Cervicitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CERVICITIS A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET R EFERENC...

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CERVICITIS A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET

R EFERENCES

CERVICITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Cervicitis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00217-5 1. Cervicitis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on cervicitis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CERVICITIS ................................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Cervicitis ....................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CERVICITIS ...................................................................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Finding Nutrition Studies on Cervicitis...................................................................................... 43 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 44 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CERVICITIS ................................................................ 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 47 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 48 General References ....................................................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CERVICITIS................................................................................................. 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Chapters on Cervicitis.................................................................................................................. 51 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CERVICITIS ................................................................... 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 53 Academic Periodicals covering Cervicitis .................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 57 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 58 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 63 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 65 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 67 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 69 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 71 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 73 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 73 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 73 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 79 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 81 CERVICITIS DICTIONARY.......................................................................................................... 83 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 111

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with cervicitis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about cervicitis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to cervicitis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on cervicitis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to cervicitis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on cervicitis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CERVICITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on cervicitis.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and cervicitis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “cervicitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Urethritis and Cervicitis Source: Australian Family Physician. 28(4): 333-338. April 1999. Contact: Available from Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. 1 Palmerston Cr, South Melbourne VIC 3205. 0392141414. Fax 0392141400. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: With sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) no longer on the decline, it is prudent to assume that all cases of nonspecific urethritis and cervicitis are caused by sexually transmitted infection. Specific infections of the urethra and cervix due to chlamydia and other non gonococcal organisms are common and, because they are often not apparent clinically, are underdiagnosed. This article provides a realistic approach to the management of urethritis and cervicitis by encouraging the performance of investigations and the instigation of treatment at the first consultation. The author

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stresses that a knowledge of the patient's sexual history combined with a working knowledge of the new DNA based technologies should provide for the early assessment of and intervention with patients who are at risk of at least one STD infection. In women, urethritis and cervicitis are commonly asymptomatic but may present with dysuria (painful urination), discharge, postcoital (after sexual intercourse) bleeding, and intermenstrual bleeding. In men, symptoms are more common and may include dysuria, discharge, and urinary urgency. As up to 10 percent of cases with gonorrhea may be missed if microscopy alone forms the basis of diagnosis, a urethral swab should ideally be cultured for N. gonorrhoeae. Antimicrobial regimens (drug therapy) should cover the potential coexisting infection with chlamydia and other as yet undiagnosed non gonococcal infections. All patients at risk of one STD infection should be considered at risk of other STDs. 1 figure. 3 tables. 6 references.

Federally Funded Research on Cervicitis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to cervicitis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to cervicitis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore cervicitis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for cervicitis: •

Project Title: A HIGH TRACHOMATIS TEST

ACCURACY

POINT-OF-CARE

CHLAMYDIA

Principal Investigator & Institution: Helms, Michael K.; Quidel Corporation 10165 Mc Kellar Ct San Diego, Ca 921214201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUL-2004; Project End 30-DEC-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Urogenital disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is a major public health problem affecting 3-4 million people in the U.S. and over 100 million worldwide annually. Sequelae include urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis (which can lead to infertility in women), pelvic inflammatory disease, adverse pregnancy outcomes (e.g. abortion, still birth or premature birth), and epididymitis (which can lead to infertility in men), as well as being a risk factor for HIV infection. Chlamydial infections are asymptomatic in up to 70% of women and 50% of men, thus delaying treatment and facilitating transmission. This asymptomatic feature coupled with the ease and efficacy of treatment (e.g. a single dose of azithromycin) places the burden for disease management on diagnosis. Furthermore, a persistent and 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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unmet need exists for rapid, accurate, cost effective and simple (RACES format) diagnostic tests for Ct due to patient noncompliance with treatment and delays in providing treatment to infected patients. Currently marketed point-of-care (POC) Ct tests are rapid, but less sensitive than the more complex, slow and expensive laboratory methods such as cell culture and nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT). To improve sensitivity without sacrificing specificity, the key challenge, we propose novel and proprietary methods that will provide enhanced sensitivity and reduced background signal, therefore maintaining specificity. The sensitivity enhancement will be assessed by comparison to gold standard tests including cell culture and a NAAT. We hypothesize that the proposed test system will increase testing accuracy while adding the speed and simplicity necessary for widespread POC clinical utilization. The resulting enhanced accuracy Ct POC test is directly relevant to the goal of improving diagnosis of infectious diseases stated by organizations such as the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the World Health Organization. Furthermore the novel aspects of the test system are expected to result in significant intellectual property rights for the company. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BACTERIAL VAGINITIS AS A COFACTOR FOR HIV1 SHEDDING Principal Investigator & Institution: Hitti, Jane E.; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: We propose a 5 year study of the interactions between reproductive tract infection, inflammation and genital HIV shedding in women. We plan to examine the hypothesis that increased genital tract HIV-1 shedding occurs in association with altered vaginal flora, cervicitis, and endometricitis, all of which are usually sub-clinical conditions that describes a continuum of ascending genital tract infection. An increase in vaginal and cervical proteolytic enzymes may promote the traffic microbes through the cervix to the endometrium to produce cervicitis and endometritis. The mechanisms by which abnormal vaginal flora, cervicitis increase genital HIV shedding include depletion of protective H2O2 lactobacilli, increased vaginal pH, decreased reductionoxidation potential and altered vaginal and cervical inflammatory cytokines, which together selectively up-regulate LTR transcription through NF-kappaB. As such, oral antibiotic treatment of BV and cervicitis should decrease HIV shedding. We will examine the following specific aims: 1. To examine the associations between vaginal flora and HIV RNA concentrations in endocervical and vaginal fluid. We hypothesize that increased anaerobes, G. vaginalis and M. hominis in vaginal flora caused increased cervical and vaginal HIV RNA replication and that H2O2- producing Lactobacillus are productive. 2. To study the relationship between reproductive tract inflammation and genital HIV shedding. We hypothesize that an inflammatory response in the vagina, cervix and uterus results in increased genital HIV shedding. 3. To determine whether antibiotic treatment for bacterial vaginosis and cervicitis decreased genital HIV shedding. We hypothesize that oral antibiotic treatment will re-establish normal vaginal flora and decrease local inflammation, resulting in decreased endocervical HIV shedding. Women will be enrolled from 2 sites in the United States. In addition, a BV treatment study will be carried our in parallel in a cohort of HIV- infected Kenyan women not on anti-retroviral therapy. These studies should help to define the interrelationships between altered vaginal flora, upper genital tract inflammation, the host inflammatory response and genital HIV shedding. By including an African cohort, we will learn about the relative contributions of genital tract infection and inflammation

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and anti-retroviral therapy to genital HIV load. Finally, we will learn whether antibiotic therapy with the goal to establish normal vaginal flora and decreases cervicitis and endometritis has the potential to decrease HIV shedding in the female genital tract in both anti-retroviral- experienced women and women without access to HIV treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS ENVELOPE COMPONENTS AND VIRULENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Raulston, Jane E.; Pathology; East Tennessee State University Box 70565 Johnson City, Tn 37601 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-1998; Project End 28-FEB-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading bacterial agent of sexually transmitted infections in the United States and a major culprit in urethritis, cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and ectopic pregnancy. The highest chlamydial infection rates are observed in young people between 15 and 34 years of age. Throughout these peak reproductive years, the endometrial epithelial cell layer lining the uterine cavity is subject to constant changes in levels of micronutrients such as iron, due to hormonal cycling during menstruation. Endometrial epithelial cells are natural target host cells for infection by chlamydiae. The availability of iron is well-known to have a tremendous influence on the production of bacterial antigens, envelope components and virulence factors; these effects are particularly prominent for obligate intracellular pathogens such as chlamydiae. In other pathogens, virulence factors produced in response to low concentrations of iron elicit tissue damage in the host. Certain bacterial iron-regulated proteins are also immunotherapeutic targets for vaccine design. In these studies, the mechanism for regulation of chlamydial iron-responsive proteins and antigens will be examined in Specific Aim 1. Specific Aims 2 and 3 will (i) determine the identities of chlamydial ironregulated proteins, and (ii) quantitatively assess the transcription of the genes encoding these components under iron-deficient growth conditions, respectively. In Specific Aim 4, an envelope transport system will be examined to determine whether or not it functions as a major iron-uptake pathway for the chlamydiae. The long-term objective for these studies are to develop a better understanding of mechanisms for the destructive tissue pathology observed in chlamydial infections and to provide new insights on specific chlamydial proteins and antigens that could be tested for their immunotherapeutic potential. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MYCOPLASMA GENITALIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Totten, Patricia A.; Professor; Medicine; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2007 Summary: Large proportions of the major reproductive tract inflammatory syndromes remain idiopathic, not attributable to the major sexually transmitted pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Where effective STD control programs exist, most urethritis in men and endocervicitis or mucopurulent cervicitis (MPC) in women is no longer attributable to gonococcal or chlamydial infection. This is equally true for most upper genital tract complications of urethritis (epididymitis) or endocervicitis (endometritis, salpingitis and perinatal and puerperal morbidity). Mycoplasma genitalium, a fastidious bacterium discovered in 1981, now detectable by

Studies

7

PCR, has been significantly associated with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) in men in 11 of 11 studies over the past decade using PCR, including our own recent study which demonstrated M. genitalium in 27 (22%) of 211 men with and 5 (4%) of 117 without NGU (OR 6.5; 95% CI 2.1- 19.9). Recognition of M. genitalium as a pathogen in the male raises the important question of its role as a pathogen in the female, both in nonpregnant and in pregnant women. Since initial submission of this proposal in February 2000, we have completed two retrospective cross- sectional studies involving women. In a random sample of female STD clinic patients, we demonstrated endocervical M. genitalium infection in 24 (13%) of 191 with MPC vs. 27 (6%) of 453 without MPC (OR adjusted for cervical pathogens 3.0; 95% CI 1.6-5.8). This study also detected M. genitalium in 10 (14.3%) of 70 women with history of spontaneous miscarriage at < 20 weeks gestation vs. 41 (7.2%) of 570 without this history (adj OR=2.5; 95% CI 1.1-5.6). A cross-sectional study of 115 Kenyan women with suspected PID demonstrated M. genitalium in endometrial biopsies from 7 (12%) of 58 women with endometritis vs. 0 of 57 without endometritis (p=0.01). In our studies of male urethritis, MPC, and endometritis, associations of M. genitalium with disease were similar to, or stronger than, the associations with chlamydial infection. These data support our proposed studies as the next logical step in clinical epidemiologic studies of this pathogen. Our three specific aims are to (1) define the role of M. genitalium in acute salpingitis in women undergoing laparoscopy in Nairobi Kenya; (2) define the association of M. genitalium with abnormal pregnancy outcomes including preterm delivery of a low birthweight infant, using data and clinical specimens already available from 2500 women prospectively followed to term at University of Washington hospitals (including 625 with gestation <37 weeks); and (3) determine (a) risk factors for M. genitalium infection in a population-based sample of young women participating in Wave 3 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, and in a sample of higher risk women attending the Seattle STD clinic, and (b) concordance of M. genitalium infection in these women and their sex partners. M genitalium may represent an important new pathogen in the female reproductive tract. Studies of its association with salpingitis and pregnancy morbidity are essential. Future studies should also address whether, similar to gonorrhea and chlamydial infection, it facilitates transmission of HIV infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CYTOKINE NETWORK IN CHLAMYDIAL DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Darville, Toni; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; University of Arkansas Med Scis Ltl Rock Little Rock, Ar 72205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): In women, the manifestations of C. trachomatis infection range from asymptomatic cervicitis to pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Variations in outcomes suggest humans exhibit heterogeneity in host susceptibility to chlamydial disease. A genetic influence on disease susceptibility is supported by epidemiological studies in humans, and in animal models of experimental infection. The candidate has confirmed that true differences exist among three genetically defined strains of mice as regards resolution of chlamydial genital tract infection and the development of pathological sequelae. Despite these differences, extensive data reveal their acquired immune responses to be similar - CD4+ T cells of the Th 1 phenotype are critical to recovery from chlamydial infection. In contrast, comparisons of responses active during the first week of infection reveal significant differences in early cellular and cytokine response mediators. This proposal

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Cervicitis

involves using the inherent differences present in these strains of mice as a tool for examining cytokine regulatory pathways important in chlamydial disease pathogenesis. The significance of the different patterns of cytokine responses determined among the three strains will be further explored with mice genetically deficient in specific cytokine mediators. Specific aims of the proposal include: 1) confirmation of the role of TNFalpha and of neutrophils in early control of chlamydial infection and determination of their role in the development of chronic pathology; 2) delineation of the contribution of other proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 and interleukin-6) and of select chemokines to host defense and immunopathology; 3) determination if different kinetics of the downregulatory cytokines, TGF-beta and interleukin-10, influence the course and outcome of chlamydial genital tract infection. A determination of cytokine response patterns that promote tissue damage from those that result in benign resolution of infection is an important goal as regards the development of a safe and effective chlamydial vaccine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DOUCHING, VAGINAL MICROBIOLOGY, AND PID Principal Investigator & Institution: Ness, Roberta B.; Professor and Chair; Epidemiology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: Pelvic inflammatory disease is a major or cause of reproductive morbidity worldwide. Its sequelae include tubal infertility, chronic pelvic pain, recurrent PID and ectopic pregnancy. Douching is a common and possibly modifiable potential risk factor for PID, but a handful of previous studies examining this association are retrospective and conflicting. At the same time, compelling data suggest that douching may alter the vaginal microenvironment, thereby predisposing to bacterial vaginosis and perhaps, resultant PID, but this has not been fully tested. We propose to conduct a large, multicenter, prospective cohort study to examine the independent association between douching and PID and to study the effect of douching on vaginal microbiology. We will enroll 1800 women at high risk for acquiring sexually transmitted infections. Half will be women who report douching consistently at least once per month over the past six months; half will be women who report never douching in the past six months. Enrolled women will be evaluated at baseline by interview for behavioral characteristics related to douching and STD risk and by lower genital tract microbiology for N. gonorrhoea, C. trachomatis, bacterial vaginosis, and concentrations of lactobacillus, anaerobes and facultative bacteria. During 3-4.5 years of follow-up, serial interviews will be completed and self-obtained vaginal swabs assessed for lactobacilli and other vaginal bacteria. The primary outcome of PID (symptomatic endometritis), will be compared between the douching and non-douching groups. We will also compare the following: 1) gonococcal or chlamydial cervicitis at baseline, 2) bacterial vaginosis and semi-quantitative lactobacilli concentration at baseline, 3) change during follow-up in the concentration of lactobacilli (hydrogen-peroxide producing and non-producing), as well as anaerobic and facultative bacteria. Given the paucity of information regarding the relationship between douching and reproductive outcomes, the proposed study is imperative in order to direct future public health recommendations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies

•

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Project Title: HIV-1 SHEDDING FROM FEMALE GENITAL TRACT Principal Investigator & Institution: Coombs, Robert W.; Associate Professor; Laboratory Medicine; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 23-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: This is a new Program Project application in response to RFA-HD-00- 006 to establish a Women's HIV Pathogenesis program at the University of Washington in collaboration the University of Rochester and the University of Nairobi, Kenya. The central Program these is to explore the hypothesis that the female genital tract is a separate virological compartment from blood. As such, viral application in the genital compartment may be influenced by several factors including the host's hormonal status (i.e., menses), and both viral and microbiological cofactors that could have an important influence on the evolution of HIV- 1 (i.e., generation of viral diversity), re-seeding of the blood compartment with potentially drug-resistant, and disease pathogenesis both within the genital tract (changes from favorable to unfavorable microbiological flora) and systemically (HIV-1 disease progression). Understanding these gender-specific HIV-1 factors may provide additional insight into the control of both vertical and horizontal transmission of HIV-1. To accomplish the central Program theme, we will use three different cohorts of HIV-1-infected women recruited at the three collaborating institutions. The research activities of the Program Project will be accomplished through three Cores and three Research Projects. The infrastructure will reside within an Administrative Core (Core A) located at the University of Washington, a Clinical Core (Core B) and a Laboratory Core (Core C). Both internal and external advisory committees will review the Program's research progress and report to the Principal Investigator, Dr. Coombs. Since our hypothesis is that genital tract inflammation represents a continuum as defined by local vaginitis (bacterial vaginosis), to cervicitis (cytomegalovirus), to endometritis (microbial) and ultimately to pelvic inflammatory disease, each of the three research Projects are designed to capture this continuum. In Project I (HIV-1 shedding and evolution), we will characterize subjects for shedding of HIV-1, CMV and HSV-2, and definitively establish, through viral phylogenetic typing that HIV-1- re-emerges from the genital tract to re-infect the blood compartment in subjects that receive stable anti- retroviral therapy. In Project II (CMV co-shedding) we will show that CMV is an independent viral co-factor for HIV-1 shedding, whether CMV shedding from the cervix represents reactivation or re-infection, and that the suppression of CMV using valganciclovir can decrease HIV- 1 genital shedding. In Project III( Bacterial Vaginosis), we will show the effect of bacterial vaginosis as a local co-factor for HIV-1 shedding, how this local abnormal microbiological flora contributes to HIV-1 shedding through local cytokine-mediated mechanisms, and that antimicrobial treatment of bacterial vaginosis in both anti-retroviral treated and untreated women results in decreased HIV-1 genital shedding. Taken together, these studies will provide important comparative data to the male genital tract shedding of HIV-1 and may have implications for both the vertical and horizontal transmission of HIV-1. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IRON REGULATORY PROTEINS AND GONOCOCCAL INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Mietzner, Timothy A.; Associate Professor; Carnegie-Mellon University 5000 Forbes Ave Pittsburgh, Pa 15213 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The expression of a high affinity mechanism of iron-acquisition by Neisseria gonorrhoeae is presumed to be a prerequisite to infection. This notion has largely been

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inferred by in vitro studies on gonococcal iron- acquisition. Because of the lack of an adequate animal model, in vivo studies of this mechanism have been limited. This proposal focuses on the key role that the periplasm-to-cytosol transport of iron lays in the larger context of gonococcal iron-acquisition both in vitro and in vivo. Specifically we propose to define the mechanism of gonococcal periplasm-to-cytosol iron transport both in Escherichia coli expressing the gonococcal system and within the gonococcus. Secondly, we propose to extend these studies to the level of gonococcal infection by analyzing whether the proteins (FbpA and the Tbps) involved in iron acquisition are expressed and functional during symptomatic gonococcal cervicitis and asymptomatic disease. Finally we propose to comparatively evaluate the local immune response to FbpA and the Tbs in order to assess their immunogenicity during the course of gonococcal infection. These studies represent a comprehensive set of experiments spanning the process of gonococcal iron-acquisition from in vitro assays defining the molecular mechanism to the expression and immunogenicity of the system in vivo. These experiments are made possible by the cooperation of several laboratories brought together by this program project grant. Specifically, our expertise in gonococcal ironacquisition is complemented by the clinical core which will obtain the specimens analyzed in aims 2 and 3 of this proposal. The immunology core will perform expert analysis of the local immune response to FbpA and the Tbps. Collectively, these studies will significantly advance our current understanding of the relationship between a high affinity gonococcal iron uptake system and disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MID AMERICA ADOLESCENT STD COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Orr, Donald P.; Professor; Pediatrics; Indiana UnivPurdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The purpose of the Mid-America Adolescent Sexually Transmitted Diseases Cooperative Research Center (MASTD CRC) is to conduct integrated, multidisciplinary research on important issues related to sexually transmitted infections in adolescents. The goal is to examine longitudinally the behavioral, psychosocial and biological risk and protective factors related to sexually transmitted infections of the lower genital tract among middle adolescent women. The five projects will be supported by an Administrative Core (A), a Clinical Core (B) data, a Laboratory Core (C) and Biostatistical Core (D). A behavioral epidemiology project will investigate the psychosocial (sociocultural and family, social/sexual networks, attitudes), partnerspecific interpersonal relationship (relationship quality, communication), and coitusspecific (sexual interest, substance use) factors associated with risk and protection. Two projects will focus on organisms causing genital ulcer disease, cervicitis and PID. One will elucidate the nature of the interaction between the gonococcus and the cervical cell surface. The other will examine the relationships of omp1 genotype, immune factors and repeated lower genital tract chlamydia infections in adolescent women. The fourth project will explore the pathogenesis of human papillomavirus infections with emphasis on the controlling susceptibility to infection. The fifth project investigates important aspects of vaginal immunity as influenced by reproductive hormones and sexually transmitted pathogens (C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, T. vaginalis). The multidisciplinary research conducted by this consortium agreement between Indian University and NorthWestern University, Louisiana State University and University of Iowa Schools of Medicine will increase out understanding of the complex interplay of

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actors that increase risk for and protected from STI. Real time video tele-conferencing will be used to facilitate collaboration, interchange of ideas and cross-disciplinary research across campuses. The findings from the studies conducted by the center investigators will facilitate intervention-oriented research for primary and secondary prevention of STD for adolescents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR PATHOGENICITY

GENETIC

ANALYSIS

OF

CHLAMYDIA

Principal Investigator & Institution: Maurelli, Anthony T.; Professor; Henry M. Jackson Fdn for the Adv Mil/Med Rockville, Md 20852 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Bacteria of the genus Chlamydia are significant pathogens of animals and man. The diseases caused by Chlamydia spp. in man include pneumonitis, endocarditis, polyarthritis, blindness, and a wide range of sexually transmitted diseases including cervicitis, salpingitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and infertility in females; and non-gonococcal urethritis and acute epididymitis in males. Despite many years of effort, the Chlamydia remain intractable to genetic analysis due to their obligate intracellular lifestyle and complex developmental cycle. No one has been able to introduce foreign DNA into this organism and achieve stable inheritance of the expression of the foreign genes. Few attempts at isolation of Chlamydia mutants have been reported. Even cloning of Chlamydia genes by complementation has been problematic due to the absence of, or poor expression of cloned Chlamydia genes in Escherichia coli. Our long term goal is to apply the power of genetics to study the pathogenic mechanisms of Chlamydia. The goal of this proposal is to develop genetic tools for the analysis of Chlamydia biology and pathogenesis and to use these tools to address specific problems of Chlamydia pathogenesis. The Specific aims are to: 1) design an efficient, reproducible method for introduction, expression, and stable maintenance of foreign DNA in Chlamydia; 2) design genetic tools for mutagenesis and selection of mutant phenotypes of Chlamydia; 3) clone Chlamydia genes by functional complementation; and, 4) develop a system for gene replacement in Chlamydia. Each of these aims will include development of a genetic tool, demonstration of the tools effectiveness, and application of the tool to a fundamental question of Chlamydia biology. Success in achieving these goals will have a significant impact on Chlamydia research by making new tools for genetic analysis of Chlamydia available. Rapid advances in our understanding of Chlamydia pathogenesis and biology as well as the ability to construct Chlamydia mutants for vaccine development will be made possible by these new techniques. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MYCOPLASMA GENITALIUM--PREVALENCE IN STDS AND PATHOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Baseman, Joel B.; Professor & Chair; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Mycoplasma genitalium is a recently identified Mycoplasma species considered to be a major cause of non-gonococcal urethritis based upon epidemiological and serological studies. In addition, M. genitalium and several other Mycoplasma species have been implicated as co-factors in AIDS. Lately, a substantial percentage of

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Cervicitis

women attending STD clinics exhibit M. genitalium-associated acute and chronic infections, including cervicitis, salpingitis, adnexitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease, yet the role of M. genitalium infection in women is not fully appreciated. We propose to investigate, as part of the San Antonio STDCRC proposal, the prevalence of M. genitalium infection in Mexican- and African-American women by PCR and ELISA techniques using genital tract and blood specimens. Also, we will attempt to correlate M. genitalium with pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and adverse outcomes of pregnancy and minority women with or without other diagnosed STDs. In collaboration with the Behavioral and Clinical Trichomonas Projects and the Statistics/Computing Core, we intend to measure the effect of behavioral modification interventions on the incidence and adverse outcomes associated with M. genitalium infections. In addition, the establishment of M. genitalium infection is achieved primarily through adherence to and invasion of eucaryotic cells. A major focus of the proposal is to uncover the regulatory mechanism(s) of cytadherence. Our preliminary observations indicate that M. genitalium up-regulates the expression of the P140 adhesin and cytadherence-related proteins when co-incubated with eucaryotic cells and extracellular matrix components. This suggests that P140 may be regulated transcriptionally by an activator or repressor. We intend to identify the activator/repressor in order to clarify the regulatory mechanism(s) of cytadherence in this Mycoplasma species. Moreover, we recently developed a tool to knockout genes in M. genitalium, and disruption of the gene encoding the MG218 protein led to a cytadherence-negative phenotype. Further analysis revealed that the presence of MG218 is essential for the stability of the P140 adhesin. We plan to further delineate the interaction between MG218 and P140. The experimental approaches outlined represent novel strategies, and the results of the studies should enhance our understanding of cytadherence and virulence. Furthermore, these studies should identify functional targets for vaccine and diagnostic regents to control, monitor and prevent M. genitalium infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PREVENTION OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS INFECTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mrsny, Randall J.; Trinity Biosystems, Llc 1455 Adams Dr, Ste 1713 Menlo Park, Ca 940251438 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlamydia trachomatis infections represent a critical unmet medical need. Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen that can cause blinding trachoma, urethritis, cervicitis and salpingitis, and is an important cofactor for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Infection rates associated with this pathogen make it the number one sexually transmitted disease (STD) worldwide. Previous vaccination efforts have been unsuccessful, leading to the suggestion that induction of both a humoral and cellular immune response may be required for protection from infection. Recent studies have led to the identification of specific antigenic epitopes of this pathogen that may provide a potent and durable immunity capable of preventing or reducing rates of infection, and/or clearing an infection. A unique method of delivering such antigens across intact mucosal epithelia using a non-toxic form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ntPE) has also recently been identified. This Phase I application proposes the development and pre-clinical testing of several potential vaccines composed of ntPE chimeras that contain a variety of these specific C. trachomatis antigens integrated into specific sites of the carrier. The goal of these studies is to identify a viable vaccine candidate for clinical development in the prevention of the STD associated with C. trachomatis infection.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PREVENTION OF INFERTILITY IN WOMEN WITH SUBCLINICAL PID Principal Investigator & Institution: Wiesenfeld, Harold C.; Magee-Women's Health Corporation 204 Craft Ave Pittsburgh, Pa 152133180 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-1998; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The broad, long-term goals of this study are to evaluate whether longer course antibiotic therapy for women at-risk for subclinical PID prevents subsequent infertility better than currently used short course antibiotic regimens for lower genital tract infections. Subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an important yet overlooked cause of infertility, responsible for more cases of postinfectious tubal infertility than acute PID. Subclinical PID is present in 25% of women with gonorrhea or chlamydia, and one in seven women with bacterial vaginosis, despite the absence of symptoms of acute PID. Most importantly, there is a doubling in infertility among women with subclinical PID compared to women without PID. Current treatment strategies for cervicitis and vaginitis do not address ongoing upper genital tract inflammation. Our hypothesis is that the preservation of fertility is greater among women with subclinical PID treated with a long-course antibiotic regimen compared to women receiving standard single-dose regimens for uncomplicated lower genital tract infections. The proposed application describes a randomized, double-blind, comparative phase III clinical trial studying a novel treatment regimen that incorporates azithromycin, an antimicrobial with potent immunomodulatory properties, on fertility outcomes in women at-risk for post-infectious fallopian tube damage. The specific aims are to 1) compare fertility rate of women with subclinical PID receiving two weeks of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy with the fertility rate of women with subclinical PID receiving single-dose antibiotic regimen, 2) determine whether the resolution of endometritis is more common in women treated with the enhanced antimicrobial regimens utilized for acute PID compared to currently recommended single-dose regimens for lower genital tract infections, 3) characterize the inflammatory response in the lower genital tract in women with and without subclinical PID, and 4) evaluate whether women with subclinical PID have evidence of fallopian tube inflammation. During this study, very real public health questions will be asked and answered which will affect the way that lower genital tract infections are routinely managed, potentially enhancing fertility among American women. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to 3

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with cervicitis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “cervicitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for cervicitis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparison of efficacy of Tolpa Torf Preparation (TTP) in the treatment of cervicitis with or without surgery. Author(s): Woyton J, Gabrys M, Bielanow T, Zimmer M, Sokalski J, Geneja R, Zborowski M. Source: Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 1993; 41(1): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8239914

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A comparison of electrocautery and cryocautery for the treatment of cervical erosions and chronic cervicitis. Author(s): Miller JF, Elstein M. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1973 July; 80(7): 658-63. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4723961

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A controlled clinical study on the efficacy of benzydamine in the topical treatment of non-specific cervicitis and vaginitis. Author(s): Ventolini G, Villa I, Guerra A. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1987; 9(2): 157-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3610514

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A controlled trial of a single dose of azithromycin for the treatment of chlamydial urethritis and cervicitis. The Azithromycin for Chlamydial Infections Study Group. Author(s): Martin DH, Mroczkowski TF, Dalu ZA, McCarty J, Jones RB, Hopkins SJ, Johnson RB. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1992 September 24; 327(13): 921-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1325036

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A high prevalence of chlamydial cervicitis in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Nagashima T. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1987 January; 156(1): 31-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3492148

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A new visual indicator of chlamydial cervicitis? Author(s): Sellors JW, Walter SD, Howard M. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 February; 76(1): 46-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10817069

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A preliminary study of clarithromycin versus doxycycline in the treatment of nongonococcal urethritis and mucopurulent cervicitis. Author(s): Stein GE, Mummaw NL, Havlichek DH. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1995 November-December; 15(6): 727-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8602379

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Activities of certain enzymes of glycolytic pathway in normal, chronic cervicitis and malignant human cervix uteri. Author(s): Mainigi KD. Source: Oncology. 1972; 26(5): 427-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4346427

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Adequate levofloxacin treatment schedules for uterine cervicitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Mikamo H, Sato Y, Hayasaki Y, Hua YX, Tamaya T. Source: Chemotherapy. 2000 March-April; 46(2): 150-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10671767

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Adequate macrolide treatment schedules for uterine cervicitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Mikamo H, Sato Y, Hayasaki Y, Tamaya T. Source: Chemotherapy. 1999 September-October; 45(5): 396-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10473928

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Adolescent misadventures with urethritis and cervicitis. Author(s): McGregor JA. Source: J Adolesc Health Care. 1985 July; 6(4): 286-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3839220

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Advances in diagnostic testing for vaginitis and cervicitis. Author(s): Eschenbach DA, Hillier SL. Source: J Reprod Med. 1989 August; 34(8 Suppl): 555-64; Discussion 564-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2677360

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Amoebic cervicitis masquerading as carcinoma cervix. Author(s): Bhargava S, Tandon PL, Sant MS, Gujral MS. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1986 October; 29(4): 382-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3817968

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An open label comparative study of azithromycin and doxycycline in the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis in males and Chlamydia trachomatis cervicitis in female sex workers in an STD clinic in Singapore. Author(s): Tan HH, Chan RK. Source: Singapore Med J. 1999 August; 40(8): 519-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10572491

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Are oral contraceptives masking symptoms of chlamydial cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease? Author(s): Mardh PA, Hogg B. Source: The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care : the Official Journal of the European Society of Contraception. 1998 March; 3(1): 41-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9678072

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Assessment and management of vaginitis and cervicitis. Author(s): Smith LS, Lauver D. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1984 June; 9(6): 34, 39-47, 67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6610139

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Azithromycin in the treatment of chlamydial cervicitis and eradication of Ureaplasma urealyticum in female lower genital tract. Author(s): Charoenwatanachokchai A, Chitwarakorn A, Siriwongrangsun P, Pariyasak W, Yenyasun N, Sukwit S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1997 June; 80(6): 343-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9240007

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Azithromycin levels in cervical mucus and plasma after a single 1.0g oral dose for chlamydial cervicitis. Author(s): Worm AM, Osterlind A. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1995 August; 71(4): 244-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7590717

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Cancer of the uterine cervix in a Korean biopsy series with a study of the age distribution in 1,889 cases of chronic cervicitis, dysplasia, intra-epithelial and invasive epidermoid carcinoma. Author(s): Wetteland P. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1971; 50(1): 17-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5558592

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Cefotetan therapy for gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis. Author(s): Youssef RZ, Murray M, Holmes B, Mogabgab WJ. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1990 April-June; 17(2): 99-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2360135

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Cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection in university women: relationship to history, contraception, ectopy, and cervicitis. Author(s): Harrison HR, Costin M, Meder JB, Bownds LM, Sim DA, Lewis M, Alexander ER. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 October 1; 153(3): 244-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4050890

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Cervical shedding of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I is associated with cervicitis. Author(s): Zunt JR, Dezzutti CS, Montano SM, Thomas KK, Alarcon JO, Quijano E, Courtois BN, Sanchez JL, Campos P, Gotuzzo E, Guenthner PC, Lal RB, Holmes KK. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 December 1; 186(11): 1669-72. Epub 2002 November 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12447745

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Cervical wet mount as a negative predictor for gonococci- and Chlamydia trachomatis-induced cervicitis in a gravid population. Author(s): Bohmer JT, Schemmer G, Harrison FN Jr, Kreft W, Elliot M. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 August; 181(2): 283-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10454670

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Cervicitis and benefits from cauterization. Author(s): Peyton FW. Source: S D J Med. 1968 March; 21(3): 27-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5237838

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Cervicitis and benefits from cauterization. Author(s): Peyton FW. Source: J Indiana State Med Assoc. 1967 July; 60(7): 910-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6042795

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Cervicitis and urethritis caused by group B streptococcus: case report. Author(s): Buttigieg G. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1985 October; 61(5): 343-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3930385

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Cervicitis as an antecedent to pelvic infection: a review. Author(s): Keith LG, Creinin M, Method MW, Hidvegi D. Source: Int J Fertil. 1989 March-April; 34(2): 109-19. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2565313

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Cervicitis in college students. Author(s): Summerlin W. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1985 July 19; 254(3): 360-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4009860

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Cervicitis. Author(s): Pawson ME. Source: Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1981 April; 8(1): 201-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7261522

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Chapter 4: Genital tract infections, cervical inflammation, and antioxidant nutrients-assessing their roles as human papillomavirus cofactors. Author(s): Castle PE, Giuliano AR. Source: J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2003; (31): 29-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12807942

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Chlamydia trachomatis and cervicitis. Author(s): Arklay AR, Glasziou PP. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1986 September 1; 145(5): 242-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3747904

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Chlamydia trachomatis cervicitis in gynecologic outpatients. Author(s): Ripa KT, Svensson L, Mardh PA, Westrom L. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 December; 52(6): 698-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=104212

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Chlamydia trachomatis in cervicitis and urethritis in women. Author(s): Paavonen J, Vesterinen E. Source: Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1982; 32: 45-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6958020

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Chlamydia trachomatis: a major cause of mucopurulent cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease in women. Author(s): Paavonen J. Source: Current Problems in Dermatology. 1996; 24: 110-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8743261

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Chlamydiae, cervicitis, and abnormal Papanicolaou smears. Author(s): Carr MC, Hanna L, Jawetz E. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1979 January; 53(1): 27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=760016

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Chlamydial and gonococcal cervicitis in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative pregnant women in Bangkok: prevalence, risk factors, and relation to perinatal HIV transmission. Author(s): Chaisilwattana P, Chuachoowong R, Siriwasin W, Bhadrakom C, Mangclaviraj Y, Young NL, Chearskul S, Chotpitayasunondh T, Mastro TD, Shaffer N. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1997 October; 24(9): 495-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9339966

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Chlamydial cervicitis and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: an immunohistochemical analysis. Author(s): Mitao M, Reumann W, Winkler B, Richart RM, Fujiwara A, Crum CP. Source: Gynecologic Oncology. 1984 September; 19(1): 90-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6381250

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Chlamydial cervicitis and urethritis: single dose treatment compared with doxycycline for seven days in community based practises. Author(s): Thorpe EM Jr, Stamm WE, Hook EW 3rd, Gall SA, Jones RB, Henry K, Whitworth G, Johnson RB. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1996 April; 72(2): 93-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8698374

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Chlamydial cervicitis in women followed-up for human papillomavirus (HPV) lesions of the uterine cervix. Author(s): Syrjanen K, Mantyjarvi R, Vayrynen M, Castren O, Yliskoski M, Saarikoski S. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1985; 64(6): 467-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2998147

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Chlamydial cervicitis: a research study from general practice. Author(s): Fox H. Source: J R Coll Gen Pract. 1983 November; 33(256): 721-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6644678

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Chlamydial cervicitis: complications and new treatment options. Author(s): Majeroni BA. Source: American Family Physician. 1994 June; 49(8): 1825-9, 1832. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8203320

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Chlamydial cervicitis: role of culture, enzyme immunoassay and Giemsa cytology in diagnosis. Author(s): Mittal A, Kapur S, Gupta S. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 1993 January; 101(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8457324

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Chlamydial cervicitis: testing the practice guidelines for presumptive diagnosis. Author(s): Sellors J, Howard M, Pickard L, Jang D, Mahony J, Chernesky M. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1998 January 13; 158(1): 41-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9475908

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Chronic lymphocytic cervicitis: cytologic and histopathologic manifestations. Author(s): Roberts TH, Ng AB. Source: Acta Cytol. 1975 May-June; 19(3): 235-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1056676

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Chronic plasma cell cervicitis simulating a cervical malignancy: a case report. Author(s): Doherty MG, Van Dinh T, Payne D, Tyring SK, Hannigan EV. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993 October; 82(4 Pt 2 Suppl): 646-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8397360

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Chronic plasma cell cervicitis. A rare pitfall in gynecological cytology. Author(s): Qizilbash AH. Source: Acta Cytol. 1974 May-June; 18(3): 198-200. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4134552

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Ciprofloxacin 250 mg for treating gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis. Author(s): David N, Wildman G, Rajamanoharan S. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2000 December; 76(6): 495-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11221138

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Clinical characteristics of women with chlamydial cervicitis. Author(s): Lindner LE, Geerling S, Nettum JA, Miller SL, Altman KH. Source: J Reprod Med. 1988 August; 33(8): 684-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3050073

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Clinical predictors of Chlamydia trachomatis endocervicitis in adolescent women. Looking for the right combination. Author(s): Remafedi G, Abdalian SE. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1989 December; 143(12): 1437-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2589276

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Clinical response of patients with gonococcal endocervicitis and endometritissalpingitis-peritonitis to doxycycline. Author(s): Monif GR, Welkos SL, Baer H. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 November 15; 129(6): 61422. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=411373

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CO2 laser vaporization for chronic cervicitis. Author(s): Rubinstein E. Source: Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 1985; 5(6): 563-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3937006

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Colposcopic aspects of endocervicitis. Author(s): Nunez-Montiel JT, Gamero-Leon G, Garcia-Galue H, Molina RA, Lopez A, Guerra C. Source: J Reprod Med. 1974 May; 12(5): 197-203. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4838313

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Colposcopic pattern of cervicitis, dysplasia and pre-invasive cancer of the uterine cervix. Author(s): Rubinstein E. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1982; 61(3): 253-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7124356

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Colposcopy, biopsy, and cytology results in women with chlamydial cervicitis. Author(s): Dunlop EM, Garner A, Darougar S, Treharne JD, Woodland RM. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1989 January; 65(1): 22-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2921049

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Comparison of pregnancy outcome between treated and untreated women with chlamydial cervicitis. Author(s): Rivlin ME, Morrison JC, Grossman JH 3rd. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 1997 November; 38(11): 404-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9364116

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Concentration of levofloxacin in cervical mucus and its clinical effects on cervicitis. Author(s): Chimura T, Arai M, Onuma Y, Oda T, Kawagoe S, Kunii K, Saito T, Saito N, Sato F, Numazaki M, Matsuo M, Murayama K, Morizaki N. Source: Jpn J Antibiot. 1997 November; 50(11): 871-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9651605

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Congenital neonatal eosinophilic cervicitis. Author(s): d'Ablaing G 3rd, Beck M. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 October 1; 129(3): 345-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=900205

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Conjunctivitis and cervicitis. Author(s): Mazziotta JM, Ahmed N. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2004 February; 53(2): 121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14764294

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Cost-effectiveness analysis of five different antibiotic regimens for the treatment of uncomplicated Chlamydia trachomatis cervicitis. Author(s): Nuovo J, Melnikow J, Paliescheskey M, King J, Mowers R. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1995 January-February; 8(1): 7-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7701965

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Cost-effectiveness decision analysis of intramuscular ceftriaxone versus oral cefixime in adolescents with gonococcal cervicitis. Author(s): Friedland LR, Kulick RM, Biro FM, Patterson A. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1996 March; 27(3): 299-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8599487

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Cryocautery in the treatment of chronic cervicitis. Author(s): Ghoneim MA, Adel SK, Sobrero AJ. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1971 September; 22(9): 556-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5571064

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Cryosurgery for benign cervicitis with follow-up of six and a half years. Author(s): Collins RJ, Pappas HJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1972 July 15; 113(6): 744-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4635711

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Cryosurgical treatment of chronic cervicitis. Author(s): Acosta AA, Kaufman RH. Source: J Reprod Med. 1972 July; 9(1): 17-26. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5080877

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Cryosurgical treatment of chronic cervicitis. Author(s): Pappas HJ, Collins RJ, Paloucek FP. Source: Int Surg. 1968 June; 49(6): 513-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5657247

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Cul-de-sac isolates from patients with endometritis-salpingitis-peritonitis and gonococcal endocervicitis. Author(s): Monif GR, Welkos SL, Baer H, Thompson RJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1976 September 15; 126(2): 15861. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=822716

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Cytologic differential diagnostic problems in ulcerative cervicitis. Author(s): Tamiolakis D, Kotini A, Koutlaki N, Galazios G, Liberis V, Anastasiadis P. Source: Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove). 2004; 47(1): 43-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15168881

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Cytological features of chronic follicular cervicitis in liquid-based specimens: a potential diagnostic pitfall. Author(s): Halford JA. Source: Cytopathology : Official Journal of the British Society for Clinical Cytology. 2002 December; 13(6): 364-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12485172

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Cytomegalovirus endocervicitis diagnosed by cervical smear. Author(s): Gideon K, Zaharopoulos P. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1991; 7(6): 625-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1663024

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Cytomegalovirus inclusion body endocervicitis: significance of CMV inclusions in endocervical biopsies. Author(s): Deppisch LM. Source: The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York. 1981 September-October; 48(5): 418-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6272103

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Cytomorphologic study on the atypical cells following cryosurgery for the treatment of chronic cervicitis. Author(s): Hasegawa T, Tsutsui F, Kurihara S. Source: Acta Cytol. 1975 November-December; 19(6): 533-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1061470

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Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in asymptomatic women: relationship to history, contraception, and cervicitis. Author(s): Bontis J, Vavilis D, Panidis D, Theodoridis T, Konstantinidis T, Sidiropoulou A. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1994 December; 10(4): 309-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7740997

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Detection of chlamydial cervicitis by Papanicolaou stained smears and culture. Author(s): Dorman SA, Danos LM, Wilson DJ, Noller KL, Malkasian GD, Goellner JR, Smith TF. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1983 April; 79(4): 421-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6837510

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Detection of chlamydial cervicitis with Papanicolaou-stained smears and cultures in a university student population. Author(s): Wiesmeier E, Rosenthal DL, Weideman S. Source: J Reprod Med. 1987 April; 32(4): 251-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3585868

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Determinants of cervical ectopia and of cervicitis: age, oral contraception, specific cervical infection, smoking, and douching. Author(s): Critchlow CW, Wolner-Hanssen P, Eschenbach DA, Kiviat NB, Koutsky LA, Stevens CE, Holmes KK. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995 August; 173(2): 534-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7645632

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Diagnosis of mucopurulent cervicitis among women at risk for Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Katz BP, Caine VA, Jones RB. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1989 April-June; 16(2): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2472673

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Double-blind comparison of trovafloxacin and doxycycline in the treatment of uncomplicated Chlamydial urethritis and cervicitis. Trovafloxacin Chlamydial Urethritis/Cervicitis Study Group. Author(s): McCormack WM, Dalu ZA, Martin DH, Hook EW 3rd, Laisi R, Kell P, Pluck ND, Johnson RB. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1999 October; 26(9): 531-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10534208

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Effect of penicillin and spectinomycin given for urethritis and cervicitis with Neisseria gonorrhoeae: high prevalence of penicillin-resistant isolates. Author(s): Kouri YH, Gonzalez L, Perez M, Menar R, Gadea CR, Kraiselburd E, TorresBauza LJ. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1989 October; 65(5): 342-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2531117

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Effective sampling device and mucopurulent cervicitis in women with chlamydial cervical infection. Author(s): Svensson L, Bergelin I, Fryklund N, Ripa T. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1989; 68(1): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2678881

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Elevated lipid peroxidation and disturbed antioxidant enzyme activities in plasma and erythrocytes of patients with uterine cervicitis and myoma. Author(s): Chiou JF, Hu ML. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 1999 April; 32(3): 189-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10383079

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Enzyme histochemical studies on the uterine cervix in Ceylonese with special reference to cervicitis and carcinoma of the cervix. Author(s): Panabokke RG, Jayaweera B, Fernando WH, Gunatilleka DE. Source: Ceylon Med J. 1972 September; 17(3): 137-46. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4667778

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Evaluation of a seven day course of oxytetracycline in women with chlamydial cervicitis. Author(s): Hobson D, Arya OP, Rao PM, Lee N, Tait IA, Bradley MG, Mallinson H. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1986 October; 5(5): 591-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3780714

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Evaluation of doxycycline in the treatment of urethritis and cervicitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Noguera X, Ferrer M, Ortola E, Lopez-Marin L. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1986; 9 Suppl A: 33-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3548981

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Evaluation of ofloxacin in the treatment of mucopurulent cervicitis: response of chlamydia-positive and chlamydia-negative forms. Author(s): Chandeying V, Sutthijumroon S, Tungphaisal S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1989 June; 72(6): 331-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2778422

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Factors related to cervicitis in Qashghaee nomadic women of southern Iran. Author(s): Keshavarz H, Duffy SW, Sotodeh-Maram E, Saraf Z, Sadeghi-Hassana-Badi A, Zighami B, Tabei Z. Source: Revue D'epidemiologie Et De Sante Publique. 1997 September; 45(4): 279-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9342804

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Fatal disseminated intravascular coagulation secondary to streptococcal cervicitis. Author(s): Paraskevaides EC, Wilson MC. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1988 September; 29(1): 39-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3066659

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Female gonorrhea: its relation to abnormal uterine bleeding, urinary tract symptoms, and cervicitis. Author(s): Curran JW, Rendtorff RC, Chandler RW, Wiser WL, Robinson H. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 February; 45(2): 195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=804148

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Fluoroquinolones for the treatment of nongonococcal urethritis/cervicitis. Author(s): Segreti J. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1991 December 30; 91(6A): 150S-152S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1662887

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Follicular cervicitis--colposcopic appearances and association with Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Hare MJ, Toone E, Taylor-Robinson D, Evans RT, Furr PM, Cooper P, Oates JK. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1981 February; 88(2): 174-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6893939

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Gonococcal cervicitis is associated with reduced systemic CD8+ T cell responses in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected and exposed, uninfected sex workers. Author(s): Kaul R, Rowland-Jones SL, Gillespie G, Kimani J, Dong T, Kiama P, Simonsen JN, Bwayo JJ, McMichael AJ, Plummer FA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 May 15; 185(10): 1525-9. Epub 2002 April 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11992292

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Herpes simplex cervicitis. Author(s): Hutchfield DC. Source: British Medical Journal. 1968 June 1; 2(604): 560. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4302078

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Herpes simplex cervicitis. Author(s): Naylor B. Source: British Medical Journal. 1968 May 18; 2(602): 428. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5689728

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Herpes simplex virus type 2 and human papillomavirus type 16 in cervicitis, dysplasia and invasive cervical carcinoma. Author(s): Prakash SS, Reeves WC, Sisson GR, Brenes M, Godoy J, Bacchetti S, de Britton RC, Rawls WE. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1985 January 15; 35(1): 51-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2981783

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Herpesvirus cervicitis and cervical neoplasia. A cytologic review. Author(s): Amstey MS, Patten SF, Turk M. Source: Cancer. 1973 December; 32(6): 1321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4357075

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Herpesvirus cervicitis with gonorrhoea. Author(s): Hutfield DC. Source: Lancet. 1968 June 15; 1(7555): 1311-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4172761

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Herpetic cervicitis--a histo-morphologic study. Author(s): Shariff S, Thomas JA. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1989 April; 32(2): 81-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2807442

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High prevalence of trichomonal vaginitis and chlamydial cervicitis among a rural population in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. Author(s): Tiwara S, Passey M, Clegg A, Mgone C, Lupiwa S, Suve N, Lupiwa T. Source: P N G Med J. 1996 September; 39(3): 234-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9795572

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Host immune response in chlamydial cervicitis. Author(s): Mittal A, Kapur S, Gupta S. Source: British Journal of Biomedical Science. 1996 September; 53(3): 214-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8914349

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Human papillomavirus & herpes simplex virus type 2 DNA sequences with chronic cervicitis & invasive cervical cancer. Author(s): Manjunath N, Kaur H, Bhargava V, Rath GK, Seth P. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1988 November; 88: 381-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2848763

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Human papillomavirus, human cytomegalovirus and oncogene C-myc in cervical carcinoma and cervicitis. Author(s): Huang SL, Liu ZQ, Zhang XN, Li MJ. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1993 March; 106(3): 208-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8391967

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Immunoglobulin contents in cervical secretions of women with chlamydial cervicitis. Author(s): Persson E, Eneroth P, Grillner L. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1990; 30(2): 109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2245946

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K-ras mutations and HPV infection in cervicitis and intraepithelial neoplasias of the cervix. Author(s): Prokopakis P, Sourvinos G, Koumantaki Y, Koumantakis E, Spandidos DA. Source: Oncol Rep. 2002 January-February; 9(1): 129-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11748470

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Lack of evidence of a relationship between genital symptoms, cervicitis and salpingitis and different serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Persson K, Osser S. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1993 March; 12(3): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8508818

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Laser therapy in chronic cervicitis. Author(s): Dalgic H, Kuscu NK. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2001 May; 265(2): 64-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11409476

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Latent herpes cervicitis and mixed cervical carcinoma. Author(s): Lauchlan SC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 May 1; 131(1): 109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=645775

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Leukocyte esterase dipstick as a rapid screening test for vaginitis and cervicitis. Author(s): Chacko MR, Kozinetz CA, Hill R, Collins K, Dunne M, Hergenroeder AC. Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 1996 November; 9(4): 185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8957772

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Leukocytes in the cervix: a quantitative evaluation of cervicitis. Author(s): Stern JE, Givan AL, Gonzalez JL, Harper DM, White HD, Wira CR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 June; 91(6): 987-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9611010

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Ligneous cervicitis. Author(s): Pantanowitz L. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2004 June; 111(6): 635. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15198798

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Lincomycin in the treatment of cervicitis and vagini in pregnancy. Author(s): Mickal A, Dildy GA, Miller HJ. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1966 May; 59(5): 567-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5933158

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Local immune response in gonorrheal cervicitis. Author(s): Koch HJ, Meyer J. Source: Ginekol Pol. 1986 December; 57(12): 767-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3106171

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Macrophages are increased in cervical epithelium of women with cervicitis. Author(s): Prakash M, Patterson S, Kapembwa MS. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2001 October; 77(5): 366-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11588284

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Management of chlamydial cervicitis in general practice. Author(s): White D, Radcliffe K. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1991 October; 41(351): 434-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1815566

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Measles cervicitis. Report of a case with cytologic and molecular biologic analysis. Author(s): Heimann A, Scanlon R, Gentile J, MacConnell P, Nuovo GJ. Source: Acta Cytol. 1992 September-October; 36(5): 727-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1523932

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Microbial flora of women with chronic cervicitis. Author(s): Bhandari H, Malhotra S, Sharma M, Kumar B. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2000 July; 98(7): 384-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11143859

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Microtrak fluorescent monoclonal antibody screening for Chlamydia trachomatis cervicitis in symptomatic and asymptomatic college students. Author(s): Goldenring JM. Source: Journal of American College Health : J of Ach. 1986 November; 35(3): 134-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3546450

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Minocycline compared with doxycycline in the treatment of nongonococcal urethritis and mucopurulent cervicitis. Author(s): Romanowski B, Talbot H, Stadnyk M, Kowalchuk P, Bowie WR. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1993 July 1; 119(1): 16-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8498758

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MR findings of sclerosing cervicitis. Author(s): Ernst RJ, Cornelius RS. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1995 March; 16(3): 507-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7793374

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Mucopurulent cervicitis and Mycoplasma genitalium. Author(s): Manhart LE, Critchlow CW, Holmes KK, Dutro SM, Eschenbach DA, Stevens CE, Totten PA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 February 15; 187(4): 650-7. Epub 2003 January 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12599082

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Mucopurulent cervicitis as a predictor of chlamydial infection and adverse pregnancy outcome. The Investigators of the Johns Hopkins Study of Cervicitis and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome. Author(s): Nugent RP, Hillier SL. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1992 July-August; 19(4): 198-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1411834

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Mucopurulent cervicitis: a clinical entity? Author(s): Willmott FE. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1988 June; 64(3): 169-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3137151

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Mucopurulent cervicitis--the ignored counterpart in women of urethritis in men. Author(s): Brunham RC, Paavonen J, Stevens CE, Kiviat N, Kuo CC, Critchlow CW, Holmes KK. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1984 July 5; 311(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6427611

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Mycoplasma hominis in cervicitis and endometritis. Author(s): Paavonen J, Miettinen A, Stevens CE, Kiviat N, Kuo CC, Stamm WE, Holmes KK. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1983 October-December; 10(4 Suppl): 276-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6689380

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Necrotic cervicitis due to primary infection with the virus of herpes simplex. Author(s): Willcox RR. Source: British Medical Journal. 1968 March 9; 1(592): 610-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4295364

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Nested polymerase chain reaction on vaginal smears of tuberculous cervicitis. A case report. Author(s): Ferrara G, Cannone M, Guadagnino A, Nappi O, Barberis MC. Source: Acta Cytol. 1999 March-April; 43(2): 308-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10097732

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Opportunistic screening for Chlamydia trachomatis cervicitis: the value of cytobrush specimens for detection by PCR compared with cell culture. Author(s): Wandall DA, Ostergaard L, Overgaard L, Worm AM, Gutschik E. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 1998 May; 106(5): 580-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9674896

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Polypoid cervicitis in cystic fibrosis patients receiving oral contraceptives. Author(s): Dooley RR, Braunstein H, Osher AB. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1974 April 1; 118(7): 971-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4818428

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Possible cofactor in cervical carcinogenesis: proliferation index of the transformation zone in cervicitis. Author(s): Yang YC, Chang CL, Huang YW, Wang DY. Source: Chang Gung Med J. 2001 October; 24(10): 615-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11771183

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Post-gonococcal cervicitis and post-gonococcal urethritis. Author(s): Balsdon MJ, Laing SR, Taylor GE. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1982 August; 58(4): 275. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7104660

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Post-gonococcal cervicitis and post-gonococcal urethritis. A study of their epidemiological correlation and the role of Chlamydia trachomatis in their aetiology. Author(s): Arya OP, Mallinson H, Pareek SS, Goddard AD. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1981 December; 57(6): 395-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7326554

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Postmenopausal tuberculous cervicitis. Author(s): Tang LC. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1986; 65(3): 279-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3739637

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Predicting chlamydial and gonococcal cervical infection: implications for management of cervicitis. Author(s): Marrazzo JM, Handsfield HH, Whittington WL. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 September; 100(3): 579-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12220782

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Prematurity associated with cervicitis and vaginitis during pregnancy. Author(s): Hawkinson JA, Schulman H. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1966 April 1; 94(7): 898-902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5325806

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Prevalence and manifestations of endometritis among women with cervicitis. Author(s): Paavonen J, Kiviat N, Brunham RC, Stevens CE, Kuo CC, Stamm WE, Miettinen A, Soules M, Eschenbach DA, Holmes KK. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 June 1; 152(3): 280-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3923837

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Prevalence of cervicitis in women living in southern Iran. Author(s): Duffy SW, Keshavarz H, Sadeghi-Hassanabadi A, Zolghadr Z, Oboodi B. Source: Revue D'epidemiologie Et De Sante Publique. 1999 March; 47(1): 86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10214680

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Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis & herpes simplex virus in males with urethritis & females with cervicitis attending STD clinic. Author(s): Malathi J, Madhavan HN, Therese KL, Rinku JP, Narendar KP. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2002 August; 116: 58-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12592991

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Primary infection of herpes simplex causing necrotic cervicitis. Author(s): Willcox RR. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1968 August; 22(8): 358-63. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4303999

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Randomized comparison of ofloxacin and doxycycline for chlamydia and ureaplasma urethritis and cervicitis. Author(s): Mogabgab WJ, Holmes B, Murray M, Beville R, Lutz FB, Tack KJ. Source: Chemotherapy. 1990; 36(1): 70-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2307026

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Randomized treatment of mucopurulent cervicitis with doxycycline or amoxicillin. Author(s): Paavonen J, Roberts PL, Stevens CE, Wolner-Hanssen P, Brunham RC, Hillier S, Stamm WE, Kuo CC, DeRouen T, Holmes KK, et al. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989 July; 161(1): 128-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2502013

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Rapid presumptive diagnosis of gonococcal cervicitis by the limulus lysate assay. Author(s): Spagna VA, Prior RB, Perkins RL. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1980 July 1; 137(5): 595-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6770690

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Reaction of the vaginal flora to ornidazol in patients with cervicitis. Author(s): Lindner JG, Plantema FH, de Vos NM, Hoogkamp-Korstanje AA. Source: Chemotherapy. 1979; 25(4): 243-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=456078

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Reproducibility of the diagnosis of cervicitis in pregnancy. Author(s): Repke JT, Berlin L, Spence M, Horn J, Niebyl J, Kanchanaraksa S, MacKenzie E, Nugent R, Polk BF. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1988 July; 5(3): 242-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3382483

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Risk factors for and relationship between bacterial vaginosis and cervicitis in a high risk population for cervicitis in Southern Iran. Author(s): Keshavarz H, Duffy SW, Sadeghi-Hassanabadi A, Zolghadr Z, Oboodi B. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2001; 17(1): 89-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11523583

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Risk for gonococcal and chlamydial cervicitis in adolescent females: incidence and recurrence in a prospective cohort study. Author(s): Oh MK, Cloud GA, Fleenor M, Sturdevant MS, Nesmith JD, Feinstein RA. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1996 April; 18(4): 270-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8860791

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Routine cytology as a diagnostic aid in chlamydial cervicitis. Author(s): Purola E, Paavonen J. Source: Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1982; 32: 55-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6958021

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Salpingitis and cervicitis in uro-arthritis. Author(s): Yli-Kerttula UI, Kataja JM, Vilppula AH. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1984 June; 3(2): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6331973

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Sclerosing cervicitis: an unusual cause of syncope. Author(s): Portugal LG, Gluckman JL, Biddinger PW. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1993 September-October; 14(5): 358-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8238766

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Sclerosing cervicitis: case report and literature review. Author(s): Queen TA, Gibbs PM, Rice DH. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1995 April; 74(4): 238-40, 242. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7758423

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Sclerosing cervicitis: homologue of sclerosing retroperitonitis and mediastinitis. Author(s): Rice DH, Batsakis JG, Coulthard SW. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1975 January; 110(1): 120-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1115597

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Sclerosing cervicitis: report of a skull base lesion with literature review. Author(s): Deussing EC, Daroca PJ Jr, Nemechek AJ. Source: Head & Neck. 2003 September; 25(9): 778-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12953315

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Screening for bacterial vaginosis and cervicitis aimed at preventing premature delivery. Author(s): Begum S, Sagawa T, Fujimoto S. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 1997 February; 23(1): 10310. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9094827

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Screening for chlamydial cervicitis in a sexually active university population. Author(s): Malotte CK, Wiesmeier E, Gelineau KJ. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1990 April; 80(4): 469-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2107766

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Secret cervicitis? Author(s): Patrick DM. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1998 January 13; 158(1): 65-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9475913

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Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the Limulus lysate assay for detection of exclusion of gonococcal cervicitis. Author(s): Spagna VA, Prior RB, Sawaya GA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1982 July; 16(1): 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6809791

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Sexual and reproductive correlates of chronic cervicitis. Author(s): Osofsky HJ, Fisher S. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1967 October; 30(4): 481-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6042883

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Sexual contact tracing outcome in adolescent chlamydial and gonococcal cervicitis cases. Author(s): Oh MK, Boker JR, Genuardi FJ, Cloud GA, Reynolds J, Hodgens JB. Source: The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 1996 January; 18(1): 4-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8750422

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Sexually transmitted infections in a basic healthcare clinic in Dhaka, Bangladesh: syndromic management for cervicitis is not justified. Author(s): Bogaerts J, Ahmed J, Akhter N, Begum N, Van Ranst M, Verhaegen J. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 1999 December; 75(6): 437-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10754954

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Single dose oral azithromycin versus seven day doxycycline in the treatment of nongonococcal mucopurulent endocervicitis. Author(s): Sendag F, Terek C, Tuncay G, Ozkinay E, Guven M. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2000 February; 40(1): 44-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10870778

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Single-dose oral temafloxacin versus parenteral ceftriaxone in the treatment of gonococcal urethritis/cervicitis. Author(s): Mogabgab WJ. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1991 December 30; 91(6A): 145S-149S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1662885

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Squamous cell carcinoma associated with amoebic cervicitis. Report of a case. Author(s): Arroyo G, Elgueta R. Source: Acta Cytol. 1989 May-June; 33(3): 301-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2728784

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Studies on cryosurgical treatment of chronic cervicitis. Author(s): Hasegawa T. Source: The Keio Journal of Medicine. 1976 December; 25(4): 169-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1028863

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Studies on the activities of certain enzymes of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism in normal, chronic cervicitis and malignant human cervix uteri. Author(s): Mainigi KD. Source: Oncology. 1972; 26(5): 438-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4649568

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Study of the management of chlamydial cervicitis in general practice. Author(s): Owen PA, Hughes MG, Munro JA. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1991 July; 41(348): 279-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1747265

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Subepithelial organisms in trichomonal cervicitis. Author(s): Gardner WA Jr, Culberson DE, Stafford JR. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1987 September; 3(3): 227-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3311667

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Successful treatment of sclerosing cervicitis and fibrosing mediastinitis with tamoxifen. Author(s): Savelli BA, Parshley M, Morganroth ML. Source: Chest. 1997 April; 111(4): 1137-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9106605

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Surrogate methods to diagnose gonococcal and chlamydial cervicitis: comparison of leukocyte esterase dipstick, endocervical gram stain, and culture. Author(s): Knud-Hansen CR, Dallabetta GA, Reichart C, Pabst KM, Hook EW 3rd, Wasserheit JN. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1991 October-December; 18(4): 211-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1722912

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Syphilitic cervicitis simulating stage II cervical cancer. Report of two cases with cytologic findings. Author(s): Gutmann EJ. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1995 December; 104(6): 643-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8526206

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Syphilitic cervicitis. A report of a case. Author(s): Gallup DG, Cowherd DW. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 July; 52(1 Suppl): 12S-14S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=683635

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The association between Chlamydia cervicitis, chorioamnionitis and neonatal complications. Author(s): Donders GG, Moerman P, De Wet GH, Hooft P, Goubau P. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 1991; 249(2): 79-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1953055

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The copper-7 device in chronic and IUD-induced acute cervicitis treated with oral estriol. Author(s): Rubinstein E. Source: Contraception. 1974 December; 10(6): 673-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4614936

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The cytologic features of chlamydial cervicitis. Author(s): Lindner LE, Geerling S, Nettum JA, Miller SL, Altman KH. Source: Acta Cytol. 1985 September-October; 29(5): 676-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2413670

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The diagnosis and management of chlamydial cervicitis: a test of cure. Author(s): Southgate L. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1990 July; 31(1): 33-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2362172

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The effect of treatment regimens for vaginitis and cervicitis on vaginal colonization by lactobacilli. Author(s): Agnew KJ, Hillier SL. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1995 September-October; 22(5): 269-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7502179

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The prevalence of cervicitis, reserve cell hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and cervical dysplasia in Jewish women. Author(s): Czernobilsky B, Zeituni M, Lancet M, Mazor B, Baram A, Deligdish L. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 May; 49(5): 587-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=850575

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The prevalence of human papilloma virus DNA in women with mucopurulent endocervicitis. Author(s): Altuglu I, Terek MC, Ozacar T, Ozsaran AA, Bilgic A. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2002; 23(2): 166-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12013119

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The treatment of chronic cervicitis by cryosurgery. Author(s): O'Sullivan JF. Source: J Ir Med Assoc. 1973 December 8; 66(23): 654-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4774823

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The treatment of chronic cervicitis by cryotherapy. A preliminary report. Author(s): Ostergard DR, Townsend DE, Hirose FM. Source: Cryobiology. 1967 September-October; 4(2): 97-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5584800

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The use and limitations of endocervical Gram stains and mucopurulent cervicitis as predictors for Chlamydia trachomatis in female adolescents. Author(s): Moscicki B, Shafer MA, Millstein SG, Irwin CE Jr, Schachter J. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1987 July; 157(1): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2440306

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Towards developing a diagnostic algorithm for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae cervicitis in pregnancy. Author(s): Braddick MR, Ndinya-Achola JO, Mirza NB, Plummer FA, Irungu G, Sinei SK, Piot P. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1990 April; 66(2): 62-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2341143

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Treatment of cervicitis is associated with decreased cervical shedding of HIV-1. Author(s): Mcclelland RS, Wang CC, Mandaliya K, Overbaugh J, Reiner MT, Panteleeff DD, Lavreys L, Ndinya-Achola J, Bwayo JJ, Kreiss JK. Source: Aids (London, England). 2001 January 5; 15(1): 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11192850

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Treatment of cervicitis. Author(s): Karnaky KJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 March 15; 115(6): 867-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4688594

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Treatment of chronic cervicitis by cryosurgery. Author(s): Connor EJ, Machado JG, Gering HS. Source: Med Ann Dist Columbia. 1970 December; 39(12): 676-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5282839

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Treatment of chronic cervicitis by cryotherapy. Author(s): Ostergard DR, Townsend DE, Hirose FM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1968 October 1; 102(3): 426-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5675891

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Treatment of chronic cervicitis: the loop electrosurgical excision procedure. Author(s): Hakverdi AU, Gul T, Taner CE, Vural A, Erden AC, Yilmazturk A. Source: Zentralblatt Fur Gynakologie. 1997; 119(1): 16-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9050198

•

Tuberculous cervicitis. Author(s): Kobayashi-Kawata T, Harami K. Source: Acta Cytol. 1978 July-August; 22(4): 193-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=281822

•

Tuberculous cervicitis: a clinicopathological and bacteriological study. Author(s): Chakraborty P, Roy A, Bhattacharya S, Addhya S, Mukherjee S. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1995 May; 93(5): 167-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8834136

•

Urethritis and cervicitis. Author(s): Molodysky E. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1999 April; 28(4): 333-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10330757

•

Use of monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of chlamydial urethritis and cervicitis. Author(s): Colimon R, Scieux C, Roseto A, Guillermin MC, Perol Y. Source: Dev Biol Stand. 1984; 57: 125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6396128

•

Use of wet mount to predict Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea cervicitis in primary care. Author(s): Majeroni BA, Schank JN, Horwitz M, Valenti J. Source: Family Medicine. 1996 September; 28(8): 580-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8884256

•

Vaginal and cervical pH in bacterial vaginosis and cervicitis during pregnancy. Author(s): Sagawa T, Negishi H, Kishida T, Yamada H, Fujimoto S. Source: Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi. 1995 November; 70(6): 839-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8582707

Studies

41

•

Vaginitis, cervicitis, and cervical length in pregnancy. Author(s): Boomgaard JJ, Dekker KS, van Rensburg E, van Den Berg C, Niemand I, Bam RH, Cronje HS. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 October; 181(4): 964-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10521762

•

Vaginitis/cervicitis: diagnosis and treatment options in a limited resource environment. Author(s): Landers DV. Source: Women's Health Issues : Official Publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health. 1996 November-December; 6(6): 342-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8990966

•

Viruses, the vaginitis-cervicitis complex and cervical cancer in man. Author(s): Di Virgilio G, Lavenda N, Siegel D. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1965 October 15; 93(4): 491-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5841728

•

Vulvovaginitis and cervicitis. Author(s): Rosenfeld WD, Clark J. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 1989 June; 36(3): 489-511. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2660084

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CERVICITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and cervicitis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Cervicitis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “cervicitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Cervicitis

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “cervicitis” (or a synonym): •

A comparison of efficacy of Tolpa Torf Preparation (TTP) in the treatment of cervicitis with or without surgery. Author(s): II Department of Obstetrics, Medical Academy, Wroclaw, Poland. Source: Woyton, J Gabrys, M Bielanow, T Zimmer, M Sokalski, J Geneja, R Zborowski, M Arch-Immunol-Ther-Exp-(Warsz). 1993; 41(1): 99-103 0004-069X

•

The effect of treatment regimens for vaginitis and cervicitis on vaginal colonization by lactobacilli. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA. Source: Agnew, K J Hillier, S L Sex-Transm-Dis. 1995 Sep-October; 22(5): 269-73 01485717

•

Viral etiology of chronic cervicitis and its therapeutic response to a recombinant interferon. Author(s): Beijing Tian Tan Hospital. Source: Qian, Z W Mao, S J Cai, X C Zhang, X L Gao, F X Lu, M F Shao, X S Li, Y Y Yang, X K Zhuo, Y A et al. Chin-Med-J-(Engl). 1990 August; 103(8): 647-51 0366-6999

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Nutrition

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CERVICITIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to cervicitis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to cervicitis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “cervicitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to cervicitis: •

Gynecological health screening by means of questionnaire and cytology. Author(s): Kauraniemi T. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1969; : Suppl 4: 1-224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5393669

•

Herpes genitalis: management--present and predicted. Author(s): Wallis C, Melnick JL, Kaufman RH. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1972 December; 15(4): 939-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4346322

•

Prevalence of human papilloma virus genital infections in sexually transmitted diseases clinic attendees in Ibadan. Author(s): Okesola AO, Fawole OI.

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Source: West Afr J Med. 2000 July-September; 19(3): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11126083 •

Protective effects of green tea extracts (polyphenon E and EGCG) on human cervical lesions. Author(s): Ahn WS, Yoo J, Huh SW, Kim CK, Lee JM, Namkoong SE, Bae SM, Lee IP. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 2003 October; 12(5): 383-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14512803

•

Viral etiology of chronic cervicitis and its therapeutic response to a recombinant interferon. Author(s): Qian ZW, Mao SJ, Cai XC, Zhang XL, Gao FX, Lu MF, Shao XS, Li YY, Yang XK, Zhuo YA, et al. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1990 August; 103(8): 647-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2173655

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

Alternative Medicine 49

The following is a specific Web list relating to cervicitis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Herbs and Supplements Astragalus Mem Alternative names: Huang-Qi; Astragalus membranaceus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON CERVICITIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to cervicitis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on cervicitis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Cervicitis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to cervicitis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and cervicitis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “cervicitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on cervicitis: •

Chapter 11-B: Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies: Reactive Arthritis and Enteropathic Arthritis Source: in Klippel, J.H., et al., eds. Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases. 12th ed. Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation. 2001. p. 245-250. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. P.O. Box 1616, Alpharetta, GA 300091616. (800) 207-8633. Fax (credit card orders only) (770) 442-9742. Website: www.arthritis.org. PRICE: $69.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0912423293. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on the clinical features and diagnosis of reactive arthritis (ReA) and enteropathic arthritis. ReA, a seronegative spondyloarthropathy that is distinct from rheumatoid arthritis, is a form of peripheral arthritis that is often accompanied by one or more extraarticular manifestations. ReA usually begins acutely 2 to 4 weeks after venereal infections or bouts of gastroenteritis. Nongonococcal urethritis, when present, is usually the first manifestation. Chlamydia trachomatis is frequently the cause of the urethritis or

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cervicitis as well as the triggering agent of the ReA. Conjunctivitis, when present, typically accompanies urethritis or occurs within several days. Articular manifestations usually occur last. Lower leg joints are affected more commonly than joints of the upper extremities. Inflammation also usually occurs at bony sites where tendons, ligaments, or fascia have their attachments or insertions. Low back and buttock pain are common in ReA. Various mucocutaneous and visceral manifestations are associated with ReA, including keratoderma blennorrhagicum, circinate balanitis, aortitis, and amyloidosis of the serum amyloid A variety. Acute phase reactants are usually abnormal, serum globulins are frequently elevated, synovial fluid typically shows highly inflammatory changes, and tests for rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibodies are negative. Radiographic abnormalities may be found once symptoms have been present for several months. Diagnosis is based on disease manifestations and laboratory findings. ReA has a self limited course of 3 to 12 months in most patients. Arthritis with or without other extraintestinal manifestations may be the first clinical symptom of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The usual pattern of joint inflammation is migratory arthralgias or arthritis. Extraarticular manifestations of IBD usually reflect active bowel disease and tend to occur at the same time as peripheral arthritis. Anemia is common in IBD. Acute phase reactants are typically elevated, serum rheumatoid factors and antinuclear antibodies are not present, and synovial fluid findings are reported infrequently. Joint disease can occur in a rare multisystem disease known as Whipple's disease. The arthritis is usually chronic but nondeforming. Diagnosis is based on finding characteristic, periodic acid Schiff staining deposits in macrophages of the small intestine and, less commonly, in biopsies of lymph nodes of joint synovia. Remission can be achieved with long term treatment with tetracyclines. 3 figures, 1 table, and 20 references.

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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CERVICITIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover cervicitis.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on cervicitis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “cervicitis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to cervicitis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “cervicitis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for cervicitis: •

Treatment of cervicitis reduces cervical shedding of HIV-1 Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 01, 2001

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “cervicitis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “cervicitis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to cervicitis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “cervicitis” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Cervicitis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to cervicitis. In addition to

Periodicals and News

55

these sources, you can search for articles covering cervicitis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for cervicitis. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with cervicitis. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to cervicitis: Acyclovir •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zovirax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202008.html

•

Topical - U.S. Brands: Zovirax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202009.html

Azithromycin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zithromax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202642.html

Doxycycline •

Dental - U.S. Brands: Atridox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203716.html

Erythromycin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ilotycin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202220.html

Metronidazole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Flagyl; Flagyl 375; Flagyl ER; Flagyl I.V.; Flagyl I.V. RTU; Metric 21; Metro I.V.; Protostat http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202365.html

•

Vaginal - U.S. Brands: MetroGel-Vaginal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202704.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by

Researching Medications

59

brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

63

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

5

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

6

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “cervicitis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2364 96 859 64 3 3386

HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “cervicitis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

8

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

9

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 12

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

13 Adapted 14

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on cervicitis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to cervicitis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to cervicitis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “cervicitis”:

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Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arthritis.html Breast Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastcancer.html Breast Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastdiseases.html Cervical Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cervicalcancer.html HPV http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hpv.html Neck Disorders and Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neckdisordersandinjuries.html Rheumatoid Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rheumatoidarthritis.html Slipped Disk http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/slippeddisk.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on cervicitis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

STD: Sexually Transmitted Diseases - AIDS, Cervicitis, Chlamydia, Genital Warts, Gonorrhea, Herpes, PID, Syphilis, Urethritis, Vaginitis Contact: Intermedia, Incorporated, 1300 Dexter Ave, Seattle, WA, 98109, (206) 284-2995. Summary: This brochure presents general information about the warning signs and transmission of Sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) and their prevention and specific characteristics of the individual diseases in this group. Symptoms are not always present with STD's and the only way to know for sure is to have the right tests, and then the right treatment. The brochure contains a chart of the various STD's: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cervicitis, chlamydia, genital warts, gonorrhea, Herpes-virus group, pelvic inflammatory disease, syphilis, urethritis, and vaginitis, with pertinent information. For each disease it provides a definition, causative agent, mode of

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transmission, duration of infection, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and consequences if not treated. It lists steps to take when the presence of STD's is suspected. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to cervicitis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to cervicitis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with cervicitis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about cervicitis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

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Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “cervicitis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “cervicitis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “cervicitis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “cervicitis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

16

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

17

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on cervicitis: •

Basic Guidelines for Cervicitis Carcinoma Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001289.htm Cervicitis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001495.htm Chlamydia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001345.htm

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Signs & Symptoms for Cervicitis Abnormal vaginal bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003156.htm Dyspareunia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003157.htm

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Erosion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003225.htm Erythema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Pain with intercourse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003157.htm Sexual intercourse, painful Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003157.htm Vaginal discharge Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003158.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Cervicitis Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Pap smear Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003911.htm Rapid plasma reagin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003533.htm

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Surgery and Procedures for Cervicitis Abortion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002912.htm

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Background Topics for Cervicitis Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Birth control Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001946.htm Cervix Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002317.htm Chemical irritants Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000059.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Cryosurgery Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002322.htm

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Electrocauterization Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002359.htm High-risk sexual behavior Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001949.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Inspection Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002388.htm Invasive Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002384.htm Laser therapy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001913.htm Safer sex behaviors Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001949.htm Vagina Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002342.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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CERVICITIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Adnexa: The appendages of the eye, as the lacrimal apparatus, the eyelids, and the extraocular muscles. [NIH] Adnexa Uteri: The appendages of the uterus: the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments of the uterus. [NIH] Adnexitis: Inflammation of the adnexa uteri. [EU] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein. A protein normally produced by a developing fetus. AFP levels are usually undetectable in the blood of healthy nonpregnant adults. An elevated level of AFP suggests the presence of either a primary liver cancer or germ cell tumor. [NIH] Age Distribution: The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine. [NIH] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU]

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Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]

Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]

Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints,

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heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antecedent: Existing or occurring before in time or order often with consequential effects. [EU]

Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU]

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Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortitis: Inflammation of the wall of the aorta. [NIH] Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and Eucarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: 1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; 2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; 3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and 4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least three kingdoms: crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, and korarchaeota. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Balanitis: Inflammation of the glans penis. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzydamine: An analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agent used to reduce postsurgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of rheumatic disease and inflammation of the mouth and throat. [NIH] Beta-Lactamases: Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins. EC 3.5.2.6. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH]

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Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blennorrhoea: A general term including any inflammatory process of the external eye which gives a mucoid discharge, more exactly, a discharge of mucus. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Broad Ligament: A broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cauterization: The destruction of tissue with a hot instrument, an electrical current, or a caustic substance. [NIH]

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Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by betalactamases. [NIH] Ceftriaxone: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to usually inaccessible infections, including those involving the meninges, eyes, inner ears, and urinary tract. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: CIN. A general term for the growth of abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix. Numbers from 1 to 3 may be used to describe how much of the cervix contains abnormal cells. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chimeras: Organism that contains a mixture of genetically different cells. [NIH] Chlamydia: A genus of the family Chlamydiaceae whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Chlamydia Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Chlamydia. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chorioamnionitis: An inflammatory process involving the chorion, its fetal blood vessels, the umbilical cord, and the amnion by extension of the inflammation, as the amnion itself has no blood supply. This inflammatory process is potentially fatal to mother and fetus. [NIH]

Chorion: The outermost extraembryonic membrane. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other

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interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Coitus: Sexual intercourse. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy,

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spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Contact Tracing: Identification of those persons (or animals) who have had such an association with an infected person, animal, or contaminated environment as to have had the opportunity to acquire the infection. Contact tracing is a generally accepted method for the control of sexually transmitted diseases. [NIH] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]

Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Cryosurgery: The use of freezing as a special surgical technique to destroy or excise tissue. [NIH]

Cryotherapy: Any method that uses cold temperature to treat disease. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan,

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Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disease Susceptibility: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Douching: A jet or current of water, sometimes a dissolved medicating or cleansing agent, applied to a body part, organ or cavity for medicinal or hygienic purposes. [EU]

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Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dysuria: Painful or difficult urination. [EU] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Ectopic Pregnancy: The pregnancy occurring elsewhere than in the cavity of the uterus. [NIH]

Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]

Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH]

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Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estriol: (16 alpha,17 beta)-Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol. A metabolite of estradiol and usually the predominant estrogenic metabolite in urine. During pregnancy, large amounts of estriol are produced by the placenta. It has also been obtained from plant sources. The 16 beta-isomer has also been isolated from the urine of pregnant women. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Exotoxin: Toxic substance excreted by living bacterial cells. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Fallopian tube: The oviduct, a muscular tube about 10 cm long, lying in the upper border of the broad ligament. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH]

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Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fetal Blood: Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the placenta. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels at the time of delivery. [NIH] Fetoprotein: Transabdominal aspiration of fluid from the amniotic sac with a view to detecting increases of alpha-fetoprotein in maternal blood during pregnancy, as this is an important indicator of open neural tube defects in the fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Ganciclovir: Acyclovir analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH]

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Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Gonorrhoea: Infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH]

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Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens).

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[NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltrating cancer: Cancer that has spread beyond the layer of tissue in which it developed and is growing into surrounding, healthy tissues. Also called invasive cancer. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own

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psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-10: Factor that is a coregulator of mast cell growth. It is produced by T-cells and B-cells and shows extensive homology with the Epstein-Barr virus BCRFI gene. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Interpersonal Relations: The reciprocal interaction of two or more persons. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Invasive cancer: Cancer that has spread beyond the layer of tissue in which it developed and is growing into surrounding, healthy tissues. Also called infiltrating cancer. [NIH] Invasive cervical cancer: Cancer that has spread from the surface of the cervix to tissue deeper in the cervix or to other parts of the body. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are

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vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Lactobacillus: A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare. [NIH] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Levofloxacin: A substance used to treat bacterial infections. It belongs to the family of drugs called quinolone antibiotics. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called

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null cells. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mediastinitis: Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs. [NIH] Mediastinum: The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metaplasia: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Miscarriage: Spontaneous expulsion of the products of pregnancy before the middle of the second trimester. [NIH] Mode of Transmission: Hepatitis A [NIH]

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Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucopurulent: Containing both mucus and pus. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and

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stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ofloxacin: An orally administered broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial drug active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oophoritis: Inflammation of an ovary. [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxytetracycline: An antibiotic substance isolated from the actinomycete Streptomyces rimosus and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Papillomavirus, Human: A species of Papillomavirus causing warts in humans. These benign, squamous epithelial tumors can sometimes progress to malignancy. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs.

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[NIH]

Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvic inflammatory disease: A bacteriological disease sometimes associated with intrauterine device (IUD) usage. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Periodic Acid: Periodic acid (H5IO6). A strong oxidizing agent. [NIH] Periplasm: The space between the inner and outer membranes of a cell that is shared with the cell wall. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH]

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Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Presumptive: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino

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acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Reagin: The antibody-like substances responsible for allergic phenomena; part of the gamma globulin fraction of serum. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary,

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4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rural Population: The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salpingitis: 1. Inflammation of the uterine tube. 2. Inflammation of the auditory tube. [EU] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Globulins: The amber-colored fluid which exudes from coagulated blood as the clot shrinks and then no longer contain fibrinogen. [NIH] Sex Behavior: Sexual activities of humans. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Skull Base: The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the

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large intestine. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of gonorrhea. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or

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tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Syncope: A temporary suspension of consciousness due to generalized cerebral schemia, a faint or swoon. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Fluid: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints. [NIH] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Tear Gases: Gases that irritate the eyes, throat, or skin. Severe lacrimation develops upon irritation of the eyes. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and

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pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

Trachoma: A chronic infection of the conjunctiva and cornea caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Umbilical Cord: The flexible structure, giving passage to the umbilical arteries and vein, which connects the embryo or fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Ureaplasma: A genus of gram-negative, nonmotile bacteria which are common parasitic inhabitants of the urogenital tracts of man, cattle, dogs, and monkeys. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary urgency: Inability to delay urination. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vaginosis: A condition caused by the overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria (e. g., Gardnerella vaginalis), resulting in vaginal irritation and discharge. [NIH] Valganciclovir: An antiviral agent that is being studied as a treatment for AIDS-related cytomegalovirus. It is converted in the body to ganciclovir. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU]

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Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal, 83, 94, 103 Abdominal Pain, 83, 94, 103 Abscess, 83, 95 Acceptor, 83, 99, 102 Adnexa, 83 Adnexa Uteri, 83 Adnexitis, 12, 83 Adrenal Glands, 83, 85 Adverse Effect, 83, 106 Aetiology, 32, 83 Affinity, 9, 83 AFP, 3, 83 Age Distribution, 16, 83 Age Groups, 83 Agonist, 83, 108 Albumin, 84, 108 Algorithms, 84, 87 Alimentary, 84, 102 Alternative medicine, 54, 84 Amber, 84, 106 Ambulatory Care, 84 Amino Acid Sequence, 84, 85, 94 Amino Acids, 84, 93, 94, 103, 104 Amnion, 84, 88 Amoxicillin, 33, 84 Ampicillin, 84 Amplification, 5, 84 Amyloid, 52, 84 Amyloidosis, 52, 84 Anaerobic, 8, 85, 109 Anaesthesia, 85, 97 Anal, 85, 93 Analgesic, 85, 86 Animal model, 7, 10, 85 Annealing, 85, 104 Anorexia, 85, 94 Antecedent, 18, 85 Antibacterial, 85, 102, 107 Antibiotic, 5, 13, 22, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 93, 102, 103, 107, 108 Antibodies, 52, 85, 95, 96, 101, 103 Antibody, 30, 83, 85, 89, 95, 97, 101, 105, 107 Antigen, 83, 85, 89, 96, 97 Anti-inflammatory, 85, 86 Antimicrobial, 4, 13, 85, 92 Antioxidant, 18, 25, 85

Antipyretic, 85, 86 Antiviral, 86, 98, 109 Aorta, 86 Aortitis, 52, 86 Archaea, 86, 100 Articular, 52, 86, 99 Assay, 33, 35, 86, 97 Asymptomatic, 4, 7, 10, 24, 30, 86, 95 Atypical, 24, 86 Auditory, 86, 106 Azithromycin, 4, 13, 14, 16, 36, 58, 86 B Bacteria, 8, 11, 85, 86, 88, 95, 99, 100, 102, 107, 109 Bacterial Infections, 86, 99 Bacterium, 6, 86 Balanitis, 52, 86 Base, 86, 94, 99 Basement Membrane, 86, 93 Benign, 8, 22, 86, 101, 102, 110 Benzydamine, 14, 86 Beta-Lactamases, 86, 88 Beta-pleated, 84, 86 Biological response modifier, 87, 98 Biopsy, 16, 21, 80, 87 Biotechnology, 13, 54, 65, 87 Bladder, 87, 109 Blennorrhoea, 87, 95 Blood pressure, 87, 101 Bowel, 52, 85, 87, 97, 98, 103 Broad Ligament, 87, 93 Broad-spectrum, 13, 84, 87, 88, 102 C Carbohydrate, 37, 87 Carcinogenesis, 32, 87 Carcinogens, 87, 101, 102 Carcinoma, 15, 25, 27, 28, 29, 79, 87 Cardiac, 87, 92 Case report, 17, 20, 31, 35, 87, 88 Case series, 87, 88 Causal, 87, 93 Caustic, 87 Cauterization, 17, 87 Cefixime, 22, 88 Ceftriaxone, 22, 36, 88 Cell Division, 86, 88 Cerebral, 88, 106, 108 Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, 19, 88

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Cervix, 3, 5, 9, 15, 16, 19, 21, 25, 28, 29, 37, 80, 88, 98 Chemokines, 8, 88 Chimeras, 12, 88 Chlamydia Infections, 10, 88 Cholesterol, 88, 108 Chorioamnionitis, 38, 88 Chorion, 88 Chromatin, 88, 99, 101 Chromosomal, 84, 88 Clarithromycin, 15, 88 Clinical study, 14, 88 Clinical trial, 4, 13, 65, 88, 91, 105 Cloning, 11, 87, 89 Coagulation, 26, 89 Cofactor, 12, 32, 89, 104 Cohort Studies, 89, 93 Coitus, 10, 89 Colitis, 89, 97 Colon, 89, 97, 99 Complement, 89, 90, 95 Complementary and alternative medicine, 47, 49, 89 Complementary medicine, 47, 90 Complementation, 11, 90 Computational Biology, 65, 90 Conception, 90, 94, 104, 107 Conjunctiva, 90, 109 Connective Tissue, 90, 94, 99 Consciousness, 85, 90, 91, 108 Constipation, 90, 103 Consultation, 3, 90 Contact Tracing, 36, 90 Continuum, 5, 9, 90 Contraception, 16, 17, 24, 38, 90 Contraindications, ii, 90 Cornea, 90, 109 Cross-Sectional Studies, 90, 93 Cryosurgery, 22, 24, 39, 80, 90 Cryotherapy, 39, 40, 90 Cryptosporidiosis, 86, 90 Curative, 91, 108 Cutaneous, 91, 95, 98 Cysteine, 88, 91 Cytokine, 7, 9, 91 Cytomegalovirus, 9, 23, 28, 91, 94, 109 Cytoplasm, 91, 99, 101 D Denaturation, 91, 104 Deuterium, 91, 96 Diagnostic procedure, 54, 91 Diarrhoea, 91, 94

Digestion, 84, 87, 91, 98, 99, 107 Digestive tract, 91, 106, 107 Diploid, 90, 91 Direct, iii, 8, 57, 91, 105 Disease Progression, 9, 91 Disease Susceptibility, 7, 91 Dissociation, 83, 91 Double-blind, 13, 25, 91 Douching, 8, 24, 91 Doxycycline, 15, 16, 19, 21, 25, 26, 30, 33, 36, 58, 92 Drug Interactions, 58, 59, 92 Dyes, 84, 92, 102 Dysplasia, 16, 21, 27, 38, 92 Dysuria, 4, 92 E Ectopic, 6, 7, 8, 92 Ectopic Pregnancy, 6, 7, 8, 92 Edema, 86, 92, 101 Efficacy, 4, 14, 44, 92 Electrocoagulation, 89, 92 Electrons, 85, 86, 92, 98, 102 Embryo, 84, 92, 97, 104, 107, 109 Embryo Transfer, 92, 104 Endocarditis, 11, 92, 95 Endocardium, 92 Endocrine Glands, 92 Endometrial, 6, 7, 92 Endometrium, 5, 92 Environmental Exposure, 92, 102 Environmental Health, 64, 66, 93 Enzymatic, 89, 93, 104 Enzyme, 20, 25, 93, 104, 105, 110 Eosinophilic, 22, 93 Epidemiologic Studies, 7, 93 Epidemiological, 7, 11, 32, 93 Epidermal, 93, 110 Epidermoid carcinoma, 16, 93, 107 Epithelial, 6, 16, 93, 102 Epithelial Cells, 6, 93 Epithelium, 29, 86, 93, 102 Erythrocytes, 25, 93 Erythromycin, 58, 86, 88, 93 Estradiol, 93 Estriol, 38, 93 Estrogen, 93, 106, 108 Exotoxin, 12, 93 Extracellular, 12, 84, 90, 93, 94 Extracellular Matrix, 12, 90, 93, 94 Extracellular Space, 93 F Fallopian tube, 13, 83, 93

113

Family Planning, 65, 93 Fat, 94, 99, 108 Fertilization in Vitro, 94, 104 Fetal Blood, 88, 94 Fetoprotein, 83, 94 Fetus, 83, 88, 94, 103, 107, 109 Fibrin, 94, 103 Fibrinogen, 94, 106 Fibroblasts, 94, 98 Fibrosis, 32, 94 Free Radicals, 85, 91, 94 G Ganciclovir, 94, 109 Gas, 94, 96, 101 Gastric, 84, 94 Gastric Acid, 84, 94 Gastroenteritis, 51, 94 Gene, 11, 12, 87, 94, 95, 98, 102 Genetic Code, 94, 102 Genetic Engineering, 87, 89, 95 Genetic testing, 95, 104 Genetics, 11, 95 Genital, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, 18, 28, 47, 70, 95, 109 Genotype, 10, 95, 103 Gestation, 7, 95, 103, 107 Gland, 95, 99, 106 Glycogen, 88, 95 Gonorrhea, 4, 7, 13, 26, 40, 70, 95, 107 Gonorrhoea, 8, 27, 95 Governing Board, 95, 104 Gram-negative, 88, 95, 102, 107, 109 Gram-positive, 95, 99, 102, 107 H Half-Life, 88, 95 Haptens, 83, 95 Hemoglobin, 93, 95 Heredity, 94, 95, 96 Herpes, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 47, 70, 96 Herpes Zoster, 96 Heterogeneity, 7, 83, 96 Homogeneous, 90, 96 Hormonal, 6, 9, 96 Hormone, 93, 96, 106 Human papillomavirus, 10, 18, 19, 27, 28, 96 Humoral, 12, 96 Humour, 96 Hybridomas, 96, 98 Hydrogen, 8, 83, 86, 87, 91, 96, 99, 101, 102, 105 Hydrogen Peroxide, 96, 99

Hydrolysis, 86, 88, 96, 105 Hygienic, 91, 96 Hyperplasia, 38, 96 Hypersensitivity, 96, 106 Hypertrophy, 96 I Idiopathic, 6, 96 Immune response, 7, 10, 12, 28, 29, 85, 95, 96, 97, 109, 110 Immune system, 96, 97, 100, 109, 110 Immunity, 10, 12, 97 Immunoassay, 20, 97 Immunodeficiency, 12, 27, 70, 97 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 70, 97 Immunologic, 97 Immunology, 10, 83, 97 In vitro, 10, 92, 97, 104 In vivo, 10, 97 Incision, 97, 98 Incubated, 12, 97 Induction, 12, 97 Infertility, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 97 Infiltrating cancer, 97, 98 Inflammation, 5, 9, 13, 18, 52, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 94, 96, 97, 98, 100, 102, 103, 104, 106, 109 Inflammatory bowel disease, 52, 97 Inner ear, 88, 97 Inorganic, 97, 101 Insight, 9, 97 Interferon, 44, 48, 98 Interferon-alpha, 98 Interleukin-1, 8, 98 Interleukin-10, 8, 98 Interleukin-2, 98 Interleukin-6, 8, 98 Interpersonal Relations, 10, 98 Intestinal, 90, 98, 99 Intestine, 87, 98, 99 Intracellular, 6, 11, 12, 97, 98 Intraepithelial, 28, 98 Intramuscular, 22, 98, 102 Intravascular, 26, 98 Intravenous, 98, 102 Intrinsic, 83, 86, 98 Invasive, 16, 21, 27, 28, 81, 97, 98 Invasive cancer, 21, 97, 98 Invasive cervical cancer, 28, 98 Ions, 86, 91, 96, 98 Irritants, 80, 98 K Kb, 64, 99

114

Cervicitis

Kinetics, 8, 99 L Lactobacillus, 5, 8, 99 Laparoscopy, 7, 99 Large Intestine, 91, 98, 99, 105, 107 Lesion, 35, 99, 109 Levofloxacin, 15, 22, 99 Ligaments, 52, 83, 99 Lipid, 25, 99 Lipid Peroxidation, 25, 99 Liver, 83, 84, 85, 91, 95, 99 Liver cancer, 83, 99 Localized, 83, 84, 97, 99, 109 Loop, 40, 99 Lymph, 52, 88, 96, 99, 100 Lymph node, 52, 88, 99, 100 Lymphatic, 97, 99, 107 Lymphatic system, 99, 107 Lymphocytes, 85, 96, 98, 99, 100, 107, 110 Lymphocytic, 20, 100 Lymphoid, 85, 99, 100 M Macrophage, 98, 100 Malignancy, 20, 100, 102 Malignant, 15, 37, 99, 100, 101 Mammary, 100, 108 Mediastinitis, 35, 37, 100 Mediastinum, 100 MEDLINE, 65, 100 Membrane, 84, 88, 89, 90, 95, 100, 101, 108 Meninges, 88, 100 Meningitis, 95, 100 Menopause, 100, 104 Menstruation, 6, 100 Mental, iv, 4, 64, 66, 91, 100, 105 Mental Health, iv, 4, 64, 66, 100, 105 Metabolite, 93, 100 Metaplasia, 38, 100 Microbiological, 9, 100 Microbiology, 8, 25, 28, 35, 86, 100 Micronutrients, 6, 100 Microorganism, 89, 100, 102, 110 Microscopy, 4, 86, 100 Miscarriage, 7, 100 Mode of Transmission, 71, 100 Modification, 12, 95, 101 Molecular, 10, 30, 65, 67, 84, 85, 87, 90, 94, 101 Molecule, 85, 86, 89, 91, 96, 101, 102 Monitor, 12, 101 Monoclonal, 30, 40, 96, 101 Monoclonal antibodies, 40, 101

Monocytes, 98, 101 Mucocutaneous, 52, 101 Mucopurulent, 6, 15, 18, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 33, 36, 38, 39, 101 Mucus, 16, 22, 87, 101 Mustard Gas, 99, 101 Mutagenesis, 11, 101 Mutagens, 101 N Nausea, 94, 101 Neonatal, 22, 38, 95, 101 Neoplasia, 27, 101 Neoplasm, 101, 102 Networks, 10, 101 Neural, 84, 94, 96, 101 Neutrophils, 8, 101 Nucleic acid, 5, 94, 101, 102 Nucleus, 88, 91, 99, 101, 102, 105, 107 O Ofloxacin, 26, 33, 102 Oncogene, 28, 102 Oophoritis, 95, 102 Operon, 102, 105 Outpatient, 102 Ovum, 95, 102, 110 Oxidation, 5, 83, 85, 99, 102 Oxytetracycline, 25, 102 P Palliative, 102, 108 Papilloma, 38, 47, 102 Papillomavirus, 102 Papillomavirus, Human, 102 Parasitic, 90, 102, 109 Parenteral, 36, 102 Pathogen, 7, 12, 102 Pathologic, 87, 96, 102 Patient Education, 70, 74, 76, 81, 102 Pelvic, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 16, 18, 70, 103 Pelvic inflammatory disease, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 16, 18, 70, 103 Pelvis, 87, 103, 109 Penicillin, 25, 84, 103 Penis, 86, 103 Peptide, 88, 103, 104, 105 Peptide Chain Elongation, 88, 103 Perinatal, 6, 19, 103 Periodic Acid, 52, 103 Periplasm, 10, 103 Peritoneum, 87, 103 Peritonitis, 21, 23, 95, 103 Peroxide, 8, 103 Pharmacologic, 95, 103, 109

115

Phenotype, 7, 12, 90, 103 Photocoagulation, 89, 103 Physiologic, 83, 95, 100, 103 Placenta, 93, 94, 103, 109 Plasma, 16, 20, 25, 80, 84, 85, 94, 95, 103 Plasma cells, 85, 103 Pleural, 100, 104 Pneumonia, 90, 104 Pneumonitis, 11, 104 Poisoning, 94, 101, 104 Polyarthritis, 11, 104 Polymerase, 31, 104, 105 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 31, 104 Postmenopausal, 14, 32, 104 Post-traumatic, 86, 104 Potentiates, 98, 104 Practice Guidelines, 20, 66, 104 Pregnancy Outcome, 4, 7, 21, 31, 104 Presumptive, 20, 33, 104 Prevalence, 12, 14, 19, 25, 28, 33, 38, 47, 104 Progression, 85, 104 Prophylaxis, 104, 109 Protein S, 87, 88, 93, 94, 104, 108 Proteins, 6, 10, 12, 84, 85, 88, 89, 93, 98, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 109 Proteolytic, 5, 89, 94, 105 Protons, 96, 105 Protozoa, 100, 105 Public Health, 4, 8, 13, 35, 66, 105 Public Policy, 65, 105 Pulmonary, 87, 93, 105 Pulse, 101, 105 Purulent, 95, 105, 109 R Radioactive, 95, 96, 101, 105 Randomized, 13, 33, 92, 105 Reactivation, 9, 105 Reagin, 80, 105 Recombinant, 44, 48, 105 Rectum, 89, 91, 94, 97, 99, 105 Recurrence, 34, 105 Refer, 1, 83, 89, 96, 105 Regimen, 13, 92, 105 Remission, 52, 105 Repressor, 12, 102, 105 Respiration, 101, 105 Retrospective, 7, 8, 106 Rheumatoid, 51, 70, 106 Rheumatoid arthritis, 51, 106 Risk factor, 4, 7, 8, 19, 34, 93, 106 Rod, 86, 99, 106

Rural Population, 28, 106 S Salivary, 91, 106 Salivary glands, 91, 106 Salpingitis, 4, 6, 11, 12, 21, 23, 28, 34, 95, 106 Screening, 29, 30, 31, 35, 47, 89, 106 Sebaceous, 99, 106 Sebaceous gland, 99, 106 Secretion, 96, 101, 106 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 106, 108 Semisynthetic, 84, 88, 106 Sequencing, 104, 106 Serologic, 97, 106 Serum, 52, 84, 89, 103, 105, 106 Serum Globulins, 52, 106 Sex Behavior, 81, 106 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 3, 10, 11, 17, 19, 24, 25, 31, 37, 38, 47, 70, 90, 106 Side effect, 57, 83, 106, 108 Skeleton, 106 Skull, 35, 106 Skull Base, 35, 106 Small intestine, 52, 96, 98, 106 Somatic, 96, 107 Specialist, 71, 107 Species, 11, 84, 88, 92, 94, 99, 101, 102, 107, 108, 110 Specificity, 5, 35, 83, 107 Spectinomycin, 25, 107 Spectrum, 107 Spirochete, 107, 108 Spleen, 85, 91, 99, 107 Spontaneous Abortion, 104, 107 Squamous, 36, 38, 93, 102, 107 Squamous cell carcinoma, 36, 93, 107 Sterility, 22, 97, 107 Stillbirth, 104, 107 Stomach, 83, 91, 94, 96, 101, 106, 107 Strand, 104, 107 Streptococcal, 26, 107 Streptococcus, 17, 107 Stress, 94, 101, 106, 107 Subacute, 97, 108 Subclinical, 13, 97, 108 Subcutaneous, 92, 102, 108 Subspecies, 107, 108 Suppression, 9, 108 Suppurative, 95, 108 Symptomatic, 8, 10, 30, 108 Syncope, 34, 108

116

Cervicitis

Synovial, 52, 108 Synovial Fluid, 52, 108 Synovial Membrane, 108 Syphilis, 70, 108 Systemic, 27, 58, 84, 86, 87, 97, 108 T Tamoxifen, 37, 106, 108 Tear Gases, 99, 108 Tetracycline, 92, 108 Therapeutics, 26, 59, 108 Thermal, 91, 104, 108 Tissue, 6, 8, 14, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108 Topical, 14, 58, 96, 108 Toxic, iv, 12, 92, 93, 97, 108, 109 Toxicity, 92, 108 Toxicology, 66, 108 Toxins, 85, 97, 101, 109 Toxoplasmosis, 86, 109 Trachoma, 12, 109 Transfection, 87, 109 Translocation, 88, 93, 109 U Ulcer, 10, 109 Umbilical Cord, 88, 109 Ureaplasma, 16, 33, 109 Ureters, 109 Urethra, 3, 103, 109 Urethritis, 3, 4, 6, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 40, 51, 70, 95, 109 Urinary, 4, 26, 88, 109 Urinary tract, 26, 88, 109

Urinary urgency, 4, 109 Urine, 87, 93, 109 Urogenital, 4, 95, 109 Uterus, 5, 83, 87, 88, 92, 100, 109 V Vaccination, 12, 109 Vaccine, 6, 8, 11, 12, 109 Vagina, 5, 81, 88, 99, 100, 109 Vaginal, 5, 8, 10, 31, 34, 38, 40, 44, 58, 79, 80, 109 Vaginitis, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 28, 29, 32, 38, 41, 44, 70, 109 Vaginosis, 5, 8, 9, 13, 34, 35, 40, 109 Valganciclovir, 9, 109 Vascular, 97, 103, 109 Venereal, 51, 108, 110 Veterinary Medicine, 65, 110 Viral, 9, 44, 48, 110 Virulence, 6, 12, 108, 110 Virus, 12, 17, 27, 28, 31, 33, 38, 47, 70, 95, 96, 98, 110 Visceral, 52, 103, 110 Vitro, 10, 110 Vivo, 10, 110 W Warts, 70, 96, 102, 110 White blood cell, 85, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 110 Womb, 109, 110 X Xenograft, 85, 110 Y Yeasts, 103, 110

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