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4210463

•

Degradation of chlorthalidone in methanol: kinetics and stabilization. Author(s): Pandit NK, Hinderliter JS. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1985 August; 74(8): 857-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4032270

•

Diuretics. Author(s): Datey KK, Dalvi CP. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1970 January; 18(1): 21-30. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4919901

•

Effect of high dose spironolactone and chlorthalidone in essential hypertension: relation to plasma renin activity and plasma volume. Author(s): Hunyor SN, Zweifler AJ, Hansson L, Schork MA, Ellis C. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1975 February; 5(1): 17-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1057909

•

Hypertension past 60. Author(s): Onesti G, Moyer JH. Source: Geriatrics. 1967 March; 22(3): 192-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4381262

•

Modifying elevated blood pressure: a practical office approach. Author(s): Tobian L. Source: Minn Med. 1969 August; 52(8): 1307-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5805001

Alternative Medicine 45

•

Relaxation therapy for hypertension. Comparison of effects with concomitant placebo, diuretic, and beta-blocker. Author(s): Jacob RG, Shapiro AP, Reeves RA, Johnsen AM, McDonald RH, Coburn PC. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1986 December; 146(12): 2335-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2877644

•

Secondary hyperparathyroidism in idiopathic renal hypercalciuria: fact or theory? Author(s): Burckhardt P, Jaeger P. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1981 September; 53(3): 550-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6790559

•

The statistical analysis of treatment effects in 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure recordings. Author(s): Marler MR, Jacob RG, Lehoczky JP, Shapiro AP. Source: Statistics in Medicine. 1988 June; 7(6): 697-716. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3406600

•

Transport of celiprolol across human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells: mediation of secretion by multiple transporters including P-glycoprotein. Author(s): Karlsson J, Kuo SM, Ziemniak J, Artursson P. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 1993 November; 110(3): 1009-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7905337

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to chlorthalidone; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Kidney Stones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Combipres Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tenoretic Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

47

CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CHLORTHALIDONE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to chlorthalidone. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on chlorthalidone include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Chlorthalidone In order to find chapters that specifically relate to chlorthalidone, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and chlorthalidone using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “chlorthalidone” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on chlorthalidone: •

Diuretics Source: in Moreau, D., ed. Nursing96 Drug Handbook. Springhouse, PA: Nursing96 Books. Springhouse Corporation. 1996. p. 793-822. Contact: Available from Springhouse Publishing. 1111 Bethlehem Pike, P.O. Box 908, Springhouse, PA 19477. (800) 331-3170 or (215) 646-4670 or (215) 646-4671. Fax (215) 6468716. PRICE: $29.95. ISBN: 087434817X. ISSN: 0273320X. Summary: This chapter on diuretics is from a nursing handbook on pharmaceuticals; the handbook focuses on the clinical aspects of drug therapy. The chapter begins with an alphabetically arranged list of the generic names of drugs described in the chapter, followed by an alphabetized list of its brand names and a list of selected combination products in which these drugs are found. Specific information on each drug is arranged under the following headings: How Supplied, Action, Onset, Peak, Duration, Indications and Dosage, Adverse Reactions, Interactions, Contraindications, and

48

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Nursing Considerations. Drugs covered are acetazolamide, acetazolamide sodium, amiloride hydrochloride, bendroflumethiazide, bumetanide, chlorothiazide, chlorothiazide sodium, chlorthalidone, dichlorphenamide, ethacrynate sodium, ethacrynic acid, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, indapamide, mannitol, methazolamide, methyclothiazide, metolazone, polythiazide, quinethazone, spironolactone, torsemide, triamterene, trichlormethiazide, and urea.

49

APPENDICES

51

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

5

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

53

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

6 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “chlorthalidone” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1651 7 994 0 11 2663

HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “chlorthalidone” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

8

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

9

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 12

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

55

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

13 Adapted 14

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

57

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on chlorthalidone can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to chlorthalidone. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to chlorthalidone. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “chlorthalidone”:

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Hip Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hipinjuriesanddisorders.html Kidney Failure http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneyfailure.html Lupus http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lupus.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to chlorthalidone. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Patient Resources

59

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to chlorthalidone. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with chlorthalidone. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about chlorthalidone. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “chlorthalidone” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “chlorthalidone”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “chlorthalidone” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “chlorthalidone” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

61

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

16

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

17

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

63

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

65

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

67

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

69

CHLORTHALIDONE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic beta-Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic betaantagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety. [NIH] Adrenoreceptor: Receptors specifically sensitive to and operated by adrenaline and/or noradrenaline and related sympathomimetic drugs. Adrenoreceptor is an alternative name. [NIH]

Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airways: Tubes that carry air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin,

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and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alprenolol: 1-((1-Methylethyl)amino)-3-(2-(2-propenyl)phenoxy)-2-propanol. Adrenergic beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amlodipine: 2-((2-Aminoethoxy)methyl)-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-3,5pyridinedicarboxylic acid 3-ethyl 5-methyl ester. A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor: A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH] Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another

Dictionary 71

living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidiuretic: Suppressing the rate of urine formation. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Antihypertensive Agents: Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are diuretics (especially diuretics, thiazide), adrenergic beta-antagonists, adrenergic alpha-antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, ganglionic blockers, and vasodilator agents. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]

Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH]

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Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to propranolol, but without a negative inotropic effect. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Beta blocker: A drug used to slow the heart rate and reduce pressure inside blood vessels. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Betaxolol: A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic antagonist with no partial agonist activity. [NIH]

Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bumetanide: A sulfamyl diuretic. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal

Dictionary 73

functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catecholamines: A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine. [NIH] Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic antagonist that may act as a partial agonist at some adrenergic sites. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU]

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Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in

Dictionary 75

the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the coronary arteries. [NIH] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]

Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Curare: Plant extracts from several species, including Strychnos toxifera, S. castelnaei, S. crevauxii, and Chondodendron tomentosum, that produce paralysis of skeletal muscle and are used adjunctively with general anesthesia. These extracts are toxic and must be used with the administration of artificial respiration. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU]

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Cyclodextrins: A homologous group of cyclic glucans consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose units obtained by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on starch or similar substrates. The enzyme is produced by certain species of Bacillus. Cyclodextrins form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of substances. [NIH] Cyclopenthiazide: Thiazide diuretic also used as an antihypertensive agent. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma. [NIH] Dilator: A device used to stretch or enlarge an opening. [NIH] Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of the calcium ion in membrane functions. It is also teratogenic. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Diuretics, Thiazide: Diuretics characterized as analogs of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1dioxide. All have a common mechanism of action and differ primarily in the dose required to produce a given effect. They act directly on the kidney to increase the excretion of sodium chloride and water and also increase excretion of potassium ions. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Doxazosin: A selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker that lowers serum cholesterol. It is also effective in the treatment of hypertension. [NIH] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is

Dictionary 77

based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Emergency Treatment: First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured. [NIH] Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat hypertension. [NIH]

Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracelluar fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Furosemide: A sulfamyl saluretic and diuretic. It has a fast onset and short duration of action and is used in edema and chronic renal insufficiency. [NIH] Ganglionic Blockers: Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery. [NIH]

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Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH]

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Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Hypercalciuria: Abnormally large amounts of calcium in the urine. [NIH] Hyperlipoproteinemia: Metabolic disease characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels. The inherited form is attributed to a single gene mechanism. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypokalaemia: Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood; it may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhoea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. [EU] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH]

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In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indapamide: A sulfamyl diuretic with about 16x the effect of furosemide. It has also been shown to be an effective antihypertensive agent in the clinic. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isozymes: The multiple forms of a single enzyme. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labetalol: Blocker of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors that is used as an antihypertensive. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH]

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Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoprotein Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34. [NIH] Lisinopril: An orally active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoblastic: One of the most aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Magnesium Hydroxide: Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. [NIH] Mechanical ventilation: Use of a machine called a ventilator or respirator to improve the exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH]

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Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [NIH] Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent. Before its alphaadrenergic actions became clear, methyldopa was thought to act by inhibiting decarboxylation of DOPA leading to depletion of norepinephrine or by conversion to and release as the false transmitter alpha-methylnorepinephrine. [NIH] Metolazone: A potent, long acting diuretic useful in chronic renal disease. It also tends to lower blood pressure and increase potassium loss. [NIH] Metoprolol: Adrenergic beta-1-blocking agent with no stimulatory action. It is less bound to plasma albumin than alprenolol and may be useful in angina pectoris, hypertension, or cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]

Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle tension: A force in a material tending to produce extension; the state of being stretched. [NIH] Muzolimine: 3-Amino-1-(3,4-dichloro-alpha-methylbenzyl)- 2-pyrazolin-5-one. A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects. [NIH]

Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH]

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Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for migraine and for tremor. [NIH] Natriuresis: The excretion of abnormal amounts of sodium in the urine. [EU] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nicardipine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl) methyl 2(methyl(phenylmethyl)amino)-3,5-pyridinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester. A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU]

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Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. [NIH] Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and

Dictionary 85

teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasma Volume: Volume of plasma in the circulation. It is usually measured by indicator dilution techniques. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Practolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, pheochromocytoma, Raynaud's syndrome, prostatic hypertrophy, and urinary retention. [NIH]

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Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pseudotumor Cerebri: A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by headaches; nausea; papilledema, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile tinnitus. Obesity is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic papilledema may lead to optic nerve injury (optic nerve diseases) and visual loss (blindness). [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively.

Dictionary 87

At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. [NIH] Respirator: A mechanical device that helps a patient breathe; a mechanical ventilator. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH]

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Chlorthalidone

Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects

Dictionary 89

similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Triamterene: A pteridine that is used as a mild diuretic. [NIH]

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Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Xipamide: Sulfamoyl diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to plasma proteins, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action. [NIH]

91

INDEX A Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 44, 69 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 69 Acute renal, 33, 69 Adipose Tissue, 69, 81 Adrenaline, 69 Adrenergic, 4, 5, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 76, 77, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88 Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, 69, 71 Adrenoreceptor, 7, 30, 69 Adverse Effect, 69, 87, 88 Affinity, 69, 88 Agonist, 69, 72, 73, 82 Airways, 6, 69 Albumin, 69, 82, 85 Algorithms, 70, 72 Alkaline, 70, 72, 89 Alkaloid, 70, 87 Alpha-1, 70, 76, 85 Alprenolol, 6, 19, 43, 70, 82 Alternative medicine, 70 Amino Acids, 70, 86, 90 Amlodipine, 4, 5, 9, 70 Ammonia, 70, 90 Angina, 15, 69, 70, 82, 83, 84, 86 Angina Pectoris, 15, 69, 70, 82, 83, 84, 86 Anginal, 70, 83 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, 4, 70 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, 70, 71 Angiotensinogen, 5, 70, 87 Antagonism, 70, 76 Anticoagulant, 27, 71, 86 Antidiuretic, 17, 71 Antihypertensive Agents, 5, 19, 22, 71 Anti-inflammatory, 71 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 71 Antineoplastic, 71, 83 Antineoplastic Agents, 71, 83 Antipsychotic, 71, 87 Anxiety, 69, 71, 84, 86 Apolipoproteins, 71, 81 Arterial, 5, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 18, 19, 22, 24, 32, 37, 71, 73, 74, 79, 86, 89 Arteries, 71, 72, 75, 81, 82 Arterioles, 71, 72, 73, 82 Artery, 23, 71, 75

Ascites, 71, 83 Aspirin, 27, 71 Atenolol, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18, 20, 22, 25, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 72 B Base, 72, 80 Beta blocker, 20, 72 Betaxolol, 20, 72 Bioavailability, 8, 12, 33, 72 Biochemical, 9, 34, 72, 87 Biotechnology, 5, 53, 72 Bladder, 72, 90 Blood Coagulation, 72, 73 Blood pressure, 3, 5, 11, 13, 14, 18, 22, 23, 24, 33, 44, 45, 71, 72, 73, 77, 79, 80, 82, 83, 88 Blood vessel, 70, 72, 73, 74, 78, 88, 89, 90 Body Fluids, 27, 72, 88 Bone Marrow, 69, 72, 81 Bronchi, 72, 77 Bronchial, 6, 72 Buccal, 72, 81 Bumetanide, 48, 72 C Calcium, 4, 15, 16, 35, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 79, 83, 84, 89, 90 Calcium Channel Blockers, 71, 73 Calcium Oxalate, 16, 73 Calculi, 73 Capillary, 73, 78, 81 Captopril, 32, 73 Carbohydrate, 13, 17, 73, 78 Cardiac, 69, 73, 77, 82, 85 Cardioselective, 30, 72, 73, 86 Cardiovascular, 4, 6, 8, 13, 22, 23, 34, 73, 83, 87 Cardiovascular disease, 4, 73, 83 Case report, 73, 74 Case series, 73, 74 Catecholamines, 73, 87 Celiprolol, 6, 13, 45, 73 Cell, 22, 30, 69, 72, 73, 74, 77, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90 Cerebrovascular, 73 Character, 70, 74 Chin, 74, 82 Cholesterol, 14, 15, 28, 74, 75, 76, 79, 81 Cholesterol Esters, 74, 81

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Chlorthalidone

Chronic, 23, 25, 32, 71, 74, 76, 77, 80, 82, 86 Chronic renal, 74, 77, 82 Chylomicrons, 74, 81 Clinical study, 6, 18, 74, 75 Clinical trial, 5, 7, 8, 12, 19, 53, 74, 75, 76, 82, 86 Cloning, 72, 74 Cofactor, 74, 86 Complement, 74, 75, 85 Complementary and alternative medicine, 43, 46, 75 Complementary medicine, 43, 75 Computational Biology, 53, 75 Concomitant, 45, 75 Contraindications, ii, 47, 75 Controlled clinical trial, 3, 27, 75 Controlled study, 7, 8, 17, 75 Coronary, 4, 5, 20, 23, 70, 73, 75, 82, 83 Coronary Arteriosclerosis, 75, 82 Coronary Circulation, 70, 75 Coronary heart disease, 4, 5, 20, 73, 75 Coronary Thrombosis, 75, 82 Cranial, 75, 80, 84 Curare, 75, 82 Cutaneous, 32, 75, 81 Cyclic, 75, 76 Cyclodextrins, 17, 76 Cyclopenthiazide, 6, 76 D Deamination, 76, 90 Decarboxylation, 76, 82 Deletion, 5, 76 Diabetes Insipidus, 76, 79 Diagnostic procedure, 76 Diarrhoea, 76, 79 Diastolic, 76, 79 Dichlorphenamide, 48, 76 Dilator, 22, 76 Diltiazem, 23, 76 Dilution, 76, 85 Dimethyl, 76, 83 Direct, iii, 76, 87, 89 Distal, 76, 77, 86 Diuresis, 25, 76 Diuretic, 4, 8, 10, 12, 14, 17, 20, 21, 25, 28, 43, 45, 72, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 88, 89, 90 Diuretics, Thiazide, 71, 76 Double-blind, 3, 7, 11, 13, 14, 17, 19, 21, 23, 24, 26, 76 Doxazosin, 4, 5, 13, 26, 33, 76 E Ectopic, 35, 76

Edema, 76, 77, 79, 80, 83 Efficacy, 21, 24, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 76 Electrolyte, 77, 85, 88 Emergency Treatment, 77, 85 Enalapril, 18, 25, 77 Environmental Health, 52, 54, 77 Enzymatic, 73, 74, 77 Enzyme, 5, 76, 77, 80, 81, 85, 87, 90 Epinephrine, 69, 77, 83 Epithelial, 45, 77 Erythrocytes, 72, 77, 87 Ethacrynic Acid, 13, 48, 77 Exogenous, 73, 77 Extracellular, 77, 88, 89 Extraction, 31, 77 F Family Planning, 53, 77 Fat, 69, 72, 75, 77, 81 Fatigue, 77, 78 Flatus, 77, 78 Forearm, 22, 72, 77 Furosemide, 35, 48, 77, 80 G Ganglionic Blockers, 71, 77 Gas, 20, 70, 77, 78, 79, 83, 90 Gastrin, 78, 79 Gastrointestinal, 77, 78, 79, 87, 88 Gene, 5, 72, 78, 79 Genotype, 5, 78 Gland, 78, 84, 87, 89 Glomerular, 78, 81 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 78, 81 Glomerulus, 78, 83 Glucans, 76, 78 Glucose, 13, 21, 24, 25, 76, 78, 80, 87, 88 Glucose tolerance, 24, 78 Glucose Tolerance Test, 78 Glycogen, 35, 78 Glycoprotein, 45, 78 Governing Board, 78, 85 H Half-Life, 78, 83 Heart attack, 73, 78 Heart failure, 5, 33, 70, 78, 81, 83, 85 Hemorrhage, 78, 88 Hepatic, 70, 78 Heredity, 78, 79 Homologous, 76, 79 Hormone, 17, 25, 69, 77, 78, 79, 80, 89 Hydrocephalus, 79, 80 Hydrochlorothiazide, 6, 7, 16, 21, 25, 26, 32, 34, 48, 79

93

Hydrogen, 72, 73, 79, 82 Hydrophobic, 79, 81 Hypercalcemia, 27, 29, 79 Hypercalciuria, 16, 35, 45, 79 Hyperlipoproteinemia, 79, 81 Hyperthyroidism, 79, 86 Hypertrophy, 5, 23, 40, 79, 85 Hypokalaemia, 16, 25, 28, 29, 35, 79 Hypotensive, 15, 18, 27, 79 I Idiopathic, 16, 35, 45, 79 Impotence, 17, 79 In vitro, 22, 80 In vivo, 80 Indapamide, 48, 80 Infarction, 79, 80 Inflammation, 70, 71, 80, 83, 85 Ingestion, 78, 80, 82, 89 Inorganic, 80, 81 Inotropic, 72, 80 Insulin, 78, 80 Interstitial, 33, 80, 83 Intestinal, 35, 45, 78, 80 Intestines, 78, 80 Intracellular, 73, 80, 85 Intracranial Hypertension, 44, 79, 80 Intravenous, 8, 80 Ions, 72, 76, 77, 79, 80 Isozymes, 22, 80 K Kb, 52, 80 Ketanserin, 29, 80 Kidney Failure, 58, 80, 81, 82 Kinetics, 44, 80 L Labetalol, 10, 17, 37, 80 Leukemia, 80 Ligaments, 75, 81 Lipid, 3, 4, 5, 33, 71, 80, 81 Lipoprotein, 5, 20, 33, 81 Lipoprotein Lipase, 5, 81 Lisinopril, 4, 5, 9, 81 Liver, 70, 78, 81, 87, 90 Localized, 81, 83, 85 Loop, 77, 81 Low-density lipoprotein, 28, 81 Lupus, 58, 81 Lymphatic, 81, 83 Lymphoblastic, 81 Lymphoblasts, 69, 81 M Magnesium Hydroxide, 16, 81

Mammary, 81 Mannitol, 48, 81 Mechanical ventilation, 23, 81 MEDLINE, 53, 81 Membrane, 75, 76, 81, 82, 84 Menopause, 81, 86 Mental, iv, 4, 25, 52, 54, 74, 77, 82, 86 Methanol, 44, 82 Methazolamide, 48, 82 Methyldopa, 6, 7, 12, 18, 27, 82 Metolazone, 48, 82 Metoprolol, 7, 8, 9, 14, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 26, 30, 36, 82 Molecular, 28, 53, 55, 72, 75, 82 Molecule, 72, 74, 82, 87 Monotherapy, 20, 82 Motor nerve, 82 Mucosa, 81, 82 Multicenter study, 24, 34, 82 Muscle relaxant, 23, 82 Muscle tension, 82 Muzolimine, 28, 30, 82 Myocardial infarction, 5, 75, 82, 86 Myocardial Ischemia, 23, 70, 82 Myocardium, 70, 82 Myopathy, 26, 83 N Nadolol, 22, 83 Natriuresis, 25, 70, 83 Necrosis, 80, 82, 83 Nephritis, 33, 83 Neuromuscular, 79, 83 Neurons, 77, 82, 83, 89 Neutropenia, 16, 83 Neutrophils, 83 Nicardipine, 7, 24, 25, 26, 83 Nifedipine, 8, 14, 15, 34, 83 Nitrogen, 20, 70, 83 Norepinephrine, 69, 82, 83, 87 Nucleic acid, 83 O Oedema, 6, 17, 83 Oliguria, 80, 81, 84 Osmolarity, 81, 84 Outpatient, 7, 84 Oxalic Acid, 73, 84 Oxprenolol, 7, 9, 10, 19, 23, 24, 30, 84 P Paralysis, 75, 79, 84 Parathyroid, 35, 84, 89 Parathyroid Glands, 84 Parathyroid hormone, 35, 84

94

Chlorthalidone

Paroxysmal, 70, 84 Pathologic, 75, 84 Peripheral Nervous System, 82, 84, 88 Peritoneal, 71, 83, 84 Peritoneal Cavity, 71, 83, 84 Pharmacodynamic, 8, 84 Pharmacokinetic, 8, 19, 31, 34, 84 Pharmacologic, 78, 84, 89, 90 Phospholipids, 77, 81, 84 Phosphorus, 72, 84 Physiologic, 69, 78, 85, 87, 89 Plants, 70, 78, 83, 84, 85 Plasma, 11, 20, 22, 23, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 44, 69, 74, 78, 79, 80, 82, 85, 87, 90 Plasma protein, 69, 85, 90 Plasma Volume, 44, 85 Platelet Aggregation, 80, 85 Pleural, 83, 85 Pleural cavity, 83, 85 Pneumonia, 75, 85 Polyethylene, 33, 85 Potassium, 14, 17, 22, 23, 28, 32, 35, 36, 44, 76, 77, 79, 82, 85 Practice Guidelines, 54, 85 Practolol, 20, 85 Prazosin, 22, 85 Precursor, 70, 77, 83, 86 Propranolol, 19, 20, 22, 28, 32, 33, 72, 86 Prospective study, 5, 86 Protein C, 69, 71, 81, 86, 90 Protein S, 72, 86 Proteins, 70, 71, 74, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88 Proteinuria, 18, 86 Proximal, 76, 77, 86 Pseudotumor Cerebri, 80, 86 Psychic, 82, 86 Public Policy, 53, 86 Pulmonary, 72, 80, 86, 90 Pulmonary Artery, 72, 86, 90 R Race, 86 Radiation, 70, 86 Randomized, 3, 4, 5, 8, 11, 12, 13, 19, 23, 36, 77, 86 Randomized clinical trial, 11, 86 Reabsorption, 79, 87 Receptor, 5, 80, 87 Rectum, 77, 78, 87 Recurrence, 16, 87 Red blood cells, 12, 20, 77, 87 Refer, 1, 72, 74, 87 Regimen, 9, 76, 87

Relaxant, 87 Remission, 87 Renin, 11, 19, 31, 33, 37, 44, 70, 73, 87 Renin-Angiotensin System, 70, 73, 87 Reserpine, 7, 16, 18, 87 Respirator, 81, 87 Risk factor, 86, 87 S Screening, 74, 87 Secretion, 17, 35, 45, 79, 87 Serotonin, 71, 80, 87 Serum, 14, 20, 22, 23, 27, 28, 33, 34, 36, 69, 74, 76, 81, 88 Sex Characteristics, 88, 89 Side effect, 18, 24, 27, 69, 71, 88, 89 Small intestine, 74, 79, 80, 88 Sodium, 10, 28, 35, 37, 48, 76, 77, 79, 83, 87, 88 Solvent, 82, 88 Sorbitol, 81, 88 Specialist, 59, 88 Species, 75, 76, 77, 86, 88, 90 Spinal cord, 74, 84, 88 Stabilization, 44, 88 Sterile, 84, 88 Stomach, 78, 79, 80, 84, 88 Stroke, 5, 52, 73, 88 Subcutaneous, 76, 83, 88 Substance P, 87, 88 Supplementation, 44, 88 Sympathomimetic, 69, 77, 83, 88 Synapse, 69, 89 Systemic, 72, 77, 80, 83, 89 Systolic, 9, 29, 34, 35, 79, 89 T Teratogenic, 76, 89 Testosterone, 22, 89 Tetany, 84, 89 Threshold, 79, 89 Thrombosis, 86, 88, 89 Thyroid, 79, 84, 89 Thyroid Gland, 79, 84, 89 Tissue, 69, 72, 73, 76, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89 Tolerance, 78, 89 Toxic, iv, 75, 82, 89 Toxicology, 54, 89 Transfection, 72, 89 Transmitter, 82, 83, 89 Tremor, 83, 89 Triamterene, 14, 17, 21, 35, 48, 89 Tuberculosis, 81, 90

95

U Urea, 48, 90 Urethra, 90 Urinary, 14, 15, 21, 25, 73, 77, 79, 84, 85, 90 Urinary Retention, 85, 90 Urine, 20, 31, 32, 36, 43, 71, 72, 73, 76, 79, 83, 84, 86, 90 V Vascular, 37, 73, 80, 83, 89, 90 Vasodilator, 71, 83, 90 Vein, 80, 90

Venous, 83, 86, 90 Ventilation, 90 Ventricle, 86, 89, 90 Ventricular, 5, 14, 23, 35, 40, 79, 90 Verapamil, 10, 22, 26, 36, 90 Veterinary Medicine, 53, 90 Vitro, 90 W White blood cell, 69, 83, 90 X Xipamide, 19, 90

96

Chlorthalidone

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