Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1 Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84365-1 1. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on carbon monoxide poisoning. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING............................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Carbon Monoxide Poisoning......................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 7 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING ................................................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding Nutrition Studies on Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ....................................................... 51 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 53 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING ............................ 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 55 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 70 General References ....................................................................................................................... 70 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING .............................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Dissertations on Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ............................................................................ 71 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING ......................................................... 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Patents on Carbon Monoxide Poisoning...................................................................................... 73 Patent Applications on Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.................................................................. 80 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 84 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING ............................................................. 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 87 Chapters on Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ................................................................................... 88 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING ............................... 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 89 Academic Periodicals covering Carbon Monoxide Poisoning...................................................... 91 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 95 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 97 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 99 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 101 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 105 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 107 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 107 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 107 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 113 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 113

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CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING DICTIONARY ........................................................... 115 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 149

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with carbon monoxide poisoning is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about carbon monoxide poisoning, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to carbon monoxide poisoning, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on carbon monoxide poisoning. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-ofcharge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to carbon monoxide poisoning, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on carbon monoxide poisoning. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on carbon monoxide poisoning.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and carbon monoxide poisoning, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “carbon monoxide poisoning” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Differentiating Behavioral Disturbances of Dementia From Symptoms of Delirium Source: International Psychogeriatrics. 8(Supplement 3): 425-427. 1996. Summary: This journal article discusses the challenge of differentiating behavioral disturbances of dementia from symptoms of delirium. It reviews the similarities between these two conditions that can complicate diagnosis, including the characteristic slowing of electroencephalographic activity, altered sleep cycles, types of behavioral problems, and diurnal variations in symptoms. It then describes potential signs of delirium, including the abrupt onset of symptoms, heightened or reduced attention in a patient with preexisting dementia, prominent fluctuations in symptoms, the occurrence of new hallucinations, altered psychomotor activity, altered prosody of speech, and tremor or asterixis. The article also describes some unusual causes of delirium in

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patients with dementia, including the interaction of certain drugs with grapefruit juice, carbon monoxide poisoning, folk medications, eye drops with beta-blocker properties, the consumption of alcohol or sedatives, hypoxia, urinary retention, and fecal impaction. 8 references.

Federally Funded Research on Carbon Monoxide Poisoning The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to carbon monoxide poisoning. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to carbon monoxide poisoning. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore carbon monoxide poisoning. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for carbon monoxide poisoning: •

Project Title: CELLULAR EFFECTS OF CARBON MONOXIDE Principal Investigator & Institution: Piantades, Claude A.; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (Applicant?s Abstract): This project is designed to investigate mechanisms by which low concentrations of CO could exert effects during hypoxia that would explain new preliminary data showing it mediates both apoptosis and cell proliferation or growth in vivo. Despite the presence of hypoxia, CO is associated with oxidative stress as shown by depletion of mitochondrial glutathione, and in the lung, increases in manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. In addition, mitochondria from CO exposed animals are more sensitive ex vivo to ATPfacilitated permeability transition, which makes the cell more sensitive to mitochondrial initiation of apoptosis through cytochrome c release. These mitochondria are also susceptible to mtDNA degradation by NO, but not to mtDNA degradation by external oxidants such as t-butyl hydroperoxide. These data indicate that CO places a heavy oxidative/nitrosative burden on mitochondria. We propose that much of the oxidative burden is related to the respiratory chain because CO causes oxidation-reduction (redox) changes in the cytochrome b-c(l) region. We also hypothesize that increased mitochondrial leakage of H2O2 provides a redox signal to the cell. Therefore, we propose to pursue the mechanisms of CO-induced mitochondrial oxidant injury in Specific Aims 1 and 2, and investigate activation of mechanisms of signaling by CO that have redox response elements involved in apoptosis and/or cell proliferation in Specific

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Aims 3 and 4. Finally in Aim 5, we will investigate the possibility that HO-1, which produces CO endogenously, activates the same intracellular mechanisms associated with exogenous CO exposure. Thus, the project seeks to define a biological mechanism for the unique cellular responses to CO by testing the hypothesis that CO-related oxidative/nitrosative events directly alter mitochondrial permeability, redox and synthetic function and influence cell signaling and/or survival through these mechanisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CO POISONING IN THE CONTEXT OF A REPERFUSION INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Thom, Stephen R.; Associate Professor; Emergency Medicine; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1989; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The focus of this grant proposal is to elucidate the mechanisms for neurological morbidity associated with carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. The specific aims relate to evaluation of the biochemical events and functional deficits in brain which follow acute perivascular oxidative injury associated with CO poisoning in a rat model. There are three specific aims for this proposal: (1) Evaluate the changes in nitric oxide (NO) concentration and associated biochemical processes in brain after CO exposure, (2) Evaluate perivascular changes and immunological responses in brain following CO poisoning, (3) Evaluate the progression of brain injury and methods of protection. The ultimate goal is to determine the cascade of events initiated by CO that lead to neurological dysfunction. Exposure to CO raises the steady state concentration of NO. We hypothesize that perivascular changes triggered by NO-derived oxidants precipitate a series of pathological responses that begin during the CO exposure and continue for weeks. These changes lead to regional defects in parenchymal metabolism in brain and functional changes manifested as a learning deficit. The research plan is aimed to test the hypothesis that immune responses and the associated oxidative stress cause neurological injuries. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ELECTROCHEMICAL OXYGEN CONCENTRATOR FOR HOME THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Andrews, Craig C.; Lynntech, Inc. College Station, Tx 77840 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The beneficial effects of Long-term Oxygen Therapy (LTOT) in the home for patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and other lung diseases causing hypoxemia, are well known. The number of patients with COPD is increasing in most countries, and in the U.S., it is now one of the leading causes of death. LTOT increases a patient's survival rate and also has the potential to improve considerably a patient's quality of life. Since LTOT must be given for as long as possible during the day, it is important to extend daily hours of oxygen therapy into the mobile period of the day. This can be achieved through the use of compact, lightweight, portable sources of oxygen gas. Thus, there exists a clear need for a new technologybased oxygen generator that satisfies all the requirements for LTOT both within and outside the home. Currently, providing ambulatory oxygen with LOX systems is problematic because of the cost of LOX and hence lower profit margins for suppliers. The aims of portable oxygen are to increase exercise tolerance, reduce exercise dyspnea,

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improve quality of life, and extend the daily hours of LTOT. In response to the identified need, this project is specifically aimed at improving the delivery of oxygen to ambulatory patients in the home and office setting using an innovative electrochemical life support system. The technology will have a dramatic improvement in clinical benefits, patient convenience and delivery costs. The portable electrochemical system will produce on demand a supply of humidified, but otherwise pure, oxygen gas, while having a system weight less than 10 Ib and system power requirements less than 600 Watts. The system will provide instantaneous start-up and it is estimated that the oxygen generator will cost less than $1,000. A dual-use development approach will be adopted because the portable electrochemical oxygen generator technology has both government and other commercial applications such as battlefield life support, forward medical treatment areas, casualty transport vehicles, "oxygen trickle charger" for commercial and military aircraft, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy for decompression sickness, air embolism, and carbon monoxide poisoning. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TOBACCO REDUCTION STRATEGIES FOR PATIENTS WITH CARDIAC DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Joseph, Anne; Associate Professor; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Cigarette smoking promotes atherosclerosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and cessation confers significant health benefits to patients with heart disease. Total abstinence is the goal of current tobacco dependence treatment models, however, it is not accessible to many patients. There is a strong dose-response relationship between the amount smoked and risk for ASCVD, suggesting that for those patients who cannot stop, reducing smoking may be of benefit. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is safe in patients with cardiovascular disease, and limited data suggest that long term NRT is effective at reducing tobacco use and carbon monoxide (CO) exposure. We propose a randomized controlled clinical trial in 180 patients with ASCVD to test the hypothesis that a combined behavioral and pharmacological intervention designed to reduce smoking by at least 50% will 1) reduce cigarette consumption, 2) improve smoking cessation rates, 3) reduce signs and symptoms of ASCVD, 4) improve risk factors for ASCVD, and 5) prove to be cost-effective in terms of cost per quality adjusted life year gained. We will randomly assign subjects from two ambulatory care sites to the smoking reduction treatment (SR) group (including a standardized approach to transdermal nicotine, or nicotine gum if not successful reducing using patch) or the control group. Subjects will be followed for a two year period, and will be encouraged to quit at any time if they are ready. We will collect data regarding smoking behavior, exercise tolerance, angina, quality of life, and adverse events; and measure nicotine, cotinine, CO, lipids, and fibrinogen. We will contribute samples to the Biomarker Core project to assess the effect of smoking reduction on other toxin levels. We will conduct an economic analysis of the potential cost-effectiveness of this approach. This study will test whether a long term strategy to reduce cigarette consumption in a medically ill population is safe, effective , and improves health outcomes for smokers who cannot quit. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “carbon monoxide poisoning” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for carbon monoxide poisoning in the PubMed Central database: •

Identifying and managing adverse environmental health effects: 6. Carbon monoxide poisoning. by Abelsohn A, Sanborn MD, Jessiman BJ, Weir E.; 2002 Jun 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116158

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with carbon monoxide poisoning, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “carbon monoxide poisoning” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for carbon monoxide poisoning (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

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A case of open-air carbon monoxide poisoning in a 10-year-old boy. Author(s): Wilson M, Rosen P. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2001 October; 21(3): 289-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11604288&dopt=Abstract

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A death in a stationary vehicle whilst idling: unusual carbon monoxide poisoning by exhaust gases. Author(s): Osawa M, Horiuchi H, Yoshida K, Tada T, Harada A. Source: Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan). 2003 March; 5 Suppl 1: S132-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12935571&dopt=Abstract

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A flood-related outbreak of carbon monoxide poisoning--Grand Forks, North Dakota. Author(s): Daley WR, Shireley L, Gilmore R. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2001 October; 21(3): 249-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11604279&dopt=Abstract

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A long-term follow-up study of serial magnetic resonance images in patients with delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Inagaki T, Ishino H, Seno H, Umegae N, Aoyama T. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1997 December; 51(6): 421-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9472130&dopt=Abstract

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A multicenter, prospective study of fetal outcome following accidental carbon monoxide poisoning in pregnancy. Author(s): Koren G, Sharav T, Pastuszak A, Garrettson LK, Hill K, Samson I, Rorem M, King A, Dolgin JE. Source: Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.). 1991; 5(5): 397-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1806148&dopt=Abstract

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A novel source of carbon monoxide poisoning: explosives used in construction. Author(s): Deitchman S, Decker J, Santis L. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1998 September; 32(3 Pt 1): 381-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9737505&dopt=Abstract

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Accidental carbon monoxide poisoning with severe cardiorespiratory compromise in 2 children. Author(s): Grant M, Clay B. Source: American Journal of Critical Care : an Official Publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. 2002 March; 11(2): 128-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11888124&dopt=Abstract

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Accidental carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Zeller WP, Miele A, Suarez C, Hannigan J, Hurley RM. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1984 December; 23(12): 694-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6209050&dopt=Abstract

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Accidental carbon monoxide poisoning. Emphasis on hyperbaric oxygen treatment. Author(s): Gozal D, Ziser A, Shupak A, Melamed Y. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1985 March; 24(3): 132-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3971638&dopt=Abstract

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Acute carbon monoxide poisoning and alcohol intoxication: a rare condition that is complex to manage. Author(s): Kouimtsidis C. Source: Crisis. 2002; 23(2): 74-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500892&dopt=Abstract

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Acute carbon monoxide poisoning as the cause of rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. Author(s): Sefer S, Degoricia V, Bilic B, Trotic R, Milanovic-Stipkovic B, Ratkovi-Gusic I, Kes P. Source: Acta Med Croatica. 1999; 53(4-5): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10914136&dopt=Abstract

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Acute carbon monoxide poisoning in an animal model: the effects of altered glucose on morbidity and mortality. Author(s): Penney DG. Source: Toxicology. 1993 June 11; 80(2-3): 85-101. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8328003&dopt=Abstract

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Acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Krantz T, Thisted B, Strom J, Sorensen MB. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1988 May; 32(4): 278-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3394478&dopt=Abstract

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Acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Risk of late sequelae and treatment by hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Mathieu D, Nolf M, Durocher A, Saulnier F, Frimat P, Furon D, Wattel F. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1985; 23(4-6): 315-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4057322&dopt=Abstract

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Acute carbon monoxide poisoning: diffusion MR imaging findings. Author(s): Sener RN. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 August; 24(7): 1475-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917151&dopt=Abstract

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Acute carbon monoxide poisoning: emergency management and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Author(s): Severance HW, Kolb JC, Carlton FB, Jorden RC. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 1989 October; 30(10): 321-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2677388&dopt=Abstract

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Acute hydrocephalus following carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): So GM, Kosofsky BE, Southern JF. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1997 October; 17(3): 270-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9390708&dopt=Abstract

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Acute hydrocephalus in carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Anton M, Alcaraz A, Rey C, Concha A, Fernandez J. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2000 March; 89(3): 361-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10772288&dopt=Abstract

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Acute transient hydrocephalus in carbon monoxide poisoning: a case report. Author(s): Prabhu SS, Sharma RR, Gurusinghe NT, Parekh HC. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1993 May; 56(5): 567-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8505654&dopt=Abstract

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Allopurinol/N-acetylcysteine for carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Howard RJ, Blake DR, Pall H, Williams A, Green ID. Source: Lancet. 1987 September 12; 2(8559): 628-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2887913&dopt=Abstract

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Amnesia after carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Bourgeois JA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 November; 157(11): 1884-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11058494&dopt=Abstract

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An epidemiological study of acute carbon monoxide poisoning in the West Midlands. Author(s): Wilson RC, Saunders PJ, Smith G. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1998 November; 55(11): 723-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9924447&dopt=Abstract

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An outbreak of carbon monoxide poisoning after a major ice storm in Maine. Author(s): Daley WR, Smith A, Paz-Argandona E, Malilay J, McGeehin M. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2000 January; 18(1): 87-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10645845&dopt=Abstract

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An unusual case of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Auger PL, Levesque B, Martel R, Prud'homme H, Bellemare D, Barbeau C, Lachance P, Rhainds M. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999 July; 107(7): 603-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10379009&dopt=Abstract

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Apoptotic and necrotic brain lesions in a fatal case of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Uemura K, Harada K, Sadamitsu D, Tsuruta R, Takahashi M, Aki T, Yasuhara M, Maekawa T, Yoshida K. Source: Forensic Science International. 2001 February 15; 116(2-3): 213-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11182274&dopt=Abstract

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Apperceptive agnosia due to carbon monoxide poisoning. An interpretation based on critical band masking from disseminated lesions. Author(s): Campion J, Latto R. Source: Behavioural Brain Research. 1985 May; 15(3): 227-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4005031&dopt=Abstract

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Applications of functional imaging to carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Hurley RA, Hopkins RO, Bigler ED, Taber KH. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2001 Spring; 13(2): 157-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11449022&dopt=Abstract

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Are arterial blood gases of value in treatment decisions for carbon monoxide poisoning? Author(s): Myers RA, Britten JS. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1989 February; 17(2): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2644066&dopt=Abstract

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Arterial oxygenation in carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Hampson NB. Source: Chest. 1990 December; 98(6): 1538-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2245710&dopt=Abstract

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Biochemical criteria of hypoxia in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Bogusz M, Cholewa L, Mlodkowska K, Pach J. Source: Eur J Toxicol Hyg Environ. 1972 September-October; 5(5): 306-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4650162&dopt=Abstract

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Brain computerized tomography after hyperbaric oxygen therapy for carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Pracyk JB, Stolp BW, Fife CE, Gray L, Piantadosi CA. Source: Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 1995 March; 22(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7742705&dopt=Abstract

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Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Choi IS. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 1985; 26(1): 29-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4072266&dopt=Abstract

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Bullae formation secondary to carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Johnson R, Ruelle A, Shermer D. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1999 March; 89(3): 152-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10095342&dopt=Abstract

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Bullous skin lesions in barbiturate overdosage and carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Baden MM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1970 September 28; 213(13): 2271. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5468939&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning and frontal lobe pathology: two case reports and a discussion of the literature. Author(s): Deckel AW. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 1994 May-June; 8(4): 345-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8081349&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning and sensorineural hearing loss. Author(s): Shahbaz Hassan M, Ray J, Wilson F. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2003 February; 117(2): 134-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12625889&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning during anesthesia poses puzzles. Author(s): Lentz RE. Source: Journal of Clinical Monitoring. 1995 January; 11(1): 66-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7745458&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning from indoor burning of charcoal briquets. Author(s): Hampson NB, Kramer CC, Dunford RG, Norkool DM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994 January 5; 271(1): 52-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8258888&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning from industrial coffee extraction. Author(s): Nishimura F, Abe S, Fukunaga T. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 July 16; 290(3): 334. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12865373&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning in infants: treatment with hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Rudge FW. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1993 March; 86(3): 334-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8451675&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning in the Republic of Ireland. Author(s): Crowley D, Scallan E, Herbert J, Staines A, Herity B, Tracey J. Source: Ir Med J. 2003 March; 96(3): 83-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12722785&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning in two children riding in the back of a van. Author(s): Smith RA, Ball RJ. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1994 November; 71(5): 482. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7529983&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning monitoring network: a five-year experience of household poisonings in two French regions. Author(s): Sam-Lai NF, Saviuc P, Danel V. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2003; 41(4): 349-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870875&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning presenting as apparent ketoacidosis. Author(s): Roshan M, Price DE. Source: Diabetes Care. 1993 June; 16(6): 956-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8325220&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning with severe myonecrosis and acute renal failure. Author(s): Wolff E. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1994 May; 12(3): 347-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8179748&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Shepherd RT. Source: Med Leg J. 1994; 62 ( Pt 2): 49-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8078430&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Dolan MC. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1993 November 15; 149(10): 1382. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8221421&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning: a review of human outcome studies comparing normobaric oxygen with hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Weaver LK, Hopkins RO, Larson-Lohr V. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1995 February; 25(2): 271-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7832366&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning: an unusual cause of acute renal failure. Author(s): Jha R, Kher V, Kale SA, Jain SK, Arora P. Source: Renal Failure. 1994 November; 16(6): 775-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7899589&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning: from old dogma to new uncertainties. Author(s): Runciman WW, Gorman DF. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1993 April 5; 158(7): 439-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8469187&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning: nursing priorities and treatment. Author(s): Usher K. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 1994 July; 32(7): 413. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7965943&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiac allograft harvesting after carbon monoxide poisoning. Report of a successful orthotopic heart transplantation. Author(s): Iberer F, Konigsrainer A, Wasler A, Petutschnigg B, Auer T, Tscheliessnigg K. Source: The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation : the Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 1993 May-June; 12(3): 499-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8329425&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Thorpe M. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1994 February; 39(1): 59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8193999&dopt=Abstract

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Coma reversal with cerebral dysfunction recovery after repetitive hyperbaric oxygen therapy for severe carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Dean BS, Verdile VP, Krenzelok EP. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1993 November; 11(6): 616-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8043054&dopt=Abstract

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Computed tomographic findings after acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Jones JS, Lagasse J, Zimmerman G. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1994 July; 12(4): 448-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8031431&dopt=Abstract

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Dantrolene sodium for treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): ten Holter JB, Schellens RL. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 June 25; 296(6639): 1772-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3136833&dopt=Abstract

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Deafness following acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Morris TM. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1969 December; 83(12): 1219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5360037&dopt=Abstract

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Deaths caused by carbon monoxide poisoning in an open environment (outdoors). Author(s): DiMaio VJ, Dana SE. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1987 November; 32(6): 1794-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2448415&dopt=Abstract

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Deaths from unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning and potential for prevention with carbon monoxide detectors. Author(s): Yoon SS, Macdonald SC, Parrish RG. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 March 4; 279(9): 685-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9496987&dopt=Abstract

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Decompression illness, iatrogenic gas embolism, and carbon monoxide poisoning: the role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Author(s): Shank ES, Muth CM. Source: International Anesthesiology Clinics. 2000 Winter; 38(1): 111-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10723672&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed choreoathetosis following acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Schwartz A, Hennerici M, Wegener OH. Source: Neurology. 1985 January; 35(1): 98-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3966008&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed death following carbon monoxide poisoning. A case report. Author(s): Opeskin K, Drummer OH. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1994 March; 15(1): 36-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8166113&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed hyperbaric oxygen treatment for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Ziser A, Shupak A, Halpern P, Gozal D, Melamed Y. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1984 October 13; 289(6450): 960. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6435739&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed movement disorders after carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Choi IS, Cheon HY. Source: European Neurology. 1999; 42(3): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10529539&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed neurological deterioration following carbon monoxide poisoning: MRI findings. Author(s): Zagami AS, Lethlean AK, Mellick R. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1993 February; 240(2): 113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8437018&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed post-anoxic encephalopathy without relation to carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Mizutani T, Shiozawa R, Takemori S, Tsurumaru M, Akiyama H. Source: Intern Med. 1993 May; 32(5): 430-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8400510&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed postpartum hemorrhage: a rare presentation of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Ramsey PS, Meyer LM, Ramin KD, Heise RH. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 January; 184(2): 243-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11174515&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed presentation of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Powers WE. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1999 September-October; 17(5): 905-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10499714&dopt=Abstract

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Dementia with a seasonal onset secondary to carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Webb CJ 2nd, Vaitkevicius PV. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1997 October; 45(10): 1281-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9329497&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetes insipidus after carbon monoxide poisoning and smoke inhalation. Author(s): Halebian P, Yurt R, Petito C, Shires GT. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1985 July; 25(7): 662-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4009774&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetic ketoacidosis appearing as carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Hodgkin JE, Chan DM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1975 March 17; 231(11): 1164-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=803582&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Piantadosi CA. Source: Respir Care Clin N Am. 1999 June; 5(2): 183-202. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10333448&dopt=Abstract

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Diffusion-weighted MR imaging findings in carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Teksam M, Casey SO, Michel E, Liu H, Truwit CL. Source: Neuroradiology. 2002 February; 44(2): 109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11942360&dopt=Abstract

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Disturbance of central vision after carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Fine RD, Parker GD. Source: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology. 1996 May; 24(2): 13741. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9199745&dopt=Abstract

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Do not get complacent about carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Krenzelok EP. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2001; 39(1): 33-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11327224&dopt=Abstract

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Early acute fatal carbon monoxide poisoning--assessment of the survival period. Author(s): Moar JJ. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1984 October 27; 66(17): 650-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6208619&dopt=Abstract

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Early electroencephalographic change following acute carbon monoxide poisoning in relation to cerebral metabolism. Author(s): Ogawa M, Minami T, Katsurada K, Sugimoto T. Source: Med J Osaka Univ. 1973 September; 24(1): 85-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4794909&dopt=Abstract

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Early hypoperfusion of technetium-99m hexamethylprophylene amine oxime brain single photon emission computed tomography in a patient with carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Choi IS, Lee MS. Source: European Neurology. 1993; 33(6): 461-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8307069&dopt=Abstract

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Echocardiographic findings after acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Corya BC, Black MJ, McHenry PL. Source: British Heart Journal. 1976 July; 38(7): 712-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=973896&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of therapy with oxygen under high pressure on regional cerebral blood flow in the interval form of carbon monoxide poisoning: observation from subtraction of technetium-99m HMPAO SPECT brain imaging. Author(s): Maeda Y, Kawasaki Y, Jibiki I, Yamaguchi N, Matsuda H, Hisada K. Source: European Neurology. 1991; 31(6): 380-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1756761&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of weather on incidence of attempted suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Geltzer AJ, Geltzer AM, Dunford RG, Hampson NB. Source: Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 2000 Spring; 27(1): 9-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10813434&dopt=Abstract

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Electroencephalographic mapping and 99mTc HMPAO single-photon emission computed tomography in carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Denays R, Makhoul E, Dachy B, Tondeur M, Noel P, Ham HR, Mols P. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1994 November; 24(5): 947-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7978570&dopt=Abstract

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Electron-cytochemical detection of endogenous nickel in the myocardium in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Applicability of a new cytochemical technique in forensic medicine. Author(s): Balogh I, Somogyi E, Sotonyi P, Pogatsa G, Rubanyi G, Bellus E. Source: Z Rechtsmed. 1983; 90(1): 7-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6868834&dopt=Abstract

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Emergency department management of house fire burns and carbon monoxide poisoning in children. Author(s): Walker AR. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 1996 June; 8(3): 239-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8814401&dopt=Abstract

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Emergency department visits for carbon monoxide poisoning in the Pacific Northwest. Author(s): Hampson NB. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1998 September-October; 16(5): 695-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9752939&dopt=Abstract

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Encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy following carbon monoxide poisoning from a propane-fueled vehicle. Author(s): Kelafant GA. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1996 December; 30(6): 765-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8914724&dopt=Abstract

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Encephalopathy four weeks after carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Quilliam S. Source: Lancet. 1984 August 18; 2(8399): 408. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6147487&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemic carbon monoxide poisoning following a winter storm. Author(s): Houck PM, Hampson NB. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1997 July-August; 15(4): 469-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9279697&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of acute carbon monoxide poisoning in a Spanish region. Author(s): Duenas-Laita A, Ruiz-Mambrilla M, Gandia F, Cerda R, Martin-Escudero JC, Perez-Castrillon JL, Diaz G. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2001; 39(1): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11327227&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of brain function in acute carbon monoxide poisoning with multimodality evoked potentials. Author(s): He F, Liu X, Yang S, Zhang S, Xu G, Fang G, Pan X. Source: Environmental Research. 1993 February; 60(2): 213-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8472650&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of outcome after acute carbon monoxide poisoning by brain CT. Author(s): Choi IS, Kim SK, Choi YC, Lee SS, Lee MS. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 1993 February; 8(1): 78-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8343224&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of outcome of delayed neurologic sequelae after carbon monoxide poisoning by technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime brain single photon emission computed tomography. Author(s): Choi IS, Kim SK, Lee SS, Choi YC. Source: European Neurology. 1995; 35(3): 137-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7628492&dopt=Abstract

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Exercise temperature plateau shifted by a moderate carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Nielsen B. Source: J Physiol (Paris). 1971 May; 63(3): 362-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5121949&dopt=Abstract

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Extended donor criteria: use of cardiac allografts after carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Koerner MM, Tenderich G, Minami K, Morshuis M, Mirow N, Arusoglu L, Gromzik H, Wlost S, Koerfer R. Source: Transplantation. 1997 May 15; 63(9): 1358-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9158034&dopt=Abstract

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Extracorporeal support in an adult with severe carbon monoxide poisoning and shock following smoke inhalation: a case report. Author(s): McCunn M, Reynolds HN, Cottingham CA, Scalea TM, Habashi NM. Source: Perfusion. 2000 March; 15(2): 169-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10789573&dopt=Abstract

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Factors contributing to bathroom accidents from carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Simpson D, Calnan MW, De Fonseka C. Source: Community Health (Bristol). 1974 March-April; 5(5): 271-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4846666&dopt=Abstract

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Fan-beam Tc-99m HMPAO brain SPECT in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Kao CH. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1998 June; 23(6): 382. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9619328&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal carbon monoxide poisoning after the detonation of explosives in an underground mine: a case report. Author(s): Markey MA, Zumwalt RE. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 2001 December; 22(4): 387-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11764907&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal carbon monoxide poisoning at a motel. Author(s): Wharton M, Bistowish JM, Hutcheson RH, Schaffner W. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1989 February 24; 261(8): 1177-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2915442&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal carbon monoxide poisoning--a new circumstance. Author(s): Crisp AJ, Sherry KM. Source: British Medical Journal. 1979 December 1; 2(6202): 1438. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=519498&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal unintended carbon monoxide poisoning in West Virginia from nonvehicular sources. Author(s): Baron RC, Backer RC, Sopher IM. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1989 December; 79(12): 1656-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2817196&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning in motor vehicles. Author(s): Baker SP, Fisher RS, Masemore WC, Sopher IM. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1972 November; 62(11): 1463-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4117472&dopt=Abstract

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Fetal compromise caused by maternal carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Kopelman AE, Plaut TA. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 1998 January-February; 18(1): 74-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9527950&dopt=Abstract

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Fetal death due to accidental maternal carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Cramer CR. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1982 May; 19(3): 297-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7131616&dopt=Abstract

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Fetal death due to nonlethal maternal carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Farrow JR, Davis GJ, Roy TM, McCloud LC, Nichols GR 2nd. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1990 November; 35(6): 1448-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2262778&dopt=Abstract

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Fetal toxicity associated with maternal carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Caravati EM, Adams CJ, Joyce SM, Schafer NC. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1988 July; 17(7): 714-7. Erratum In: Ann Emerg Med 1988 October; 17(10): 1097. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3382073&dopt=Abstract

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Four cases of carbon monoxide poisoning in one family. Author(s): Watson ES. Source: S D J Med. 1968 September; 21(9): 15-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5245382&dopt=Abstract

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Four deaths due to carbon monoxide poisoning in car washes. Author(s): Carson HJ, Stephens PJ. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1999 September; 20(3): 274-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10507797&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency and clinical course of acute carbon monoxide poisoning in relation to the kind of emission gas. Author(s): Targosz D. Source: Przegl Lek. 1999; 56(6): 415-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10465991&dopt=Abstract

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Functional and ultrastructural evidence of myocardial stunning after acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Tritapepe L, Macchiarelli G, Rocco M, Scopinaro F, Schillaci O, Martuscelli E, Motta PM. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1998 April; 26(4): 797-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9559621&dopt=Abstract

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Gas chromatographic determination of carbon monoxide in blood and the hyperbaric oxygen treatment in carbon monoxide poisoning cases. Author(s): Heyndrickx A, Scheiris C, Vercruysse A, Okkerse E. Source: J Pharm Belg. 1970 May-June; 25(3): 247-58. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5455101&dopt=Abstract

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Glioblastoma presenting as carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Turner M, Clark RJ. Source: Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 1999 March; 16(2): 155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10191461&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric or normobaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Scheinkestel CD, Bailey M, Myles PS, Jones K, Cooper DJ, Millar IL, Tuxen DV. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1999 March 1; 170(5): 203-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10092916&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric or normobaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Some evidence at last. Author(s): Kamill PG. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1999 June 7; 170(11): 563-4; Author Reply 5645. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10397052&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric or normobaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Unfortunate methodological flaws. Author(s): Gorman DF. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1999 June 7; 170(11): 563; Author Reply 564-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10397050&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric or normobaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Was the best treatment protocol used? Author(s): Unsworth IP. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1999 June 7; 170(11): 564-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10397053&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric or normobaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Was the neuropsychological testing appropriate? Author(s): Denson LA, Hay PJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1999 June 7; 170(11): 563; Author Reply 564-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10397051&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric or normobaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Scheinkestel CD, Bailey M, Myles PS, Jones K, Cooper DJ, Millar IL, Tuxen DV. Source: Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 2000 Fall; 27(3): 163-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11191163&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Raphael JC, Annane D, Chevret S. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 February 6; 348(6): 557-60; Author Reply 557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12572578&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Isbister GK, McGettigan P, Harris I. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 February 6; 348(6): 557-60; Author Reply 557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12572577&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Finnerty JP. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 February 6; 348(6): 557-60; Author Reply 557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12572576&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Cardellach F, Miro O, Casademont J. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 February 6; 348(6): 557-60; Author Reply 557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12572575&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): de Pont AC, de Jonge E, Vroom MB. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 February 6; 348(6): 557-60; Author Reply 557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571266&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Weaver LK, Hopkins RO, Chan KJ, Churchill S, Elliott CG, Clemmer TP, Orme JF Jr, Thomas FO, Morris AH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 October 3; 347(14): 1057-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12362006&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Juurlink DN, Stanbrook MB, McGuigan MA. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd002041. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796853&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Hampson NB. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2000 February 7; 172(3): 141-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10735028&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Moon RE, DeLong E. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1999 March 1; 170(5): 197-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10092913&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning-induced delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae. Author(s): Lee HF, Mak SC, Chi CS, Hung DZ. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 2001 May; 64(5): 310-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11499342&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen in carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Weaver LK. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 October 23; 319(7217): 1083-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10531080&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in childhood carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Liebelt EL. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 1999 June; 11(3): 259-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10349107&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the management of carbon monoxide poisoning, osteoradionecrosis, burns, skin grafts, and crush injury. Author(s): Saunders PJ. Source: International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care. 2003 Summer; 19(3): 521-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12962338&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric-oxygen therapy for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Thom SR. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 October 3; 347(14): 1105-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12362013&dopt=Abstract

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Identifying and managing adverse environmental health effects: 6. Carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Abelsohn A, Sanborn MD, Jessiman BJ, Weir E. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 June 25; 166(13): 1685-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126326&dopt=Abstract

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Impaired hepatic metabolism of i.v. lignocaine as an index of cellular damage from carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Scott CB, Henderson A, Potter JM, Hickman PE, Walker NI, Balderson G, Lynch SV, Strong RW. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1992 March 2; 156(5): 367. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1588887&dopt=Abstract

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In cold gas. Safeguards against carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Burg FD, Douglass JM. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1969 October; 8(10): 590-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5344424&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of carbon monoxide poisoning in the United States. Author(s): Hampson NB. Source: Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 1999 Spring; 26(1): 47-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10353184&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of severe unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning differs across racial/ethnic categories. Author(s): Ralston JD, Hampson NB. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 2000 January-February; 115(1): 46-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10968585&dopt=Abstract

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Indoor use of concrete saws and other gas-powered equipment. Analysis of reported carbon monoxide poisoning cases in Colorado. Author(s): Hawkes AP, McCammon JB, Hoffman RE. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1998 January; 40(1): 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9467120&dopt=Abstract

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Inhalation injury: carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Brandeburg J. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1980 January; 80(1): 98-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6898104&dopt=Abstract

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Intentional carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Hampson NB. Source: Chest. 1999 August; 116(2): 586-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10453903&dopt=Abstract

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Intestinal infarction following carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Balzan M, Cacciottolo JM, Casha A. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1993 April; 69(810): 302-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8321796&dopt=Abstract

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In-utero carbon monoxide poisoning and multiple fetal abnormalities. Author(s): Hennequin Y, Blum D, Vamos E, Steppe M, Goedseels J, Cavatorta E. Source: Lancet. 1993 January 23; 341(8839): 240. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8093518&dopt=Abstract

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Involvement of cerebral functions in acute carbon monoxide poisoning with special reference to occipital lobe functions. Author(s): Kuroiwa Y, Shida K, Nagamatsu K, Kato M, Santa T. Source: Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn. 1967; 21(3): 189-97. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5630710&dopt=Abstract

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Is there an evolution in the epidemiology and follow-up of carbon monoxide poisoning victims? Author(s): Nuytten LD, Dhondt EL, Sabbe MB, Meulemans AI, Crols DM, Vandermeersch EA, Delooz HH. Source: European Journal of Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine. 1999 December; 6(4): 331-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10646922&dopt=Abstract

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Is there an evolution in the epidemiology and follow-up of carbon monoxide poisoning victims? Author(s): Lynch RM. Source: European Journal of Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine. 2000 September; 7(3): 249. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11142281&dopt=Abstract

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Ischemic retinopathy due to carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Bilchik RC, Muller-Bergh HA, Freshman ME. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1971 August; 86(2): 142-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5571412&dopt=Abstract

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Isotope brain scanning with Tc-HMPAO: a predictor of outcome in carbon monoxide poisoning? Author(s): Turner M, Kemp PM. Source: Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 1997 May; 14(3): 139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9193973&dopt=Abstract

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JAMA patient page. Carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Parmet S. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 August 28; 288(8): 1036. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12206155&dopt=Abstract

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Kluver-Bucy syndrome associated with delayed post-anoxic leucoencephalopathy following carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Sandson TA, Lilly RB, Sodkol M. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1988 January; 51(1): 156-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3351520&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of blood pressure increase with age in long-term hospitalised patients with the sequelae of acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Hatama S, Tsuchihashi T, Shida K, Kawashima H, Fujii K, Onoyama K, Fujishima M. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 1993 February; 7(1): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8450516&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Initial management of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Komesaroff D. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1975 July 26; 2(4): 153-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1057729&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Initial management of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Dawson GR. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1975 July 19; 2(3): 109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1057728&dopt=Abstract

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Localized EEG abnormalities in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Neufeld MY, Swanson JW, Klass DW. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1981 August; 38(8): 524-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7247790&dopt=Abstract

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Magnetic resonance features in carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Ferrier D, Wallace CJ, Fletcher WA, Fong TC. Source: Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal = Journal L'association Canadienne Des Radiologistes. 1994 December; 45(6): 466-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7982110&dopt=Abstract

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Magnetic resonance imaging and 11C-N-methylspiperone/positron emission tomography studies in a patient with the interval form of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Yoshii F, Kozuma R, Takahashi W, Haida M, Takagi S, Shinohara Y. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1998 September 18; 160(1): 87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9804123&dopt=Abstract

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Management of carbon monoxide poisoning in the absence of hyperbaric oxygenation chamber. Author(s): Bourtros AR, Hoyt JL. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1976 May-June; 4(3): 144-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=939103&dopt=Abstract

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Management of carbon monoxide poisoning using oxygen therapy. Author(s): Mak TW, Kam CW, Lai JP, Tang CM. Source: Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi / Hong Kong Academy of Medicine. 2000 March; 6(1): 113-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10793412&dopt=Abstract

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Management of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Ilano AL, Raffin TA. Source: Chest. 1990 January; 97(1): 165-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2403894&dopt=Abstract

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Management of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Winter PM. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1976 September-October; 4(5): 280. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1009778&dopt=Abstract

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Mass carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): McGuffie C, Wyatt JP, Kerr GW, Hislop WS. Source: Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 2000 January; 17(1): 38-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10658990&dopt=Abstract

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Mass carbon monoxide poisoning: clinical effects and results of treatment in 184 victims. Author(s): Burney RE, Wu SC, Nemiroff MJ. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1982 August; 11(8): 394-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7103154&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic predictors of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Leikin JB, Goldenberg RM, Edwards D, Zell-Kantor M. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1988 February; 30(1): 40-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3354183&dopt=Abstract

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Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase inhibition during acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Miro O, Casademont J, Barrientos A, Urbano-Marquez A, Cardellach F. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 1998 April; 82(4): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9584335&dopt=Abstract

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Morbidity from acute carbon monoxide poisoning at three-year follow-up. Author(s): Smith JS, Brandon S. Source: British Medical Journal. 1973 February 10; 1(5849): 318-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4685620&dopt=Abstract

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MRI of the brain in chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Uchino A, Hasuo K, Shida K, Matsumoto S, Yasumori K, Masuda K. Source: Neuroradiology. 1994 July; 36(5): 399-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7936184&dopt=Abstract

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MRI, quantitative MRI, SPECT, and neuropsychological findings following carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Gale SD, Hopkins RO, Weaver LK, Bigler ED, Booth EJ, Blatter DD. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 1999 April; 13(4): 229-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10230524&dopt=Abstract

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Myocardial chondroitin sulfates D and E in a case of acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Ohishi H, Binette JP, Schmid K. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1986 April 30; 156(2): 157-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3085987&dopt=Abstract

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Myocardial findings in fatal carbon monoxide poisoning: a human and experimental morphometric study. Author(s): Fineschi V, Agricola E, Baroldi G, Bruni G, Cerretani D, Mondillo S, Parolini M, Turillazzi E. Source: International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2000; 113(5): 276-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11009063&dopt=Abstract

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Myocardial infarction after acute carbon monoxide poisoning: case report. Author(s): Ebisuno S, Yasuno M, Yamada Y, Nishino Y, Hori M, Inoue M, Kamada T. Source: Angiology. 1986 August; 37(8): 621-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3740551&dopt=Abstract

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Myocardial infarction following carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Minor M, Seidler D. Source: W V Med J. 1986 February; 82(2): 25-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3457491&dopt=Abstract

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Myoclonus, delayed sequelae of carbon monoxide poisoning, piracetam trial. Author(s): Kim JS, Lee SA, Kim JS. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 1987; 28(3): 231-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3433813&dopt=Abstract

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Myonecrosis in carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Herman GD, Shapiro AB, Leikin J. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1988 February; 30(1): 28-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3354179&dopt=Abstract

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Myths & facts. about carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Brakey MR. Source: Nursing. 2000 December; 30(12): 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11249429&dopt=Abstract

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Narcolepsy mimicking suicidal carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Bell M, Tate L, Fowler DL. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1989 September; 10(3): 226-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2782301&dopt=Abstract

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Neurological complications of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Garland H, Pearce J. Source: The Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 1967 October; 36(144): 445-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6077225&dopt=Abstract

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Neurological manifestation of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Hart IK, Kennedy PG, Adams JH, Cunningham NE. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1988 March; 64(749): 213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3174539&dopt=Abstract

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Neurological recovery after prolonged coma from carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Zink RS, Adkinson CD, Davies SF. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1994 September; 12(5): 607-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8060417&dopt=Abstract

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Neurological sequelae following carbon monoxide poisoning clinical course and outcome according to the clinical types and brain computed tomography scan findings. Author(s): Lee MS, Marsden CD. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1994 September; 9(5): 550-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7990850&dopt=Abstract

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Neuropathological problems posed by carbon monoxide poisoning and anoxia. Author(s): Brucher JM. Source: Prog Brain Res. 1967; 24: 75-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6075036&dopt=Abstract

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Neuropsychiatric aspects of carbon monoxide poisoning: a review and single case report suggesting a role for amphetamines. Author(s): Smallwood P, Murray GB. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 1999 March; 11(1): 21-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10383172&dopt=Abstract

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Neuropsychiatric relapse following acute carbon monoxide poisoning--the contribution of electroconvulsive therapy. Author(s): Smith JS, Mellick RS. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1975 April 12; 01(15): 465-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1152691&dopt=Abstract

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Neuro-psychiatric syndrome following carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Garrel S, Perret J, Pellat J, Arnould P. Source: Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1970 November; 29(5): 534. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4097470&dopt=Abstract

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Neuropsychologic and functional recovery from severe carbon monoxide poisoning without hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Author(s): Weaver LK, Hopkins RO, Larson-Lohr V. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1996 June; 27(6): 736-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8644961&dopt=Abstract

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Non-accidental carbon monoxide poisoning from burning charcoal in attempted combined homicide-suicide. Author(s): Lee AC, Ou Y, Lam SY, So KT, Kam CW. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2002 October; 38(5): 465-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12354262&dopt=Abstract

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Non-comatose patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning: hyperbaric or normobaric oxygenation? Author(s): Ducasse JL, Celsis P, Marc-Vergnes JP. Source: Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 1995 March; 22(1): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7742714&dopt=Abstract

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Occult carbon monoxide poisoning in an infant. Author(s): Piatt JP, Kaplan AM, Bond GR, Berg RA. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1990 March; 6(1): 21-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2320482&dopt=Abstract

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Occult carbon monoxide poisoning in ENT practice: a word of caution. Author(s): Ayoub O, Kenawy NB, Khalil HB. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2003 January; 113(1): 180. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514406&dopt=Abstract

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Occult carbon monoxide poisoning in patients with neurologic illness. Author(s): Heckerling PS, Leikin JB, Terzian CG, Maturen A. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1990; 28(1): 29-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2381021&dopt=Abstract

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Occult carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Nardone DA, Kelsey TG. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1988 January; 108(1): 150-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3276263&dopt=Abstract

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Occult carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Kirkpatrick JN. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1987 January; 146(1): 52-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3825110&dopt=Abstract

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Occult carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Martin L. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1982 December; 142(13): 2345-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7149878&dopt=Abstract

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Occult carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Fisher J, Rubin KP. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1982 July; 142(7): 1270-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7092441&dopt=Abstract

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Occult carbon monoxide poisoning: a cause of winter headache. Author(s): Heckerling PS. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1987 May; 5(3): 201-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3580051&dopt=Abstract

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Occult carbon monoxide poisoning: validation of a prediction model. Author(s): Lustman F. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1988 September; 85(3): 462-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3414749&dopt=Abstract

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Occult carbon monoxide poisoning: validation of a prediction model. Author(s): Heckerling PS, Leikin JB, Maturen A. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1988 February; 84(2): 251-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3407653&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational carbon monoxide poisoning in the State of Washington, 1994-1999. Author(s): Lofgren DJ. Source: Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 2002 April; 17(4): 286-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11942672&dopt=Abstract

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Open air carbon monoxide poisoning in a child swimming behind a boat. Author(s): Easley RB. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2000 April; 93(4): 430-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10798516&dopt=Abstract

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Open air carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Jumbelic MI. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1998 January; 43(1): 228-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9456553&dopt=Abstract

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Organ transplantation from victims of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Hantson P, Vekemans MC, Squifflet JP, Mahieu P. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1996 May; 27(5): 673-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8629795&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome of children with carbon monoxide poisoning treated with normobaric oxygen. Author(s): Meert KL, Heidemann SM, Sarnaik AP. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1998 January; 44(1): 149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9464764&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome of patients experiencing cardiac arrest with carbon monoxide poisoning treated with hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Hampson NB, Zmaeff JL. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2001 July; 38(1): 36-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423810&dopt=Abstract

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Oxidative damage on lymphocyte membranes is increased in patients suffering from acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Miro O, Alonso JR, Casademont J, Jarreta D, Urbano-Marquez A, Cardellach F. Source: Toxicology Letters. 1999 November 22; 110(3): 219-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10597031&dopt=Abstract

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Pallidoreticular-rubral brain damage on magnetic resonance imaging after carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Gandini C, Prockop LD, Butera R, Locatelli C, Manzo L. Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 2002 April; 12(2): 102-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11977902&dopt=Abstract

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Parkinsonian syndrome after acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Gallerani M, La Cecilia O, Serra A, Kuwornu HA, Bressan S, Regoli F, Manfredini R. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2000 November; 18(7): 833-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11103740&dopt=Abstract

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Parkinsonism after carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Choi IS. Source: European Neurology. 2002; 48(1): 30-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12138307&dopt=Abstract

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Parkinsonism secondary to carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Fowler PB. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2000 January; 93(1): 53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10700855&dopt=Abstract

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Pathophysiology and treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Hardy KR, Thom SR. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1994; 32(6): 613-29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7966524&dopt=Abstract

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Pattern shift visual evoked potential screening for HBO2 in mild-to-moderate carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Emerson TS, Keiler J. Source: Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 1998 Spring; 25(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9566084&dopt=Abstract

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Perceptions and utilization of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for carbon monoxide poisoning in an academic setting. Author(s): Roy TM, Mendieta JM, Ossorio MA, Walker JF. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 1989 May; 87(5): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2723531&dopt=Abstract

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Peripheral neuropathy following acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Choi IS. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1986 March-April; 9(3): 265-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3010103&dopt=Abstract

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Pitfalls in diagnosis and management of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Roy B, Crawford R. Source: Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 1996 January; 13(1): 62-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8821232&dopt=Abstract

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Predicting the severity of carbon monoxide poisoning at varying FIO2. Author(s): Woehlck HJ, Dunning MB 3rd. Source: Anesthesiology. 1998 April; 88(4): 1126-7. Erratum In: Anesthesiology 1998 August; 89(2): 555. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9579528&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of occult carbon monoxide poisoning in patients with headache and dizziness. Author(s): Heckerling PS, Leikin JB, Maturen A, Perkins JT. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1987 August; 107(2): 174-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3605895&dopt=Abstract

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Primary cardiac allograft failure after donor carbon monoxide poisoning treated with biventricular assist device. Author(s): Rodrigus IE, Conraads V, Amsel BJ, Moulijn AC. Source: The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation : the Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 2001 December; 20(12): 1345-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11744421&dopt=Abstract

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Prognostic factors in unintentional mild carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Annane D, Chevret S, Jars-Guincestre C, Chillet P, Elkharrat D, Gajdos P, Raphael C. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2001 November; 27(11): 1776-81. Epub 2001 October 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11810122&dopt=Abstract

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Psychological sequelae to carbon monoxide poisoning in the child. Author(s): Klees M, Heremans M, Doughan S. Source: J Toxicol Clin Exp. 1985 September-October; 5(5): 301-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3880293&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary edema in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Ogawa M, Katsurada K, Sugimoto T, Sone S. Source: Int Arch Arbeitsmed. 1974; 33(2): 131-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4853958&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary edema in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Kittredge RD. Source: Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1971 December; 113(4): 680-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5128131&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary manifestations in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Sone S, Higashihara T, Kotake T, Morimoto S, Miura T. Source: Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1974 April; 120(4): 865-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4274474&dopt=Abstract

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Pulse oximetry gap in carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Bozeman WP. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1998 May; 31(5): 656. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9581156&dopt=Abstract

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Pulse oximetry gap in carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Wright RO. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1998 April; 31(4): 525-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9546027&dopt=Abstract

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Pulse oximetry in severe carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Hampson NB. Source: Chest. 1998 October; 114(4): 1036-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9792574&dopt=Abstract

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Radiological case of the month. Carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Caronia C, Sagy M, Maytal Y, Leonidas JC. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1994 December; 148(12): 1307-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7951811&dopt=Abstract

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Radiology case of the month. Carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Robinette CL Jr, Weindling SM, Callahan AS 3rd. Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1991 October; 84(10): 496-7, 499. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1758180&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized clinical trial in carbon monoxide poisoning needed. Author(s): Weaver LK. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1994 November; 12(6): 685-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7945612&dopt=Abstract

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Re: “Carbon monoxide poisoning presenting as an afebrile seizure.”. Author(s): Herman LY. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2001 March; 24(3): 245. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11383516&dopt=Abstract

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Recognition of chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Knobeloch L, Jackson R. Source: Wmj. 1999 September-October; 98(6): 26-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10605352&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent acute life-threatening events and lactic acidosis caused by chronic carbon monoxide poisoning in an infant. Author(s): Foster M, Goodwin SR, Williams C, Loeffler J. Source: Pediatrics. 1999 September; 104(3): E34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10469817&dopt=Abstract

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Reducing the risk of accidental death due to vehicle-related carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Marr LC, Morrison GC, Nazaroff WW, Harley RA. Source: J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 1998 October; 48(10): 899-906. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9798430&dopt=Abstract

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Regulation of breathing in cases of acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Kolarzyk E. Source: International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 1995; 8(2): 89-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7582855&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between venous and arterial carboxyhemoglobin levels in patients with suspected carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Touger M, Gallagher EJ, Tyrell J. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1995 April; 25(4): 481-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7710152&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of short-term verbal memory to the need for hyperbaric oxygen treatment after carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): McNulty JA, Maher BA, Chu M, Sitnikova T. Source: Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology. 1997 July; 10(3): 174-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9297710&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory changes in carbon monoxide poisoning with reference to hyperbaric oxygenation. Author(s): Ogawa M, Tamura H, Katsurada K, Sugimoto T. Source: Med J Osaka Univ. 1972 March; 22(4): 251-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4649220&dopt=Abstract

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Retinal hemorrhages in subacute carbon monoxide poisoning. Exposures in homes with blocked furnace flues. Author(s): Kelley JS, Sophocleus GJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1978 April 14; 239(15): 1515-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=633561&dopt=Abstract

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Retrobulbar neuritis with neuroretinal edema as a delayed manifestation of carbon monoxide poisoning: case report. Author(s): Reynolds NC Jr, Shapiro I. Source: Military Medicine. 1979 July; 144(7): 472-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=116153&dopt=Abstract

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Revenge of the barbecue grill. Carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Gasman JD, Varon J, Gardner JP. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1990 December; 153(6): 656-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2132567&dopt=Abstract

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Reversible increase in QT dispersion during carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Macmillan CS, Wildsmith JA, Hamilton WF. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2001 March; 45(3): 396-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11207481&dopt=Abstract

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Reversible myocardial dysfunction following carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): McMeekin JD, Finegan BA. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 1987 April; 3(3): 118-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3297266&dopt=Abstract

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Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure following carbon monoxide poisoning: two case reports with muscle histopathology and enzyme activities. Author(s): Florkowski CM, Rossi ML, Carey MP, Poulton K, Dickson GR, Ferner RE. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1992; 30(3): 443-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1512816&dopt=Abstract

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Rhabdomyolysis due to carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Sungur M, Guven M. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2001 April; 55(4): 336-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11334324&dopt=Abstract

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Role of contrast enhancement in cerebral CT of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Zeiss J, Brinker R. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1988 March-April; 12(2): 341-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3351054&dopt=Abstract

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Scene diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning by emergency medical services personnel. Author(s): Ufberg J, Jaslow D, Thom S, Cesner D, Ukasik J. Source: Prehosp Emerg Care. 2001 October-December; 5(4): 407-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11642595&dopt=Abstract

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Screening hospital admissions from the emergency department for occult carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Heckerling PS, Leikin JB, Maturen A, Terzian CG, Segarra DP. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1990 July; 8(4): 301-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2094235&dopt=Abstract

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Seasonal variation in carbon monoxide poisoning in urban Korea. Author(s): Kim YS. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1985 March; 39(1): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3989440&dopt=Abstract

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Secondhand cigarette smoke as a cause of chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Kachulis CJ. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1981 July; 70(1): 77-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7243702&dopt=Abstract

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Sequelae of carbon monoxide poisoning: an MRI study of two cases. Author(s): Vion-Dury J, Jiddane M, Van Bunnen Y, Rumeau C, Lavielle J. Source: Journal of Neuroradiology. Journal De Neuroradiologie. 1987; 14(1): 60-5. English, French. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3612261&dopt=Abstract

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Serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a patient with the interval form of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Murata T, Itoh S, Koshino Y, Omori M, Murata I, Sakamoto K, Isaki K, Kimura H, Ishii Y. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1995 January; 58(1): 100-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7823049&dopt=Abstract

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Severe carbon monoxide poisoning during desflurane anesthesia. Author(s): Berry PD, Sessler DI, Larson MD. Source: Anesthesiology. 1999 February; 90(2): 613-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9952168&dopt=Abstract

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Severe carbon monoxide poisoning: outcome after hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Author(s): Hawkins M, Harrison J, Charters P. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2000 May; 84(5): 584-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10844833&dopt=Abstract

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Severe chorea after acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Davous P, Rondot P, Marion MH, Gueguen B. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1986 February; 49(2): 2068. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3950640&dopt=Abstract

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Severe parkinsonism secondary to carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Gillespie ND, Hallhead G, Mutch B, James PB, McMurdo ME. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1999 October; 92(10): 529-30. Erratum In: J R Soc Med 2000 March; 93(3): 162. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10692906&dopt=Abstract

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Severe parkinsonism secondary to carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Powell T. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1999 December; 92(12): 662. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10692894&dopt=Abstract

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Should hyperbaric oxygen be used to treat the pregnant patient for acute carbon monoxide poisoning? A case report and literature review. Author(s): Van Hoesen KB, Camporesi EM, Moon RE, Hage ML, Piantadosi CA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1989 February 17; 261(7): 1039-43. Review. Erratum In: Jama 1990 May 23-30; 273(20): 2750. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2644457&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous determination of carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin in victims of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Katsumata Y, Aoki M, Oya M, Suzuki O, Yada S. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1980 July; 25(3): 546-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7400767&dopt=Abstract

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Slow recovery from carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Abbott DF. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1972 October; 48(564): 639-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5079183&dopt=Abstract

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Smoke and carbon monoxide poisoning in fire victims. Author(s): Zikria BA, Weston GC, Chodoff M, Ferrer JM. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1972 August; 12(8): 641-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5055192&dopt=Abstract

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Smoke inhalation and carbon monoxide poisoning in children. Author(s): Parish RA. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1986 March; 2(1): 36-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3774570&dopt=Abstract

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Subacute carbon monoxide poisoning. Another great imitator. Author(s): Grace TW, Platt FW. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1981 October 9; 246(15): 1698-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7277647&dopt=Abstract

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Subacute sequelae of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Vishwanathan KA, Rizvi SA, Pahuja R, Pandey TK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1989 May; 37(5): 349. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2613647&dopt=Abstract

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Subacute sequelae of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Myers RA, Snyder SK, Emhoff TA. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1985 December; 14(12): 1163-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4061987&dopt=Abstract

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Surveillance for carbon monoxide poisoning using a national media clipping service. Author(s): Clifton JC 2nd, Leikin JB, Hryhorczuk DO, Krenzelok EP. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2001 March; 19(2): 106-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11239251&dopt=Abstract

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The brain lesion responsible for parkinsonism after carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Sohn YH, Jeong Y, Kim HS, Im JH, Kim JS. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2000 August; 57(8): 1214-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10927805&dopt=Abstract

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The carbon monoxide poisoning of two Byzantine emperors. Author(s): Lascaratos JG, Marketos SG. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1998; 36(1-2): 103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9541054&dopt=Abstract

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The climate and the occurrence of carbon monoxide poisoning in Taiwan. Author(s): Hung DZ, Deng JF, Yang CC, Jen LY. Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 1994 July; 13(7): 493-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7917506&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of acute carbon monoxide poisoning on the respiratory system efficiency. I. Values of spirometric parameters in different degrees of poisoning. Author(s): Kolarzyk E. Source: International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 1994; 7(3): 225-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7842237&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of acute carbon monoxide poisoning on the respiratory system efficiency. II. Types of ventilatory disorder and dynamics of changes according to the severity of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Kolarzyk E. Source: International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 1994; 7(3): 237-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7842238&dopt=Abstract

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The magnetic resonance imaging appearances of the brain in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): O'Donnell P, Buxton PJ, Pitkin A, Jarvis LJ. Source: Clinical Radiology. 2000 April; 55(4): 273-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10767186&dopt=Abstract

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The neuropsychiatry of carbon monoxide poisoning in attempted suicide: a prospective controlled study. Author(s): Hay PJ, Denson LA, van Hoof M, Blumenfeld N. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2002 August; 53(2): 699-708. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12169344&dopt=Abstract

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The pallidoreticular pattern of brain damage on MRI in a patient with carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Kawanami T, Kato T, Kurita K, Sasaki H. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1998 February; 64(2): 282. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9489555&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between exposure duration, carboxyhemoglobin, blood glucose, pyruvate and lactate and the severity of intoxication in 39 cases of acute carbon monoxide poisoning in man. Author(s): Sokal JA, Kralkowska E. Source: Archives of Toxicology. 1985 August; 57(3): 196-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4062554&dopt=Abstract

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The Resuscitation greats. Claude Bernard: on the origin of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Sternbach GL, Varon J. Source: Resuscitation. 2003 August; 58(2): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12909373&dopt=Abstract

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The role of catalytic converters in automobile carbon monoxide poisoning: a case report. Author(s): Vossberg B, Skolnick J. Source: Chest. 1999 February; 115(2): 580-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10027464&dopt=Abstract

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The science (or lack thereof) in the treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Seger D. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1994 May; 12(3): 389-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8179765&dopt=Abstract

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The silent killer: recognizing & treating carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Koster LA, Rupp T. Source: Jems. 2003 January; 28(1): 80-7; Quiz 88-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12556764&dopt=Abstract

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The use of exhaled carbon monoxide for the diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning. A case report. Author(s): Wallace W. Source: Alaska Med. 1998 April-June; 40(2): 33-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9658657&dopt=Abstract

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The usefulness of the arterial blood gas in pure carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Lebby TI, Zalenski R, Hryhorczuk DO, Leikin JB. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1989 April; 31(2): 138-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2929122&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic hyperbaric oxygen: help or hindrance in burn patients with carbon monoxide poisoning? Author(s): Grube BJ. Source: The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 1989 May-June; 10(3): 285. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2745510&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of acute carbon monoxide poisoning with hyperbaric oxygen: a review of 115 cases. Author(s): Norkool DM, Kirkpatrick JN. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1985 December; 14(12): 1168-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4061988&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning: a critical review of human outcome studies comparing normobaric oxygen with hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Tibbles PM, Perrotta PL. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1994 August; 24(2): 269-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8037395&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of methylene chloride induced carbon monoxide poisoning with hyperbaric oxygenation. Author(s): Rudge FW. Source: Military Medicine. 1990 November; 155(11): 570-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2126863&dopt=Abstract

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Two cases of acute carbon monoxide poisoning with delayed neurological sequelae after a “free” interval. Author(s): Werner B, Back W, Akerblom H, Barr PO. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1985; 23(4-6): 249-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4057317&dopt=Abstract

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Unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis secondary to carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Joiner TA, Sumner JR, Catchings TT. Source: Chest. 1990 February; 97(2): 498-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2298083&dopt=Abstract

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Unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis secondary to carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Noppen M. Source: Chest. 1991 June; 99(6): 1556. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2036865&dopt=Abstract

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Unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning from an unlikely source. Author(s): Struttmann T, Scheerer A, Prince TS, Goldstein LA. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1998 November-December; 11(6): 481-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9876005&dopt=Abstract

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Unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning in Colorado, 1986 through 1991. Author(s): Cook M, Simon PA, Hoffman RE. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1995 July; 85(7): 988-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7604927&dopt=Abstract

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Unintentional deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning in New Mexico, 1980 to 1988. A comparison of medical examiner and national mortality data. Author(s): Moolenaar RL, Etzel RA, Parrish RG. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1995 November; 163(5): 431-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8533404&dopt=Abstract

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Unique case of fatal carbon monoxide poisoning in the absence of a combustible fossil fuel. Author(s): Morgan DR, Poon P, Titley J, Jagger SF, Rutty GN. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 2001 September; 22(3): 220-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11563726&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual CT and MRI appearance of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Schils F, Cabay JE, Flandroy P, Dondelinger RF. Source: Jbr-Btr. 1999 February; 82(1): 13-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11155858&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual presentation of death due to carbon monoxide poisoning. A report of two cases. Author(s): Ruszkiewicz A, de Boer B, Robertson S. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1997 June; 18(2): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9185938&dopt=Abstract

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Use of a one-man, mobile pressure chamber in the treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Norman JN, MacIntyre J, Shearer JR, Smith G. Source: British Medical Journal. 1970 May 9; 1(5705): 333-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5294088&dopt=Abstract

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Usefulness of rest and forced perfusion scintigraphy (SPECT) to evaluate cardiotoxicity in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Pach J, Hubalewska-Hola A, Pach D, Szpak D. Source: Przegl Lek. 2001; 58(4): 297-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11450357&dopt=Abstract

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Value of hyperbaric oxygen in suspected carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Myers RA, Snyder SK, Linberg S, Cowley RA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1981 November 27; 246(21): 2478-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7299973&dopt=Abstract

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Variability of neuropsychological deficits associated with carbon monoxide poisoning: four case reports. Author(s): Dunham MD, Johnstone B. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 1999 November; 13(11): 917-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10579663&dopt=Abstract

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Verbal memory deficits associated with fornix atrophy in carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Kesler SR, Hopkins RO, Blatter DD, Edge-Booth H, Bigler ED. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 2001 July; 7(5): 640-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11459115&dopt=Abstract

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Warehouse workers' headache. Carbon monoxide poisoning from propane-fueled forklifts. Author(s): Fawcett TA, Moon RE, Fracica PJ, Mebane GY, Theil DR, Piantadosi CA. Source: J Occup Med. 1992 January; 34(1): 12-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1552375&dopt=Abstract

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Warehouse workers' headache: carbon monoxide poisoning from propane-fueled forklifts. Author(s): Sherman SJ. Source: American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 1992 June; 53(6): A298. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1605105&dopt=Abstract

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Warehouse workers' headache: emergency evaluation and management of 30 patients with carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Ely EW, Moorehead B, Haponik EF. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1995 February; 98(2): 145-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7847431&dopt=Abstract

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Warnings: smokers opt for the new, prefer carbon monoxide poisoning to fetal injury. Author(s): Blum A. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1989 January 6; 261(1): 44-5. Erratum In: Jama 1989 April 21; 261(15): 2202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2908988&dopt=Abstract

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Weasel words and carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Seger D, Meredith T. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1999 November-December; 17(6): 1069-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10595902&dopt=Abstract

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White matter hyperintensities and neuropsychological outcome following carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Parkinson RB, Hopkins RO, Cleavinger HB, Weaver LK, Victoroff J, Foley JF, Bigler ED. Source: Neurology. 2002 May 28; 58(10): 1525-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12034791&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and carbon monoxide poisoning.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Carbon Monoxide Poisoning The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “carbon monoxide poisoning” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “carbon monoxide poisoning” (or a synonym): •

Carbon monoxide poisoning at a lowered myocardial adaptation capacity: animal ECG models. Author(s): Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Centre of Industrial Medicine and Occupational Diseases, Praha. Source: Mikiskova, H Frantik, E Act-Nerv-Super-(Praha). 1988 December; 30(4): 247-53 0001-7604

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Central diabetes insipidus following carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Poison Center and Divison of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University and Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan. Source: Chang, M Y Lin, J L Am-J-Nephrol. 2001 Mar-April; 21(2): 145-9 0250-8095

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Dehydrogenase conversion to oxidase and lipid peroxidation in brain after carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104-6068. Source: Thom, S R J-Appl-Physiol. 1992 October; 73(4): 1584-9 8750-7587

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Lack of blood pressure increase with age in long-term hospitalised patients with the sequelae of acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Omuta Rosai Hospital, Japan. Source: Hatama, S Tsuchihashi, T Shida, K Kawashima, H Fujii, K Onoyama, K Fujishima, M J-Hum-Hypertens. 1993 February; 7(1): 19-23 0950-9240

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Magnetic resonance imaging and 11C-N-methylspiperone/positron emission tomography studies in a patient with the interval form of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan. Source: Yoshii, F Kozuma, R Takahashi, W Haida, M Takagi, S Shinohara, Y J-NeurolSci. 1998 September 18; 160(1): 87-91 0022-510X

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Nitric oxide production and perivascular nitration in brain after carbon monoxide poisoning in the rat. Author(s): Institute for Environmental Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA. Source: Ischiropoulos, H Beers, M F Ohnishi, S T Fisher, D Garner, S E Thom, S R J-ClinInvest. 1996 May 15; 97(10): 2260-7 0021-9738

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Release of glutathione from erythrocytes and other markers of oxidative stress in carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6068, USA. [email protected] Source: Thom, S R Kang, M Fisher, D Ischiropoulos, H J-Appl-Physiol. 1997 May; 82(5): 1424-32 8750-7587

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The use of bromocriptine in parkinsonism after carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium. Source: Tack, E de Reuck, J Clin-Neurol-Neurosurg. 1987; 89(4): 275-9 0303-8467

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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to carbon monoxide poisoning. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to carbon monoxide poisoning and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “carbon monoxide poisoning” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to carbon monoxide poisoning: •

A longitudinal study of 100 consecutive admissions for carbon monoxide poisoning to the Royal Adelaide Hospital. Author(s): Gorman DF, Clayton D, Gilligan JE, Webb RK. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1992 August; 20(3): 311-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1524170&dopt=Abstract

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A positron emission tomography study of patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning treated by hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): De Reuck J, Decoo D, Lemahieu I, Strijckmans K, Boon P, Van Maele G, Buylaert W, Leys D, Petit H. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1993 July; 240(7): 430-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8410085&dopt=Abstract

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Accidental carbon monoxide poisoning. Emphasis on hyperbaric oxygen treatment. Author(s): Gozal D, Ziser A, Shupak A, Melamed Y. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1985 March; 24(3): 132-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3971638&dopt=Abstract

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Acute carbon monoxide poisoning and alcohol intoxication: a rare condition that is complex to manage. Author(s): Kouimtsidis C. Source: Crisis. 2002; 23(2): 74-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500892&dopt=Abstract

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Acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Davis FM. Source: N Z Med J. 1991 June 26; 104(914): 270. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2057166&dopt=Abstract

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Acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Risk of late sequelae and treatment by hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Mathieu D, Nolf M, Durocher A, Saulnier F, Frimat P, Furon D, Wattel F. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1985; 23(4-6): 315-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4057322&dopt=Abstract

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Acute carbon monoxide poisoning: emergency management and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Author(s): Severance HW, Kolb JC, Carlton FB, Jorden RC. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 1989 October; 30(10): 321-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2677388&dopt=Abstract

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Brain computerized tomography after hyperbaric oxygen therapy for carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Pracyk JB, Stolp BW, Fife CE, Gray L, Piantadosi CA. Source: Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 1995 March; 22(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7742705&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Author(s): Durmaz E, Laurence S, Roden P, Carruthers S. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1999 September 9-22; 8(16): 1067-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10711042&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning and hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Thomas R.

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Source: Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 1999 November; 16(6): 461-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10572834&dopt=Abstract •

Carbon monoxide poisoning and treatment with hyperbaric oxygen in the subacute phase. Author(s): Coric V, Oren DA, Wolkenberg FA, Kravitz RE. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1998 August; 65(2): 245-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9703180&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning in infants: treatment with hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Rudge FW. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1993 March; 86(3): 334-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8451675&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning treated with hyperbaric oxygen: metabolic acidosis as a predictor of treatment requirements. Author(s): Turner M, Esaw M, Clark RJ. Source: Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 1999 March; 16(2): 96-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10191440&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Piantadosi CA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 October 3; 347(14): 1054-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12362005&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Doherty S. Source: Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 2000 March; 17(2): 154. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10718255&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Weaver LK, Hopkins RO, Elliott G. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999 April 22; 340(16): 1290; Author Reply 1292. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10215498&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Hardern RD, Gray AJ. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1997 March; 73(857): 189. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9135847&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Worthley LI, Holt AW, Bersten AD, Vedig AE. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1992 May; 20(2): 257-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1595879&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning. Treatment by hyperbaric oxygenation. Author(s): Kokame GM, Shuler SE. Source: Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill. : 1960). 1968 February; 96(2): 211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5638081&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning: a review epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical findings, and treatment options including hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Author(s): Thom SR, Keim LW. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1989; 27(3): 141-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2681810&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning: a review of human outcome studies comparing normobaric oxygen with hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Weaver LK, Hopkins RO, Larson-Lohr V. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1995 February; 25(2): 271-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7832366&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning: an update. Author(s): Turner M, Hamilton-Farrell MR, Clark RJ. Source: Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 1999 March; 16(2): 92-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10191439&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning: correlation of neurological findings between accident and emergency departments and a hyperbaric unit. Author(s): Lynch R, Laden G, Grout P. Source: Emergency Medicine Journal : Emj. 2001 March; 18(2): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11300207&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning: experimental hypothermic and hyperbaric studies. Author(s): Peirce EC 2nd, Zacharias A, Alday JM Jr, Hoffman BA, Jacobson JH 2nd. Source: Surgery. 1972 August; 72(2): 229-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4505995&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning: forgotten not gone! Author(s): Broome JR, Skrine H, Pearson RR.

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Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1988 April; 39(4): 298-300, 302, 304-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3291995&dopt=Abstract •

Carbon monoxide poisoning: hyperbaric oxygenation preparations. Author(s): Scherb BJ. Source: Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing : Dccn. 1990 May-June; 9(3): 143-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2340784&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning: interpretation of randomized clinical trials and unresolved treatment issues. Author(s): Hampson NB, Mathieu D, Piantadosi CA, Thom SR, Weaver LK. Source: Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 2001 Fall; 28(3): 157-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12067152&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning: investigations and treatment. Author(s): Norman JN, Ledingham IM. Source: Prog Brain Res. 1967; 24: 101-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6075031&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning: to transfer or not to transfer? Author(s): Haddad LM. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1986 November; 15(11): 1375. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3777600&dopt=Abstract

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Carbon monoxide poisoning: treatment with hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Thompson RA. Source: Ariz Med. 1984 January; 41(1): 21-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6703909&dopt=Abstract

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Case of carbon monoxide poisoning treated with oxygen hyperbarism. Author(s): Olszanski R, Wermut W, Sicko Z, Maksymowicz J, Kloda E. Source: Bull Inst Marit Trop Med Gdynia. 1993-94; 44-45(1-4): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7580355&dopt=Abstract

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Central nervous system oxygen toxicity during hyperbaric treatment of patients with carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Hampson NB, Simonson SG, Kramer CC, Piantadosi CA. Source: Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 1996 December; 23(4): 215-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8989851&dopt=Abstract

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Cerebrospinal fluid pressure changes after acute carbon monoxide poisoning and therapeutic effects of normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen in conscious rats. Author(s): Jiang J, Tyssebotn I. Source: Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 1997 Winter; 24(4): 245-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9444057&dopt=Abstract

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Coma reversal with cerebral dysfunction recovery after repetitive hyperbaric oxygen therapy for severe carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Dean BS, Verdile VP, Krenzelok EP. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1993 November; 11(6): 616-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8043054&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed hyperbaric oxygen treatment for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Ziser A, Shupak A, Halpern P, Gozal D, Melamed Y. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1984 October 13; 289(6450): 960. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6435739&dopt=Abstract

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Delayed neuropsychologic sequelae after carbon monoxide poisoning: prevention by treatment with hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Thom SR, Taber RL, Mendiguren II, Clark JM, Hardy KR, Fisher AB. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1995 April; 25(4): 474-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7710151&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Piantadosi CA. Source: Respir Care Clin N Am. 1999 June; 5(2): 183-202. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10333448&dopt=Abstract

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Gas chromatographic determination of carbon monoxide in blood and the hyperbaric oxygen treatment in carbon monoxide poisoning cases. Author(s): Heyndrickx A, Scheiris C, Vercruysse A, Okkerse E. Source: J Pharm Belg. 1970 May-June; 25(3): 247-58. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5455101&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric and normobaric oxygen in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): James PB. Source: Lancet. 1989 September 30; 2(8666): 799-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2571033&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric or normobaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning: a randomised controlled clinical trial.

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Author(s): Scheinkestel CD, Bailey M, Myles PS, Jones K, Cooper DJ, Millar IL, Tuxen DV. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1999 March 1; 170(5): 203-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10092916&dopt=Abstract •

Hyperbaric or normobaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Unfortunate methodological flaws. Author(s): Gorman DF. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1999 June 7; 170(11): 563; Author Reply 564-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10397050&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric or normobaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Was the best treatment protocol used? Author(s): Unsworth IP. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1999 June 7; 170(11): 564-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10397053&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric or normobaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Was the neuropsychological testing appropriate? Author(s): Denson LA, Hay PJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1999 June 7; 170(11): 563; Author Reply 564-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10397051&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric or normobaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Scheinkestel CD, Bailey M, Myles PS, Jones K, Cooper DJ, Millar IL, Tuxen DV. Source: Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 2000 Fall; 27(3): 163-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11191163&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen and carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Weaver LK, Hopkins RO, Larson-Lohr V. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1995 September; 26(3): 390-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7661437&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen does not prevent neurologic sequelae after carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Gilmer B, Kilkenny J, Tomaszewski C, Watts JA. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 2002 January; 9(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11772662&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Raphael JC, Annane D, Chevret S. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 February 6; 348(6): 557-60; Author Reply 557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12572578&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Isbister GK, McGettigan P, Harris I. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 February 6; 348(6): 557-60; Author Reply 557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12572577&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Finnerty JP. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 February 6; 348(6): 557-60; Author Reply 557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12572576&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Cardellach F, Miro O, Casademont J. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 February 6; 348(6): 557-60; Author Reply 557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12572575&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): de Pont AC, de Jonge E, Vroom MB. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 February 6; 348(6): 557-60; Author Reply 557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571266&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Weaver LK, Hopkins RO, Chan KJ, Churchill S, Elliott CG, Clemmer TP, Orme JF Jr, Thomas FO, Morris AH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 October 3; 347(14): 1057-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12362006&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Juurlink DN, Stanbrook MB, McGuigan MA. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd002041. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796853&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Hampson NB.

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Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2000 February 7; 172(3): 141-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10735028&dopt=Abstract •

Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Moon RE, DeLong E. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1999 March 1; 170(5): 197-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10092913&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Broome JR, Sykes JJ, Francis TJ, Tighe SQ, Edmondstone WM, Clark RJ. Source: Lancet. 1989 December 23-30; 2(8678-8679): 1529. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2574807&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Broome JR, Pearson RR. Source: Lancet. 1987 July 25; 2(8552): 225. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2885688&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Olson KR, Becker CE. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1982 July 9; 248(2): 1723. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7087107&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning: does it really work? Author(s): Olson KR, Seger D. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1995 April; 25(4): 535-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7710162&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning-induced delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae. Author(s): Lee HF, Mak SC, Chi CS, Hung DZ. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 2001 May; 64(5): 310-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11499342&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen in carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Weaver LK. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 October 23; 319(7217): 1083-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10531080&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen in carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Pearce J.

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Source: British Medical Journal. 1969 April 5; 2(648): 53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5776229&dopt=Abstract •

Hyperbaric oxygen in carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Thurston J. Source: British Medical Journal. 1968 November 9; 4(627): 386. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5683588&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen in carbon monoxide poisoning. 100% oxygen is best option. Author(s): Tighe SQ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 July 8; 321(7253): 110-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10950524&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen in carbon monoxide poisoning. Authors of study clarify points that they made. Author(s): Scheinkestel CD, Tuxen DV, Bailey M, Myles PS, Jones K, Cooper DJ, Millar IL. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 July 8; 321(7253): 109-10; Author Reply 110-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10950523&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy as treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Ackerman WE 3rd. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 1985 August; 83(8): 401-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3928784&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment of acute carbon monoxide poisoning in pregnancy. A case report. Author(s): Hollander DI, Nagey DA, Welch R, Pupkin M. Source: J Reprod Med. 1987 August; 32(8): 615-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3656301&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in childhood carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Liebelt EL. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 1999 June; 11(3): 259-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10349107&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen treatment during pregnancy in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. A case report. Author(s): Silverman RK, Montano J. Source: J Reprod Med. 1997 May; 42(5): 309-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9172124&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning in pregnancy: a case report. Author(s): Brown DB, Mueller GL, Golich FC. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1992 November; 63(11): 1011-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1445151&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric oxygen treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning: observations based on 8 years experience. Author(s): Rhodes RH, Skolnick JL, Roy TM. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 1991 February; 89(2): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2022912&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric therapy for carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Myers RA, Cowley RA. Source: Emerg Med Serv. 1979 November-December; 8(6): 98-101. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10244557&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Kindwall EP. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1985 December; 14(12): 1233-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4062001&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperbaric-oxygen therapy for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Thom SR. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 October 3; 347(14): 1105-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12362013&dopt=Abstract

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Is there an evolution in the epidemiology and follow-up of carbon monoxide poisoning victims? Author(s): Lynch RM. Source: European Journal of Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine. 2000 September; 7(3): 249. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11142281&dopt=Abstract

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Isotope brain scanning with Tc-HMPAO: a predictor of outcome in carbon monoxide poisoning? Author(s): Turner M, Kemp PM. Source: Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 1997 May; 14(3): 139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9193973&dopt=Abstract

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Neuronal nitric oxide synthase and N-methyl-D-aspartate neurons in experimental carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Thom SR, Fisher D, Zhang J, Bhopale VM, Cameron B, Buerk DG. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2004 February 1; 194(3): 280-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14761684&dopt=Abstract

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Neuropsychologic and functional recovery from severe carbon monoxide poisoning without hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Author(s): Weaver LK, Hopkins RO, Larson-Lohr V. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1996 June; 27(6): 736-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8644961&dopt=Abstract

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Non-comatose patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning: hyperbaric or normobaric oxygenation? Author(s): Ducasse JL, Celsis P, Marc-Vergnes JP. Source: Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 1995 March; 22(1): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7742714&dopt=Abstract

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Normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen treatment of acute carbon monoxide poisoning in rats. Author(s): Jiang J, Tyssebotn I. Source: Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 1997 June; 24(2): 107-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9171469&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome of patients experiencing cardiac arrest with carbon monoxide poisoning treated with hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Hampson NB, Zmaeff JL. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2001 July; 38(1): 36-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423810&dopt=Abstract

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Pattern shift visual evoked potential screening for HBO2 in mild-to-moderate carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Emerson TS, Keiler J. Source: Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine : Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc. 1998 Spring; 25(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9566084&dopt=Abstract

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Perceptions and utilization of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for carbon monoxide poisoning in an academic setting. Author(s): Roy TM, Mendieta JM, Ossorio MA, Walker JF.

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Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 1989 May; 87(5): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2723531&dopt=Abstract •

Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning in an EastSlovakian ironworks. Author(s): Sedlak J, Simkova T, Durasko L, Simko S, Antonic B. Source: Resuscitation. 1978; 6(3): 155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=741094&dopt=Abstract

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Prognostic factors in unintentional mild carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Annane D, Chevret S, Jars-Guincestre C, Chillet P, Elkharrat D, Gajdos P, Raphael C. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2001 November; 27(11): 1776-81. Epub 2001 October 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11810122&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized clinical trial in carbon monoxide poisoning needed. Author(s): Weaver LK. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1994 November; 12(6): 685-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7945612&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of short-term verbal memory to the need for hyperbaric oxygen treatment after carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): McNulty JA, Maher BA, Chu M, Sitnikova T. Source: Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology. 1997 July; 10(3): 174-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9297710&dopt=Abstract

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Respiratory changes in carbon monoxide poisoning with reference to hyperbaric oxygenation. Author(s): Ogawa M, Tamura H, Katsurada K, Sugimoto T. Source: Med J Osaka Univ. 1972 March; 22(4): 251-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4649220&dopt=Abstract

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Selection criteria utilized for hyperbaric oxygen treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Hampson NB, Dunford RG, Kramer CC, Norkool DM. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1995 March-April; 13(2): 227-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7775795&dopt=Abstract

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Severe carbon monoxide poisoning in the pediatric patient: a case report. Author(s): Brown DB, Golich FC, Tappel JJ, Dykstra TA, Ott DA.

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Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1996 March; 67(3): 262-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8775406&dopt=Abstract •

Severe carbon monoxide poisoning: outcome after hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Author(s): Hawkins M, Harrison J, Charters P. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2000 May; 84(5): 584-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10844833&dopt=Abstract

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Should hyperbaric oxygen be used to treat the pregnant patient for acute carbon monoxide poisoning? A case report and literature review. Author(s): Van Hoesen KB, Camporesi EM, Moon RE, Hage ML, Piantadosi CA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1989 February 17; 261(7): 1039-43. Review. Erratum In: Jama 1990 May 23-30; 273(20): 2750. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2644457&dopt=Abstract

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The science (or lack thereof) in the treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Seger D. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1994 May; 12(3): 389-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8179765&dopt=Abstract

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The treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning by administration of oxygen at high atmospheric pressure. Author(s): Sluijter ME. Source: Prog Brain Res. 1967; 24: 123-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6075032&dopt=Abstract

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The use of the Penlon Nuffield 200 in a monoplace hyperbaric oxygen chamber. An evaluation of its use and a clinical report in two patients requiring ventilation for carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Lewis RP, Szafranski J, Bradford RH, Smith HS, Crabbe GG. Source: Anaesthesia. 1991 September; 46(9): 767-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1928680&dopt=Abstract

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Three patients with carbon monoxide poisoning treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Author(s): Ekert P, Tibballs J, Gorman D. Source: Aust Paediatr J. 1988 June; 24(3): 194-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3421878&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of acute carbon monoxide poisoning with hyperbaric oxygen: a review of 115 cases. Author(s): Norkool DM, Kirkpatrick JN.

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Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1985 December; 14(12): 1168-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4061988&dopt=Abstract •

Treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning with hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Hsu LH, Wang JH. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1996 December; 58(6): 407-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9068207&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning with hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Anderson GK. Source: Military Medicine. 1978 August; 143(8): 538-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=99694&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning: a critical review of human outcome studies comparing normobaric oxygen with hyperbaric oxygen. Author(s): Tibbles PM, Perrotta PL. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1994 August; 24(2): 269-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8037395&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of methylene chloride induced carbon monoxide poisoning with hyperbaric oxygenation. Author(s): Rudge FW. Source: Military Medicine. 1990 November; 155(11): 570-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2126863&dopt=Abstract

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Use of a one-man, mobile pressure chamber in the treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Norman JN, MacIntyre J, Shearer JR, Smith G. Source: British Medical Journal. 1970 May 9; 1(5705): 333-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5294088&dopt=Abstract

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Value of hyperbaric oxygen in suspected carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Myers RA, Snyder SK, Linberg S, Cowley RA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1981 November 27; 246(21): 2478-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7299973&dopt=Abstract

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Weasel words and carbon monoxide poisoning. Author(s): Seger D, Meredith T.

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Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1999 November-December; 17(6): 1069-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10595902&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to carbon monoxide poisoning; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Burns Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to carbon monoxide poisoning. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “carbon monoxide poisoning” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on carbon monoxide poisoning, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to carbon monoxide poisoning. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Callosal Morphology and Carbon Monoxide Poisoning by Keuning, Allison Rump, PhD from Fuller Theological Seminary, School of Psychology, 2003, 142 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3088680

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “carbon monoxide poisoning” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on carbon monoxide poisoning, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Carbon Monoxide Poisoning By performing a patent search focusing on carbon monoxide poisoning, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on carbon monoxide poisoning: •

Anode catalyst for fuel cells with polymer electrolyte membranes Inventor(s): Auer; Emmanuel (Frankfurt, DE), Behl; Walter (Mombris, DE), Lehmann; Thomas (Langenselbold, DE), Stenke; Udo (Mainaschaff, DE) Assignee(s): Degussa Aktiengesellschaft (frankfurt, De) Patent Number: 6,066,410 Date filed: December 17, 1998 Abstract: A platinum/ruthenium alloy catalyst that includes finely dispersed alloy particles on a powdery, electrically conductive carrier material. The catalyst is particularly resistant to carbon monoxide poisoning when the alloy particles display mean crystallite sizes of 0.5 to less than 2 nm. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a platinum/ruthenium alloy catalyst containing finely dispersed alloy particles on a powdery, electrically conductive carrier material. The catalyst is particularly suitable as an anode catalyst for fuel cells having a polymer electrolyte membrane. Fuel cells are, in principle, gas-operated batteries in which the energy derived from the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen is directly converted into electrical energy. The instant invention describes the preparation of catalysts for fuel cells, in particular the preparation of supported catalysts based on platinum and platinum alloys for PEM fuel cells (PEM=polymer electrolyte membrane). This type of fuel cell is gaining growing importance as a source of current for motor vehicles driven by electric motors because of its high energy density and robustness. Compared to conventional combustion engines, fuel cells display very low emissions with, at the same time, very high efficiency. When hydrogen is used as the fuel gas, water is the only emission formed on the cathode side of the cell. Motor vehicles with this type of drive are termed ZEV (Zero Emission Vehicles). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06066410__

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Carbon monoxide tolerant electrocatalyst with low platinum loading and a process for its preparation Inventor(s): Adzic; Radoslav (East Setauket, NY), Brankovic; Stanko (Coram, NY), Wang; Jia (East Setauket, NY) Assignee(s): Brookhaven Science Associates Llc (upton, Ny) Patent Number: 6,670,301 Date filed: March 19, 2001 Abstract: An electrocatalyst is provided for use in a fuel cell that has low platinum loading and a high tolerance to carbon monoxide poisoning. The fuel cell anode includes an electrocatalyst that has a conductive support material, ruthenium nanoparticles reduced in H.sub.2 and a Group VIII noble metal in an amount of between about 0.1 and 25 wt % of the ruthenium nanoparticles, preferably between about 0.5 and 15 wt %. The preferred Group VIII noble metal is platinum. In one embodiment, the anode can also have a perfluorinated polymer membrane on its surface.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to electrocatalyst compositions and the procedure for their preparations. More specifically, the invention relates to electrocatalysts with low platinum loading that can be used in fuel cells and which have a high tolerance to carbon monoxide. A "fuel cell" is a device which converts chemical energy directly into electrical energy wherein the over-all cell reaction is the oxidation of a fuel by oxygen or suitable oxidizing gas, such as air. The chemicals are usually very simple, often just hydrogen and oxygen. In which case, the hydrogen is the "fuel" that the fuel cell uses to make electricity. The essential components of such a fuel cell are two electrodes in contact with the oxygen-containing gas and the fuel, respectively, and an electrolyte, which is in contact with both electrodes and which can be acidic, alkaline, solid or liquid. In accordance with generally recognized convention, the oxygen electrode may be considered as the positive electrode and the fuel electrode as the negative electrode with reference to the external circuit. The electrolyte functions to permit transport of ions without direct electrical contact between the fuel and oxidizing gas whereby the oxidation of the fuel can take place only as a result of a directed flow of ions across the electrolyte and a corresponding flow of electrons in an external circuit. The basic process of energy conversion is highly efficient and essentially pollution-free. Also, since a single cell can be assembled in stacks of varying sizes, systems can be designed to produce a wide range of output levels. The fuel cell was invented in 1839. However, fuel cells capable of producing significant power were not developed until 1959 when an alkaline fuel cell capable of producing 5,000 watts (5 kW) was introduced. This fuel cell served as a starting point for the fuel cells developed by NASA and used to provide electrical power on both the Gemini and Apollo spacecraft. As a result of NASA's work, fuel cells were shown to be capable of efficient and reliable electrical power generation. Unfortunately, the fuel cells of that era were also inherently expensive due to the large amount of platinum needed to manufacture the fuel cells. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06670301__ •

Carbon monoxide tolerant platinum-tantalum alloyed catalyst Inventor(s): Kunz; Harold R. (Vernon, CT) Assignee(s): International Fuel Cells Corporation (south Windsor, Ct) Patent Number: 5,183,713 Date filed: January 17, 1991 Abstract: Carbon monoxide poisoning of anode catalysts in phosphoric acid fuel cells reduces the cell performance. The carbon monoxide absorbs onto the catalyst, blocking hydrogen oxidation sites. A carbon monoxide tolerant platinum-tantalum alloyed catalyst includes between about 2 wt % and about 50 wt % platinum, between about 2 atom % and 10 atom % tantalum deposited on a support. This catalyst is particularly useful in fuel cell system applications where the fuel stream may contain carbon monoxide. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a catalyst, and especially to a carbon monoxide tolerant catalyst. Fuel cell stacks are typically employed in the production of electricity. These fuel cell stacks typically consist of a plurality of fuel cells connected in series through an electrical load. Each fuel cell has a cathode with a cathode catalyst and an anode with an anode catalyst, with an electrolyte disposed therebetween, a cathode chamber, and an anode chamber. Within the fuel cell, a fuel, such as hydrogen, and an oxidant, such as oxygen, react to form electricity. In a phosphoric acid fuel cell, for example, hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water, heat, and electricity. At

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temperatures between about 300.degree. F. and 500.degree. F. and pressures ranging from about 1 to 8 atmospheres, hydrogen reacts on the anode catalyst to produce protons and free electrons. The free electrons pass through an external load and the protons pass through the electrolyte to the cathode where they react on the cathode catalyst with oxygen to form water. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05183713__ •

Gas combustion device with safety device Inventor(s): Kobayashi; Teruo (Kadoma, JA), Yamamoto; Kazumasa (Kawanishi, JA) Assignee(s): Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. (kadoma, Ja) Patent Number: 4,032,286 Date filed: April 14, 1976 Abstract: The present invention discloses a gas combustion device with a safety device including a combustible gas sensor which consists of an oxygen concentration cell comprising a calcined solid ion conductive electrolyte material and porous electrodes attached to both the major surfaces of the electrolyte material. The safety valve is operated in response to both outputs from the combustible gas sensor and from a pilot burner sensor including a thermocouple or the like. When the carbon monoxide content is increased, the safety valve is automatically closed, thereby interrupting the supply of gas and consequently preventing carbon monoxide poisoning and/or gas explosion. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a gas combustion device or gas-fired equipment with a safety device capable of interrupting the gas supply immediately in response to the increase in carbon monoxide concentration. A first object of the present inven is to provide a gas combustion device with a safety device including a combustible gas sensor which consists of a calcined solid ion conductive electrolyte material and porous electrodes attached to both major surfaces of the electrolyte material and a pilot burner sensor consisting of a thermocouple or the like, whereby a safety valve can be operated immediately in response to the increase in carbon monoxide concentration so as to interrupt the gas supply. According to the present invention, therefore, carbon monoxide poisoning and explosion can be prevented. A second object of the present invention is to provide a gas combustion device with a safety device which can operate on any gas such as city-gas, propane gas, natural gas, and so on. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04032286__

•

Method of treating benign forgetfulness Inventor(s): Hamilton; Nathan D. (Palo Alto, CA) Assignee(s): Juvenon Inc. (orinda, Ca) Patent Number: 6,335,361 Date filed: November 2, 2000 Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods to treat cognition disorders, particularly those associated with aging. The method comprises administering a combination of a carnitine and an oxidant. Preferably the oxidant is thioctic acid. Preferably 0.12 grams to 3 grams of carnitine (particularly ALC) and 0.12 and 1.5 grams of R-.alpha.-lipoic acid are

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administered. Optionally, coenzyme Q and/or creatine also are administered. Preferably 10 mg to 500 mg/day of coenzyme Q10 and 1 to 30 grams/day of creatine are administered. The same method can be used to treat cognition deficits associated with carbon monoxide poisoning, mild traumatic brain injury, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, obsessive-compulsive disorder, environmental toxin exposure, and other conditions. Excerpt(s): This invention is related to the prevention and amelioration of memory deficits related to aging and other causes. More specifically, this invention is related to the administration of micronutrients, such as an antioxidant, a canitine product, and optionally coenzyme Q and/or creatine to those at risk of memory loss. Many adults gradually develop noticeable difficulties in memory, at first for names, then for events, and sometimes even occasionally for spatial relationships. The majority of healthy older people complain about forgetfulness and decreased concentration, and this compromises their quality of life. It is well established that virtually all aspects of cognitive functioning deteriorate with age. There has also been a rapid increase in the interest of clinicians, researchers and the pharmaceutical industry in the development of new classes of drugs for the palliative treatment of age-related cognitive deficits and dementing conditions. This widely experienced so-called benign forgetfulness, or benign senescent forgetfulness, bears no proven relationship to degenerative dementia but may be a forewarning, since there are some similarities. Kral was the first to introduce diagnostic terminology for age-associated changes in memory (J Gerontol 13: 169-176, 1958; Can Med Assoc J 86: 257-260, 1962). He used the term "benign senescent forgetfulness" (BSF) to distinguish subjects with mild memory decline from those with more severe, "malignant" changes (MSF), and also from those with normal memory functions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06335361__ •

Non-invasive carboxyhemoglobin analyer Inventor(s): Aldrich; Thomas K. (Pelham, NY) Assignee(s): Essential Medical Devices (pelham, Ny) Patent Number: 5,810,723 Date filed: December 5, 1996 Abstract: An apparatus and method is disclosed which allows the non-invasive monitoring of a subject's carboxyhemoglobin level, thereby allowing the detection of possible carbon monoxide poisoning. The subject breathes oxygen to saturate his blood hemoglobin and eliminate reduced hemoglobin, thus allowing the detection and differentiation between oxy- and carboxyhemoglobin by modification of a conventional pulse oximeter. Preferably the device works in two modes. The first mode is a conventional pulse oximeter capable of determining the level of oxy-hemoglobin in the subject's arterial blood. Upon the achievement of certain criteria the preferred embodiment of the inventive device would switch to a second mode, in which mode the device would be capable of determining carboxyhemoglobin levels. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a non-invasive device and method for detecting possible carbon monoxide poisoning by determining the percentage of carboxyhemoglobin (CO-Hgb) in the subject's blood. The non-invasive device for determining the percentage of carboxyhemoglobin in blood is a pulse oximeter modified to discriminate between oxy- and carboxyhemoglobin. Preferably the device works in two modes. The first mode is a conventional pulse oximeter capable of determining the

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level of oxy-hemoglobin (hemoglobin saturated with oxygen) in the subject's arterial blood. Upon the achievement of certain criteria, described below, the preferred embodiment of the inventive device would switch to a second mode, in which mode the device would be capable of determining carboxyhemoglobin levels. The device is used in a method for measuring carboxyhemoglobin which includes having the subject breathe oxygen to convert reduced hemoglobin to oxyhemoglobin, thereby removing reduced hemoglobin as a blood constituent, determining the concentration of the principle two remaining hemoglobin constituents in the blood (oxy- and carboxy) and measuring carboxyhemoglobin by the modified pulse oximeter. Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States that often goes unsuspected and therefore is not promptly treated. Sadovnikoff N, Varon J, Sternbach G L, Carbon monoxide poisoning: an occult epidemic, Postgraduate Medicine, 92:86-96 (1992) (incorporated by reference); Kales S N, Carbon monoxide intoxication, Am Fam Phys, 48:1100-4 (1993) (incorporated by reference). CO intoxication is the leading cause of death by poisoning in the U.S. and accounts for approximately 3,800 accidental and suicidal deaths annually. Nonlethal CO poisoning occurs as well, but statistics are not available on the number of incidents of such occurrences. Occult CO poisoning is a type of subacute poisoning caused by an unrecognized source of CO in the home or other indoor environment. Many nonlethal exposures go undetected. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05810723__ •

Non-invasive ocular dynamic monitoring assessment method and associated apparatus Inventor(s): Craven; Robert (Morgantown, WV), El-Sherbeeny; Ahmed (Morgantown, WV), Odom; James (Morgantown, WV), Smith; James (Bruceton Mills, WV) Assignee(s): West Virginia University (morgantown, Wv) Patent Number: 6,626,537 Date filed: May 18, 2001 Abstract: A method of monitoring a subject for medical conditions includes causing light to impinge on at least one eye of the subject, directing reflected light from such light beam to photosensors, converting the received reflected light to corresponding electrical signals which are delivered to a processor. Processing the signals by effecting a comparison between stored information regarding the medical condition and the data provided by the monitoring to determine if an undesired medical condition exists and, if so, communicating such result. The cycle is repeated at predetermined intervals which may be short or prolonged. The method may be employed for a wide variety of medical conditions and preferably is employed with frequent cyclic monitoring for conditions such as miosis, carbon monoxide poisoning, and blood flow related conditions. A related apparatus is provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of dynamic monitoring of the eye to determine on an essentially real time basis certain physical conditions in the body and to apparatus for effecting such monitoring. It has long been known to examine the eye to determine certain characteristics of the eye, such as near and far vision in order to ascertain whether an individual might need to wear corrective lenses in the form of eyeglasses or contact lenses, for example. It has also been known to monitor the eye to determine other physical characteristics of the eye, such as the shape of the cornea. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,995,716 and 5,159,361.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06626537__ •

Treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning Inventor(s): Hoffman; Stephen J. (Englewood, CO) Assignee(s): Allos Therapeutics, Inc. (denver, Co) Patent Number: 5,525,630 Date filed: June 1, 1995 Abstract: Allosteric hemoglobin modifier compounds are disclosed that clear carbon monoxide hemoglobin from a host animal. Excerpt(s): The invention is generally related to a new use for allosteric hemoglobin modifier compounds in the treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, flammable, toxic gas. Carbon monoxide is the most widely spread gaseous hazard to which man is exposed. The toxicity of carbon monoxide is a result of its reaction with the hemoglobin of blood. CO binds to hemoglobin, displaces oxygen and leads to asphyxiation. To date, there is no good treatment modality for assisting patients to clear carbon monoxide from their blood streams other than breathing oxygen. It is an object of this invention to provide a method for treating carbon monoxide exposure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05525630__

•

Use of famotidine and related compounds in the treatment of movement disorders Inventor(s): Di Rocco; Alessandro (New York, NY), Kaminski; Ram (Riverdale, NY), Molinari; Susan (River Edge, NJ) Assignee(s): Mount Sinai School of Medicine of the City University of New York (new York, Ny) Patent Number: 5,496,836 Date filed: May 5, 1994 Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of treating movement disorders which comprise administering famotidine or a related compound to a subject in need of such treatment, wherein the motor disorder is selected from the group consisting of olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy, multi-system atrophy, Shy-Drager syndrome, kernicterus, Leigh's disease, cerebellar ataxias, neonatal hypoxemia syndromes, carbon monoxide poisoning, progressive supranuclear palsy, tardive dystonias, oculogyral crises, manganese poisoning, Wilson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, striatonigral degeneration, ingestion by the subject of phenothiazines, butyrophenones or reserpine, Alzheimer's Disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus, obstructive hydrocephalus, physiologic tremor, benign familial tremor, cerebellar tremor, rubral tremor, toxic tremor, metabolic tremor, senile tremor, chorea, ballism, athetosis, dystonia, tics, tardive dyskinesia, paroxysmal choreoathetosis, tonic spasm, akathisia, muscle rigidity, postural instability, bradykinesia, difficulty in initiating movements, muscle cramps, dyskinesias, myoclonus, and Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease, and wherein the subject does not exhibit bradyphrenia. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the movement disorder is associated with an abnormality in basal ganglia structure or function. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the movement disorder is a component of

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Parkinson's Disease. The present invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery that Parkinson's Disease patients treated with famotidine reported improved motor function, diminished tremor, and decreased dyskinesias and "on/off" fluctuations in their response to conventional levodopa therapy. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods of treating movement disorders which utilize famotidine or famotidine-related compounds. It is based, at least in part, on the discovery that famotidine ameliorates the symptoms and signs of Parkinson's Disease. In preferred embodiments of the invention, famotidine or a famotidine-related compound may be used to treat neurological disorders which are associated with abnormalities in basal ganglia structure or function. The term "basal ganglia" refers to a group of subcortical structures which includes the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra (Adams and Victor, 1985, Principles of Neurology, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, p.53). The caudate, putamen and nucleus accumbens are often considered to be a single structure, referred to as the neostriatum or striatum, in which case the more medial region, which includes the globus pallidus, is termed the palleostriatum or pallidum (Adams and Victor, 1985, Principles of Neurology, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, p.54). The basal ganglia, which are interconnected with numerous central nervous system ("CNS") structures, are important for "fine-tuning" movements initiated in the cerebral cortex (Plum and Posner, 1985, "Neurology", reprinted from Pathophysiology--The Biological Principles Of Disease, Smith and Thier, eds., W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, p.1040). The basal ganglia receive a signal from the cerebral cortex before the newly initiated movement begins, integrate the signal with input gathered from other CNS structures, and then return the synthesized information to the cortex, which modulates its instructions regarding the movement (Id.). In this manner, posture, the speed of initiation and continuity of movement, and the ability to perform several tasks at once are controlled. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05496836__

Patent Applications on Carbon Monoxide Poisoning As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to carbon monoxide poisoning: •

Carbon monoxide tolerant electrocatalyst with low platinum loading and a proces for its preparation Inventor(s): Adzic, Radoslav; (East Setauket, NY), Brankovic, Stanko; (Coram, NY), Wang, Jia; (East Setauket, NY) Correspondence: Margaret C. Bogosian; Patent Counsel; Brookhaven National Laboratory; P.O. Box 5000, BLDG. 475d; Upton; NY; 11973-5000; US Patent Application Number: 20020132154 Date filed: March 19, 2001

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Abstract: An electrocatalyst is provided for use in a fuel cell that has low platinum loading and a high tolerance to carbon monoxide poisoning. The fuel cell anode includes an electrocatalyst that has a conductive support material, ruthenium nanoparticles reduced in H.sub.2 and a Group VIII noble metal in an amount of between about 0.1 and 25 wt % of the ruthenium nanoparticles, preferably between about 0.5 and 15 wt %. The preferred Group VIII noble metal is platinum. In one embodiment, the anode can also have a perfluorinated polymer membrane on its surface. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to electrocatalyst compositions and the procedure for their preparations. More specifically, the invention relates to electrocatalysts with low platinum loading that can be used in fuel cells and which have a high tolerance to carbon monoxide. A "fuel cell" is a device which converts chemical energy directly into electrical energy wherein the over-all cell reaction is the oxidation of a fuel by oxygen or suitable oxidizing gas, such as air. The chemicals are usually very simple, often just hydrogen and oxygen. In which case, the hydrogen is the "fuel" that the fuel cell uses to make electricity. The essential components of such a fuel cell are two electrodes in contact with the oxygen-containing gas and the fuel, respectively, and an electrolyte, which is in contact with both electrodes and which can be acidic, alkaline, solid or liquid. In accordance with generally recognized convention, the oxygen electrode may be considered as the positive electrode and the fuel electrode as the negative electrode with reference to the external circuit. The electrolyte functions to permit transport of ions without direct electrical contact between the fuel and oxidizing gas whereby the oxidation of the fuel can take place only as a result of a directed flow of ions across the electrolyte and a corresponding flow of electrons in an external circuit. The basic process of energy conversion is highly efficient and essentially pollution-free. Also, since a single cell can be assembled in stacks of varying sizes, systems can be designed to produce a wide range of output levels. The fuel cell was invented in 1839. However, fuel cells capable of producing significant power were not developed until 1959 when an alkaline fuel cell capable of producing 5,000 watts (5 kW) was introduced. This fuel cell served as a starting point for the fuel cells developed by NASA and used to provide electrical power on both the Gemini and Apollo spacecraft. As a result of NASA's work, fuel cells were shown to be capable of efficient and reliable electrical power generation. Unfortunately, the fuel cells of that era were also inherently expensive due to the large amount of platinum needed to manufacture the fuel cells. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for regenerating carbon monoxide poisoning in high temperature PEM fuel cells, and fuel cell installation Inventor(s): Bruck, Rolf; (Bergisch Gladbach, DE), Grosse, Joachim; (Erlangen, DE), Poppinger, Manfred; (Uttenreuth, DE), Reizig, Meike; (Bonn, DE) Correspondence: Lerner And Greenberg, P.A.; Patent Attorneys And Attorneys AT Law; Post Office Box 2480; Hollywood; FL; 33022-2480; US Patent Application Number: 20030203248 Date filed: April 30, 2003 Abstract: HT-PEM fuel cells that are constantly operated at high temperatures are less sensitive to CO contamination than PEM fuel cells that are operated at normal temperatures. It is nevertheless advantageous to regenerate possible CO contamination caused by the starting of the fuel cell. To achieve this, the HT-PEM fuel cell is operated in pulse mode for a predetermined period during the warm-up phase or at operating

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temperature. This permits the regeneration of the electrodes of the fuel cells, which have CO deposits. To carry out a regeneration method of a control and/or regulation device in a fuel-cell system having at least one fuel cell module that consists of a stack of HTPEM fuel cells, with a control and/or regulation device for process management allocated thereto, the system is provided with a pulse device, which activates a pulsemode operation for the fuel-cell stack, in dependence on at least one of several predeterminable parameters. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of copending International Application No. PCT/DE01/04103, filed Oct. 30, 2001, which designated the United States and which was not published in English. The invention relates lies in the high-temperature fuel cell field. More specifically, the invention pertains to a method for regenerating CO poisoning in HT-PEM fuel cells. The invention also relates to a fuel cell system in which the novel regeneration method is implemented. The term HT-PEM fuel cells is used to refer to polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (also known as proton exchange membrane fuel cells) which are operated at temperatures that are higher than the operating temperature of known PEM fuel cells. i.e. above the standard working temperatures of approx. 60.degree. C. At elevated temperatures of this nature, the fuel cells are advantageously insensitive to impurities in the fuel gas, in particular CO impurities in the case of a hydrogen-rich fuel gas generated from gasoline, methanol or higher hydrocarbons. Carbon monoxide impurities are present in particular if the fuel gas is generated in a reformer from gasoline, methanol or other higher hydrocarbons. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Methods of attenuating cognitive deficits with sulfonyl fluorides Inventor(s): Borlongan, Cesario V.; (Fort Gordon, GA), Moss, Donald E.; (El Paso, TX) Correspondence: Fulbright & Jaworski L.L.P.; A Registered Limited Liability Partnership; 600 Congress Avenue, Suite 2400; Austin; TX; 78701-3271; US Patent Application Number: 20030087959 Date filed: August 14, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides for methods of treating cognitive deficits resulting from interruption of blood supply and/or oxygen deficit by administering a therapeutically effective dose of a sulfonyl fluoride, such as methanesulfonyl fluoride and ethanesulfonyl fluoride. The underlying cause of the or oxygen deficit can be from stroke, trauma, carbon monoxide poisoning, and other poisonings. This method also includes co-administering with sulfonyl fluoride with a therapeutically effective dose of a second agent. Excerpt(s): The present application claims benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Serial No. 60/345,156, filed Nov. 6, 2001, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention relates generally to the fields of neurology and the pharmacotherapy. In particular, the present invention provides methods of improving cognitive deficits which occur following stroke and other conditions which interfere with the brain receiving the necessary blood supply or oxygen. The central nervous system (CNS) is highly vulnerable to ischemic injury. Because the CNS neurons are solely dependent on the glucose and oxygen delivered by the blood (Siesjo et al., 1976), inadequate blood supply or "stroke" can easily trigger degeneration of CNS neurons. Stroke is one of the leading causes of death in Western, as well as, Asian countries. In the U.S., stroke sufferers total 700,000, and 30% of these stroke-afflicted patients die,

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while another 20-30% become severely and permanently disabled. Current treatments for stroke patients are drug therapies that provide for clot removal and cell survival maintenance. No drugs are currently used for the persistent dementia syndrome subsequent to stroke. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Process for preparing an anode catalyst for fuel cells and the anode catalyst prepared therewith Inventor(s): Biberbach, Peter; (Rodenbach, DE), McIntosh, Ralph; (Hanau, DE), Ruth, Karsten; (Alzenau, DE), Starz, Karl-Anton; (Rodenbach, DE) Correspondence: Kalow & Springut Llp; 488 Madison Avenue; 19th Floor; New York; NY; 10022; US Patent Application Number: 20030017378 Date filed: May 16, 2002 Abstract: The invention provides a process for preparing a platinum-ruthenium catalyst and the catalyst prepared therewith. The catalyst can be supported on a support material in powder form or may also be unsupported. To prepare the supported catalyst, the support material is suspended in water and the suspension is heated to at most the boiling point. While keeping the temperature of the suspension the same, solutions of hexachloroplatinic acid and ruthenium chloride are then added to the suspension, then the pH of the suspension is increased to a value between 6.5 and 10 by adding an alkaline solution and the noble metals are thus precipitated onto the support material. Afterwards, one or more organic carboxylic acids and/or their salts are added to the suspension and the catalyst is chemically reduced, washed, dried and optionally subsequently calcined under an inert or reducing atmosphere at a temperature between 300 und 1000.degree. C. The catalyst is characterised by a high tolerance to carbon monoxide poisoning in the fuel cell. Excerpt(s): The invention provides a platinum-ruthenium catalyst for PEM fuel cells with a high tolerance toward poisoning by carbon monoxide. The catalyst is particularly suitable as an anode catalyst for fuel cells with a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM fuel cells), but it is also suitable as an anode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). In principle, fuel cells are gas-operated batteries in which the energy obtained from the reaction of water and oxygen is converted directly into electrical energy. The present invention describes catalysts for PEM fuel cells (PEM=polymer electrolyte membrane) that are suitable for operation with hydrogen-containing gases or with methanol (DMFC=direct methanol fuel cell). The first-mentioned type of fuel cell is gaining in importance as a source of power for motor vehicles operated by electric engines, due to its high energy density and robustness, the latter type of fuel cell enables a reduction in the number of units required because a hydrogen-producing unit is not needed. When compared with conventional internal combustion engines, fuel cells have very low emissions and, at the same time, very high efficiency. If hydrogen is used as a fuel gas, water is the only emission on the cathode side of the cell. Motor vehicles with such a drive system are called ZEVs (zero emission vehicles). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning Inventor(s): Carter, Stephen A.; (Calgary, CA) Correspondence: Darby & Darby P.C.; 805 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10022; US Patent Application Number: 20020112722 Date filed: October 26, 2001 Abstract: An improved therapy for both clearing the blood of unwanted carbon monoxide and anaesthetic chemicals and for rapidly re-oxygenating blood suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning or smoke inhalation. It also includes a therapy delivery device for carbon dioxide and oxygen metering and mixing apparatus for gases under pressure particularly for respirators and medical devices which has a plurality of compressed gas supply lines which are connected to a mixing device for delivery into a demand regulator (respirator or face mask). It includes a gas selection device, an automatic shut off of the carbon dioxide, a purging system, metering of the gases and a mixing chamber to promote a homogeneous mixture of gases and sized for field use by emergency care operators. The therapy is a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen for promoting the rapid oxygenation of the patient's blood supply for cases of carbon monoxide poisoning, smoke inhalation or other cases where the blood oxygen level is low. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of International Application PCT/CA00/0048 1, filed Apr. 26, 2000, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. This invention relates to a therapy for clearing the blood of unwanted carbon monoxide and anaesthetic chemicals and for rapidly re-oxygenating that has had it's oxygen level depleted by environmental conditions i.e. carbon monoxide poisoning or smoke inhalation. The invention includes the means of delivering the therapy in a convenient manner whether given in-situ, in an ambulance or other emergency response vehicle, or at the hospital or other care facility, and whether administered by medical professionals or paramedical personnel. The device relates in general to pneumatic/mechanical control of respirator gas supply control devices and in particular to gas selection, automatic shut off of the carbon dioxide, purging, metering and mixing of the therapeutic gases. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a tasteless, colorless, odourless gas. Thus it is undetectable by potential victims. The blood prefers CO to oxygen by a ratio of 200:1. As a result, relatively small amounts of CO in the air can cause CO poisoning. CO attaches to blood forming carboxyhemoglobin, thus starving the brain and other organs and tissues for oxygen (O.sub.2). Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs when carboxyhemoglobin levels are high enough to impair cellular functions. Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning include drowsiness, nausea and possibly death. The CO poisoning rate is significant, with over 70,000 hospital visits and 10,000 deaths per year in the U.S. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with carbon monoxide poisoning, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents,

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perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “carbon monoxide poisoning” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on carbon monoxide poisoning. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning carbon monoxide poisoning. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to carbon monoxide poisoning. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on carbon monoxide poisoning include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “carbon monoxide poisoning” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “carbon monoxide poisoning” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “carbon monoxide poisoning” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning by K. K. Jain; ISBN: 0875272584; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875272584/icongroupinterna

•

Carbon monoxide poisoning (SuDoc L 35.24:92-11) by U.S. Dept of Labor; ISBN: B000102R1E; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000102R1E/icongroupinterna

•

Carbon monoxide poisoning: causes and prevention; ISBN: 0113608381; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0113608381/icongroupinterna

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Preventing carbon monoxide poisoning from small gasoline-powered engines and tools (SuDoc HE 20.7123:C 17) by U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; ISBN: B00010SOXO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010SOXO/icongroupinterna

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Chapters on Carbon Monoxide Poisoning In order to find chapters that specifically relate to carbon monoxide poisoning, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and carbon monoxide poisoning using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “carbon monoxide poisoning” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover carbon monoxide poisoning.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on carbon monoxide poisoning is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “carbon monoxide poisoning” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to carbon monoxide poisoning. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “carbon monoxide poisoning” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for carbon monoxide poisoning: •

Forklifts source of carbon monoxide poisoning Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 17, 1999

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•

Greater awareness of carbon monoxide poisoning needed Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 22, 1999

•

Carbon monoxide poisoning risk rises in the fall Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 22, 1999

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Edgar Allan Poe's death may be linked to carbon monoxide poisoning Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 13, 1999

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Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Outdoors Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 26, 1997

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Carbon Monoxide Poisoning In Indoor Recreation Facility In Seattle Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 05, 1996

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Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Associated With Snow-Obstructed Exhaust Pipes: A Warning Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 12, 1996

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Carbon Monoxide Poisoning A 'Serious Hazard' For Boaters Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 22, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “carbon monoxide poisoning” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As

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this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “carbon monoxide poisoning” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to carbon monoxide poisoning, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “carbon monoxide poisoning” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to carbon monoxide poisoning. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering carbon monoxide poisoning that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “carbon monoxide poisoning” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3785 79 119 0 24 4007

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “carbon monoxide poisoning” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on carbon monoxide poisoning can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to carbon monoxide poisoning. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to carbon monoxide poisoning. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “carbon monoxide poisoning”:

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Other guides Air Pollution http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/airpollution.html Indoor Air Pollution http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/indoorairpollution.html Occupational Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/occupationalhealth.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to carbon monoxide poisoning, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews “Senseless” Killer Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/iedweb00/pubs/senseles.html Carbon Monoxide Source: American Lung Association http://www.lungusa.org/air/carbon_factsheet99.html Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Source: National Center for Environmental Health http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/airpollution/carbonmonoxide/cofaq.htm Carbon Monoxide: The Silent, Cold Weather Killer Source: American Industrial Hygiene Association http://www.aiha.org/ConsultantsConsumers/html/OOcarbon.htm Sources of Indoor Air Pollution - Carbon Monoxide Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/iaq/co.html Tox Town Source: National Library of Medicine http://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/ What Is Carbon Monoxide? http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_General_Facts/carbonmonoxidefactsheet.pdf

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Carbon Monoxide Exposure: Long-Term Effects? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00388 Carbon Monoxide Hazards from Small Gasoline Powered Engines Source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/co/ What You Should Know About Combustion Appliances and Indoor Air Pollution Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/iedweb00/pubs/combust.html

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•

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Organizations Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html

•

Prevention/Screening Carbon Monoxide Detectors Can Save Lives Source: Consumer Product Safety Commission http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/5010.html Carbon Monoxide Poisoning--an Invisible Danger on Houseboats Source: National Center for Environmental Health http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/airpollution/carbonmonoxide/spotlight.htm Checklist for the Prevention of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning Source: National Center for Environmental Health http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/airpollution/carbonmonoxide/checklist.htm CPSC and NKHA Stress Kerosene Heater Safety Source: Consumer Product Safety Commission http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/5052.html CPSC Warns of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning with Camping Equipment Source: Consumer Product Safety Commission http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/5008.html Exposing an Invisible Killer: The Dangers of Carbon Monoxide Source: United States Fire Administration http://www.usfa.fema.gov/public/factsheets/fswy17.shtm Portable Generators: How to Use Them Safely! Source: Consumer Product Safety Commission http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/pubs/portgend.html Preventing Carbon Monoxide Poisoning From Small Gasoline-Powered Engines and Tools Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/iedweb00/pubs/coalert.html Protect Your Family and Yourself from Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/coftsht.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search.

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Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning with Camping Equipment Summary: Each year there are about 30 deaths and 450 injuries because of carbon monoxide poisoning from the use of portable camping heaters, lanterns, or stoves inside tents, campers, and vehicles. Source: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1024

•

Protect Your Family and Yourself from Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Summary: This brochure lists the DO’s and DON’Ts of carbon monoxide. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2986 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to carbon monoxide poisoning. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to carbon monoxide poisoning. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with carbon monoxide poisoning. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about carbon monoxide poisoning. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “carbon monoxide poisoning” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “carbon monoxide poisoning”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “carbon monoxide poisoning” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “carbon monoxide poisoning” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcysteine: The N-acetyl derivative of cysteine. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU]

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Agnosia: Loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning or recognize the importance of various forms of stimulation that cannot be attributed to impairment of a primary sensory modality. Tactile agnosia is characterized by an inability to perceive the shape and nature of an object by touch alone, despite unimpaired sensation to light touch, position, and other primary sensory modalities. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Air Embolism: Occurs when the lungs over expand to the point that air bubbles are forced through the air sacs of the lungs into the circulatory system. [NIH] Air Sacs: Thin-walled sacs or spaces which function as a part of the respiratory system in birds, fishes, insects, and mammals. [NIH] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]

Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more amino acids in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties. [NIH]

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Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anoxia: Clinical manifestation of respiratory distress consisting of a relatively complete absence of oxygen. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are

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highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Asterixis: A motor disturbance marked by intermittency of sustained contraction of groups of muscles. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Athetosis: A derangement marked by ceaseless occurrence of slow, sinuous, writhing movements, especially severe in the hands, and performed involuntarily; it may occur after hemiplegia, and is then known as posthemiplegic chorea. Called also mobile spasm. [EU] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a

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variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta Rays: A stream of positive or negative electrons ejected with high energy from a disintegrating atomic nucleus; most biomedically used isotopes emit negative particles (electrons or negatrons, rather than positrons). Cathode rays are low-energy negative electrons produced in cathode ray tubes, also called television tubes or oscilloscopes. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight

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junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bradykinesia: Abnormal slowness of movement; sluggishness of physical and mental responses. [EU] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion and is used to treat amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and female infertility, and has been proposed for Parkinson disease. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Camping: Living outdoors as a recreational activity. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac arrest: A sudden stop of heart function. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart

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and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caudate Nucleus: Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH]

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Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]

Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chondroitin sulfate: The major glycosaminoglycan (a type of sugar molecule) in cartilage. [NIH]

Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Choreatic Disorders: Acquired and hereditary conditions which feature chorea as a primary manifestation of the disease process. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the

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action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cognition Disorders: Disturbances in the mental process related to thinking, reasoning, and judgment. [NIH] Comatose: Pertaining to or affected with coma. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray

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machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Striatum: Striped gray and white matter consisting of the neostriatum and paleostriatum (globus pallidus). It is located in front of and lateral to the thalamus in each

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cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the globus pallidus and putamen). The white matter is the internal capsule. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cotinine: 1-Methyl-5-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrrolidinone antidepressant. Synonym: Scotine. [NIH]

fumarate.

Stimulant

proposed

as

Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]

Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Cyanosis: A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytochrome b: Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of

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external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place,

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or identity. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diurnal: Occurring during the day. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Electroconvulsive Therapy: Electrically induced convulsions primarily used in the treatment of severe affective disorders and schizophrenia. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH]

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Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Emergency Medical Services: Services specifically designed, staffed, and equipped for the emergency care of patients. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Evoked Potentials: The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory, somatosensory, or visual, although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Exercise Tolerance: The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an exercise test. [NIH]

Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU]

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Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Food Technology: The application of knowledge to the food industry. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Forensic Medicine: The application of medical knowledge to questions of law. [NIH] Fornix: A bundle of nerves connected to the hippocampus. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Globus Pallidus: The representation of the phylogenetically oldest part of the corpus striatum called the paleostriatum. It forms the smaller, more medial part of the lentiform nucleus. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration

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following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart Transplantation: The transference of a heart from one human or animal to another. [NIH]

Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemiplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see paresis) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH]

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Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemoglobin C: A commonly occurring abnormal hemoglobin in which lysine replaces a glutamic acid residue at the sixth position of the beta chains. It results in reduced plasticity of erythrocytes. [NIH] Hemoglobin M: A group of abnormal hemoglobins in which amino acid substitutions take place in either the alpha or beta chains but near the heme iron. This results in facilitated oxidation of the hemoglobin to yield excess methemoglobin which leads to cyanosis. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homicide: The killing of one person by another. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is

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being studied. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypesthesia: Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypokinesia: Slow or diminished movement of body musculature. It may be associated with basal ganglia diseases; mental disorders; prolonged inactivity due to illness; experimental protocols used to evaluate the physiologic effects of immobility; and other conditions. [NIH] Hypoxemia: Deficient oxygenation of the blood; hypoxia. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Impaction: The trapping of an object in a body passage. Examples are stones in the bile duct or hardened stool in the colon. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic

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clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Lenses: Pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased visual acuity. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine.

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Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Manganese Poisoning: A chronic neurological disease caused by prolonged exposure to manganese; occurs especially in miners, welders and workers in the primary production of manganese. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into

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immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Miosis: Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the conjunctiva or cornea. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH]

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Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoclonus: Involuntary shock-like contractions, irregular in rhythm and amplitude, followed by relaxation, of a muscle or a group of muscles. This condition may be a feature of some central nervous systems diseases (e.g., epilepsy, myoclonic). Nocturnal myoclonus may represent a normal physiologic event or occur as the principal feature of the nocturnal myoclonus syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp102-3). [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neostriatum: The phylogenetically newer part of the corpus striatum consisting of the caudate nucleus and putamen. It is often called simply the striatum. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in

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tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus Accumbens: Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the so-called ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia. [NIH] Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Osteoradionecrosis: Necrosis of bone following radiation injury. [NIH] Overdosage: 1. The administration of an excessive dose. 2. The condition resulting from an excessive dose. [EU] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]

Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons.

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[EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oximetry: The determination of oxygen-hemoglobin saturation of blood either by withdrawing a sample and passing it through a classical photoelectric oximeter or by electrodes attached to some translucent part of the body like finger, earlobe, or skin fold. It includes non-invasive oxygen monitoring by pulse oximetry. [NIH] Oxygenase: Enzyme which breaks down heme, the iron-containing oxygen-carrying constituent of the red blood cells. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of

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the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Perivascular: Situated around a vessel. [EU] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH]

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Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Pleomorphic: Occurring in various distinct forms. In terms of cells, having variation in the size and shape of cells or their nuclei. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Postpartum Hemorrhage: The presence of abnormal uterine bleeding immediately after labor or childbirth. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Promotor: In an operon, a nucleotide sequence located at the operator end which contains all the signals for the correct initiation of genetic transcription by the RNA polymerase holoenzyme and determines the maximal rate of RNA synthesis. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU]

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Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]

Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Putamen: The largest and most lateral of the basal ganglia lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus and the external capsule. It is part of the neostriatum and forms part of the lentiform nucleus along with the globus pallidus. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH]

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Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respirator: A mechanical device that helps a patient breathe; a mechanical ventilator. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Response Elements: Nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors, thereby causing gene response to various regulatory agents. These elements may be found in both promotor and enhancer regions. [NIH]

Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH]

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Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Rhabdomyolysis: Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for platinum and palladium. [NIH] Saturate: Means fatty acids without double bond. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH]

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Skin graft: Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striatonigral Degeneration: Deterioration of an organ or a tissue resulting in diminished vitality either by chemical change or by infiltration of abnormal matter. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH]

Dictionary 145

Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Sympathomimetics: Drugs that mimic the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of uranium. The stablest isotope has a mass number 99 and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen

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plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of

Dictionary 147

urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventilator: A breathing machine that is used to treat respiratory failure by promoting ventilation; also called a respirator. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

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Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

149

INDEX A Acetylcholine, 115, 122, 137 Acetylcysteine, 10, 115 Acidosis, 39, 57, 115 Acute renal, 9, 13, 14, 40, 115 Adaptability, 115, 121 Adaptation, 52, 115, 139 Adjustment, 115 Adverse Effect, 115, 142, 143 Aerobic, 115, 128, 135 Affinity, 115, 116, 144 Agnosia, 11, 116 Agonist, 116, 120, 127, 136 Air Embolism, 6, 116 Air Sacs, 116 Akathisia, 79, 116, 118 Algorithms, 116, 119 Alkaline, 75, 81, 83, 115, 116, 117 Alkaloid, 116, 120, 136, 142 Allograft, 14, 37, 116 Allylamine, 116 Alternative medicine, 90, 116 Alveoli, 116, 147 Ambulatory Care, 6, 116 Amenorrhea, 116, 120 Amine, 18, 20, 116, 131 Amino Acid Substitution, 116, 131 Amino Acids, 116, 117, 120, 140 Ammonia, 116, 117 Amphetamine, 117 Anaesthesia, 42, 55, 58, 68, 117 Anaesthetic, 84, 117 Anal, 117, 134 Anesthesia, 12, 42, 117 Anesthetics, 117, 119 Angina, 6, 117 Animal model, 9, 117 Anions, 117, 133, 145 Anode, 74, 75, 81, 83, 117 Anorexia, 117 Anoxia, 32, 117 Antibodies, 117, 134 Antidepressant, 117, 125 Antihypertensive, 117, 142 Antioxidant, 77, 117, 137, 138 Antipsychotic, 118, 136, 142 Antiviral, 115, 118 Anxiety, 116, 118

Apoptosis, 4, 118 Arginine, 118, 137 Aromatic, 118, 120 Arterial, 11, 39, 45, 77, 78, 116, 118, 122, 132, 140 Arteries, 118, 119, 124, 135 Aspartate, 66, 118 Asterixis, 3, 118 Ataxia, 118, 121, 131 Athetosis, 79, 118 Atmospheric Pressure, 68, 118, 131 Atrophy, 48, 79, 118 Auditory, 12, 119, 128 Autosuggestion, 119, 132 B Bacterial Physiology, 115, 119 Barbiturate, 12, 119 Basal Ganglia, 79, 80, 118, 119, 120, 122, 132, 137, 141 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 118, 119, 122, 132 Base, 119, 126, 133 Benign, 76, 77, 79, 119, 120, 130 Beta Rays, 119, 127 Bile, 119, 132, 134 Biochemical, 5, 11, 119, 143 Biological Transport, 119, 126 Biotechnology, 7, 90, 97, 119 Blood Glucose, 45, 119, 130 Blood pressure, 28, 52, 117, 119, 121, 132, 135, 144 Blood vessel, 119, 120, 121, 122, 128, 133, 139, 144, 145, 147 Blood-Brain Barrier, 119, 134 Body Fluids, 120, 127, 144 Bradykinesia, 79, 120 Bradykinin, 120, 137 Brain Neoplasms, 120, 131 Branch, 111, 120, 138, 144 Breakdown, 120, 129 Bromocriptine, 52, 120 Burns, 19, 25, 70, 120 Burns, Electric, 120 C Camping, 103, 104, 120 Carbon Dioxide, 84, 120, 129, 142 Carboxy, 120 Carboxylic Acids, 83, 120 Carcinogenic, 120, 133

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Carcinogens, 120, 137 Cardiac, 14, 20, 35, 37, 66, 116, 120, 127, 136 Cardiac arrest, 35, 66, 120 Cardiorespiratory, 8, 120 Cardiotoxicity, 48, 120 Cardiovascular, 6, 117, 120, 128, 143 Cardiovascular disease, 6, 120 Carnitine, 76, 121 Case report, 10, 12, 16, 20, 21, 31, 32, 40, 42, 45, 48, 64, 65, 67, 68, 121, 122 Catecholamine, 121, 127, 139 Cathode, 74, 75, 83, 117, 119, 121, 127 Cations, 121, 133 Caudal, 121, 137 Caudate Nucleus, 119, 121, 125, 136, 137 Cause of Death, 78, 121 Cell Death, 118, 121, 136 Cell Division, 121, 135, 139 Cell proliferation, 4, 121 Cell Respiration, 121, 135, 142 Cell Survival, 83, 121 Central Nervous System, 80, 82, 115, 117, 120, 121, 128, 129, 130, 131, 134, 136, 143 Central Nervous System Infections, 121, 130, 131 Cerebellar, 79, 118, 121, 146 Cerebellar Diseases, 118, 121, 146 Cerebellum, 120, 121 Cerebral, 15, 18, 27, 41, 60, 80, 118, 119, 120, 122, 124, 125, 126, 129, 130, 131, 137, 141, 145 Cerebral Infarction, 122, 131 Cerebrospinal, 60, 122, 131 Cerebrospinal fluid, 60, 122, 131 Cerebrovascular, 119, 121, 122 Cerebrum, 122, 145 Character, 122, 126 Cholinergic, 118, 122, 136 Chondroitin sulfate, 30, 122 Chorea, 42, 79, 118, 122 Choreatic Disorders, 122 Chromatin, 118, 122 Chronic, 5, 15, 30, 39, 41, 122, 126, 132, 134, 144 Circulatory system, 116, 122 Clinical study, 122, 124 Clinical trial, 4, 97, 122, 124, 141, 142 Cloning, 119, 122 Coenzyme, 77, 122 Cofactor, 122, 136, 140 Cognition, 76, 123, 136

Cognition Disorders, 76, 123 Comatose, 33, 66, 123 Complement, 123 Complementary and alternative medicine, 55, 70, 123 Complementary medicine, 55, 123 Computational Biology, 97, 123 Computed tomography, 18, 20, 32, 123, 124 Computerized axial tomography, 123, 124 Computerized tomography, 12, 56, 123, 124 Conjugated, 124, 125 Conjunctiva, 124, 135 Connective Tissue, 124, 129 Consciousness, 124, 126 Constriction, 124, 133, 135 Consumption, 4, 6, 124, 128, 142 Contamination, 81, 124 Contraindications, ii, 124 Control group, 6, 124 Controlled clinical trial, 6, 23, 24, 60, 61, 124 Controlled study, 44, 124 Convulsions, 119, 124, 127, 132 Cornea, 78, 124, 130, 135 Coronary, 121, 124, 135 Coronary heart disease, 121, 124 Coronary Thrombosis, 124, 135 Corpus, 124, 129, 136 Corpus Striatum, 124, 129, 136 Cortex, 80, 118, 125, 128, 131 Cotinine, 6, 125 Cranial, 121, 125, 130, 133, 136, 139 Craniocerebral Trauma, 119, 125, 130, 131 Creatine, 77, 125 Creatinine, 125 Cyanosis, 125, 131 Cyclic, 78, 125, 130, 137 Cysteine, 115, 125 Cytochrome, 4, 30, 125 Cytochrome b, 4, 125 Cytoplasm, 118, 125 D Databases, Bibliographic, 97, 125 Decompression, 6, 16, 125, 126 Decompression Sickness, 6, 126 Degenerative, 77, 126, 135, 143 Deletion, 118, 126 Delirium, 3, 118, 126 Dementia, 3, 17, 77, 83, 118, 126 Dendrites, 126, 136

Index 151

Density, 74, 83, 126, 137 Deuterium, 126, 131 Diabetes Insipidus, 52, 126 Diabetes Mellitus, 77, 126, 130 Diagnostic procedure, 73, 91, 126 Diffusion, 9, 17, 119, 126, 133 Dilation, 120, 126, 131 Direct, iii, 75, 81, 83, 126, 127, 142 Disorientation, 126 Distal, 127, 139 Diurnal, 3, 127 Dizziness, 37, 127 Dopa, 127, 133 Dopamine, 117, 118, 120, 127, 133 Drive, ii, vi, 51, 74, 83, 127 Drug Tolerance, 127, 145 Duct, 127, 132, 138 Dyskinesia, 79, 118, 127 Dyspnea, 5, 127 Dystonia, 79, 118, 127 E Edema, 37, 40, 127, 133 Electroconvulsive Therapy, 32, 127 Electrode, 75, 81, 117, 121, 127 Electrolyte, 74, 75, 76, 81, 82, 83, 126, 127, 144 Electrons, 75, 76, 81, 118, 119, 121, 127, 133, 134, 137, 141 Elementary Particles, 127, 134, 141 Embolism, 16, 128 Embolus, 128, 132 Emergency Medical Services, 41, 128 Encephalopathy, 8, 16, 19, 128 Endothelium, 128, 137 Endothelium-derived, 128, 137 Enhancer, 128, 142 Environmental Health, 7, 11, 26, 39, 44, 96, 98, 102, 103, 128 Enzyme, 40, 116, 122, 128, 130, 135, 136, 138, 140, 145 Epidemic, 19, 78, 128 Epidemiological, 10, 128 Ergot, 120, 128 Erythrocytes, 52, 128, 131, 142 Evoked Potentials, 12, 20, 128 Excitation, 128 Exercise Test, 128 Exercise Tolerance, 5, 6, 128 Exogenous, 5, 128 Extracellular, 124, 129, 144 Extraction, 13, 129 Extrapyramidal, 116, 118, 127, 129

F Family Planning, 97, 129 Famotidine, 79, 80, 129 Fatty acids, 120, 129, 143 Fibrinogen, 6, 129, 145 Flatus, 129 Fold, 129, 138 Food Technology, 129, 135 Forearm, 119, 129 Forensic Medicine, 16, 19, 21, 22, 31, 47, 129 Fornix, 48, 129 Frontal Lobe, 12, 122, 129 G Ganglia, 80, 115, 119, 129, 136, 139 Gas exchange, 129, 142, 147 Gasoline, 82, 87, 102, 103, 129 Gastric, 121, 129, 131 Gene, 119, 129, 139, 142 Generator, 5, 129 Globus Pallidus, 80, 119, 124, 129, 141 Glucose, 9, 82, 119, 126, 129, 130, 132 Glucose Intolerance, 126, 129 Glutamic Acid, 130, 131 Glycoprotein, 129, 130, 135 Glycosaminoglycan, 122, 130 Governing Board, 130, 140 Graft, 130, 131 Growth, 4, 118, 121, 130, 134, 139 Guanylate Cyclase, 130, 137 H Headache, 34, 37, 48, 130, 131, 132 Headache Disorders, 130 Heart attack, 121, 130 Heart Transplantation, 14, 37, 130 Heme, 4, 125, 130, 131, 138 Hemiplegia, 118, 130 Hemoglobin, 77, 78, 79, 125, 128, 130, 131, 138 Hemoglobin A, 77, 78, 131 Hemoglobin C, 78, 131 Hemoglobin M, 79, 125, 131 Hemorrhage, 125, 130, 131, 144 Hepatic, 26, 126, 131 Hereditary, 122, 131, 135 Hippocampus, 129, 131 Histamine, 118, 129, 131 Homicide, 33, 131 Homogeneous, 84, 131 Hormonal, 119, 131 Host, 79, 131, 147 Hydrocephalus, 10, 79, 131, 133

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Hydrogen, 74, 75, 81, 82, 83, 115, 116, 119, 126, 131, 134, 135, 137, 139, 141, 145 Hydrogen Peroxide, 131, 134, 145 Hypertension, 28, 121, 132, 133 Hypesthesia, 132, 136 Hypnotic, 119, 132 Hypoglycaemia, 126, 132 Hypokinesia, 132, 138 Hypoxemia, 5, 79, 132 Hypoxia, 4, 11, 126, 132 I Iatrogenic, 16, 132 Id, 53, 70, 80, 102, 104, 110, 112, 132 Immune response, 5, 132 Immune system, 132, 134, 139, 147 Impaction, 4, 132 Impairment, 116, 118, 126, 127, 132 In vitro, 132 In vivo, 4, 132, 137 Incision, 132, 133 Incontinence, 131, 132 Indicative, 87, 132, 138, 147 Infarction, 27, 31, 122, 124, 132, 135 Infection, 126, 132, 134, 136, 147 Infertility, 120, 133 Infiltration, 133, 144 Inflammation, 133, 136, 143 Ingestion, 79, 133, 135, 140 Inhalation, 17, 20, 26, 43, 84, 133, 135, 140 Initiation, 4, 80, 133, 140, 146 Innervation, 133, 135 Intoxication, 9, 45, 56, 78, 126, 133, 148 Intracellular, 5, 132, 133, 137 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 131, 133 Intracranial Hypertension, 130, 131, 133 Invasive, 77, 78, 133, 134, 138 Involuntary, 119, 122, 133, 136, 144 Ions, 75, 81, 119, 127, 131, 133 Iris, 124, 133, 141 Ischemia, 119, 133 J Joint, 126, 133 K Kb, 96, 133 L Lenses, 78, 133 Lesion, 43, 133, 145 Lethargy, 131, 133 Levodopa, 80, 127, 133 Library Services, 110, 134 Linkages, 130, 134 Lipid, 52, 134, 138

Lipid Peroxidation, 52, 134, 138 Liver, 119, 121, 131, 134 Longitudinal study, 55, 134 Lymphocyte, 35, 134 Lysine, 131, 134 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 35, 44, 134 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 41, 134 Malignant, 77, 120, 134 Malnutrition, 119, 134 Manganese Poisoning, 79, 134 Medial, 80, 129, 134 MEDLINE, 97, 134 Medullary, 134, 141 Membrane, 74, 81, 82, 83, 123, 124, 134, 142 Memory, 39, 48, 67, 77, 117, 126, 134 Meninges, 121, 125, 135 Metabolic disorder, 126, 135 Methanol, 82, 83, 135 Methylene Chloride, 46, 69, 135 MI, 35, 113, 135 Microbe, 135, 146 Microbiology, 115, 135 Micronutrients, 77, 135 Miosis, 78, 135 Mitochondria, 4, 135 Mitosis, 118, 135 Modification, 77, 135, 141 Molecular, 97, 99, 119, 123, 129, 135, 140, 144, 145 Molecule, 119, 122, 123, 128, 130, 135, 137, 138, 142 Monitor, 78, 125, 135, 137 Motion Sickness, 135, 136 Movement Disorders, 16, 32, 79, 80, 118, 135 Mucolytic, 115, 135 Muscle Relaxation, 135 Myocardium, 19, 135, 136 Myoclonus, 31, 79, 136 N Narcotic, 135, 136 Nausea, 84, 118, 136 Necrosis, 118, 122, 132, 135, 136, 137, 143 Need, 3, 5, 39, 67, 78, 79, 88, 105, 115, 136, 145 Neonatal, 79, 136 Neostriatum, 80, 121, 124, 136, 141 Nerve, 36, 117, 118, 126, 133, 136, 139, 142, 144, 147

Index 153

Nervous System, 59, 117, 121, 136, 139, 145 Neuritis, 40, 136 Neurogenic, 136, 147 Neuroleptic, 116, 118, 136 Neurologic, 20, 33, 61, 131, 136 Neurology, 10, 16, 18, 20, 28, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 49, 52, 55, 57, 67, 80, 82, 136 Neurons, 66, 82, 126, 129, 134, 136, 145 Neuropathy, 36, 136, 139 Nickel, 19, 136 Nicotine, 6, 136 Nitric Oxide, 5, 66, 137 Nitrogen, 116, 126, 137 Norepinephrine, 127, 137, 142 Nuclear, 21, 119, 127, 136, 137, 146 Nuclei, 127, 134, 135, 137, 140, 141 Nucleus, 80, 118, 119, 122, 125, 126, 127, 129, 137, 141 Nucleus Accumbens, 80, 137 O Occipital Lobe, 27, 137 Occult, 33, 34, 37, 41, 78, 137 Ocular, 78, 137 Opacity, 126, 137 Osteoradionecrosis, 25, 137 Overdosage, 12, 137 Oxidants, 4, 5, 137 Oxidation, 4, 75, 81, 118, 125, 131, 134, 137, 138 Oxidation-Reduction, 4, 137, 138 Oxidative Stress, 4, 5, 52, 138 Oximetry, 38, 138 Oxygenase, 4, 138 Oxygenation, 11, 29, 33, 39, 46, 58, 59, 66, 67, 69, 84, 126, 132, 138 P Palladium, 138, 143 Palliative, 77, 138 Palsy, 79, 138 Pancreatic, 121, 138 Paralysis, 46, 138 Paresis, 130, 136, 138 Paresthesias, 136, 138 Parkinsonism, 36, 42, 43, 52, 118, 134, 138 Paroxysmal, 79, 130, 138 Patch, 6, 138, 146 Pathologic, 115, 118, 124, 138, 142 Pathologic Processes, 118, 138 Pathophysiology, 36, 58, 80, 138 Perfusion, 20, 48, 132, 138 Peripheral Nervous System, 130, 138, 139

Peripheral Neuropathy, 19, 139 Perivascular, 5, 52, 139 Petroleum, 129, 139 PH, 18, 20, 139 Phagocyte, 137, 139 Pharmacodynamic, 129, 139 Pharmacologic, 117, 139, 146, 147 Pharmacotherapy, 82, 139 Phosphorylated, 122, 139 Physiologic, 79, 116, 127, 132, 135, 136, 139, 142, 146 Piracetam, 31, 139 Plants, 116, 120, 129, 137, 139 Plasma, 117, 129, 130, 139 Plasticity, 131, 139 Platelet Aggregation, 137, 139 Platelets, 137, 139, 143, 145 Platinum, 74, 75, 80, 81, 83, 138, 140, 143 Pleomorphic, 137, 140 Polypeptide, 129, 140 Postpartum Hemorrhage, 16, 140 Post-traumatic, 130, 135, 140 Postural, 79, 140 Practice Guidelines, 98, 140 Precursor, 127, 133, 137, 140 Progression, 5, 117, 140 Progressive, 79, 126, 127, 130, 136, 140, 142 Prolactin, 120, 140 Promotor, 140, 142 Prospective study, 8, 134, 140 Protein S, 119, 140 Proteins, 117, 122, 123, 125, 135, 137, 139, 140, 146 Proteolytic, 123, 129, 140 Protocol, 23, 61, 141 Protons, 76, 131, 134, 141 Psychiatric, 32, 141 Psychiatry, 8, 10, 15, 28, 32, 41, 42, 44, 57, 141, 147 Psychic, 141, 143 Psychogenic, 141, 147 Psychomotor, 3, 126, 136, 141 Public Policy, 97, 141 Publishing, 7, 56, 141 Pulmonary, 5, 37, 38, 119, 124, 128, 141, 142, 147 Pulmonary Artery, 119, 141, 147 Pulmonary Ventilation, 141, 142 Pulse, 38, 77, 81, 135, 138, 141 Pupil, 124, 126, 141 Putamen, 80, 119, 125, 136, 141

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Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Q Quality of Life, 5, 6, 77, 141 R Radiation, 127, 131, 137, 141, 148 Radiation therapy, 131, 141 Radioactive, 131, 137, 141, 145, 146 Radiopharmaceutical, 129, 141 Randomized, 6, 24, 38, 59, 61, 67, 142 Randomized clinical trial, 38, 59, 67, 142 Receptor, 115, 127, 128, 129, 142, 143 Rectum, 129, 132, 142 Red blood cells, 128, 138, 142 Refer, 1, 82, 123, 127, 136, 142 Regeneration, 82, 142 Regimen, 139, 142 Relapse, 32, 142 Renal failure, 126, 142 Reserpine, 79, 142 Resorption, 131, 142 Respiration, 120, 135, 142 Respirator, 84, 142, 147 Respiratory Physiology, 142, 147 Respiratory System, 44, 116, 142 Response Elements, 4, 142 Retina, 142, 143 Retinopathy, 27, 143 Rhabdomyolysis, 9, 40, 143 Rheumatoid, 137, 143 Rigidity, 79, 138, 139, 143 Risk factor, 6, 140, 143 Ruthenium, 74, 81, 83, 143 S Saturate, 77, 143 Schizophrenia, 127, 143, 148 Screening, 36, 41, 66, 103, 122, 143 Secretion, 120, 129, 131, 143 Sedative, 119, 143 Seizures, 126, 138, 143 Semisynthetic, 120, 143 Senile, 79, 143 Sensor, 76, 143 Serotonin, 118, 139, 142, 143 Shock, 20, 136, 143, 146 Side effect, 115, 116, 118, 143, 146 Signs and Symptoms, 6, 142, 143 Skeletal, 143, 144 Skin graft, 25, 144 Smooth muscle, 116, 131, 144 Social Environment, 141, 144 Sodium, 15, 144 Solvent, 135, 144 Somatic, 135, 139, 144

Spasm, 79, 118, 144 Spatial disorientation, 127, 144 Specialist, 105, 126, 144 Species, 135, 144, 146, 147, 148 Spinal cord, 121, 122, 130, 135, 136, 139, 144 Steady state, 5, 144 Stimulus, 127, 128, 133, 138, 144 Stomach, 129, 136, 144 Stool, 132, 144 Stress, 103, 121, 136, 138, 144 Striatonigral Degeneration, 79, 144 Striatum, 80, 136, 137, 144 Stroke, 82, 96, 121, 144 Subacute, 40, 43, 57, 78, 132, 144 Subarachnoid, 130, 133, 144 Subcutaneous, 127, 144 Superoxide, 4, 144, 145 Superoxide Dismutase, 4, 145 Survival Rate, 5, 145 Sympathomimetics, 145 Synaptic, 136, 145 Synaptic Transmission, 136, 145 Systemic, 119, 126, 133, 141, 145 T Tardive, 79, 118, 145 Technetium, 18, 20, 145 Telencephalon, 119, 145 Thrombin, 129, 139, 145 Thrombosis, 140, 144, 145 Thrombus, 124, 132, 139, 145 Tin, 139, 140, 145 Tolerance, 74, 75, 81, 83, 115, 130, 145 Tomography, 29, 41, 52, 55, 134, 145 Tonic, 79, 146 Tonicity, 127, 146 Tooth Preparation, 115, 146 Torsion, 132, 146 Toxic, iv, 79, 120, 135, 136, 146 Toxicity, 22, 59, 79, 120, 146 Toxicology, 8, 9, 13, 17, 19, 22, 30, 33, 35, 36, 40, 44, 45, 46, 56, 58, 66, 98, 146 Trace element, 136, 145, 146 Transcription Factors, 142, 146 Transdermal, 6, 146 Transfection, 119, 146 Transplantation, 14, 20, 35, 37, 146 Trauma, 17, 35, 43, 82, 126, 136, 146 Tremor, 3, 79, 138, 146 Tubercle, 137, 146 Tuberculosis, 124, 146 Tungsten, 121, 146

Index 155

U Unconscious, 117, 132, 146 Uranium, 145, 146 Urinary, 4, 131, 132, 146, 147 Urinary Retention, 4, 147 Urinate, 147 Urine, 125, 126, 132, 146, 147 V Vaccine, 141, 147 Vascular, 116, 128, 130, 132, 133, 137, 145, 147 Vasodilators, 137, 147 Veins, 119, 147 Venous, 39, 122, 140, 147 Ventilation, 68, 147 Ventilator, 142, 147 Ventral, 137, 147

Ventricle, 121, 131, 137, 141, 147 Ventricular, 131, 147 Veterinary Medicine, 97, 147 Villi, 131, 147 Viral, 115, 147 Virulence, 146, 147 Viscosity, 115, 147 Visual Acuity, 133, 147 Vivo, 4, 147 W Wakefulness, 126, 147 White blood cell, 134, 147 Withdrawal, 126, 148 X Xenograft, 117, 148 X-ray, 121, 123, 124, 137, 141, 148

156

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning