Carbohydrates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CARBOHYDRATES A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Carbohydrates: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83568-3 1. Carbohydrates-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on carbohydrates. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CARBOHYDRATES ..................................................................................... 3 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 3 The Combined Health Information Database ................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Carbohydrates............................................................................. 10 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 19 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed................................................................................ 21 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CARBOHYDRATES ......................................................................... 139 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 139 Finding Nutrition Studies on Carbohydrates............................................................................ 139 Federal Resources on Nutrition................................................................................................. 143 Additional Web Resources......................................................................................................... 143 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CARBOHYDRATES ................................................... 171 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 171 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine ............................................... 171 Additional Web Resources......................................................................................................... 172 General References..................................................................................................................... 184 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CARBOHYDRATES ..................................................................... 185 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 185 Dissertations on Carbohydrates ................................................................................................ 185 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 189 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CARBOHYDRATES ............................................................... 191 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 191 Recent Trials on Carbohydrates ................................................................................................ 191 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 207 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON CARBOHYDRATES ............................................................................... 209 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 209 Patents on Carbohydrates.......................................................................................................... 209 Patent Applications on Carbohydrates ...................................................................................... 368 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 416 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON CARBOHYDRATES ................................................................................... 417 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 417 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies ........................................................................................... 417 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers ........................................................................................ 419 The National Library of Medicine Book Index........................................................................... 428 Chapters on Carbohydrates........................................................................................................ 429 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON CARBOHYDRATES ........................................................................ 435 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 435 Video Recordings....................................................................................................................... 435 Audio Recordings ...................................................................................................................... 436 Bibliography: Multimedia on Carbohydrates ............................................................................ 437 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CARBOHYDRATES ..................................................... 439 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 439 News Services and Press Releases ............................................................................................. 439 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 442 Academic Periodicals covering Carbohydrates .......................................................................... 443 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 447 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 447 NIH Guidelines ......................................................................................................................... 447 NIH Databases .......................................................................................................................... 449 Other Commercial Databases .................................................................................................... 456

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ...............................................................................................457 Overview ....................................................................................................................................457 Patient Guideline Sources ..........................................................................................................457 Associations and Carbohydrates.................................................................................................460 Finding Associations ..................................................................................................................464 APPENDIX C. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................467 Overview ....................................................................................................................................467 U.S. Pharmacopeia .....................................................................................................................467 Commercial Databases ...............................................................................................................469 APPENDIX D. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................471 Overview ....................................................................................................................................471 Preparation.................................................................................................................................471 Finding a Local Medical Library ................................................................................................471 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada .................................................................................471 ONLINE GLOSSARIES ................................................................................................................477 Online Dictionary Directories ...................................................................................................478 CARBOHYDRATES DICTIONARY ..........................................................................................479 INDEX...............................................................................................................................................563

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with carbohydrates is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about carbohydrates, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to carbohydrates, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on carbohydrates. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to carbohydrates, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on carbohydrates. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CARBOHYDRATES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on carbohydrates.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and carbohydrates, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “carbohydrates” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Effect of Diets High or Low in Unavailable and Slowly Digestible Carbohydrates on the Pattern of 24-h Substrate Oxidation and Feelings of Hunger in Humans Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 72(6): 1461-1468. December 2000. Contact: Available from American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Production Office, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814. (301) 530-7038. Fax (301) 571-8303. Website: www.ajcn.org. Summary: The pattern of substrate utilization with diets containing a high or a low proportion of unavailable and slowly digestible carbohydrates may constitute an important factor in the control, time course, and onset of hunger in humans. This article reports on a study that tested the hypothesis that isoenergetic diets differing only in their content of unavailable carbohydrates would result in different time courses of

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total, endogenous, and exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates. Two diets with either a high (H diet) or a low (L diet) content of unavailable carbohydrates were fed to 14 healthy subjects studied during two 24 hour periods in a metabolic chamber. In a subgroup of 8 subjects, endogenous and exogenous carbohydrate oxidation were assessed. Subjective feelings of hunger were estimated with use of visual analogue scales. Results showed that total energy expenditure and substrate oxidation did not differ significantly between the 2 diets. However, there was a significant effect of diet on the carbohydrate oxidation pattern: the H diet elicited a lower and delayed rise of postprandial (after the 'meal') carbohydrate oxidation and was associated with lower hunger feelings than was the L diet. The differences in hunger scores between the 2 diets were significantly associated with the differences in the pattern of carbohydrate oxidation among diets. Exogenous and endogenous carbohydrate oxidation were not significantly influenced by diet. The authors conclude that the greater suppression of hunger after the H diet than after the L diet may be helpful, at least over the short term, in individuals attempting to better control their food intake. 7 figures. 3 tables. 37 references. •

Balance Complex Carbohydrates with Other Nutrients in Meal Plan Source: Diabetes in the News. 10(3): 25-26. June 1991. Contact: Available from Ames Center for Diabetes Education. Ames Division, Miles Laboratories, P.O. Box 3115, Elkhart, IN 46515. (312) 664-9782 or (800) 348-8100. Summary: This article reviews the role of complex carbohydrates in a balanced meal plan used as part of a complete diabetes management program. The author reviews the physiology of digestion and the fat storage process, and explains how high blood glucose levels develop. Other topics include how exchange lists can be used to ensure a balanced diet, the role of fiber, food additives and food processing, and the use of raw fruits and vegetables in the diabetes meal plan. A checklist of simple and complex carbohydrates is included.

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Glycemic Effects of Carbohydrates: A Different Perspective Source: Diabetes Care. 9(6): 641-647; November-December 1986. Summary: Dietary recommendations made by the Council on Nutrition of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) are examined. Recommendations regarding the use of sucrose and the glycemic index in relation to the selection of carbohydrate-containing foods are reviewed. The authors offer a different perspective on ADA's recommendations and present seven principles concerning the evaluation of the metabolic impact of carbohydrate-containing foods. Some of these principles include using measurements of insulin and glucose when estimating metabolic response, conducting studies in the context of standardized test meals, and interpreting results to aid in minimizing postprandial hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia rather than to characterize foods as acceptable or unacceptable.

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Avoid Unnecessary Drug-related Carbohydrates for Patients Consuming the Ketogenic Diet Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 101(1):87-101, January 2001. Summary: The authors describe their experience with the ketogenic diet in patients with intractable epilepsy and ways these patients can avoid unnecessary drug-related carbohydrates while on the diet. Compliance with the diet may be hard to achieve or

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maintain. Limiting carbohydrate intake to obtain the necessary three-to-one ratio of fats to protein and carbohydrate requires careful planning and parental involvement. Prescription and over-the-counter medications are an unrecognized source of carbohydrates. Not accounting for this can temporarily eliminate ketosis just as poor dietary choices can. The article provides an extensive list of prescription and over-thecounter medications, dosage units, and grams of carbohydrate per dosage unit. The authors conclude that dietetics professionals must know the carbohydrate content of antiepileptic drugs and other medications to initially calculate a ketogenic diet accurately, and to allow adjustment of the diet when medications are necessary for subsequent illnesses. 1 table, 8 references. •

Effect of Flexible Low Glycemic Index Dietary Advice Versus Measured Carbohydrate Exchange Diets on Glycemic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Source: Diabetes Care. 24(7): 1137-1143. July 2001. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This review article describes a prospective study that determined the longterm effect of low glycemic index (GI) dietary advice on metabolic control and quality of life in children with type 1 diabetes. The study population consisted of 104 children. Of these children, 49 were assigned to the measured carbohydrate exchange (CHOx) diet and 55 were assigned to the low GI diet. The study examined the effects of these diets on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, incidence of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, insulin dose, dietary intake, and measures of quality of life over 12 months. The study found that, at 12 months, children in the low GI group had significantly better HbA1c levels than those in the CHOx group. Rates of excessive hyperglycemia were significantly lower in the low GI group. There were no differences in insulin dose, hypoglycemic episodes, or dietary composition. The low GI dietary regimen was associated with better quality of life for both children and parents. The article concludes that flexible dietary instruction based on the food pyramid with an emphasis on low GI foods improves HbA1c levels without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia and enhances quality of life in children with diabetes. 2 figures. 3 tables. 33 references. (AA-M).

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Advising Patients About Low-Carbohydrate Diets Source: Patient Care. 35(11): 76-78, 83, 87, 88-90. June 15, 2001. Contact: Available from Medical Economics. 5 Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645. (800) 432-4570. Fax (201) 573-4956. Summary: This article helps physicians advise their patients about low carbohydrate diets, currently a popular method of weight loss. The authors stress that the so-called 'low carbohydrate' diets vary greatly in their methods and in the amount and type of carbohydrates allowed. Most experts believe that while instructing patients to follow a trendy diet is ill advised, supporting moderate restriction of carbohydrates (below the 60 percent recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture) and tailoring meal plans to patients' individual needs are safe practices that can have positive results. The true challenge is in motivating patients to adopt the regimen as one of a series of long term lifestyle changes. Carbohydrates that are low in glycemic load seem to increase satiety and maintain consistent blood glucose and insulin levels; this is particularly helpful for patients with diabetes. Nonstarchy vegetables and high fiber whole grain products tend to have a low glycemic index. Physicians should suggest moderate

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carbohydrate restriction for weight loss, based on the patient's physical condition and ability to adhere to certain regimens. As with any diet, exercise is an important component of losing and maintaining weight and promoting overall health. Patients with chronic conditions require careful monitoring and may need adjustments to their medications as weight loss progresses. Patients with significant renal (kidney) insufficiency are not ideal candidates for low carbohydrate diets. A patient education handout is appended to the article; physicians can reproduce this handout and distribute it to their patients who are inquiring about a reduced carbohydrate diet. 3 figures. 1 table. 20 references. •

Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in Pregnancy: Normal Compared with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 71(5 Supplement): 1256S-1261S. May 2000. Contact: Available from American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Production Office, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814. (301) 530-7038. Fax (301) 571-8303. Website: www.ajcn.org. Summary: This article reviews maternal metabolic strategies for accommodating fetal nutrient requirements in normal pregnancy and in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Pregnancy is characterized by a progressive increase in nutrient stimulated insulin responses despite an only minor deterioration in glucose (sugar) tolerance, consistent with progressive insulin resistance. The hyperinsulinemic (too much insulin in the blood) euglycemic (ideal levels of blood glucose) glucose clamp technique and intravenous glucose tolerance test have indicated that insulin action in late normal pregnancy is 50 to 70 percent lower than in nonpregnant women. Metabolic adaptations do not fully compensate in GDM and glucose intolerance ensures. GDM may reflect a predisposition to type 2 diabetes or may be an extreme manifestation of metabolic alterations that normally occur in pregnancy. Recent advances in understanding carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy suggest that preventive measures should be aimed at improving insulin sensitivity in women predisposed to GDM. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms and consequences of alterations in lipid (fats) metabolism during pregnancy. 49 references.

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Use of a Pediatric Diet History Form to Create Individualized, Consistent Carbohydrate Meal Plans Source: Diabetes Educator. 24(4): 457, 459, 460, 463-464. July-August 1998. Contact: Available from American Association of Diabetes Educators. 100 West Monroe Street, 4th Floor, Chicago, IL 60603-1901. (312) 424-2426. Summary: This article discusses the use of a pediatric diet history form to gather the information needed to efficiently create individualized, consistent carbohydrate meal plans. The diet history form is used to gather information about normal familial eating practices, outside influences, timing of meals and snacks, the child's typical activity pattern, favorite foods, weekday versus weekend intake, amounts and types of snacks, history of weight loss, usual appetite, and vitamin supplementation. The article describes each of the components of the form and explains how to use it. The completed form can be used to determine areas that need clarification, write a meal plan that uses the exchange system to approximate the child's usual intake, and establish future educational needs and followup visits. The article also includes the diet history form developed at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. 2 figures. 6 references.

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Using Carbohydrate Counting in Diabetes Clinical Practice Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 98(8): 897-905. August 1998. Summary: This review article discusses the use of carbohydrate counting in diabetes clinical practice. Carbohydrate counting is a meal planning approach that focuses on carbohydrate as the primary nutrient affecting postprandial glycemic response. The concept has existed since the 1920's, but it received renewed interest after being used as one of four meal planning approaches in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. The trial found carbohydrate counting to be effective in meeting outcome goals, while allowing flexible in food choices. Recent practice pattern surveys have shown an increasing interest in and use of carbohydrate counting for medical nutrition therapy in people with diabetes. Carbohydrate counting can be used by clients with type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Three levels of counting have been described on the basis of increasing levels of complexity. Level one (basic) introduces clients to the concept of carbohydrate counting and focuses on carbohydrate consistency. Level two (intermediate) focuses on the relationship among food, diabetes medications, physical activity, and blood glucose level and introduces the steps needed to manage these variables on the basis of patterns of blood glucose levels. Level three (advanced) is designed to teach clients with type 1 diabetes who are using multiple daily injections or insulin infusion pumps how to match short-acting insulin with carbohydrate by means of carbohydrate to insulin ratios. All three levels emphasize portion control and offer opportunities for using creative teaching methods, such as food labs, and use a variety of carbohydrate resource tools and publications. The article discusses the glycemic effects of protein, fat, and fiber intake in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Decision trees for each level of carbohydrate counting are introduced and show the typical progression through each level. Carbohydrate counting as a meal planning approach offers variable food choices with the potential for improving glycemic control. 5 figures. 1 table. 40 references. (AA-M).

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Carbohydrate Counting. Part 1: The Basics Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 15(5): 22, 25-26, 28. September-October 1998. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: This review article, the first of two, explains the basic principles of the diabetes meal planning approach known as carbohydrate counting. This system involves keeping carbohydrate intake consistent from day to day by setting a target carbohydrate goal for all meals and snacks. Foods that contain carbohydrate have the most immediate impact on blood sugar level. Carbohydrate is found in any food containing starches or sugars. Although foods that contain little or no carbohydrate do not need to be accounted for in the carbohydrate counting approach, they cannot be ignored altogether because they do contain calories. People using the carbohydrate counting approach need to know that 15 grams of carbohydrate equal one carbohydrate choice. Information on the carbohydrate content of a particular food can be found on the nutrition facts label or in a reference book that lists the carbohydrate in the food. In addition, a food scale, measuring cups, and measuring spoons are needed to accurately determine portion size and thus correctly determine carbohydrate content. When beginning carbohydrate counting, people will need to test their blood sugar 1.5 to 2 hours after eating to determine how their blood sugar reacts to different carbohydratecontaining foods and different amounts of food. A test result in the recommended range will suggest that the amount of carbohydrate is adequate. Appropriate adjustments can

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be made if the range is too high or too low. Although the first few weeks of using the carbohydrate counting system may seem overwhelming, the result of good diabetes control is worth the effort. The article also identifies some carbohydrate counting resources. 3 tables. •

Carbohydrate Counting. Part 2: Beyond the Basics Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 15(6): 8, 10, 12-14. November-December 1998. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: This article, the second of two, provides more detailed information on the diabetes meal planning approach known as carbohydrate counting, which involves keeping carbohydrate intake consistent from day to day by setting a target carbohydrate goal for all meals and snacks. Advanced forms of carbohydrate counting include pattern management and carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio. Pattern management can be used by people with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Successful pattern management involves studying records of food, medication, physical activity, and blood sugar levels; interpreting the patterns found in the records; and determining the steps to take to achieve blood sugar goals. A case study illustrates these basic steps. The carbohydrateto-insulin ratio method of carbohydrate counting allows people who are using intensive insulin therapy or an insulin pump to adjust their dose of short-acting or rapid-acting insulin so that it matches the amount of carbohydrate they decide to eat. No matter which method of carbohydrate counting is used, various food factors, including fiber content, combination foods, fat-free foods, and restaurant-prepared meals, are important. The article also explains why hypoglycemia and weight gain may occur as a result of tight glucose control, and it identifies some carbohydrate counting resources.

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Attempts to Control the Glycaemic Response to Carbohydrate in Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Practical Implications Source: Canadian Journal of Diabetes Care. 22(1): 20-29. March 1998. Contact: Available from Canadian Diabetes Association. 15 Toronto Street, Suite 800, Toronto, ON M5C 2E3. (416) 363-3373. Fax (416) 363-3393. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.diabetes.ca. Summary: This article presents an overview of past and current attempts to control the glycemic response to carbohydrate in diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by an altered state in glucose homeostasis. Diabetes occurs either as a result of a relative lack of insulin production, as seen in type 1, or as a result of insulin resistance, as seen in type 2. Although protein and fat metabolism appears to be affected, abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism play a larger role. Therefore, the focus has been on dietary carbohydrate because of its direct impact on glycemic response. Traditionally, it has been held that complex carbohydrates are absorbed more slowly than simple ones. Therefore, people with diabetes were advised to avoid simple carbohydrates because they were believed to deteriorate glycemic control. However, there is little scientific basis for this belief. Moreover, recent studies have shown that sugars such as sucrose do not undermine glycemic control any more than starches do. The use of the glycemic index as a tool for assessing glycemic response to various dietary components has been beneficial, but its clinical relevance remains controversial. The role of dietary components such as fiber and monounsaturated fat in controlling the glycemic response to carbohydrates, remains unclear. Interventions, including variations in food frequency, pharmacologic alternatives such as acarbose, artificial sweeteners, rapid

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onset insulin preparations, and dietary strategies such as the exchange system or carbohydrate counting, have been devised to meet the different needs of people with diabetes. In each case, long term studies are needed to evaluate the full benefits of their use. 3 tables. 72 references. (AA-M). •

Carbohydrate Counting Source: JDF International Countdown. 18(2): 28, 30, 32-33. Spring 1997. Contact: Available from Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International. 120 Wall Street, 19th Floor, New York, NY 10005. (800) 223-1138 or (212) 785-9500. Summary: This article addresses carbohydrate counting as a way to achieve tight blood glucose control. While the Diabetes Exchange System has been the pervasive meal planning method system since 1950, carbohydrate counting now provides an alternative which can add flexibility to busy lifestyles. The author notes that two theories about food digestion form the basis of carbohydrate counting. First, the amount of carbohydrate, rather than the source of the carbohydrate, is most important. Second, carbohydrate, rather than fat or protein, is the main nutrient that raises blood glucose. Carbohydrate counting is appealing because it enables individuals to choose a flexible regimen to achieve blood glucose control. The article addresses two types of carbohydrate counting: carbohydrate gram counting and carbohydrate choices. Carbohydrate choices resembles the exchange system by considering one choice to be about 12 to 15 grams of carbohydrate. The article concludes that a switch to carbohydrate counting is unnecessary if a person already achieves optimal blood glucose control and has the flexibility he or she wants; carbohydrate counting is simply one more option. Two sidebars list carbohydrate counting tools and questions to test carbohydrate-counting readiness. (AA-M).

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Sugar: It's Just a Carbohydrate Source: Living Well With Diabetes. 10(2): 11-13. Spring 1995. Contact: Available from International Diabetes Center. Park Nicollet Medical Foundation. 3800 Park Nicollet Boulevard, Minneapolis, MN 55416. Summary: This article describes the new American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines that emphasize that total carbohydrates is the culprit in the fight for blood glucose control. The author reports on research that shows that sugar, a simple carbohydrate, has the same effect on blood glucose as any other carbohydrate. Other topics include carbohydrate counting; the place of sugar in the diabetes diet; and nutritive sweeteners, including sucrose, fructose, fruit juice concentrates, and sugar alcohols. One sidebar summarizes a few single serving carbohydrate choices (equal to 15 grams of carbohydrates).

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Carbohydrate Counting: A Simple Alternative to Exchanges Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 12(4): 12, 15-16. July-August 1995. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: The author familiarizes readers with the basics of carbohydrate counting as a method of meal planning for diabetes management. Topics include the flexibility offered by carbohydrate counting; how carbohydrate counting works; how carbohydrates affect blood glucose levels; using the Exchange Lists to learn about carbohydrate counting;

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and the disadvantages to the carbohydrate counting system. One sidebar lists resources for people wishing to obtain further information. The sidebar also provides hints for adjusting insulin to cover additional carbohydrate intake. •

Use of Carbohydrate Counting for Meal Planning in Type I Diabetes Source: Diabetes Educator. 20(5): 406-409. September-October 1994. Contact: Available from American Association of Diabetes Educators. 100 West Monroe, 4th floor, Chicago, IL 60603. (800) 338-3633 or (312) 424-2426. Fax (312) 424-2427. Summary: In this article, the authors review the use of carbohydrate counting for meal planning in type 1 diabetes. Topics include the rationale for using carbohydrate counting; how to implement the carbohydrate counting system; the amount of carbohydrates prescribed; how the diet is balanced; patient education guidelines for carbohydrate counting; and patient selection for this method of meal planning. The authors stress that carbohydrate counting can be an individualized and flexible meal plan that can help patients meet their nutritional needs while enjoying a satisfying lifestyle. 3 tables. 15 references. (AA-M).

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The 'Heart Smart' Diet: Experts Recommend Low Fat, High Fiber and High Carbohydrate Diet Source: JDF International Countdown. Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International Countdown. 12(1): 20-21. Winter 1991. Contact: Available from Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International. 120 Wall Street, 19th floor, New York, NY 10005. (800) 223-1138 or (212) 785-9500. Fax (212) 785-9595. Summary: This brief article discusses the benefits of a low fat diet, especially for people with diabetes. Topics include atherosclerotic heart disease; the history of the low-fat, high carbohydrate diet; the recommended percentages of carbohydrates, fat, and protein in the daily diet; the role of cholesterol; saturated fatty acids and how to avoid them; polyunsaturated fats; fat substitutes; the importance of high fiber foods; and the role of this type of diet in lowering insulin requirements, increasing insulin sensitivity, aiding in weight control, and lowering blood pressure.

Federally Funded Research on Carbohydrates The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to carbohydrates. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to carbohydrates.

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies 11

For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore carbohydrates. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for carbohydrates: •

Project Title: CHEMICAL ACCESS TO CANCER RELEVANT CARBOHYDRATES Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcgarvey, Glenn J. Associate Professor of Chemistry; Chemistry; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-FEB-1999; Project End 1-JAN-2003 Summary: Carbohydrate recognition has become an important focus for the development of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of human cancers. Several prominent antitumor agents exploit selective carbohydrate DNA interactions and considerable attention is currently being directed toward the development of cancer vaccines that recognize carbohydrate antigens presented on cancer cell surfaces. These lines of investigation require quantities of pure carbohydrate structures that are difficult to obtain at present. Chemical synthesis offers a powerful solution to this dilemma. However, many desirable carbohydrate structures incorporate glycosidic linkages that continue to challenge current synthetic methodology. This research is directed toward the synthesis of key cancer-relevant oligosaccharides, including selected mucin and glycolipid antigens, as well as sugar fragments of the aureolic acids. In the course of these studies, new glycosylation methodology will be developed to solve enduring problems in oligosaccharide synthesis, including the formation of 2-deoxy-betaglycosides, beta-mannosides, and alpha-sialosides, important constituents of many of the targeted structures. This will be accomplished through selective radical/ionic transformations of hemithio ortho esters intermediates which, in turn, are available through asymmetric synthesis or modification of readily available carbohydrates. The goal of this research is to solve persistent synthetic problems that continue to plague the chemical accessibility of oligosaccharide structures of promising value in the search for new therapeutic strategies for cancer. The present methodology will be merged with existing synthetic technology to efficiently prepare key oligosaccharides in sufficient quantity and purity for subsequent evaluation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES Principal Investigator & Institution: Mwasi, Lawrence M. Biology; University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff Box 4038, 1200 N University Pine Bluff, Ar 71601 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-MAY-1998; Project End 0-APR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract) The beta-mannosyltranserease (BMT) that adds mannose in a beta-1, 4-linkage to dolichyl-PP-G1cNAc-G1cNAc to form Manbeta-GlcNAc-PP-dolichol was solubilized from pig aorta microsomes, and purified about 200 fold from the solubilized fraction. These purification steps included ion exchange on De-52, hydroxylapatite, and High Q chromatography. The enzymatic activity could be kept fairly stable in 20% glycerol containing o.5 mM dithiothreitol. The enzyme showed a pH optimum of about 8.0 in 50 mM Tris buffer. The rate of mannose transfer was linear with time and protein and the Km for GDP-mannose was about 0.06 uM, and for dolichy1-PP-G1cNAc-G1cNAc about 60 uM. At the final purification step, the enzyme showed 5 bands of SDS gels, but at this stage it is not clear which band is the enzyme of interest. The antibiotic, enramycin, was found to be a potent inhibitor of the

12 Carbohydrates

enzyme and inhibition was shown to be of a competitive nature. In order to continue these studies the following specific aims are proposed: 1) To purify the BMT at to homogeneity and obtain amino acid sequence information from various peptides, 2) To determine the properties of the enzyme and its possible regulation by metabolites, 3) To determine the effects of enramycin and other antibiotics on this enzyme and other enzymes of the lipid-linked oligosaccharide pathway, 4) To clone the BMT to obtain large amounts of enzyme for characterization, 5) To identify the active site of the enzyme. These studies should demonstrate the role of this enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway and its possible sites of regulation. (End of Abstract) Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES IN NEURONAL CELL FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Schnaar, Ronald L. Professor; Pharmacol & Molecular Sciences; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-APR-1980; Project End 0-JUN-2005 Summary: This project explores the functions of neuronal complex carbohydrates-major molecular determinants on all nerve cells. Recent research provides strong evidence of the specific roles of these molecules in nerve cell regulation, and new tools with which to explore those roles. In particular, an essential role for gangliosides, major nerve cell sialoglycoconjugates, in axon-myelin interactions was recently demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. Specific gangliosides are required for long-term axon-myelin stability and may act as nerve cell receptors for myelin-mediated inhibition of nerve regeneration, a major mechanism limiting nerve repair after ventral nervous system (e.g., spinal cord) injury. This project will capitalize on recent findings, using new experimental tools to investigate the relationship between ganglioside expression and nerve egeneration, to study the effect of targeted sialic acid modification in enhancing nerve regeneration, and to probe the molecular basis for ganglioside-mediated nerve cell regulation. Cell surface carbohydrates regulate nerve regeneration. The nature central nervous system is inhibitory to nerve regeneration, due in part to myelin inhibitor proteins which bind to the nerve cell surface and halt axon outgrowth. One of these proteins, myelin-associated glycoproteins (MAG) is a sialic acid-dependent lectin (carbohydrate binding protein) which targets endogenous nerve cell gangliosides. This project will probe the function of gangliosides in the inhibition of nerve regeneration by modifying ganglioside expression, genetically and biochemically, and testing for enhanced nerve regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Molecular mechanisms of ganglioside-mediated neuronal regulation. Gangliosides reside on the cell membrane in dynamic membrane "rafts"lateral associations of gangliosides, other sphingolipids, and membrane-associated signaling molecules. This project will use MAG chimeras, anti-ganglioside monoclonal antibodies, and synthetic photoaffinity ganglioside derivatives to search for transmembrane signaling cascades initiated with MAG binds to its target gangliosides to regulate nerve function. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES OF NERVOUS TISSUE Principal Investigator & Institution: Margolis, Richard U. Professor; Pharmacology; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-DEC-1977; Project End 0-NOV-2003 Summary: We have isolated and biochemically characterized several chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of brain identified with monoclonal antibodies, and will now extend this

Studies 13

work using other available antibodies. We have also begun to determine the primary structure of a developmentally regulated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (designated 3F8), using amino acid sequence data for the synthesis of a cDNA probe by the PCR. The major objectives of our cloning studies include: a.) elucidating the structural relationship of 3F8 to other chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of brain; b.) using cloned probes for in situ hybridization studies of its cellular sites of synthesis and tissue-distribution of message; c.) identification of core protein domains of potential functional importance, such as the growth factor-like and lectin-like sequences which we have found in another proteoglycan; and d.) eventual use of determined cDNA sequences of brain proteoglycans to better understand their biological functions by examining the effects of antisense constructs in transfected cells. We also plan to obtain information on the molecular interactions and specific biological roles of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in nervous tissue. In preliminary studies we have demonstrated that very low concentrations of the core proteins of characterized chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of brain are capable of inhibiting the homophilic binding of the neuron-glia cell adhesion molecule, Ng-CAM. Using other model systems and cell adhesion molecules, we will now examine the possibility that extracellular chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans act as repulsive molecules which provide a mechanism for diminishing adhesive forces, thereby permitting cell rounding, division, differentiation, and cell movement in developing brain. Related studies will attempt to define the oligosaccharide binding specificity of the lectin-like domain present in the 1D1 (and possibly other) chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans of brain which we have isolated and characterized, and the roles of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in adhesive or repulsive processes will be studied by evaluating the effects of identified protein domains (expressed as fusion proteins) in cloned proteoglycans on cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Finally, we will determine the primary structure and cellular localization of a major heparan sulfate proteoglycan of brain which we have previously isolated and biochemically characterized. Amino acid sequence data derived from the 55 kDa core glycoprotein will be used for its cloning by our established PCR methodology. Cloning this putative membraneintercalated cell surface proteoglycan will also enable us to employ synthetic peptides or fusion proteins as immunogens for its immunocytochemical localization in developing brain at the light and electron microscopic levels, and will provide the foundation for transfection studies aimed at understanding its possible roles in such processes as cell adhesion and interactions with growth factors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SYNTHESIS

COMPLEX,

CARBOHYDRATES,

STRUCTURE,

FUNCTION,

Principal Investigator & Institution: Elbein, Alan D. Professor and Chairman; Biochem and Molecular Biology; University of Arkansas Med Scis Ltl Rock 4301 W Markham St Little Rock, Ar 72205 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-FEB-1975; Project End 8-FEB-2004 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): N-linked glycosylation is the major nonprotein modification that occurs on membrane and secretory glycoproteins and therefore involves a major and important series of reactions. In spite of the widespread distribution of this pathway, very little is known about the regulation of these reactions, nor on how the entire pathway is controlled. In addition, very few of the enzymes involved in the pathway have been purified or characterized. The PI has evidence that the pyrophosphorylases that synthesize GDP-mannose (GDPMPP) and UDP-G1cNAc (UDPHexNAccPP), two key precursors of N- and O-glycosylation, have unusual

14 Carbohydrates

substrate specificities and other properties that suggest that they play a regulatory role in carbohydrate metabolism and/or biosynthesis. In addition, the UDPHexNAcPP, which is membrane-bound, may reside in a complex linked to other ER or Golgi proteins and this complex may regulate G1cNAc transfer. In this study, the PI will purify GDPMPP and determine whether one subunit synthesizes GDP-glucose and the other GDP-mannose, and what regulates these activities and how. The PI will clone and express GDPMPP and then delete or alter the activity to determine its role in Nglycosylation. Similar experiments will be done with membrane-associated UDPHexNAcPP. The PI will use these pyrophosphorylases to prepare photoprobes, such as N3-UDP [32P]-G1cNAc, to isolate the transferases involved in N-linked glycosylation so that their properties and roles in regulation of glycosylation can be assessed. These enzymes are likely to be important in metabolic disease such as diabetes, atherosclerosis and glycoprotein deficiency syndromes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CONFORMATIONS & DYNAMICS OF CARBOHYDRATES, FREE IN SOLUTION & BOUND TO LECTINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Moremen, Kelley W.; University of Georgia 617 Boyd, Gsrc Athens, Ga 306027411 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Using a specific antibody and in situ hybridization techniques, the expression of Xenopus lectin 43/45 mRNA and protein is being examined after oocyte fertilization and during subsequent embryo development. This subproject will contribute evidence about the direct involvement of specific lectins (carbohydrate-binding proteins) in cellcell recognition and adhesion during development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: COURSES IN SEPARATION & CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES Principal Investigator & Institution: Merkle, Roberta K.; University of Georgia 617 Boyd, Gsrc Athens, Ga 306027411 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Glycosyl composition analysis was performed on Ehrlichia risticii lipopolysaccharides. The samples were analyzed for monosaccharide composition by preparing the trimethylsilyl derivatives of the methylglycosides followed by gas chromatography (GC) and combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. TMS methylglycosides were prepared from the sample by methanolysis in 3 M HCl followed by N-acetylation with pyridine and acetic anhydride. The samples were then treated with Tri-Sil. GC analysis of the TMS methylglycosides was done on an HP5890 GC using a DB1 fused silica capillary column. GC-MS analysis was performed using an HP5890 GC coupled to a 5970 MSD. Monosaccharides were identified by their retention times in comparison to standards, and the carbohydrate character of these was authenticated by their mass spectra. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: FLUORESCENT CHEMOSENSORS FOR CARBOHYDRATES Principal Investigator & Institution: Heagy, Michael D. Chemistry; New Mexico Inst of Mining & Technology 801 Leroy Pl Socorro, Nm 87801

Studies 15

Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-SEP-1998; Project End 1-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) Because of their potential for nondestructive detection and cell permeability, fluorescent chemosensors for carbohydrates can play a critical role in glycobiology. The objectives of this continuing research program involve the application of molecular clefts as fluorogenic sensors suitable for biological studies of monosaccharides and carbohydrate derivatives. The scope of these investigations build on previous results in which novel signal transduction mechanisms were identified and shown to proceed by substituent changes of the fluorophore component. In an effort to significantly augment the fluorescence signal intensity over conventional Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET) fluorescence as well as red-shift this response to longer wavelength emission, new sensors are proposed which utilize Resonance Energy Transfer fluorescence (FRET). This research plan begins by investigating intermolecular energy transfer between two donor/acceptor Forster-pairs. Given the calculated distance of separation (14 Angstroms) for one saccharide complexed between two receptor components, well known donor/acceptor dyes that coincide with this Forster distance such as diethylaminocoumarin and fluorescein are incorporated into the sensor design. Subsequent plans utilize rigid aromatic diimide chromophores as nonfluorescent molecular scaffolds to which recognition groups are appended via benzylimide bonds. Cooperative binding of analyte between receptor sites is expected to decrease torsional motion and enhance energy transfer rates between coupled FRET cassettes. In addition to investigating simple monosaccharides via FRET based sensors, carbohydrate derivatives relevant to glucose metabolism and cell membrane carbohydrates are also targeted for fluorimetric detection. Specifically, glucose-6phosphate and N-acetylneuraminic acid via 2-point bifunctional binding sites from phenylboronic acid and guanidinium receptors. Second messenger myo-Inositoltriphosphate via bis- guanidinium groups and glucosamine sensing through crownether coordination are also included in these fluorometry studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FLUORESCENT CARBOHYDRATES

TAGS

TARGETED

ON

CELL

SURFACE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Wang, Binghe; Associate Professor; Chemistry; North Carolina State University Raleigh 2230 Stinson Drive Raleigh, Nc 27695 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUL-2000; Project End 0-JUN-2002 Summary: Malignant transformation is often associated with alteration of cell surface carbohydrates. The expression or over-expression of certain carbohydrates, such as sialyl Lewis X (sLex), sialyl Lewis a (sLea), Lewis X (Lex) and Lewis Y (Ley), has been correlated with the development of certain cancers. These cell surface carbohydrates can be used for cell-specific identification and targeting of carcinoma cells. The long-term goal of this project is the development of small molecule artificial receptors which can recognize target carbohydrate structures with high selectivity and affinity. Such receptors could be used for the development of fluorescent tags for cell- specific identification, tissue-specific imaging (such as MRI), and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. In this study, we will use sLex as the model carbohydrate and use colon cancer as the model biological system because the expression of sLex is often associated with progression and metastasis of colon cancer. The short-term objective of this application is to develop tissue-specific fluorescent tags (sensors) which can recognize sLex with high affinity and selectivity. For the construction of such fluorescent sensors, we plan to use an integrated approach combining template-directed synthesis, combinatorial chemistry, and computer molecular modeling aided design.

16 Carbohydrates

The sLex-specific artificial receptors have the potential to be used for cell identification, detection and tagging for the purpose of localization, staging, tissue biopsy, and fluorescence-directed surgical removal of colon cancer cells. Such tissue-specific compounds could also serve as vehicles for targeted delivery of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. These small molecule sensors may also have the following advantages over antibody-based detection/delivery systems: (1) greater stability during storage and in vivo; (2) increased permeability through biological membranes and, therefore, enhanced target accessibility; (3) intrinsic sensitivity to binding with significant fluorescence intensity increases, making detection and visualization easier and more suitable for high throughout screening, and (4) lower propensity to elicit undesirable immune responses. Similar methods, once developed, could also be used for the construction of fluorescent tags for other cell surface carbohydrates implicated in human malignancies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MASS SPECTRAL SEQUENCING OF CARBOHYDRATES Principal Investigator & Institution: Reinhold, Vernon N. Chemistry; University of New Hampshire Service Building Durham, Nh 038243585 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JAN-1997; Project End 1-DEC-2004 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract) The long range goal of this proposed effort is to understand the structure-functional factors related to molecular glycosylation. The specific aims are directed at analytical problems in two critical areas: methods that will enhance sample capture and detection from biological extracts, and strategies that advance analyte characterization with improved ion trapping (MSn) instrumentation. To consider the most frustrating problem in glycoprotein function, e.g., pleiotrophism, we discuss an innovative genetic approach that begins by building a proteome-glycome data base with the simple animal model, Caenorhabditis elegans. This latter effort is supported by two user groups that will provide glycosyltransferase gene mutants and knockouts to correlate visual and chemical phenotypes, and an 'inhouse' geneticist for consultation. To insure an effective focus within the framework of these developments, we additionally summarize continuing applications with two user groups; infectious diseases and glycoconjugate antigen presentation. These "Focus Groups" bring the breath of analytical challenges from isolation and purification to structural characterization. The group activities represent no direct fiscal burden to this application and allow us to contribute to very important issues in immunology. Thus, the "Specific Aims" of the proposal are organized under the heading "Chemical Modifications," (for enhanced isolation and detection), and "Extending Instrumental Capabilities," (by modifications to an ion trap mass spectrometer). A third aim to understand function proposes a combined genetic and structural approach, "Defining Function in Glycobiology," by building a proteome-glycome data base using the first animal model with a defined gene sequence and fully understood cell lineage. The staff supporting for these activities bring considerable experience in each of their representative disciplines discussed in this application; instrumentation, carbohydrate chemistry, proteomics, and glycomics. Additionally, for direct consultation and backup support the University of New Hampshire has an excellent electronics and machine shop in an adjacent building, supported by NASA, a C. elegans geneticist, (Dr. John Collins), who provides worm cultures, incubator time, and genetic understanding, and importantly, a group of chemistry graduate students who seem to possess an appetite for instrumentation and biology whose training is supported by the Department. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies 17

•

Project Title: SOLUTION

MOLECULAR

RECOGNITION

OF

CARBOHYDRATES

IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Miller, Benjamin L. Assistant Professor; Dermatology; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-AUG-2002; Project End 1-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Carbohydrates play important and varied roles in the cell, and are of interest as targets for therapeutic intervention, clinical diagnosis, and as potential pharmaceuticals. While compounds capable of selectively serving as receptors (or ligands) have been designed for most biological molecules, very few have been described that are capable of high-affinity noncovalent binding to simple carbohydrates in aqueous solution. The P.I.'s laboratory has recently developed a series of compounds, based on highly substituted tercyclopentanes, that bind simple sugars and more complex liposaccharides in water with affinities two to three orders of magnitude tighter than any previously described synthetic receptors. The research described herein seeks to use these receptors, and analogous molecules, to develop a detailed understanding of the structural factors underlying carbohydrate binding. Through systematic variation of tercyclopentane carbohydrate receptors, the relative contributions of hydrogen bonding, conformational variability, stereochemistry, hydrophobic effects, CH-pi, and cation-pi interactions will be examined. NMR analyses of one of these compounds alone and complexed with carbohydrate guests will provide high-resolution structural information about the binding interactions. This research will provide insights vital to our understanding of fundamental glycobiology, to our ability to design carbohydrate-targeted pharmaceutical agents, and to the development of diagnostic devices (biosensors). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MUSCLE & LIVER PROLONGED EXERCISE BY WOME

CARBOHYDRATES:

RESPONSES

TO

Principal Investigator & Institution: Price, Thomas B.; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Women work harder than men to perform specific tasks because their mean maximun lifting strength (MLS) is ~50% of the MLS for men when uncorrected for body mass and body composition. Consequently, women have a higher demand for easily combusted carbohydrates and probably experience greater fluctuations of glycogen depletion and recovery. This study will utilize non-invasive natural abundance 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to examine muscle glycogen depletion and recovery patterns associated with performing a standardized lifting task over a six hour period and over several subsequent days. This study will provide a practical scientific basis for improving the nutritional support for women in labor intensive occupations so they can better meet the physical challenges of their careers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PILOT--ANTIGENS CARBOHYDRATES

AND

T

CELL

RECOGNITION

OF

Principal Investigator & Institution: Kronenberg, Mitchell E. President & Scientific Director; Scripps Research Institute 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd San Diego, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2001; Project End 1-AUG-2006

18 Carbohydrates

Summary: Most T lymphocytes recognize peptides presented by MHC-encoded class I and class II molecules, but recently it has been shown that some T cells can respond either to glycopeptides or to glycolipids. In such cases, the exposed carbohydrates are believed to interact with the T cell antigen receptor (TCR), leaving the lipid or peptide portion buried in the antigen presenting molecule. The long-term goal of this application is to achieve a better understanding of the structural basis for the TCRmediated recognition of carbohydrate containing antigens. In particular, we will address the following questions: 1. What is the size of the carbohydrate that can be recognized by the TCR? 2. How discriminating is the TCR in distinguishing between closely related carbohydrates? 3. What are the affinity and the kinetics of the TCR interaction with carbohydrates? 4. To what degree can carbohydrate antigens be processed or catabolized for recognition? While we have expertise in molecular biology and cellular immunology, the resources and expertise provided by the cores will give us the ability to analyze these issues at the biochemical level, with a degree of detail and precision that would not otherwise be possible. As a model system to study T cell responses to carbohydrate containing antigens, we will characterize the recognition of the lipoglycan alpha- galactosyl ceramide (alphaGalCer). This recognition only occurs when alphaGalCer is bound to or presented by CD1d, a non-classical class I molecule. The responding T lymphocytes are a well-defined subset, known as NK T cells. Using alpha GalCer analogs synthesized by Core D (carbohydrate synthesis and protein expression) and soluble CD1d molecules also produced by this core, we will determine if carbohydrates influence the binding to CD1d, as well as the nature of the carbohydrate interaction with the TCR of NK T cells. Recognition will be assessed using both immune response assays and in vitro binding assays of soluble TCRs (produced in core D) to soluble recombinant CD1d molecules that have been preloaded with the appropriate antigens. These measurements will be made by Core K (Protein-Carbohydrate interaction core). We will analyze whether T cell recognition requires internalization of antigen by the CD1d expression antigen presenting cell (APC), and removal of some of the terminal saccharide groups, and if so, where in the cell this occurs. This will be done using the techniques of cell biology as well as analytical chemistry, carried out in part by Core C (Analytical Glycotechnology). By adding specific enzyme inhibitors, or by using cells from mice deficient for genes involved in glycolipid catabolism, we will identify the enzymes responsible for the processing or catabolism of this unique class of antigens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RESOURCE CARBOHYDRATES

CENTER

FOR

BIOMEDICAL

COMPLEX

Principal Investigator & Institution: Prestegard, James H. Professor; None; University of Georgia 617 Boyd, Gsrc Athens, Ga 306027411 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 0-SEP-1989; Project End 1-JUL-2004 Summary: The need for improved analytical methods inc complex carbohydrate science grows unabated by impressive gains in our knowledge of the structures and functions of these fascinating molecules. The pressure for more powerful technologies is fueled by the many physiologically important recognition events mediated by proteincarbohydrate interactions and by the roles of carbohydrate interactions and by the roles of carbohydrates in such important biomedical functions as inflammatory reactions, hormone action, cancer viral infections, and cell differentiation.. The two proposed Technological Research and Development Projects of this Resource Center are tightly integrated around the central theme of developing technologies for studies of complex

Studies 19

carbohydrates. The resulting technologies are disseminated to the scientific community through publications; many internal and external collaborative workshops, seminars, and lectures at scientific meetings; through interactions with many corporations; and through analyses of samples submitted to the Center's service personnel. One of the proposed Technological Research and Development Projects is entitled, "Using Integrated Technologies to Study Oligosacharide-Protein Interactions." This Project, proposed by six senior investigators and their research items, utilizes techniques of molecular biology, biochemistry, analytical chemistry, synthetic chemistry, physical chemistry and computational chemistry to improve our ability to determine the threedimensional shapes of oligosaccharide binding sites of proteins and of oligosacharides when they occupy the binding sites. The other proposed Technological Research and Development Project is entitled "Glycoscience Bioinformatics," which integrates the technologies of three senior investigators and their research teams to design and build NMR, mass spectrometric, and infrared spectral databases with artificial neural network pattern recognition search engines. Currently,, five databases and their search engines are located on this center's Web site (www.ccrc.uga.edu). The goal of this project is to allow researchers to submit spectra of complex carbohydrates to the databases and have the search program identify the structure of the carbohydrate defined by the spectrum. The databases, although only a few months in operation and very incomplete, have already been searched several thousand times. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “carbohydrates” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for carbohydrates in the PubMed Central database: •

A therapeutic agent with oriented carbohydrates for treatment of infections by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7. by Nishikawa K, Matsuoka K, Kita E, Okabe N, Mizuguchi M, Hino K, Miyazawa S, Yamasaki C, Aoki J, Takashima S, Yamakawa Y, Nishijima M, Terunuma D, Kuzuhara H, Natori Y. 2002 May 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124317

•

Basis for Selection of Improved Carbohydrate-Binding Single-Chain Antibodies from Synthetic Gene Libraries. by Deng S, MacKenzie CR, Hirama T, Brousseau R, Lowary TL, Young NM, Bundle DR, Narang SA. 1995 May 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41833

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html. With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 3 4

20 Carbohydrates

•

Carbohydrate Biopolymers Enhance Antibody Responses to Mucosally Delivered Vaccine Antigens. by Bacon A, Makin J, Sizer PJ, Jabbal-Gill I, Hinchcliffe M, Illum L, Chatfield S, Roberts M. 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=101535

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Carbohydrate utilization during exercise after high-altitude acclimation: A new perspective. by McClelland GB, Hochachka PW, Weber JM. 1998 Aug 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21501

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Comparison of Alteration of Cell Surface Carbohydrates of the Chinchilla Tubotympanum and Colonial Opacity Phenotype of Streptococcus pneumoniae during Experimental Pneumococcal Otitis Media with or without an Antecedent Influenza A Virus Infection. by Tong HH, Grants I, Liu X, DeMaria TF. 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=128169

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Complementary immunolocalization patterns of cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins studied with the use of antibodies directed against different carbohydrate epitopes.. by Swords KM, Staehelin LA. 1993 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158861

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Function and Dynamics of Auxin and Carbohydrates during Earlywood/Latewood Transition in Scots Pine. by Uggla C, Magel E, Moritz T, Sundberg B. 2001 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88858

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Growth and energetics of Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1299 during metabolism of various sugars and their consequences for dextransucrase production.. by Dols M, Chraibi W, Remaud-Simeon M, Lindley ND, Monsan PF. 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=168507

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Influence of cosubstrate concentration on xylose conversion by recombinant, XYL1expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a comparison of different sugars and ethanol as cosubstrates.. by Meinander NQ, Hahn-Hagerdal B. 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=168488

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Interaction of calicheamicin [gamma]1 Iand its related carbohydrates with DNA -protein complexes. by Sissi C, Aiyar J, Boyer S, Depew K, Danishefsky S, Crothers DM. 1999 Sep 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=17936

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Intervention of Carbohydrate Recognition by Proteins and Nucleic Acids. by Sears P, Wong C. 1996 Oct 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=37947

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Kinetic Analysis of Clostridium cellulolyticum Carbohydrate Metabolism: Importance of Glucose 1-Phosphate and Glucose 6-Phosphate Branch Points for Distribution of Carbon Fluxes Inside and Outside Cells as Revealed by Steady-State Continuous Culture. by Guedon E, Desvaux M, Petitdemange H. 2000 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=101914

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Metabolizable and Non-Metabolizable Sugars Activate Different Signal Transduction Pathways in Tomato. by Sinha AK, Hofmann MG, Romer U, Kockenberger W, Elling L, Roitsch T. 2002 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154275

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Pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba keratitis: carbohydrate-mediated host-parasite interactions.. by Yang Z, Cao Z, Panjwani N. 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=174614

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Relationship between Cell Surface Carbohydrates and Intrastrain Variation on Opsonophagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. by Kim JO, Romero-Steiner S, Sorensen UB, Blom J, Carvalho M, Barnard S, Carlone G, Weiser JN. 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=115974

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Respiration-Dependent Utilization of Sugars in Yeasts: a Determinant Role for Sugar Transporters. by Goffrini P, Ferrero I, Donnini C. 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=139568

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The major fimbrial subunit of Bordetella pertussis binds to sulfated sugars.. by Geuijen CA, Willems RJ, Mooi FR. 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=174123

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with carbohydrates, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “carbohydrates” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for “carbohydrates” (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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22 Carbohydrates

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24-hour patterns of blood sugar, plasma insulin and free fatty acids in patients with primary endogenous hyperlipoproteinemia on isocaloric diets containing 30, 40 and 79 cal% carbohydrates. Author(s): Schellenberg B, Oster P, Vogel G, Heuck CC, Schlierf G. Source: Nutr Metab. 1979; 23(4): 316-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=220571&dopt=Abstract

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9th annual symposium on biotechnology: the new biology of carbohydrates. University College London Medical School, 16-17 December 1993. Author(s): Schachter H. Source: Glycoconjugate Journal. 1994 April; 11(2): V-Vii. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7803998&dopt=Abstract

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A clinical hepatologist's predictions about non-absorbed carbohydrates for the early twenty-first century. Author(s): Conn HO. Source: Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1997; 222: 88-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9145456&dopt=Abstract

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A combined tissue stain for the selective staining of collagen, elastic fibers and acidic carbohydrates. Author(s): Constantine VS. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1969 April; 52(4): 353-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4180701&dopt=Abstract

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A detailed analysis of neutral and acidic carbohydrates in human milk. Author(s): Charlwood J, Tolson D, Dwek M, Camilleri P. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 1999 September 10; 273(2): 261-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10469497&dopt=Abstract

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A dual staining method for neutral complex carbohydrates using alkaline phosphatase-labeled concanavalin A and periodic acid-Schiff. Author(s): Yamada K, Kitamura H, Maseki Y. Source: Histochemistry. 1981; 71(4): 513-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6167536&dopt=Abstract

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A method for bioconjugation of carbohydrates using Diels-Alder cycloaddition. Author(s): Pozsgay V, Vieira NE, Yergey A. Source: Organic Letters. 2002 September 19; 4(19): 3191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12227746&dopt=Abstract

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A quantitative comparison of carbohydrates in experimentally induced connective tissue of man, dog and rat. Author(s): White BN, Lockhart MS, Schilling JA. Source: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Comparative Biochemistry. 1974 June 15; 48(2): 315-320. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4833122&dopt=Abstract

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A randomised four-intervention crossover study investigating the effect of carbohydrates on daytime profiles of insulin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and triacylglycerols in middle-aged men. Author(s): Brynes AE, Mark Edwards C, Ghatei MA, Dornhorst A, Morgan LM, Bloom SR, Frost GS. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 February; 89(2): 207-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12575905&dopt=Abstract

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A simple and rapid thin-layer chromatographic method for the identification of urinary carbohydrates. Author(s): Prinz W, Meldrum W, Wilkinson L. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1978 January 16; 82(3): 229-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=620449&dopt=Abstract

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A simple method for the separation and quantitation of neutral carbohydrates of glycoproteins in the one nanomole range on an adapted amino acid analyzer. Author(s): van Eijk HG, van Noort WL, Dekker C, van der Heul C. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1984 May 30; 139(2): 187-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6547375&dopt=Abstract

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A small, automated high-resolution analyzer for detemination of carbohydrates in body fluids. Author(s): Katz S, Dinsmore SR, Pitt WW Jr. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1971 August; 17(8): 731-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5562285&dopt=Abstract

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A study of cryptorchidism. III: The histochemistry of complex carbohydrates in the testes of cryptorchid patients. Author(s): Gotoh M, Miyake K, Mitsuya H. Source: Hinyokika Kiyo. 1987 June; 33(6): 905-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2890287&dopt=Abstract

24 Carbohydrates

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A tabulated review of capillary electrophoresis of carbohydrates. Author(s): Suzuki S, Honda S. Source: Electrophoresis. 1998 November; 19(15): 2539-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9848663&dopt=Abstract

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A therapeutic agent with oriented carbohydrates for treatment of infections by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7. Author(s): Nishikawa K, Matsuoka K, Kita E, Okabe N, Mizuguchi M, Hino K, Miyazawa S, Yamasaki C, Aoki J, Takashima S, Yamakawa Y, Nishijima M, Terunuma D, Kuzuhara H, Natori Y. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002 May 28; 99(11): 7669-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12032341&dopt=Abstract

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Abnormal distribution of complex carbohydrates in neutrophils of a patient with lactoferrin deficiency. Author(s): Parmley RT, Tzeng DY, Baehner RL, Boxer LA. Source: Blood. 1983 September; 62(3): 538-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6192856&dopt=Abstract

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Abnormal galactosylation of complex carbohydrates in cultured fibroblasts from patients with galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency. Author(s): Ornstein KS, McGuire EJ, Berry GT, Roth S, Segal S. Source: Pediatric Research. 1992 May; 31(5): 508-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1603629&dopt=Abstract

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Abnormal synthesis of mannose 1-phosphate derived carbohydrates in carbohydratedeficient glycoprotein syndrome type I fibroblasts with phosphomannomutase deficiency. Author(s): Korner C, Lehle L, von Figura K. Source: Glycobiology. 1998 February; 8(2): 165-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9451026&dopt=Abstract

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Abnormal weight gain and weight management: are carbohydrates the enemy? Author(s): Daniels SR. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 March; 142(3): 225-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12640363&dopt=Abstract

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Absorption and malabsorption of carbohydrates. Author(s): Sunshine P. Source: Mead Johnson Symp Perinat Dev Med. 1977; (11): 11-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=417222&dopt=Abstract

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Absorption of carbohydrates. Author(s): Newey H. Source: British Medical Bulletin. 1967 September; 23(3): 236-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4864369&dopt=Abstract

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Adding protein, subtracting carbohydrates equals better nutrition. Author(s): Taylor TG. Source: Geriatrics. 1973 November; 28(11): 154-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4754828&dopt=Abstract

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Addition of protein and amino acids to carbohydrates does not enhance postexercise muscle glycogen synthesis. Author(s): Jentjens RL, van Loon LJ, Mann CH, Wagenmakers AJ, Jeukendrup AE. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 2001 August; 91(2): 83946. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11457801&dopt=Abstract

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Adherence of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to measles-virus infected cells: modulation by solubilized rhesus erythrocyte membranes and carbohydrates. Author(s): Bankhurst AD, Maki D, Sanchez M, McLaren L. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1979 April; 24(1): 65-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=572346&dopt=Abstract

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Adhesion of Aspergillus species to extracellular matrix proteins: evidence for involvement of negatively charged carbohydrates on the conidial surface. Author(s): Wasylnka JA, Moore MM. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 June; 68(6): 3377-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10816488&dopt=Abstract

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Adhesion of human lymphoid cell lines to immobilized carbohydrates and to bonemarrow stromal cell layers by surface sugar receptors. Author(s): Gabius S, Wawotzny R, Wilholm S, Martin U, Wormann B, Gabius HJ. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1993 July 30; 54(6): 1017-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8392977&dopt=Abstract

26 Carbohydrates

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Agglutinins and proteins in the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, before and after injection of erythrocytes, carbohydrates, and other materials. Author(s): Wojdani A, Stein EA, Lemmi CA, Cooper EL. Source: Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 1982 Fall; 6(4): 613-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7160508&dopt=Abstract

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Aggregation of human salivary Ca-proteinates in the presence of simple carbohydrates in vitro. Author(s): Soderling E, Makinen KK. Source: Scand J Dent Res. 1986 April; 94(2): 125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3458285&dopt=Abstract

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Alcian blue-silver impregnation. A method differentiating between acid carbohydrates, reticulin fibres and collagen fibres. Author(s): Lyon H, Prento P. Source: Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [a]. 1973 January; 81(1): 6-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4120111&dopt=Abstract

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Alteration of cell surface carbohydrates associated with ordered and disordered proliferation of oral epithelia: a lectin histochemical study in oral leukoplakias, papillomas and carcinomas. Author(s): Vigneswaran N, Peters KP, Hornstein OP, Diepgen TL. Source: Cell Tissue Kinet. 1990 January; 23(1): 41-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2302731&dopt=Abstract

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Alterations in the metabolic control of carbohydrates in sepsis. Author(s): Spitzer JJ, Bagby GJ, Hargrove DM, Lang CH, Meszaros K. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1989; 308: 545-61. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2675062&dopt=Abstract

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Amperometric detection of reducing carbohydrates in high-performance liquid chromatography using an amino-bonded column and acetonitrile-water as the eluent. Author(s): Watanabe N. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1985 August 23; 330(2): 333-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4066827&dopt=Abstract

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Amylase and protein in parotid saliva after load doses of different dietary carbohydrates. Author(s): Behall KM, Kelsay JL, Holden JM, Clark WM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1973 January; 26(1): 17-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4682811&dopt=Abstract

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An alpha-galactosyl residue in the large carbohydrates of teratocarcinoma cells: the antigenic determinant recognized by sera from patients with ovarian germ cell tumors. Author(s): Ozawa M, Higaki K, Kawata M, Sekiya S, Takamizawa H, Okumura K, Muramatsu T. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1983 August 30; 115(1): 268-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6193791&dopt=Abstract

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An o-toluidine method for detection of carbohydrates in protein hydrolysates. Author(s): Morcol T, Velander WH. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 1991 May 15; 195(1): 153-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1888012&dopt=Abstract

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Analyses of surface membrane carbohydrates in parasitic flagellates of the order kinetoplastida using lectins. Author(s): Chao D, Chen YA, Liu JK, Huang TC. Source: Proc Natl Sci Counc Repub China B. 1990 January; 14(1): 54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1696387&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of bound carbohydrates of human lens fractions by gas-liquid chromatography. Author(s): Walton DJ, Johnson AV, Szarek WA. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 1984 June; 25(6): 774-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6724849&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of carbohydrates in glycoproteins by high-performance liquid chromatography and high-performance capillary electrophoresis. Author(s): Kakehi K, Honda S. Source: Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). 1993; 14: 81-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8348246&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of carbohydrates in human lens epithelium by high performance liquid chromatography of nitrobenzoate derivatives. Author(s): Belpoliti M. Source: Experimental Eye Research. 1991 January; 52(1): 101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1868884&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of carbohydrates in lens, erythrocytes, and plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography of nitrobenzoate derivatives. Author(s): Petchey M, Crabbe MJ. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1984 April 13; 307(1): 180-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6725484&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of N-linked oligosaccharides: progress towards the characterisation of glycoprotein-linked carbohydrates. Author(s): Charlwood J, Bryant D, Skehel JM, Camilleri P. Source: Biomolecular Engineering. 2001 November; 18(5): 229-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11911090&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of the core components of Alzheimer paired helical filaments. A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry characterization of fatty acids, carbohydrates and long-chain bases. Author(s): Goux WJ, Rodriguez S, Sparkman DR. Source: Febs Letters. 1995 June 5; 366(1): 81-5. Erratum In: Febs Lett 1995 November 13; 375(1-2): 168. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7789523&dopt=Abstract

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Antibodies reactive with cell surface carbohydrates. Author(s): Sela BA, Wang JL, Edelman GM. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1975 March; 72(3): 1127-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=48249&dopt=Abstract

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Antibody binding to venom carbohydrates is a frequent cause for double positivity to honeybee and yellow jacket venom in patients with stinging-insect allergy. Author(s): Hemmer W, Focke M, Kolarich D, Wilson IB, Altmann F, Wohrl S, Gotz M, Jarisch R. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 December; 108(6): 104552. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11742287&dopt=Abstract

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Application of complex carbohydrates in the food industry. The consumer perspective. Author(s): Adams J. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1997; 427: 69-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9361833&dopt=Abstract

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Application of lectins for detection of goblet cell carbohydrates of the human conjunctiva. Author(s): Kawano K, Uehara F, Sameshima M, Ohba N. Source: Experimental Eye Research. 1984 May; 38(5): 439-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6745321&dopt=Abstract

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Are stone formers maladapted to refined carbohydrates? Author(s): Rao PN, Gordon C, Davies D, Blacklock NJ. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1982 December; 54(6): 575-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6758911&dopt=Abstract

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Are there good and bad carbohydrates for HDL cholesterol? Author(s): Katan MB. Source: Lancet. 1999 March 27; 353(9158): 1029-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10199344&dopt=Abstract

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Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease. Author(s): Shoemaker JD, Elliott WH. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1991 January 2; 562(1-2): 125-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2026685&dopt=Abstract

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Autoxidation products of both carbohydrates and lipids are increased in uremic plasma: is there oxidative stress in uremia? Author(s): Miyata T, Fu MX, Kurokawa K, van Ypersele de Strihou C, Thorpe SR, Baynes JW. Source: Kidney International. 1998 October; 54(4): 1290-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9767546&dopt=Abstract

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Availability of calcium for absorption in the small intestine and colon from diets containing available and unavailable carbohydrates: an in vitro assessment. Author(s): Trinidad TP, Wolever TM, Thompson LU. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 1996 January; 47(1): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8616678&dopt=Abstract

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Avoid unnecessary drug-related carbohydrates for patients consuming the ketogenic diet. Author(s): McGhee B, Katyal N. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2001 January; 101(1): 87-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11209590&dopt=Abstract

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B lymphocyte binding to E- and P-selectins is mediated through the de novo expression of carbohydrates on in vitro and in vivo activated human B cells. Author(s): Postigo AA, Marazuela M, Sanchez-Madrid F, de Landazuri MO. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1994 October; 94(4): 1585-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7523454&dopt=Abstract

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Bacteria and endotoxin enhance basophil histamine release and potentiation is abolished by carbohydrates. Author(s): Clementsen P, Norn S, Kristensen KS, Bach-Mortensen N, Koch C, Permin H. Source: Allergy. 1990 August; 45(6): 402-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1700887&dopt=Abstract

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Bacterial carbohydrates in neonatal sepsis: targets for immunotherapy. Author(s): Raff HV. Source: Springer Seminars in Immunopathology. 1993; 15(2-3): 173-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8256196&dopt=Abstract

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Basic biochemistry of cell surface carbohydrates and aspects of the tissue distribution of histo-blood group ABH and related glycosphingolipids. Author(s): Holgersson J, Breimer ME, Samuelsson BE. Source: Apmis. Supplementum. 1992; 27: 18-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1520526&dopt=Abstract

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Biliary clearance of inert carbohydrates. Expectations and reality. Author(s): Tavoloni N. Source: Gastroenterology. 1988 January; 94(1): 217-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3121430&dopt=Abstract

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Binding sites for carrier-immobilized carbohydrates in the kidney: implication for the pathogenesis of Henoch-Schonlein purpura and/or IgA nephropathy. Author(s): Sediva A, Smetana K Jr, Stejskal J, Bartunkova J, Liu FT, Bovin NV, Gabius HJ. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1999 December; 14(12): 2885-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10570092&dopt=Abstract

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Bioavailability of carbohydrates in legumes: digestible and indigestible fractions. Author(s): Tovar J. Source: Arch Latinoam Nutr. 1996 December; 44(4 Suppl 1): 36S-40S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9137637&dopt=Abstract

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Biochemical changes in a 100 km run: carbohydrates, lipids, and hormones in serum. Author(s): Keul J, Kohler B, von Glutz G, Luthi U, Berg A, Howald H. Source: European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1981; 47(2): 181-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7026231&dopt=Abstract

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Biologic effects of chronic ethanol consumption related to a deficient intake of carbohydrates. Author(s): Rao GA, Larkin EC, Derr RF. Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 1986; 21(4): 369-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3028441&dopt=Abstract

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Blocking of human fertilization by carbohydrates. Author(s): Mori K, Daitoh T, Kamada M, Maeda N, Maegawa M, Hirano K, Irahara M, Aono T. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1993 October; 8(10): 1729-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7507936&dopt=Abstract

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Blood glucose and plasma insulin responses to various carbohydrates in type 2 (noninsulin-dependent) diabetes. Author(s): Ionescu-Tirgoviste C, Popa E, Sintu E, Mihalache N, Cheta D, Mincu I. Source: Diabetologia. 1983 February; 24(2): 80-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6341139&dopt=Abstract

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Blood-group-related carbohydrates are expressed in organotypic cultures of human skin and oral mucosa. Author(s): Gron B, Andersson A, Dabelsteen E. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 1999 August; 107(8): 779-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10515129&dopt=Abstract

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Bloodmeal digestion and Leishmania major infections in Phlebotomus duboscqi: effect of carbohydrates inhibiting midgut lectin activity. Author(s): Volf P, Svobodova M, Dvorakova E. Source: Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2001 September; 15(3): 281-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11583445&dopt=Abstract

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Breakfast glycaemic response in patients with type 2 diabetes: effects of bedtime dietary carbohydrates. Author(s): Axelsen M, Arvidsson Lenner R, Lonnroth P, Smith U. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 September; 53(9): 706-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10509766&dopt=Abstract

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Buccal cell carbohydrates are altered during critical illness. Author(s): Weinmeister KD, Dal Nogare AR. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1994 July; 150(1): 131-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8025738&dopt=Abstract

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Calculating the energy values of foods: towards new empirical formulae based on diets with varied intakes of unavailable complex carbohydrates. Author(s): Livesey G. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991 January; 45(1): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1649754&dopt=Abstract

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Can malabsorbed carbohydrates be useful in the treatment of acute diarrhea? Author(s): Desjeux JF. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2000 November; 31(5): 499502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11144433&dopt=Abstract

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Cancer-associated carbohydrates identified by monoclonal antibodies. Author(s): Sell S. Source: Human Pathology. 1990 October; 21(10): 1003-19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2210723&dopt=Abstract

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Capillary electrophoresis of carbohydrates. Author(s): el Rassi Z. Source: Adv Chromatogr. 1994; 34: 177-250. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8017213&dopt=Abstract

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Capitalizing on carbohydrates. Author(s): Hodgson J. Source: Biotechnology (N Y). 1990 February; 8(2): 108-11. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1366555&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates and antigen recognition by T cells. Author(s): Carbone FR, Gleeson PA. Source: Glycobiology. 1997 September; 7(6): 725-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9376674&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates and blood pressure. Author(s): Hodges RE, Rebello T. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1983 May; 98(5 Pt 2): 838-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6405669&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates and colorectal cancer risk among Chinese in North America. Author(s): Borugian MJ, Sheps SB, Whittemore AS, Wu AH, Potter JD, Gallagher RP. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2002 February; 11(2): 187-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11867506&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates and dental health. Author(s): Navia JM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 March; 59(3 Suppl): 719S-727S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8116556&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates and depression. Author(s): Wurtman RJ, Wurtman JJ. Source: Scientific American. 1989 January; 260(1): 68-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2642626&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates and energy balance. Author(s): Stubbs RJ, Prentice AM, James WP. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1997 May 23; 819: 44-69. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9186760&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates and exercise performance. Author(s): Hargreaves M. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1996 April; 54(4 Pt 2): S136-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8700441&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates and exercise. Author(s): Hargreaves M. Source: Journal of Sports Sciences. 1991 Summer; 9 Spec No: 17-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1895361&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates and fertilization: an overview. Author(s): Benoff S. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 1997 July; 3(7): 599-637. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9268137&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates and human appetite. Author(s): Blundell JE, Green S, Burley V. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 March; 59(3 Suppl): 728S-734S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8116557&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates and nitrogen in stools of East African children. Author(s): Van Rens R, Luyken R. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1979 September; 38(2): 25A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=504155&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates and physical/mental performance during intermittent exercise to fatigue. Author(s): Welsh RS, Davis JM, Burke JR, Williams HG. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2002 April; 34(4): 723-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11932585&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates and receptor recognition. Author(s): Gabriel O. Source: Horiz Biochem Biophys. 1982; 6: 137-56. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6311714&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates and renal failure--a glance backwards. Author(s): Westervelt FB Jr. Source: Nephron. 1981; 27(4-5): 278-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7266715&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates and risk of stomach cancer in Uruguay. Author(s): De Stefani E, Boffetta P, Deneo-Pellegrini H, Mendilaharsu M, Carzoglio JC, Ronco A. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1999 August 12; 82(4): 618-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10404081&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates and soluble lectins in the regulation of cell adhesion and proliferation. Author(s): Zanetta JP, Badache A, Maschke S, Marschal P, Kuchler S. Source: Histology and Histopathology. 1994 April; 9(2): 385-412. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8075497&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates and the chemical industry: achievements and prospects. Author(s): Barker SA. Source: Endeavour. 1991; 15(4): 155-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1724751&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates and the pathogenesis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and AIDS--some observations and speculations. Author(s): Feizi T. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 August; 17 Suppl 1: S63-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8399940&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates and water balance. Author(s): Bloom WL. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1967 February; 20(2): 157-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5335938&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates as a cerebral metabolic fuel. Author(s): Evans M, Amiel SA. Source: J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 1998 March; 11 Suppl 1: 99-102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9642647&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates as a source of energy. Author(s): Jequier E. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 March; 59(3 Suppl): 682S-685S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8116550&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates as recognition molecules in infection and immunity. Author(s): Weir DM. Source: Fems Microbiol Immunol. 1989 June; 1(6-7): 331-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2517222&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates as recognition molecules in macrophage activities. Author(s): Stewart J, Weir DM. Source: J Clin Lab Immunol. 1989 March; 28(3): 103-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2661825&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates down, but not out. Author(s): Michael A. Source: Nature Biotechnology. 1997 November; 15(12): 1233-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9359098&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates engineered at antibody constant domains can be used for site-specific conjugation of drugs and chelates. Author(s): Qu Z, Sharkey RM, Hansen HJ, Shih LB, Govindan SV, Shen J, Goldenberg DM, Leung SO. Source: Journal of Immunological Methods. 1998 April 15; 213(2): 131-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9692846&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates for exercise: dietary demands for optimal performance. Author(s): Costill DL. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1988 February; 9(1): 1-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3284832&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates in cell recognition. Author(s): Sharon N, Lis H. Source: Scientific American. 1993 January; 268(1): 82-9. Erratum In: Sci Am 1993 March; 268(3): 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7678182&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates in cell surfaces. Author(s): Winzler RJ. Source: Int Rev Cytol. 1970; 29: 77-125. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5509867&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates in early nutrition: are there effects in later life? Author(s): Grutte FK, Noack R. Source: Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1982; (31): 112-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7159374&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates in erythrocyte stroma. I. Concentration of hexoses and hexosamines in acid hydrolysates of human, bovine, pig and horse erythrocyte stroma. Author(s): Relander A. Source: Scand J Haematol. 1968; 5(4): 313-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5662844&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates in erythrocyte stroma. II. Thin layer chromatographic study of acid hydrolysates of human, bovine, pig and horse erythrocyte stroma. Author(s): Relander A. Source: Scand J Haematol. 1968; 5(5): 321-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5707209&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates in herpesvirus infections. Author(s): Olofsson S. Source: Apmis. Supplementum. 1992; 27: 84-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1325817&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates in normal urine and blood serum as determined by high-resolution column chromatography. Author(s): Jolley RL, Warren KS, Scott CD, Jainchill JL, Freeman ML. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1970 May; 53(5): 793-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5424136&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates in oral epithelia and secretions: variation with cellular differentiation. Author(s): Mandel U. Source: Apmis. Supplementum. 1992; 27: 119-29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1520521&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates in pediatric nutrition and gastrointestinal disease. Author(s): Lebenthal E, Lee PC, Hatch TF. Source: Curr Probl Pediatr. 1982 November; 13(1): 1-38. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6185277&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates in pediatric nutrition in health and disease. Author(s): Lerner A, Branski D. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 1989; 58: 103-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2669357&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates in pediatric nutrition--consumption, digestibility, and disease. Author(s): Lebenthal E, Hatch TF, Lee PC. Source: Adv Pediatr. 1981; 28: 99-139. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7041566&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates in pooled dental plaque. Author(s): Hotz P, Guggenheim B, Schmid R. Source: Caries Research. 1972; 6(2): 103-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4502278&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates in the functions of natural killer cells. Author(s): McCoy JP Jr, Chambers WH. Source: Glycobiology. 1991 September; 1(4): 321-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1820194&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates in transplantation. Author(s): Chen X, Andreana PR, Wang PG. Source: Current Opinion in Chemical Biology. 1999 December; 3(6): 650-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10600719&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates inhibit the potentiating effect of bacteria, endotoxin and virus on basophil histamine release. Author(s): Norn S, Clementsen P, Kristensen KS, Hannoun C, Jarlov JO. Source: Agents Actions. 1990 April; 30(1-2): 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1695460&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates mediate sperm-ovum adhesion and triggering of the acrosome reaction. Author(s): Tulsiani DR. Source: Asian Journal of Andrology. 2000 June; 2(2): 87-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11232799&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates of human immunodeficiency virus. Author(s): Hansen JE. Source: Apmis. Supplementum. 1992; 27: 96-108. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1520531&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates of human immunodeficiency virus. Structures of oligosaccharides linked to the envelope glycoprotein 120. Author(s): Geyer H, Holschbach C, Hunsmann G, Schneider J. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1988 August 25; 263(24): 11760-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2841333&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates of the cell surface: molecular aspects of glycosyltransferases and their genes. Author(s): Clausen H, Bennett EP, Dabelsteen E. Source: Apmis. Supplementum. 1992; 27: 9-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1520530&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates of the surface of the normal human spermatozoon. Author(s): Mazzini MN, Ceraci P, de Cerezo JM, Cerezo AS. Source: Am J Reprod Immunol Microbiol. 1986 August; 11(4): 107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3766843&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates of the tumor cell surface. Author(s): Smets LA, Van Beek WP. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1984; 738(4): 237-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6394050&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates on human Fc gamma receptors. Interdependence of the classical IgG and nonclassical lectin-binding sites on human Fc gamma RIII expressed on neutrophils. Author(s): Kimberly RP, Tappe NJ, Merriam LT, Redecha PB, Edberg JC, Schwartzman S, Valinsky JE. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1989 June 1; 142(11): 3923-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2523939&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates, appetite and feeding behavior in humans. Author(s): Stubbs RJ, Mazlan N, Whybrow S. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 October; 131(10): 2775S-2781S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11584105&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates, branched-chain amino acids, and endurance: the central fatigue hypothesis. Author(s): Davis JM. Source: Int J Sport Nutr. 1995 June; 5 Suppl: S29-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7550256&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates, diabetes, and blood lipids. Author(s): Bierman EL, Nelson R. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 1975; 22: 280-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1103486&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women. Author(s): Meyer KA, Kushi LH, Jacobs DR Jr, Slavin J, Sellers TA, Folsom AR. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 April; 71(4): 921-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10731498&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates, dietary glycaemic load and glycaemic index, and risk of acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Tavani A, Bosetti C, Negri E, Augustin LS, Jenkins DJ, La Vecchia C. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2003 July; 89(7): 722-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12807839&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates, fat, and insulin action. Author(s): Smith U. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 March; 59(3 Suppl): 686S-689S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8116551&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates, fats, and satiety. Author(s): Rolls BJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 April; 61(4 Suppl): 960S-967S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7900695&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates, plasma triglycerides, and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Ahrens EH Jr. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1986 February; 44(2): 60-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3703390&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates, sucrose, and human disease. Author(s): Bierman EL. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1979 December; 32(12 Suppl): 271222. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=389026&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates, tryptophan, and behavior: a methodological review. Author(s): Spring B, Chiodo J, Bowen DJ. Source: Psychological Bulletin. 1987 September; 102(2): 234-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3310060&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates. Author(s): Sharon N. Source: Scientific American. 1980 November; 243(5): 90-116. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7423183&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates: a limit on bacterial diversity within the colon. Author(s): Rabiu BA, Gibson GR. Source: Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 2002 August; 77(3): 443-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12227522&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates: energetics and performance. Author(s): Jequier E. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1986 February; 44(2): 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3703389&dopt=Abstract

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Carbohydrates: significance for energy balance and gastrointestinal function. Author(s): Schneeman BO. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1994 September; 124(9 Suppl): 1747S-1753S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8089744&dopt=Abstract

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Carbonyl stress: increased carbonyl modification of proteins by autoxidation products of carbohydrates and lipids in uremia. Author(s): Miyata T, Kurokawa K. Source: Int J Artif Organs. 1999; 22(4): 195-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10466948&dopt=Abstract

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Caries and carbohydrates--a problem for dentists and nutritionists. Author(s): Binns NM. Source: Dent Health (London). 1981; 20(4): 5-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6949832&dopt=Abstract

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Catabolic disorders of complex carbohydrates. Author(s): Spranger JW. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1977 August; 53(622): 441-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=411121&dopt=Abstract

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Cell membrane complex carbohydrates in leukemia: glycoproteins in hairy cell and other leukemias. Author(s): Klock JC, Fukuda M, Wu P. Source: Seminars in Oncology. 1984 December; 11(4): 422-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6505706&dopt=Abstract

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Cell surface carbohydrates and lectins in early development. Author(s): Poirier F, Kimber S. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 1997 October; 3(10): 907-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9395265&dopt=Abstract

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Cell surface carbohydrates are markers of differentiation in human oral epithelium. Author(s): Dabelsteen E, Mandel U, Clausen H. Source: Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine : an Official Publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists. 1991; 2(4): 493-507. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1742419&dopt=Abstract

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Cell surface carbohydrates as prognostic markers in human carcinomas. Author(s): Dabelsteen E. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1996 August; 179(4): 358-69. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8869281&dopt=Abstract

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Cell surface carbohydrates in cell adhesion. Author(s): Brandley BK. Source: Seminars in Cell Biology. 1991 October; 2(5): 281-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1813020&dopt=Abstract

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Cell surface carbohydrates in proliferative epidermal lesions. II. Masking of peanut agglutinin (PNA) binding sites in solar keratoses, Bowen's disease, and squamous cell carcinoma by neuraminic acid. Author(s): Schaumburg-Lever G, Alroy J, Ucci A, Lever WF. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. 1986 April; 13(2): 163-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2424953&dopt=Abstract

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Cell surface carbohydrates in psoriasis. Defective cytoplasmic transport by glycoconjugates carrying fucose residues suggested by lectin staining. Author(s): Schaumburg-Lever G, Alroy J, Ucci A, Lever WF, Orfanos CE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1984 December; 11(6): 108794. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6210312&dopt=Abstract

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Cell surface carbohydrates modulate neutrophil adherence to alveolar type II cells in vitro. Author(s): Crestani B, Rolland C, Petiet A, Colas-Linhart N, Aubier M. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1993 April; 264(4 Pt 1): L391-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8476068&dopt=Abstract

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Cell surface carbohydrates: molecules in search of a function? Author(s): Cook GM. Source: J Cell Sci Suppl. 1986; 4: 45-70. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3528201&dopt=Abstract

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Cell-surface carbohydrates in proliferative epidermal lesions. Distribution of A, B, and H blood group antigens in benign and malignant lesions. Author(s): Schaumburg-Lever G, Gavris V, Lever WF, Alroy J, Ucci A. Source: The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 1984 December; 6(6): 583-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6395714&dopt=Abstract

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Change of specific activities and immunodominant carbohydrates of human blood group N- and M-specific proteoglycans by periodate oxidation. Author(s): Springer GF, Yang HJ. Source: Die Naturwissenschaften. 1978 January; 65(1): 70-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=75513&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in (Na+ + K+) ATPase activity and the composition of surface carbohydrates in erythrocyte membranes in alcoholics. Author(s): Stibler H, Beauge F, Borg S. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1984 November-December; 8(6): 522-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6097135&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in serum proteins and protein-bound carbohydrates in diabetes mellitus. Author(s): McMillan DE. Source: Diabetologia. 1970 December; 6(6): 597-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4099752&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in serum proteins, viscosity, and protein-bound carbohydrates during prolonged bedrest. Author(s): McMillan DE, Donaldson CL. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1975 February; 46(2): 132-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1115708&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in surface carbohydrates of erythrocytes during in vivo aging. Author(s): Choy YM, Wong SL, Lee CY. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1979 November 28; 91(2): 410-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=518640&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in the expression of blood-group carbohydrates during oral mucosal development in human fetuses. Author(s): Vedtofte P, Dabelsteen E, Hakomori S, Young WW. Source: Differentiation; Research in Biological Diversity. 1984; 27(3): 221-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6500204&dopt=Abstract

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Characterisation of complex carbohydrates in cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive adenocarcinoma. Author(s): Griffin NR, Wells M. Source: International Journal of Gynecological Pathology : Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. 1994 October; 13(4): 319-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7814193&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi glycoconjugates and surface carbohydrates. Author(s): Hulinska D, Volf P, Grubhoffer L. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1992 April; 276(4): 473-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1611204&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of carbohydrates in commercial infant formulae. Author(s): Coppa GV, Gabrielli O, Pierani P, Zampini L, Giorgi PL. Source: Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1994 September; 402: 31-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7841617&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of carbohydrates in the alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor. Author(s): Jensen PH, Gliemann J, Orntoft T. Source: Febs Letters. 1992 June 29; 305(2): 129-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1377647&dopt=Abstract

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Chemical ionization mass spectrometry of trimethylsilylated carbohydrates and organic acids retained in uremic serum. Author(s): Schoots AC, Leclercq PA. Source: Biomed Mass Spectrom. 1979 November; 6(11): 502-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=534687&dopt=Abstract

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Choosing your carbohydrates to prevent diabetes. Author(s): Mathers J. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 August; 88(2): 107-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12144712&dopt=Abstract

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Chromatographic investigation of stool carbohydrates in infants, normals and with acute diarrhea. Author(s): Licastro R, Toccalino H, O'Donnell JC. Source: Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam. 1972 January-March; 4(1): 9-13. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5056824&dopt=Abstract

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Classification and methodology of food carbohydrates as related to nutritional effects. Author(s): Asp NG. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 April; 61(4 Suppl): 930S-937S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7900691&dopt=Abstract

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Classification of complex carbohydrates. Author(s): Prosky L, Lee SC. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1997; 427: 55-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9361831&dopt=Abstract

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Cloning and molecular analysis of the Isi1 (rfaF) gene of Neisseria meningitidis which encodes a heptosyl-2-transferase involved in LPS biosynthesis: evaluation of surface exposed carbohydrates in LPS mediated toxicity for human endothelial cells. Author(s): Jennings MP, Bisercic M, Dunn KL, Virji M, Martin A, Wilks KE, Richards JC, Moxon ER. Source: Microbial Pathogenesis. 1995 December; 19(6): 391-407. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8852280&dopt=Abstract

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Cognitive performance is associated with glucose regulation in healthy elderly persons and can be enhanced with glucose and dietary carbohydrates. Author(s): Kaplan RJ, Greenwood CE, Winocur G, Wolever TM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 September; 72(3): 825-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10966906&dopt=Abstract

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Collagen of embryonic type in the vertebrate eye and its relation to carbohydrates and subunit structure of tropocollagen. Author(s): Dische Z. Source: Symp Soc Dev Biol. 1970; 29: 164-94. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4269661&dopt=Abstract

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Colonic digestion and absorption of energy from carbohydrates and medium-chain fat in small bowel failure. Author(s): Jeppesen PB, Mortensen PB. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 1999 September-October; 23(5 Suppl): S101-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10483907&dopt=Abstract

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Colonic fermentation capacity in vitro: development during weaning in breast-fed infants is slower for complex carbohydrates than for sugars. Author(s): Parrett AM, Edwards CA, Lokerse E. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 April; 65(4): 927-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9094874&dopt=Abstract

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Colonic fermentation of complex carbohydrates in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Author(s): Bradburn DM, Mathers JC, Gunn A, Burn J, Chapman PD, Johnston ID. Source: Gut. 1993 May; 34(5): 630-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8389311&dopt=Abstract

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Colonic fermentation of complex dietary carbohydrates in short-bowel patients. No association with hydrogen excretion and fecal and plasma short-chain fatty acids. Author(s): Nordgaard I, Hansen BS, Mortensen PB. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995 September; 30(9): 897-904. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8578190&dopt=Abstract

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Colonic hydrogen absorption: quantification of its effect on hydrogen accumulation caused by bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates. Author(s): Hammer HF. Source: Gut. 1993 June; 34(6): 818-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8314516&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative continuous-indirect-calorimetry study of two carbohydrates with different glycemic indices. Author(s): Ritz P, Krempf M, Cloarec D, Champ M, Charbonnel B. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991 November; 54(5): 855-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1951156&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative effects of several simple carbohydrates on erythrocyte insulin receptors in obese subjects. Author(s): Rizkalla SW, Baigts F, Fumeron F, Rabillon B, Bayn P, Ktorza A, Spielmann D, Apfelbaum M. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1986 September; 25(3): 681-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3534894&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative study of the balance and metabolic effect of post-operatively infused carbohydrates. Author(s): Bickel H. Source: Int Z Vitam Ernahrungsforsch Beih. 1976; 15: 131-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=821878&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison between glucose and a combination of glucose, fructose, and xylitol as carbohydrates for total parenteral nutrition of surgical intensive care patients. Author(s): Leutenegger AF, Goschke H, Stutz K, Mannhart H, Werdenberg J, Werdenberg D, Wolff G, Allgower M. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1977 February; 133(2): 199-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=402088&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison between the native glycosylated and the recombinant Cup a1 allergen: role of carbohydrates in the histamine release from basophils. Author(s): Iacovacci P, Afferni C, Butteroni C, Pironi L, Puggioni EM, Orlandi A, Barletta B, Tinghino R, Ariano R, Panzani RC, Di Felice G, Pini C. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 November; 32(11): 1620-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12569984&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of alteration of cell surface carbohydrates of the chinchilla tubotympanum and colonial opacity phenotype of Streptococcus pneumoniae during experimental pneumococcal otitis media with or without an antecedent influenza A virus infection. Author(s): Tong HH, Grants I, Liu X, DeMaria TF. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 August; 70(8): 4292-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117938&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of monounsaturated fatty acids and carbohydrates for lowering plasma cholesterol. Author(s): Grundy SM. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1986 March 20; 314(12): 745-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3951504&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of monounsaturated fatty acids and carbohydrates for reducing raised levels of plasma cholesterol in man. Author(s): Grundy SM, Florentin L, Nix D, Whelan MF. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1988 June; 47(6): 965-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3376911&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the effects of magnesium hydroxide and a bulk laxative on lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins A and E, and minerals in geriatric hospital patients in the treatment of constipation. Author(s): Kinnunen O, Salokannel J. Source: J Int Med Res. 1989 September-October; 17(5): 442-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2553511&dopt=Abstract

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Complex carbohydrates and resistant starch. Author(s): Brown I. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1996 November; 54(11 Pt 2): S115-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9110587&dopt=Abstract

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Complex carbohydrates and sugars. Author(s): Weaver LT. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 November; 106(5): 1291. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11061837&dopt=Abstract

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Complex carbohydrates as differentiation markers in malignant blood cells: glycolipids in the human leukemias. Author(s): Klock JC, Macher BA, Lee WM. Source: Blood Cells. 1981; 7(2): 247-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7296009&dopt=Abstract

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Complex carbohydrates in drug development. Author(s): Schnaar RL. Source: Adv Pharmacol. 1992; 23: 35-84. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1540539&dopt=Abstract

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Complex carbohydrates in the diabetic diet. Author(s): Crapo PA. Source: Diabetes Educ. 1981 Fall; 7(3): 37-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7030676&dopt=Abstract

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Complex carbohydrates in the dietary management of patients with glycogenosis caused by glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency. Author(s): Smit GP, Ververs MT, Belderok B, Van Rijn M, Berger R, Fernandes J. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1988 July; 48(1): 95-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3291600&dopt=Abstract

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Complex carbohydrates in the prevention of nocturnal hypoglycaemia in diabetic children. Author(s): Ververs MT, Rouwe C, Smit GP. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993 April; 47(4): 268-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8491164&dopt=Abstract

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Complex carbohydrates of the extracellular matrix structures, interactions and biological roles. Author(s): Aplin JD, Hughes RC. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1982 December; 694(4): 375-418. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6760897&dopt=Abstract

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Complex carbohydrates: replacement energy for fat or useful in their own right? Author(s): Mann J. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1987 May; 45(5 Suppl): 1202-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3554968&dopt=Abstract

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Concanavalin A induced apoptosis in fibroblasts: the role of cell surface carbohydrates in lectin mediated cytotoxicity. Author(s): Kulkarni GV, McCulloch CA. Source: Journal of Cellular Physiology. 1995 October; 165(1): 119-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7559793&dopt=Abstract

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Concanavalin A-perioxidase-diaminobenzidine (Con-A-PO-DAB)-alcian blue (AB): a reliable method for dual staining of complex carbohydrates. Author(s): Yamada K. Source: Histochemistry. 1976 May 28; 47(2): 159-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=60314&dopt=Abstract

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Concanavalin A-peroxidase-diaminobenzidine-periodic acid-m-aminophenol-fast black salt K: a method for the dual staining of neutral complex carbohydrates. Author(s): Yamada K. Source: The Histochemical Journal. 1978 September; 10(5): 573-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=80396&dopt=Abstract

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Conserved, N-linked carbohydrates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 are largely dispensable for viral replication. Author(s): Johnson WE, Sauvron JM, Desrosiers RC. Source: Journal of Virology. 2001 December; 75(23): 11426-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11689624&dopt=Abstract

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Consumption of carbohydrates in the United Kingdom. Author(s): Hollingsworth DF, Greaves JP. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1967 February; 20(2): 65-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6020522&dopt=Abstract

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Contents of total and protein-bound carbohydrates are low in leukemic leukocytes from patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Author(s): Smolenska-Sym G, Zdebska E, Golaszewska E, Wozniak J, Durzynski T, Maj S, Mokras U, Koscielak J. Source: Acta Biochimica Polonica. 1998; 45(2): 361-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9821867&dopt=Abstract

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Coronary heart disease--dietary lipids or refined carbohydrates? Author(s): Temple NJ. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1983 April; 10(4): 425-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6877119&dopt=Abstract

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Correlations among serum protein-bound carbohydrates, serum glycoproteins, lymphocyte reactivity, and tumors burden in cancer patients. Author(s): Bradley WP, Blasco AP, Weiss JF, Alexander JC Jr, Silverman NA, Chretien PB. Source: Cancer. 1977 November; 40(5): 2264-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=922666&dopt=Abstract

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C-reactive protein binds to phosphorylated carbohydrates. Author(s): Culley FJ, Bodman-Smith KB, Ferguson MA, Nikolaev AV, Shantilal N, Raynes JG. Source: Glycobiology. 2000 January; 10(1): 59-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10570224&dopt=Abstract

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Cytochemistry of complex carbohydrates by light and electron microscopy: available methods and their application. Author(s): Spicer SS, Schulte BA, Thomopoulos GN, Parmley RT, Takagi M. Source: Monogr Pathol. 1983; 24: 163-211. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6193420&dopt=Abstract

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Defective cytoplasmic transport of cell surface carbohydrates in psoriasis. Author(s): Amornsiripanitch S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1985 June; 12(6): 1111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4008708&dopt=Abstract

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Degradation of complex carbohydrates by Bifidobacterium spp. Author(s): Crociani F, Alessandrini A, Mucci MM, Biavati B. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1994 December; 24(1-2): 199-210. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7703014&dopt=Abstract

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Deletion of clustered O-linked carbohydrates does not impair function of low density lipoprotein receptor in transfected fibroblasts. Author(s): Davis CG, Elhammer A, Russell DW, Schneider WJ, Kornfeld S, Brown MS, Goldstein JL. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1986 February 25; 261(6): 2828-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3005267&dopt=Abstract

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Demonstration of carbohydrates in premelanosomes by ultrastructural cytochemistry. Author(s): Sahlmann B, Rathjen P, Stanka P. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 1985; 278(2): 148-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4096541&dopt=Abstract

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Dental caries: protein, fats and carbohydrates. A literature review. Author(s): Nizel AE. Source: The New York State Dental Journal. 1969 February; 35(2): 71-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4883791&dopt=Abstract

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Depressive symptoms and the self-reported use of alcohol, caffeine, and carbohydrates in normal volunteers and four groups of psychiatric outpatients. Author(s): Leibenluft E, Fiero PL, Bartko JJ, Moul DE, Rosenthal NE. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 February; 150(2): 294-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8422081&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of anomalies in cell-surface carbohydrates on thrombasthenic platelets using 125I-labeled lectins. Author(s): Manso M, de Dios I, Alberca I, Vicente V. Source: Blut. 1986 February; 52(2): 91-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3633202&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of antibodies in human sera to streptococcal groups A and C carbohydrates by a radioimmunoassay. Author(s): Aasted B, Bernstein D, Klapper DG, El Kholy A, Krause RM. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 1979; 9(1): 61-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=368961&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of some clinically important carbohydrates in plasma and urine by means of thin-layer chromatography. Author(s): Szustkiewicz C, Demetriou J. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1971 May; 32(3): 355-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5096949&dopt=Abstract

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Determination by gas chromatography of carbohydrates in tissues, urine and blood. Author(s): Wells WW. Source: Methods Med Res. 1970; 12: 115-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5464591&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of available carbohydrates in plant and animal foods. Author(s): Friedemann TE, Witt NF, Neighbors BW, Weber CW. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1967 March; 91(3): Suppl 2: 1-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5337161&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of carbohydrates as their dansylhydrazine derivatives by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Author(s): Perez SA, Colon LA. Source: Electrophoresis. 1996 February; 17(2): 352-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8900942&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of carbohydrates in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography and optical activity detection. Author(s): Kuo JC, Yeung ES. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1981 May 8; 223(2): 321-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7251786&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of complex carbohydrates in foods as the sum of available starch and dietary fiber. Author(s): Cho SS, Prosky L. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1997; 427: 63-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9361832&dopt=Abstract

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'Determination' of sugar alcohol and Polydextrose absorption in humans by the breath hydrogen (H2) technique: the stoichiometry of hydrogen production and the interaction between carbohydrates assessed in vivo and in vitro. Author(s): Livesey G, Johnson IT, Gee JM, Smith T, Lee WE, Hillan KA, Meyer J, Turner SC. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993 June; 47(6): 419-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8365383&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of the absolute configuration of mono-saccharides in complex carbohydrates by capillary G.L.C. Author(s): Gerwig GJ, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JF. Source: Carbohydrate Research. 1979 December; 77: 10-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=519653&dopt=Abstract

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Developmental study of human fetal placental fibronectin: alterations in carbohydrates of tissue fibronectin during gestation. Author(s): Zhu BC, Laine RA. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1987 January; 252(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3813528&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetes and carbohydrates: the copper connection. Author(s): Hill G, Edes TE. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1987 May 15; 257(19): 2593. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3573253&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetic nutrition: come back, carbohydrates! Author(s): Swaffield L. Source: Community Outlook. 1982 June 9; : 163-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6282530&dopt=Abstract

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Dialysis time and the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. Author(s): Novarini A, Zuliani U, Strata A, Borghetti A, Migone L. Source: Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc. 1975; 11: 374-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1197261&dopt=Abstract

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Diet and human atherosclerosis-carbohydrates. Author(s): MacDonald I. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1975; 60: 57-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=167560&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates and dental disorders. Author(s): Scheinin A. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1987 May; 45(5 Suppl): 1218-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3554970&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates and endurance exercise. Author(s): Evans WJ, Hughes VA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1985 May; 41(5 Suppl): 1146-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3993621&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates and glucose metabolism in diabetic patients. Author(s): Parillo M, Riccardi G. Source: Diabete Metab. 1995 December; 21(6): 391-401. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8593919&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates and hyperlipemic states in man. Author(s): Bierman EL. Source: Nutr Metab. 1975; 18 Suppl 1: 108-14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=170563&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates and insulin action in humans. Author(s): Wolever TM. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2000 March; 83 Suppl 1: S97-102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10889799&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates and insulin sensitivity. Author(s): Mathers JC, Daly ME. Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 1998 November; 1(6): 553-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10565409&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates and insulin sensitivity: a review of the evidence and clinical implications. Author(s): Daly ME, Vale C, Walker M, Alberti KG, Mathers JC. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 November; 66(5): 1072-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9356523&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates and low cholesterol diets: effects on serum lipids on man. Author(s): Hodges RE, Krehl WA, Stone DB, Lopez A. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1967 February; 20(2): 198-208. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6020521&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates and serum cholesterol. Author(s): Grande F. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1967 February; 20(2): 176-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6020518&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates and skin lipids. Author(s): MacDonald I. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1967 February; 79(2): 119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6019104&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates and the colonic microflora. Author(s): Cummings JH. Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 1998 September; 1(5): 409-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10565385&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates and their effects on blood lipids. Author(s): MacDonald I. Source: Ann Ist Super Sanita. 1970; 6(4): 333-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5508169&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates and their glycemic responses. Author(s): Jenkins DJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1984 June 1; 251(21): 2829-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6716609&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates and triacylglycerol metabolism. Author(s): Roche HM. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1999 February; 58(1): 201-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10343358&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates and weight loss. Author(s): Ortega RM, Andres P. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 November; 64(5): 823-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8901809&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates in diabetes. Author(s): Vessby B. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 March; 59(3 Suppl): 742S-746S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8116559&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates in hyperlipemia (hyperglyceridemia); hepatic and adipose tissue lipogenic activities. Author(s): Kuo PT, Feng L, Cohen NN, Fitts WT Jr, Miller LD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1967 February; 20(2): 116-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6020510&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates in lipid disorders in man. Author(s): Albrink MJ. Source: Prog Biochem Pharmacol. 1973; 8: 242-70. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4597900&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates in normolipemia. Author(s): Macdonald I. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1967 February; 20(2): 185-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6020519&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases of major public health importance. Author(s): Szostak WB, Cybulska B. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1987 May; 45(5 Suppl): 1207-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3554969&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases. Author(s): Hallfrisch J, Reiser S. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1988 January; 47(1): 163-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3337036&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates, physical inactivity, obesity, and the 'metabolic syndrome' as predictors of coronary heart disease. Author(s): Liu S, Manson JE. Source: Current Opinion in Lipidology. 2001 August; 12(4): 395-404. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11507324&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates. Their indications and contraindications in clinical medicine. Author(s): Macdonald I. Source: Practitioner. 1974 April; 212(1270 Spec No): 448-53. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4607601&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carbohydrates: their role in cariogenicity. Author(s): Newbrun E. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1979 September; 63(5): 1069-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=388111&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fat and carbohydrates are independently associated with circulating insulinlike growth factor 1 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 concentrations in healthy adults. Author(s): Kaklamani VG, Linos A, Kaklamani E, Markaki I, Koumantaki Y, Mantzoros CS. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1999 October; 17(10): 3291-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10506632&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fats and carbohydrates, blood lipids, and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Stare FJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1967 February; 20(2): 149-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6020515&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fats, carbohydrates and atherosclerotic vascular disease. Author(s): McGandy RB, Hegsted DM, Stare FJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1967 August 3; 277(5): 245-7 Concl. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5339699&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fats, carbohydrates and atherosclerotic vascular disease. Author(s): McGandy RB, Hegsted DM, Stare FJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1967 July 27; 277(4): 186-92 Contd. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5339697&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary fibre, lente carbohydrates and the insulin-resistant diseases. Author(s): Jenkins DJ, Axelsen M, Kendall CW, Augustin LS, Vuksan V, Smith U. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2000 March; 83 Suppl 1: S157-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10889807&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary guidelines and complex carbohydrates. Author(s): Schneeman BO. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1997; 427: 51-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9361830&dopt=Abstract

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Diet-induced thermogenesis in man: thermic effects of single proteins, carbohydrates and fats depending on their energy amount. Author(s): Karst H, Steiniger J, Noack R, Steglich HD. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 1984; 28(4): 245-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6476790&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in dietary-induced thermogenesis following the ingestion of various carbohydrates. Author(s): Macdonald I. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 1984; 28(4): 226-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6476787&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in dietary-induced thermogenesis with various carbohydrates in normal and overweight men. Author(s): Sharief NN, Macdonald I. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1982 February; 35(2): 267-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6801959&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in the metabolism of dietary carbohydrates studied in the rat. Author(s): Naismith DJ. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1971 December; 30(3): 259-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4949352&dopt=Abstract

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Differential effect of protein and fat ingestion on blood glucose responses to highand low-glycemic-index carbohydrates in noninsulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Author(s): Gulliford MC, Bicknell EJ, Scarpello JH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1989 October; 50(4): 773-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2679037&dopt=Abstract

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Digestibility of carbohydrates from rice-, oat- and wheat-based ready-to-eat breakfast cereals in children. Author(s): Brighenti F, Casiraghi MC, Ciappellano S, Crovetti R, Testolin G. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 September; 48(9): 617-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8001518&dopt=Abstract

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Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates and nitrogenous matters in the hindgut of the omnivorous nonruminant animal. Author(s): Rerat A. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1978 June; 46(6): 1808-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=357372&dopt=Abstract

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Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates--from molecules and membranes to humans. Author(s): Levin RJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 March; 59(3 Suppl): 690S-698S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8116552&dopt=Abstract

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Digestion and absorption of fruit juice carbohydrates. Author(s): Perman JA. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1996 October; 15(5 Suppl): 12S17S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8892178&dopt=Abstract

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Digestion and hydrolysis of carbohydrates in malnutrition. Author(s): Lentze MJ. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1991; 374: 22-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1957624&dopt=Abstract

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Digestion of the carbohydrates of banana (Musa paradisiaca sapientum) in the human small intestine. Author(s): Englyst HN, Cummings JH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1986 July; 44(1): 42-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3014853&dopt=Abstract

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Digestion rate of legume carbohydrates and glycemic index of legume-based meals. Author(s): Araya H, Pak N, Vera G, Alvina M. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2003 March; 54(2): 119-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12701368&dopt=Abstract

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Digestion, absorption, and fermentation of carbohydrates in the newborn. Author(s): Kien CL. Source: Clin Perinatol. 1996 June; 23(2): 211-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8780902&dopt=Abstract

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Digestion, absorption, and fermentation of carbohydrates. Author(s): Kien CL, Heitlinger LA, Li BU, Murray RD. Source: Semin Perinatol. 1989 April; 13(2): 78-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2662416&dopt=Abstract

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Disaccharidase deficiency and malabsorption of carbohydrates. Author(s): Lee CK. Source: Singapore Med J. 1984 February; 25(1): 6-13. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6463667&dopt=Abstract

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Disaccharide units from complex carbohydrates of animals. Author(s): Dawson G. Source: Methods Enzymol. 1978; 50: 272-84. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=351330&dopt=Abstract

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Distribution of carbohydrates in the zona pellucida of human oocytes. Author(s): Maymon BB, Maymon R, Ben-Nun I, Ghetler Y, Shalgi R, Skutelsky E. Source: Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 1994 September; 102(1): 81-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7528279&dopt=Abstract

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Distribution of carbohydrates recognized by the lectins Euonymus europaeus and concanavalin A in monoxenic and heteroxenic trypanosomatids. Author(s): Gazzinelli RT, Romanha AJ, Fontes G, Chiari E, Gazzinelli G, Brenner Z. Source: J Protozool. 1991 July-August; 38(4): 320-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1787421&dopt=Abstract

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Do alcohol and complex carbohydrates mix? Author(s): Lands WE. Source: Glycobiology. 1993 October; 3(5): 415-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8286850&dopt=Abstract

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Do carbohydrates affect food intake via neurotransmitter activity? Author(s): Wurtman RJ, Wurtman JJ. Source: Appetite. 1988; 11 Suppl 1: 42-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2903717&dopt=Abstract

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Do carbohydrates make you fat? Author(s): Acheson KJ. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1993 March-April; 9(2): 185. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8485334&dopt=Abstract

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Do carbohydrates promote hypertension? Author(s): Fagerberg B. Source: International Journal of Obesity. 1981; 5 Suppl 1: 151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7016781&dopt=Abstract

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Domain-specific distribution of carbohydrates in human fibronectins and the transformation-dependent translocation of branched type 2 chain defined by monoclonal antibody C6. Author(s): Nichols EJ, Fenderson BA, Carter WG, Hakomori S. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1986 August 25; 261(24): 11295-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2426270&dopt=Abstract

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Dry beans of Phaseolus. A review. Part 2. Chemical composition: carbohydrates, fiber, minerals, vitamins, and lipids. Author(s): Sathe SK, Deshpande SS, Salunkhe DK. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 1984; 21(1): 41-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6091995&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of an oral diet exclusively composed of carbohydrates on high density lipoprotein composition. Author(s): Ameryckx JP, Vanderminnen R, Malmendier CL. Source: Acta Cardiol Suppl. 1981; 27: 31-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7039198&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of carbohydrate restriction and high carbohydrates diets on men with chemical diabetes. Author(s): Anderson JW. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1977 March; 30(3): 402-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=842491&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of carbohydrates on adherence of Escherichica coli to human urinary tract epithelial cells. Author(s): Schaeffer AJ, Amundsen SK, Jones JM. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1980 November; 30(2): 531-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7002802&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of carbohydrates on calcium absorption in premature infants. Author(s): Stathos TH, Shulman RJ, Schanler RJ, Abrams SA. Source: Pediatric Research. 1996 April; 39(4 Pt 1): 666-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8848343&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of carbohydrates on dental enamel. An in vitro study on enamel sections using the diffusion cell. Author(s): Tarjan I, Linden LA. Source: J Int Assoc Dent Child. 1984 June; 15(1): 35-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6596329&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of carbohydrates on estimated hepatic blood flow. Author(s): Svensson CK, Mauriello PM, Barde SH, Middleton E Jr, Lalka D. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1984 May; 35(5): 660-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6713776&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of carbohydrates on growth of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis. Author(s): Robertson JA, Howard LA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1987 January; 25(1): 160-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3793871&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of carbohydrates on the pharmacokinetics of human interferon-gamma. Author(s): Sareneva T, Cantell K, Pyhala L, Pirhonen J, Julkunen I. Source: Journal of Interferon Research. 1993 August; 13(4): 267-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8228387&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of changes in the proportions of the dietary carbohydrates and in energy intake on the plasma lipid concentrations in healthy young men. Author(s): Naismith DJ, Stock AL, Yudkin J. Source: Nutr Metab. 1974; 16(5): 295-304. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4836873&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of co-ingestion of fat on the metabolic responses to slowly and rapidly absorbed carbohydrates. Author(s): Collier G, McLean A, O'Dea K. Source: Diabetologia. 1984 January; 26(1): 50-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6368300&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of dietary carbohydrates and copper status on blood pressure of rats. Author(s): Fields M, Ferretti RJ, Smith JC Jr, Reiser S. Source: Life Sciences. 1984 February 20; 34(8): 763-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6700377&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of dietary carbohydrates during hypocaloric treatment of obesity on peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism. Author(s): Pasquali R, Parenti M, Mattioli L, Capelli M, Cavazzini G, Baraldi G, Sorrenti G, De Benedettis G, Biso P, Melchionda N. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1982 January-February; 5(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7096916&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of dietary carbohydrates on the in vitro epithelial adhesion of Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida krusei. Author(s): Pizzo G, Giuliana G, Milici ME, Giangreco R. Source: New Microbiol. 2000 January; 23(1): 63-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10946407&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of dietary fats and carbohydrates on serum-lipids in the rat. Author(s): Dumaswala UJ, Modak AJ, Divakaran P, Venkataraman A. Source: Lancet. 1970 October 3; 2(7675): 723-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4195960&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of diets high or low in unavailable and slowly digestible carbohydrates on the pattern of 24-h substrate oxidation and feelings of hunger in humans. Author(s): Sparti A, Milon H, Di Vetta V, Schneiter P, Tappy L, Jequier E, Schutz Y. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 December; 72(6): 1461-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11101472&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of different carbohydrates on growth, polysaccharidase and glycosidase production by Bacteroides ovatus, in batch and continuous culture. Author(s): Macfarlane GT, Hay S, Macfarlane S, Gibson GR. Source: The Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 1990 February; 68(2): 179-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2318746&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of digestible carbohydrates on glucose control in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Author(s): Perrotti N, Santoro D, Genovese S, Giacco A, Rivellese A, Riccardi G. Source: Diabetes Care. 1984 July-August; 7(4): 354-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6088192&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of glycemic carbohydrates on short-term satiety and food intake. Author(s): Anderson GH, Woodend D. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2003 May; 61(5 Pt 2): S17-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12828188&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of ileal perfusion of carbohydrates and amylase inhibitor on gastrointestinal hormones and emptying. Author(s): Jain NK, Boivin M, Zinsmeister AR, Brown ML, Malagelada JR, DiMagno EP. Source: Gastroenterology. 1989 February; 96(2 Pt 1): 377-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2463204&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of meal volume and energy density on the gastric emptying of carbohydrates. Author(s): Hunt JN, Smith JL, Jiang CL. Source: Gastroenterology. 1985 December; 89(6): 1326-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4054524&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of monounsaturated fatty acids versus complex carbohydrates on high-density lipoproteins in healthy men and women. Author(s): Mensink RP, Katan MB. Source: Lancet. 1987 January 17; 1(8525): 122-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2879969&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of non-digestible fermentable carbohydrates on hepatic fatty acid metabolism. Author(s): Delzenne NM, Kok N. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1998 May; 26(2): 228-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9649752&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of rhein on the transport of electrolytes, water, and carbohydrates in the human jejunum and colon. Author(s): Ewe K. Source: Pharmacology. 1980; 20 Suppl 1: 27-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6246548&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of short-chain carbohydrates on human intestinal bifidobacteria and Escherichia coli in vitro. Author(s): Sharp R, Fishbain S, Macfarlane GT. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2001 February; 50(2): 152-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11211222&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of simple and complex carbohydrates on plasma non-esterified fatty acids, plasma-sugar, and plasma-insulin during oral carbohydrate tolerance tests. Author(s): Swan DC, Davidson P, Albrink MJ. Source: Lancet. 1966 January 8; 1(7428): 60-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4158993&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of solid and liquid carbohydrates upon postprandial pancreatic endocrine function. Author(s): Schusdziarra V, Dangel G, Klier M, Henrichs I, Pfeiffer EF. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1981 July; 53(1): 16-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7016892&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of the glycemic index and content of indigestible carbohydrates of cereal-based breakfast meals on glucose tolerance at lunch in healthy subjects. Author(s): Liljeberg HG, Akerberg AK, Bjorck IM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1999 April; 69(4): 647-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10197565&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of ultrasound emulsification on cheese aroma encapsulation by carbohydrates. Author(s): Mongenot N, Charrier S, Chalier P. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 March; 48(3): 861-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10725164&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of a 3-day fast and of ethanol on splanchnic metabolism of FFA, amino acids, and carbohydrates in healthy young men. Author(s): Wolfe BM, Havel JR, Marliss EB, Kane JP, Seymour J, Ahuja SP. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1976 February; 57(2): 329-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=176179&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of carbohydrates and lectins on cryptosporidial sporozoite penetration of cultured cell monolayers. Author(s): Kuhls TL, Mosier DA, Crawford DL. Source: J Protozool. 1991 November-December; 38(6): 74S-76S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1818216&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of carbohydrates on carbon dioxide excretion in patients with airway disease. Author(s): Gieseke T, Gurushanthaiah G, Glauser FL. Source: Chest. 1977 January; 71(1): 55-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=830500&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of carbohydrates on mood and behavior. Author(s): Spring BJ, Lieberman HR, Swope G, Garfield GS. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1986 May; 44 Suppl: 51-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2908799&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of carbohydrates on uric acid metabolism. Author(s): Narins RG, Weisberg JS, Myers AR. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1974 May; 23(5): 455-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4825302&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary carbohydrates in metabolic disturbances in man. Author(s): Taskinen MR. Source: Prog Biochem Pharmacol. 1986; 21: 160-80. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3014548&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary carbohydrates on blood pressure. Author(s): Karanja N, McCarron DA. Source: Prog Biochem Pharmacol. 1986; 21: 248-65. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3014549&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary carbohydrates on metabolism of calcium and other minerals in normal subjects and patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Garg A, Bonanome A, Grundy SM, Unger RH, Breslau NA, Pak CY. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1990 April; 70(4): 100713. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2156883&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary carbohydrates on mutacin production and activity. Author(s): Morency H, Lavoie MC. Source: Microbios. 1991; 67(270): 35-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1815101&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary carbohydrates on serum lipids. Author(s): Macdonald I. Source: Prog Biochem Pharmacol. 1973; 8: 216-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4790742&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Author(s): Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, Katan MB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 May; 77(5): 1146-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716665&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins--the Jerusalem Nutrition Study. II. Monounsaturated fatty acids vs carbohydrates. Author(s): Berry EM, Eisenberg S, Friedlander Y, Harats D, Kaufmann NA, Norman Y, Stein Y. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1992 August; 56(2): 394-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1636617&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of enteral carbohydrates on de novo lipogenesis in critically ill patients. Author(s): Schwarz JM, Chiolero R, Revelly JP, Cayeux C, Schneiter P, Jequier E, Chen T, Tappy L. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 October; 72(4): 940-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11010935&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of incorporating ampicillin, bile salts and carbohydrates in media on the recognition and selection of Aeromonas spp. from faeces. Author(s): Want SV, Millership SE. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1990 May; 32(1): 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2111407&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of insulin on the turnover of plasma carbohydrates and lipids. Author(s): Shreeve WW. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1966 May; 40(5): 724-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5328874&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of labetalol on lipid and carbohydrates metabolism. Author(s): Pagnan A, Pessina AC, Hlede M, Zanetti G, Dal Palu' C. Source: Pharmacol Res Commun. 1979 March; 11(3): 227-36. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=223175&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of monounsaturated fatty acids v complex carbohydrates on serum lipoproteins and apoproteins in healthy men and women. Author(s): Mensink RP, de Groot MJ, van den Broeke LT, Severijnen-Nobels AP, Demacker PN, Katan MB. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1989 February; 38(2): 172-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2536459&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of normal meals rich in carbohydrates or proteins on plasma tryptophan and tyrosine ratios. Author(s): Wurtman RJ, Wurtman JJ, Regan MM, McDermott JM, Tsay RH, Breu JJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 January; 77(1): 128-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12499331&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of preoperative oral carbohydrates and peptides on postoperative endocrine response, mobilization, nutrition and muscle function in abdominal surgery. Author(s): Henriksen MG, Hessov I, Dela F, Hansen HV, Haraldsted V, Rodt SA. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2003 February; 47(2): 191-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12631049&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on human insulin secretion and carbohydrates tolerance. Author(s): Chen M, Robertson RP. Source: Prostaglandins. 1979 October; 18(4): 557-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=394200&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of slow release carbohydrates in the form of bean flakes on the evolution of hunger and satiety in man. Author(s): Leathwood P, Pollet P. Source: Appetite. 1988 February; 10(1): 1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3355122&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of the glycaemic index of dietary carbohydrates on prandial glycaemia and insulin therapy in type I diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Chantelau E, Spraul M, Kunze K, Sonnenberg GE, Berger M. Source: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 1986 April; 2(1): 35-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3720497&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 (sandostatin) on mouth-to-caecum transit time and absorption of fat and carbohydrates in normal man. Author(s): Moller N, Petrany G, Cassidy D, Sheldon WL, Johnston DG, Laker MF. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1988 October; 75(4): 345-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3058374&dopt=Abstract

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Effects on serum lipids of different dietary proteins and carbohydrates. Author(s): Keys A, Hodges RE. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1967 November; 20(11): 1249-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6057593&dopt=Abstract

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Electrochemical determination of carbohydrates: enzyme electrodes and amperometric detection in liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Author(s): Baldwin RP. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1999 February; 19(1-2): 6981. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10698569&dopt=Abstract

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Electron microscopic demonstration of cell surface carbohydrates by means of peroxidase and ferritin complexes of the Lens culinaris lection. Author(s): Roth J, Thoss K, Wagner M, Meyer HW. Source: Histochemistry. 1975 June 5; 43(3): 275-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1150486&dopt=Abstract

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Electron microscopic detection of periodate reactive complex carbohydrates in human T and B lymphocytes. Author(s): Eguchi M, Sugita K, Sugiyama S, Furukawa T. Source: Scand J Haematol. 1982 August; 29(2): 97-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6291141&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated levels of serum free non-glucose carbohydrates in juvenile diabetes. Author(s): Radhakrishnamurthy B, Fellman R, Berenson GS. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1985 April; 17(4): 213-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4007772&dopt=Abstract

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Elevation of serum protein-bound carbohydrates and haptoglobin in schizophrenia. Author(s): Seal US, Eist H. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1966 October; 12(10): 709-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5924608&dopt=Abstract

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Emerging roles of carbohydrates and glycomimetics in anticancer drug design. Author(s): Barchi JJ Jr. Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2000 March; 6(4): 485-501. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10788593&dopt=Abstract

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Enamel demineralization potential of dietary carbohydrates. Author(s): Brudevold F, Tehrani A, Attarzadeh F, van Houte J, Russo J. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 1983 December; 62(12): 1218-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6581199&dopt=Abstract

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Energy metabolism of medium-chain triglycerides versus carbohydrates during exercise. Author(s): Decombaz J, Arnaud MJ, Milon H, Moesch H, Philippossian G, Thelin AL, Howald H. Source: European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1983; 52(1): 9-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6360681&dopt=Abstract

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Engineering proteins that bind to cell surface carbohydrates. Author(s): Luzio JP, Bryant JM, Taylor PW. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1997 October 9; 266(1): 13-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9435984&dopt=Abstract

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Enteral absorption of octreotide: modulation of intestinal permeability by distinct carbohydrates. Author(s): Fricker G, Drewe J. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1995 August; 274(2): 826-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7636746&dopt=Abstract

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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and protein-bound carbohydrates in domestic animals. Author(s): Bottiger LE. Source: Acta Vet Scand. 1967; 8(3): 279-86. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6080981&dopt=Abstract

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ESR studies of the erythrocyte membrane skeletal protein network: influence of the state of aggregation of spectrin on the physical state of membrane proteins, bilayer lipids, and cell surface carbohydrates. Author(s): Farmer BT 2nd, Harmon TM, Butterfield DA. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1985 December 19; 821(3): 420-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3000446&dopt=Abstract

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ESR studies of transmembrane signaling processes: modulation of skeletal proteinprotein interactions and their influence on the physical state of cell-surface carbohydrates in human erythrocyte membranes. Author(s): Butterfield DA. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1989; 292: 53-64. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2542987&dopt=Abstract

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Estimated intake of simple and complex carbohydrates. Author(s): Stevens HA, Ohlson MA. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1966 April; 48(4): 294-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5908287&dopt=Abstract

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Estimation by gas chromatography of carbohydrates in glycolipids. Author(s): Vance DE, Sweeley CC. Source: Methods Med Res. 1970; 12: 123-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5432488&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of carbohydrates in parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Wretlind A. Source: Nutr Metab. 1975; 18 Suppl 1: 242-55. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=809732&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of metabolic effects of substitution of complex carbohydrates for saturated fat in individuals with obesity and NIDDM. Author(s): Howard BV, Abbott WG, Swinburn BA. Source: Diabetes Care. 1991 September; 14(9): 786-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1959472&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of nonglucose carbohydrates in parenteral nutrition for diabetic patients. Author(s): Valero MA, Leon-Sanz M, Escobar I, Gomis P, de la Camara A, Moreno JM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 December; 55(12): 1111-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11781679&dopt=Abstract

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Evolutionary and historical changes in dietary carbohydrates. Author(s): Yudkin J. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1967 February; 20(2): 108-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6020509&dopt=Abstract

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Exchanging carbohydrates for monounsaturated fats in energy-restricted diets: effects on metabolic profile and other cardiovascular risk factors. Author(s): Colette C, Percheron C, Pares-Herbute N, Michel F, Pham TC, Brillant L, Descomps B, Monnier L. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 June; 27(6): 648-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12833107&dopt=Abstract

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Excreted factors and membrane-associated carbohydrates of Indian leishmaniae. Author(s): Ghosh DK, Ghosh AK, Ghosh KN, Bhattcharya A, Das P, Ghosh TN. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1988 December; 19(4): 595-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3238471&dopt=Abstract

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Excretion of carbohydrates in seriously injured patients. Author(s): Vitek V, Vitek K, Cowley RA. Source: The American Surgeon. 1974 February; 40(2): 110-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4810633&dopt=Abstract

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Excretion of mannose-rich complex carbohydrates by a patient with alphamannosidase deficiency (mannosidosis). Author(s): Tsay GC, Dawson G, Matalon R. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1974 June; 84(6): 865-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4826624&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of ABO or related antigenic carbohydrates on viral envelopes leads to neutralization in the presence of serum containing specific natural antibodies and complement. Author(s): Preece AF, Strahan KM, Devitt J, Yamamoto F, Gustafsson K. Source: Blood. 2002 April 1; 99(7): 2477-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895782&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of an adhesion molecule and homing in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: II. L-selectin expression mediated cell adhesion revealed by immobilized analogue carbohydrates in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and monoclonal lymphocytosis of undetermined significance. Author(s): Csanaky G, Vass JA, Losonczy H, Schmelczer M. Source: Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother. 1993; 10(4): 173-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8164454&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of blood group antigen-related carbohydrates by human gingival epithelia. Author(s): Mackenzie IC, Dabelsteen E, Mandel U. Source: Journal of Periodontal Research. 1989 September; 24(5): 289-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2482347&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of mucin carbohydrates and core proteins in carcinomas of the ampulla of Vater: their relationship to prognosis. Author(s): Kitamura H, Yonezawa S, Tanaka S, Kim YS, Sato E. Source: Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann. 1996 June; 87(6): 631-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8766528&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of mucin type carbohydrates may supplement histologic diagnosis in oral premalignant lesions. Author(s): Bryne M, Reibel J, Mandel U, Dabelsteen E. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 1991 March; 20(3): 120-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1709970&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of peanut agglutinin-binding carbohydrates correlates with nodal involvement in human lung adenocarcinoma. Author(s): Suzuki H, Kawaguchi T, Higuchi M, Shio Y, Fujiu K, Kanno R, Ohishi A, Motoki R, Gotoh M. Source: Cancer Letters. 2002 December 10; 187(1-2): 215-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12359371&dopt=Abstract

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Facilitation of levodopa-induced dyskinesias by dietary carbohydrates. Author(s): Wurtman R, Caballero B, Salzman E. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1988 November 10; 319(19): 1288-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3185626&dopt=Abstract

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Faecal excretion of oligosaccharides and other carbohydrates in normal neonates. Author(s): Whyte RK, Homer R, Pennock CA. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1978 November; 53(11): 913-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=569470&dopt=Abstract

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Fermentation and bulking capacity of indigestible carbohydrates: the case of inulin and oligofructose. Author(s): Nyman M. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 May; 87 Suppl 2: S163-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12088514&dopt=Abstract

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Fermentation of carbohydrates in different flours by Streptococcus mutans. Author(s): Matee MI, Maselle SY, Van Palenstein Helderman WH, Mikx FH. Source: Archives of Oral Biology. 1993 July; 38(7): 627-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8368962&dopt=Abstract

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Fermentation of carbohydrates under aerobic and anaerobic conditions by intestinal microflora from infants. Author(s): Ross LF, Shaffer GP. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1989 November; 27(11): 2529-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2808675&dopt=Abstract

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Fiber/fat/carbohydrates in weight loss. Author(s): York E. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1987 April; 77(4): 514-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3826476&dopt=Abstract

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Fibre and the other unavailable carbohydrates and their effects on the energy value of the diet. Author(s): Southgate DA. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1973 December; 32(3): 131-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4604475&dopt=Abstract

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Fibre-depleted carbohydrates and disease. Author(s): Burkitt DP. Source: Community Health (Bristol). 1975 January-February; 6(4): 190-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1126145&dopt=Abstract

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Fighting fear of carbohydrates. Author(s): Hiser E. Source: Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. 1995 November-December; 15(6): 418-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8624967&dopt=Abstract

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First Cuban symposium on carbohydrates as vaccines, diagnostics and therapeutics. Author(s): Cremata JA. Source: Glycoconjugate Journal. 1995 December; 12(6): Iv-V. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8748147&dopt=Abstract

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Flow cytometric analysis of cell surface carbohydrates in metastatic human breast cancer. Author(s): Alam SM, Whitford P, Cushley W, George WD, Campbell AM. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1990 August; 62(2): 238-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2167120&dopt=Abstract

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Flow cytometric determination of carbohydrates in human erythrocytes. Author(s): Duijndam WA, van Duijn P. Source: Histochemistry. 1988; 88(3-6): 263-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3366634&dopt=Abstract

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Flow-mediated vasodilation is not impaired when HDL-cholesterol is lowered by substituting carbohydrates for monounsaturated fat. Author(s): de Roos NM, Bots ML, Siebelink E, Schouten E, Katan MB. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2001 August; 86(2): 181-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11502231&dopt=Abstract

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Fluorescent labeling of carbohydrates and analysis by liquid chromatography. Comparison of derivatives using mannosidosis oligosaccharides. Author(s): Coles E, Reinhold VN, Carr SA. Source: Carbohydrate Research. 1985 June 15; 139: 1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4040810&dopt=Abstract

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Fluorometric detection and determination of carbohydrates by high-performance liquid chromatography using ethanolamine. Author(s): Kato T, Kinoshita T. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 1980 July 15; 106(1): 238-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7416463&dopt=Abstract

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Food carbohydrates and plasma lipids--an update. Author(s): Truswell AS. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 March; 59(3 Suppl): 710S-718S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8116555&dopt=Abstract

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Food preferences in human obesity: carbohydrates versus fats. Author(s): Drewnowski A, Kurth C, Holden-Wiltse J, Saari J. Source: Appetite. 1992 June; 18(3): 207-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1510463&dopt=Abstract

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Food properties affecting the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Author(s): Bjorck I, Granfeldt Y, Liljeberg H, Tovar J, Asp NG. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 March; 59(3 Suppl): 699S-705S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8116553&dopt=Abstract

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Food sources of carbohydrates in a European cohort of adults. Author(s): Wirfalt E, McTaggart A, Pala V, Gullberg B, Frasca G, Panico S, Bueno-deMesquita HB, Peeters PH, Engeset D, Skeie G, Chirlaque MD, Amiano P, Lundin E, Mulligan A, Spencer EA, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Linseisen J, Nothlings U, Polychronopoulos E, Georga K, Charrondiere UR, Slimani N. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 December; 5(6B): 1197-215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639227&dopt=Abstract

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Formation of pentosidine during nonenzymatic browning of proteins by glucose. Identification of glucose and other carbohydrates as possible precursors of pentosidine in vivo. Author(s): Dyer DG, Blackledge JA, Thorpe SR, Baynes JW. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1991 June 25; 266(18): 11654-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1904867&dopt=Abstract

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Free alpha subunits of glycoprotein hormone with dissimilar carbohydrates produced by pathologically different carcinomas. Author(s): Nishimura R, Utsunomiya T, Ide K, Tanabe K, Hamamoto T, Mochizuki M. Source: Endocrinol Jpn. 1985 August; 32(4): 463-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2417829&dopt=Abstract

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Free amino acids and carbohydrates in the cerebrospinal fluid of 305 mentally retarded patients: a screening study. Author(s): Palo J, Savolainen H, Iivanainen M. Source: J Ment Defic Res. 1973 June; 17(2): 139-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4794945&dopt=Abstract

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Freeze-drying of haemoglobin in the presence of carbohydrates. Author(s): Labrude P, Chaillot B, Bonneaux F, Vigneron C. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1980 August; 32(8): 588-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6106703&dopt=Abstract

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Fringe benefits to carbohydrates. Author(s): Fortini ME. Source: Nature. 2000 July 27; 406(6794): 357-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10935619&dopt=Abstract

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From legumes to leukocytes: biological roles for sulfated carbohydrates. Author(s): Hooper LV, Manzella SM, Baenziger JU. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1996 August; 10(10): 1137-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8751716&dopt=Abstract

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Fructose and related food carbohydrates. Sources, intake, absorption, and clinical implications. Author(s): Rumessen JJ. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1992 October; 27(10): 819-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1439534&dopt=Abstract

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fucosyltransferase1 and H-type complex carbohydrates modulate epithelial cell proliferation during prostatic branching morphogenesis. Author(s): Marker PC, Stephan JP, Lee J, Bald L, Mather JP, Cunha GR. Source: Developmental Biology. 2001 May 1; 233(1): 95-108. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11319860&dopt=Abstract

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Functional analysis of the carbohydrate recognition domains and a linker peptide of galectin-9 as to eosinophil chemoattractant activity. Author(s): Sato M, Nishi N, Shoji H, Seki M, Hashidate T, Hirabayashi J, Kasai Ki K, Hata Y, Suzuki S, Hirashima M, Nakamura T. Source: Glycobiology. 2002 March; 12(3): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11971863&dopt=Abstract

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Functions for MHC class I carbohydrates inside and outside the cell. Author(s): Parham P. Source: Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 1996 November; 21(11): 427-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8987398&dopt=Abstract

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Further evidence that carbohydrates are the immunodeterminant structures of blood group M and N specificities. Author(s): Springer GF, Tegtmeyer H. Source: Immunol Commun. 1981; 10(2): 157-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6169631&dopt=Abstract

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Gas chromatographic evaluation of hydrogen in the breath as a diagnostic method for the study of intestinal digestion and absorption of dietary carbohydrates in man. Author(s): Castello G, Gerbino TC, Giacosa A, Frascio F, Sukkar SG. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1987 April 24; 416(1): 119-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3597626&dopt=Abstract

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Gas-chromatographic identification of urinary carbohydrates isolated by anionexchange chromatography. Author(s): Butts WC, Jolley RL. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1970 August; 16(8): 722-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5474203&dopt=Abstract

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Gastric emptying of cold beverages in humans: effect of transportable carbohydrates. Author(s): Shi X, Bartoli W, Horn M, Murray R. Source: International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2000 December; 10(4): 394-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11188020&dopt=Abstract

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Gel-immobilized heparin-binding lectin as sensitive sensor for certain groups of charge-bearing carbohydrates. Author(s): Koopmann J, Hocke J, Gabius HJ. Source: Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler. 1993 November; 374(11): 1029-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8292261&dopt=Abstract

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Georges Brohee Prize 1988-1989. Assimilation of nutritional carbohydrates: influence of hydrolysis. Author(s): Hiele M. Source: Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 1991 January-February; 54(1): 3-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2058348&dopt=Abstract

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Glucose and insulin levels on loading with different carbohydrates. Author(s): Lutjens A, Verleur H, Plooij M. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1975 July 23; 62(2): 239-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1149288&dopt=Abstract

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Glucose infusion rates from various complex carbohydrates estimated from two models. Author(s): Hoover-Plow J, Farrer C, Presley D, Crapo P, Salamon P. Source: Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1988; 12(3): 279-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3075307&dopt=Abstract

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Glucose response of diabetic patients to different carbohydrates. Author(s): Robbins DC, Normand EF, Colnes JP. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1984 May 24; 310(21): 1388-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6717513&dopt=Abstract

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Glycaemic and insulinaemic indices of Mexican foods high in complex carbohydrates in Type 2 diabetic subjects. Author(s): Noriega E, Peralta E, Rivera L, Saucedo S. Source: Diabetes Nutr Metab. 2001 February; 14(1): 43-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11345165&dopt=Abstract

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Glycaemic and insulinaemic indices of Mexican foods high in complex carbohydrates. Author(s): Noriega E, Rivera L, Peralta E. Source: Diabetes Nutr Metab. 2000 February; 13(1): 13-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10824718&dopt=Abstract

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Glycaemic index of different kinds of carbohydrates in type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Donduran S, Hamulu F, Cetinkalp S, Colak B, Horozoglu N, Tuzun M. Source: Eat Weight Disord. 1999 December; 4(4): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10728183&dopt=Abstract

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Glycemic carbohydrates consumed with amino acids or protein right after exercise enhance muscle formation. Author(s): Suzuki M. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2003 May; 61(5 Pt 2): S88-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12828198&dopt=Abstract

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Glycemic effects of carbohydrates: a different perspective. Author(s): Hollenbeck CB, Coulston AM, Reaven GM. Source: Diabetes Care. 1986 November-December; 9(6): 641-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3803155&dopt=Abstract

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Glycemic responses to carbohydrates. Author(s): Chantelau E, Spraul M, Robertson P. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1987 October; 46(4): 702-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3310602&dopt=Abstract

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Glycopinion: biological significance and methods for the analysis of complex carbohydrates of recombinant glycoproteins. Author(s): Raju TS, Lerner L, O'Connor JV. Source: Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry. 1996 December; 24 ( Pt 3): 191-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8969450&dopt=Abstract

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Glycosylation features of gastric carcinoma initiation and progression. A review with emphasis on simple mucin-type carbohydrates and histo-blood group antigens of the Lewis system. Author(s): Carneiro F, Amado M, David L, Clausen H, Sobrinho-Simoes M. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 1994 December; 3 Suppl 2: 39-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7735044&dopt=Abstract

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Glycosylation of the human interferon-gamma receptor. N-linked carbohydrates contribute to structural heterogeneity and are required for ligand binding. Author(s): Fischer T, Thoma B, Scheurich P, Pfizenmaier K. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1990 January 25; 265(3): 1710-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2136857&dopt=Abstract

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H2 excretion after ingestion of complex carbohydrates. Author(s): Levitt MD, Hirsh P, Fetzer CA, Sheahan M, Levine AS. Source: Gastroenterology. 1987 February; 92(2): 383-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3792775&dopt=Abstract

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Heat stress increases muscle glycogen use but reduces the oxidation of ingested carbohydrates during exercise. Author(s): Jentjens RL, Wagenmakers AJ, Jeukendrup AE. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 2002 April; 92(4): 1562-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11896023&dopt=Abstract

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Hepatic microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS): respective roles of ethanol and carbohydrates for the enhanced activity after chronic alcohol consumption. Author(s): Teschke R, Moreno F, Petrides AS. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 1981 July 1; 30(13): 1745-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7023487&dopt=Abstract

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Hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene expression is not repressed by dietary carbohydrates in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Author(s): Panserat S, Plagnes-Juan E, Breque J, Kaushik S. Source: The Journal of Experimental Biology. 2001 January; 204(Pt 2): 359-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11136621&dopt=Abstract

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High pressure column chromatography of carbohydrates in the clinical laboratory. Author(s): Young DS. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1970 May; 53(5): 803-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5424137&dopt=Abstract

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High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of ganglioside carbohydrates at the picomole level after ceramide glycanase digestion and fluorescent labeling with 2-aminobenzamide. Author(s): Wing DR, Garner B, Hunnam V, Reinkensmeier G, Andersson U, Harvey DJ, Dwek RA, Platt FM, Butters TD. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 2001 November 15; 298(2): 207-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11700975&dopt=Abstract

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Histamine release induced by human leukocyte lysates: effect of metabolic inhibitors and carbohydrates. Author(s): Kelly MT, White A. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1973 July; 8(1): 15-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4124153&dopt=Abstract

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Histochemical investigations on the human foetal subcommissural organ. I. Carbohydrates and mucosubstances, proteins and nucleoproteins, esterase, acid and alkaline phosphatase. Author(s): Mollgard K. Source: Histochemie. 1972; 32(1): 31-48. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5079513&dopt=Abstract

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Histochemical studies on the carbohydrates in the wall of the coronary vessels of domestic pig. A comparison to man. Author(s): Berg R. Source: Acta Histochemica. 1972; 43(2): 333-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4263951&dopt=Abstract

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Histochemically demonstrable changes in cell surface carbohydrates of human germ cell tumors. Author(s): Teshima S, Hirohashi S, Shimosato Y, Kishi K, Ino Y, Matsumoto K, Yamada T. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 1984 March; 50(3): 271-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6321856&dopt=Abstract

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Histochemistry of carbohydrates as performed by physical development procedures. Author(s): Yamada K. Source: The Histochemical Journal. 1993 February; 25(2): 95-106. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8468189&dopt=Abstract

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How carbohydrates cross the lipid membrane of bacterial cells. Author(s): Kornberg HL. Source: Curr Top Cell Regul. 1992; 33: 49-63. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1499344&dopt=Abstract

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How good are carbohydrates as allergens? Author(s): Thomas WR, Smith W. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 May; 32(5): 658-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11994086&dopt=Abstract

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How the degree of unsaturation of dietary fatty acids influences the glucose and insulin responses to different carbohydrates in mixed meals. Author(s): Joannic JL, Auboiron S, Raison J, Basdevant A, Bornet F, Guy-Grand B. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 May; 65(5): 1427-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9129472&dopt=Abstract

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HRT mechanisms of action: carbohydrates. Author(s): Stevenson JC, Proudler AJ, Walton C, Godsland IF. Source: Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. 1994; 39 Suppl 1: 50-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8199641&dopt=Abstract

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Human bancroftian filariasis - a role for antibodies to parasite carbohydrates. Author(s): Mohanty MC, Satapathy AK, Sahoo PK, Ravindran B. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2001 April; 124(1): 54-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11359442&dopt=Abstract

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Human keratinocytes contain carbohydrates that are recognized by keratan sulfatespecific monoclonal antibodies. Author(s): Sorrell JM, Caterson B, Caplan AI, Davis B, Schafer IA. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1990 September; 95(3): 347-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1696604&dopt=Abstract

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Human milk lipids. II. The influence of dietary carbohydrates and fat on the fatty acids of mature milk. A study in four ethnic groups. Author(s): Read WW, Lutz PG, Tashjian A. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1965 September; 17(3): 180-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5825387&dopt=Abstract

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Human monoclonal antibodies directed against carbohydrates. Author(s): Spitalnik SL. Source: Methods Enzymol. 1987; 138: 492-503. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3600342&dopt=Abstract

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Human platelet antigen 3 (HPA-3): localization of the determinant of the alloantibody Lek(a) (HPA-3a) to the C-terminus of platelet glycoprotein IIb heavy chain and contribution of O-linked carbohydrates. Author(s): Djaffar I, Vilette D, Pidard D, Wautier JL, Rosa JP. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1993 May 3; 69(5): 485-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7686694&dopt=Abstract

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Human secretory component--III. Carbohydrates, amino acids and N-terminal sequence. Author(s): Sletten K, Christensen TB, Brandtzaeg P. Source: Immunochemistry. 1975 September; 12(9): 783-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1193681&dopt=Abstract

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Human serum antibodies to melibiose and other carbohydrates. Author(s): Bird GW, Roy TC. Source: Vox Sanguinis. 1980; 38(3): 169-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7385757&dopt=Abstract

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Hybridomas specific for carbohydrates; synthetic human blood group antigens for the production, selection, and characterization of monoclonal typing reagents. Author(s): Bundle DR, Gidney MA, Kassam N, Rahman AF. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1982 August; 129(2): 678-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6177774&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrogen and methane breath tests for evaluation of resistant carbohydrates. Author(s): Rumessen JJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1992 October; 46 Suppl 2: S77-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1330532&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrophilic-interaction chromatography of complex carbohydrates. Author(s): Alpert AJ, Shukla M, Shukla AK, Zieske LR, Yuen SW, Ferguson MA, Mehlert A, Pauly M, Orlando R. Source: J Chromatogr A. 1994 July 29; 676(1): 191-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7921176&dopt=Abstract

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Hyper absorption of carbohydrates through small intestine in diabetes mellitus due to increased brush border hydrolysis activities. Author(s): Ghosh AK, Sharma AK. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1982 April-June; 26(2): 157-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6183205&dopt=Abstract

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Hypothermia, asphyxia and brain carbohydrates in newborn puppies. Author(s): Zakhary R, Miller JA Jr, Miller FS. Source: Biol Neonat. 1967; 11(1): 36-49. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6071794&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of surface coat carbohydrates in Blastocystis hominis by lectin probes. Author(s): Lanuza MD, Carbajal JA, Borras R. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 1996 May; 26(5): 527-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8818733&dopt=Abstract

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IgE antibodies specific for carbohydrates in a patient allergic to gum arabic (Acacia senegal). Author(s): Fotisch K, Fah J, Wuthrich B, Altmann F, Haustein D, Vieths S. Source: Allergy. 1998 November; 53(11): 1043-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9860236&dopt=Abstract

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IgE receptor on human lymphocytes. IV. Further analysis of its structure and of the role of N-linked carbohydrates. Author(s): Letellier M, Nakajima T, Delespesse G. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1988 October 1; 141(7): 2374-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2971725&dopt=Abstract

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Ileal carbohydrates inhibit cholinergically stimulated exocrine pancreatic secretion in humans. Author(s): Groger G, Unger A, Holst JJ, Goebell H, Layer P. Source: International Journal of Pancreatology : Official Journal of the International Association of Pancreatology. 1997 August; 22(1): 23-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9387021&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoadsorption of natural antibodies from human serum by affinity chromatography using specific carbohydrates protects pig cells from cytotoxic destruction. Author(s): Neethling FA, Koren E, Oriol R, Richards SV, Ye Y, Kujundzic M, Cooper DK. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1994 June; 26(3): 1378. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8029947&dopt=Abstract

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Immunohistochemical study of mucin carbohydrates and core proteins in hepatolithiasis and cholangiocarcinoma. Author(s): Yamashita K, Yonezawa S, Tanaka S, Shirahama H, Sakoda K, Imai K, Xing PX, McKenzie IF, Hilkens J, Kim YS, et al. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1993 August 19; 55(1): 82-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8393843&dopt=Abstract

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Immunohistochemical study of mucin carbohydrates and core proteins in human ovarian tumors. Author(s): Tashiro Y, Yonezawa S, Kim YS, Sato E. Source: Human Pathology. 1994 April; 25(4): 364-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8163269&dopt=Abstract

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Immunohistochemical study of mucin carbohydrates and core proteins in human pancreatic tumors. Author(s): Osako M, Yonezawa S, Siddiki B, Huang J, Ho JJ, Kim YS, Sato E. Source: Cancer. 1993 April 1; 71(7): 2191-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8384065&dopt=Abstract

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Immunological aspects of the potential role of dietary carbohydrates and lectins in human health. Author(s): Kilpatrick DC. Source: European Journal of Nutrition. 1999 June; 38(3): 107-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10443332&dopt=Abstract

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Immunological properties of Tg carbohydrates: enhancement of Tg immunoreaction by removal of sialic acid. Author(s): Salabe H, Dominici R, Salabe GB. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1976 August; 25(2): 234-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=60186&dopt=Abstract

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Immunonutrition: the role of carbohydrates. Author(s): Vanderhoof JA. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1998 July-August; 14(7-8): 5958. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9684262&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of nondigestible carbohydrates on serum lipoproteins and risk for cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Anderson JW, Hanna TJ. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1999 July; 129(7 Suppl): 1457S-66S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10395621&dopt=Abstract

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Importance of controls for the demonstration of carbohydrates in electron microscopy with the silver methenamine or the thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate methods. Author(s): Courtoy R, Simar LJ. Source: Journal of Microscopy. 1974 March; 100(2): 199-211. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4133587&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement of pharmacokinetics of radioiodinated Tyr(3)-octreotide by conjugation with carbohydrates. Author(s): Schottelius M, Wester HJ, Reubi JC, Senekowitsch-Schmidtke R, Schwaiger M. Source: Bioconjugate Chemistry. 2002 September-October; 13(5): 1021-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12236784&dopt=Abstract

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In comparison to progenitor platelets, microparticles are deficient in GpIb, GpIbderived carbohydrates, glycerophospholipids, glycosphingolipids, and ceramides. Author(s): Zdebska E, Wozniak J, Dzieciatkowska A, Koscielak J. Source: Acta Biochimica Polonica. 1998; 45(2): 417-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9821872&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro evaluation of denture adhesives: possible efficacy of complex carbohydrates. Author(s): DeVengencie J, Ng MC, Ford P, Iacopino AM. Source: Int J Prosthodont. 1997 January-February; 10(1): 61-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9484072&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro inhibition of adhesion of Candida albicans clinical isolates to human buccal epithelial cells by Fuc alpha 1----2Gal beta-bearing complex carbohydrates. Author(s): Brassart D, Woltz A, Golliard M, Neeser JR. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1991 May; 59(5): 1605-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2019432&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro permeability of different layers of the human placenta to carbohydrates and urea. Author(s): Moore WM, Hellegers AE, Battaglia FC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1966 December 1; 96(7): 951-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4959176&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro study of prebiotic properties of levan-type exopolysaccharides from Lactobacilli and non-digestible carbohydrates using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Author(s): Bello FD, Walter J, Hertel C, Hammes WP. Source: Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 2001 July; 24(2): 232-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518326&dopt=Abstract

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In vivo trafficking and catabolism of IgG1 antibodies with Fc associated carbohydrates of differing structure. Author(s): Wright A, Sato Y, Okada T, Chang K, Endo T, Morrison S. Source: Glycobiology. 2000 December; 10(12): 1347-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11159927&dopt=Abstract

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Inability to distinguish ameloblastomas from odontogenic cysts based on expression of blood cell carbohydrates. Author(s): Gardner DG, O'Neill PA. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1988 October; 66(4): 480-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3054691&dopt=Abstract

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Increased carbonyl modification by lipids and carbohydrates in diabetic nephropathy. Author(s): Miyata T, Sugiyama S, Suzuki D, Inagi R, Kurokawa K. Source: Kidney International. Supplement. 1999 July; 71: S54-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10412738&dopt=Abstract

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Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates in patients with Crohn's disease. Author(s): Martini GA, Brandes JW. Source: Klin Wochenschr. 1976 April 15; 54(8): 367-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1271690&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of carbohydrates on in vitro lesion production. Author(s): Huang CT, Little MF, Johnson R. Source: Caries Research. 1981; 15(1): 54-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6937251&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of carbohydrates on the cytotoxicity of an aqueous mistletoe drug and of purified mistletoe lectins tested on human T-leukemia cells. Author(s): Doser C, Doser M, Hulsen H, Mechelke F. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1989 June; 39(6): 647-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2775329&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of dietary carbohydrates and glycaemic response on subjective appetite and food intake in healthy elderly persons. Author(s): Kaplan RJ, Greenwood CE. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2002 July; 53(4): 305-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090026&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of non-carbohydrate foods on glucose and insulin responses to carbohydrates of different glycaemic index in type 2 diabetic patients. Author(s): Le Floch JP, Baudin E, Escuyer P, Wirquin E, Nillus P, Perlemuter L. Source: Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 1992 JanuaryFebruary; 9(1): 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1551309&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of some carbohydrates and concanavalin A on the adherence of Candida albicans in vitro to buccal epithelial cells. Author(s): Macura AB, Tondyra E. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1989 December; 272(2): 196-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2698625&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of sulfated carbohydrates on the accessibility of CD4 and other CD molecules on the cell surface and implications for human immunodeficiency virus infection. Author(s): Thiele B, Braig HR, Ehm I, Kunze R, Ruf B. Source: European Journal of Immunology. 1989 June; 19(6): 1161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2473910&dopt=Abstract

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Influence on bone metabolism of dietary trace elements, protein, fat, carbohydrates, and vitamins. Author(s): Sarazin M, Alexandre C, Thomas T. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2000; 67(5): 408-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11143907&dopt=Abstract

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Influenza A virus enhances basophil histamine release and the enhancement is abolished by carbohydrates. Author(s): Clementsen P, Norn S, Kristensen KS, Hannoun C. Source: Allergy. 1990 August; 45(6): 471-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1700890&dopt=Abstract

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Ingestion of carbohydrates varying in complexity produce differential brain responses. Author(s): Fishbein DH, Thatcher RW, Cantor DS. Source: Clin Electroencephalogr. 1990 January; 21(1): 5-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2297950&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition by carbohydrates and monoclonal anticomplement receptor type 1, on interactions between senescent human red blood cells and monocytic macrophagic cells. Author(s): Gattegno L, Bladier D, Vaysse J, Saffar L. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1991; 307: 329-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1805596&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition by carbohydrates of the cytotoxicity of heterologous sera for mouse thymus cells. Author(s): Schlesinger M, Cohen A, Hurvitz D. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1966 September-October; 2(5): 616-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5970649&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of the adhesion of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites to human erythrocytes by carbohydrates. Author(s): Cano-Mancera R, Lopez-Revilla R. Source: Parasitology Research. 1987; 74(1): 18-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2894024&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibitory effect of high caloric load of carbohydrates or lipids on human pancreatic secretions: a jejunal brake. Author(s): Vidon N, Chaussade S, Merite F, Huchet B, Franchisseur C, Bernier JJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1989 August; 50(2): 231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2756910&dopt=Abstract

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Insulin and the utilization of carbohydrates in obesity. Author(s): Shreeve WW, Hoshi M, Oji N, Shigeta Y, Abe H. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1968 December; 21(12): 1404-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5724819&dopt=Abstract

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Insulin, epinephrine, and glucagon on the metabolism of carbohydrates at high altitude. Author(s): Picon-Reategui E. Source: Fed Proc. 1966 July-August; 25(4): 1233-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5913893&dopt=Abstract

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Intake of refined carbohydrates and whole grain foods in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Liu S. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2002 August; 21(4): 298-306. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12166526&dopt=Abstract

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Interaction between calcofluor white and carbohydrates of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. Author(s): Albani JR, Plancke YD. Source: Carbohydrate Research. 1999 May 31; 318(1-4): 194-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10515058&dopt=Abstract

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Interaction between calcofluor white and carbohydrates of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. Author(s): Albani JR, Plancke YD. Source: Carbohydrate Research. 1998 December 31; 314(3-4): 169-75. Corrected and Republished In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10335587&dopt=Abstract

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Interaction of aspartame and carbohydrates in an eating-disordered patient. Author(s): Ferguson JM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985 February; 142(2): 271. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3855609&dopt=Abstract

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Interactions of carbohydrates and lectins with complement. Author(s): Sim RB, Malhotra R. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1994 February; 22(1): 106-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8206200&dopt=Abstract

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Interference of carbohydrates in the quantitation of protein-bound citrulline by amino acid analysis. Author(s): Koshy KM, Boggs JM. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 1993 February 1; 208(2): 375-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7680844&dopt=Abstract

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Interindividual comparability of blood glucose alterations after meals of complex carbohydrates. Author(s): Hofmann H, Porta S, Edlinger B, Weiss PA, Dobnig H, Slawitsch P, Hagmuller K. Source: Exp Pathol. 1990; 40(3): 179-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2097177&dopt=Abstract

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Internalization of N-formyl peptide chemotactic receptor-ligand complex by human neutrophils. The role of the receptor's 2-kDa external domain and carbohydrates. Author(s): Remes J, Petaja-Repo U, Rajaniemi H. Source: J Recept Res. 1994 January; 14(1): 47-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8158582&dopt=Abstract

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Interrelations between carbohydrates, lipids, and the hemostatic system in relation to the risk of thrombotic and cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Juhan-Vague I, Vague P. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 July; 163(1 Pt 2): 313-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2196802&dopt=Abstract

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Interrelationship between the influences of dietary carbohydrates and fats on fasting serum lipids. Author(s): Macdonald I. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1967 April; 20(4): 345-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6022012&dopt=Abstract

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Interrelationships between dietary carbohydrates, B cell function and rate of ketogenesis during underfeeding in obese patients. Author(s): Pasquali R, Baraldi G, Capelli M, Patrono D, Melchionda N. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 1987; 31(4): 219-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3304124&dopt=Abstract

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Intestinal absorption of carbohydrates in man. Author(s): McMichael HB. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1971 December; 30(3): 248-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4949351&dopt=Abstract

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Intestinal absorption. II--Absorption of carbohydrates. Author(s): Esposito G, Zoppi S. Source: Farmaco [prat]. 1988 July-August; 43(7-8): 237-58. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3069489&dopt=Abstract

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Intestinal digestion and maldigestion of dietary carbohydrates. Author(s): Gray GM. Source: Annual Review of Medicine. 1971; 22: 391-404. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4944426&dopt=Abstract

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Intestinal transport of carbohydrates as measured by portal catheterization in man. Author(s): Dencker H, Meeuwisse G, Norryd C, Olin T, Tranberg KG. Source: Digestion. 1973; 9(6): 514-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4787849&dopt=Abstract

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Intracellular complex carbohydrates in the normal and inflamed dental pulp. Author(s): Skogedal O. Source: Scand J Dent Res. 1973; 81(7): 558-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4129442&dopt=Abstract

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Intra-oral lactic acid production during clearance of different foods containing various carbohydrates. Author(s): Linke HA, Moss SJ, Arav L, Chiu PM. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Ernahrungswissenschaft. 1997 June; 36(2): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9246735&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous alimentation with a mixture of fat, carbohydrates and amino acids in small immature newborn infants--a preliminary report. Author(s): Wolf H, Melichar V, von Berg W, Kerstan J. Source: Infusionstherapie. 1974 August; 1(6): 479-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4219611&dopt=Abstract

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Inverse association between the effect of carbohydrates on blood glucose and subsequent short-term food intake in young men. Author(s): Anderson GH, Catherine NL, Woodend DM, Wolever TM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 November; 76(5): 1023-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399274&dopt=Abstract

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Investigating the prebiotic and gas-generating effects of selected carbohydrates on the human colonic microflora. Author(s): Probert HM, Gibson GR. Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 2002; 35(6): 473-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12460427&dopt=Abstract

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Investigation of some human oral organisms capable of releasing the carbohydrates from salivary glycoproteins. Author(s): Leach SA, Melville TH. Source: Archives of Oral Biology. 1970 January; 15(1): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5263043&dopt=Abstract

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Investigations into genotypic variations of peanut carbohydrates. Author(s): Pattee HE, Isleib TG, Giesbrecht FG, McFeeters RF. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 March; 48(3): 750-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10725144&dopt=Abstract

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Involvement of membrane carbohydrates of HeLa cells in the E. coli HB101 (pRI203) invasive pathway. Author(s): Longhi C, Conte MP, Nicoletti M, Valenti P, Seganti L. Source: Microbiologica. 1992 April; 15(2): 107-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1602981&dopt=Abstract

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Is carbohydrates-deficient transferrin the best test of the alcoholic etiology in acute pancreatitis? Author(s): Basterra G, Casi MA, Alcorta P, Diaz de Otazu R, Alvarez M, Garcia Campos F. Source: Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2001 August; 93(8): 529-34. English, Spanish. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11692782&dopt=Abstract

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Is muscle lipoprotein lipase inactivated by ordinary amounts of dietary carbohydrates? Author(s): Lithell H, Karlstrom B, Selinus I, Vessby B, Fellstrom B. Source: Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1985 July; 39(4): 289-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4044293&dopt=Abstract

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Jejunal secretory effect of intraduodenal food in humans. A comparison of mixed nutrients, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Author(s): Miazza B, Palma R, Lachance JR, Chayvialle JA, Jonard PP, Modigliani R. Source: Gastroenterology. 1985 May; 88(5 Pt 1): 1215-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2579868&dopt=Abstract

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K(ATP) channel regulators: balanced diets include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Author(s): Nichols CG, Cukras CA. Source: Circulation Research. 2001 May 11; 88(9): 849-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11348990&dopt=Abstract

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Keystone symposium on complex carbohydrates in biology and medicine: cancer. Author(s): Rodriguez-Thomas B. Source: Cancer Research. 1995 January 15; 55(2): 450-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7812977&dopt=Abstract

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Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitors derived by limited proteolysis of the inter-alphatrypsin inhibitor, V. Attachments of carbohydrates in the human urinary trypsin inhibitor isolated by affinity chromatography. Author(s): Hochstrasser K, Schonberger OL, Rossmanith I, Wachter E. Source: Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem. 1981 October; 362(10): 1357-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6171497&dopt=Abstract

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Lectin histochemistry of complex carbohydrates in human cervix. Author(s): Schulte BA, Poon KC, Rao KP, Spicer SS. Source: The Histochemical Journal. 1985 June; 17(6): 627-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4030394&dopt=Abstract

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Lectin staining of carbohydrates of haemic cells. II. The cells of normal lymphoid origin, of lymphatic leukaemias and related diseases. Author(s): Jacobson W, Stoddart RW, Collins RD. Source: Histopathology. 1980 September; 4(5): 491-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6159297&dopt=Abstract

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Lectin staining of carbohydrates of haemic cells. III. The cells of Hodgkin's disease and other lymphomas. Author(s): Collins RD, Jacobson W, Stoddart RW. Source: Histopathology. 1982 September; 6(5): 601-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6183188&dopt=Abstract

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Lectin staining of carbohydrates of haemic cells; the cells of normal blood and bone marrow and of the myeloid leukaemias. Author(s): Stoddart RW, Collins RD, Jacobson W. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1980 August; 131(4): 321-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6159465&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Carbohydrates and brain metabolism. Author(s): Iles JD. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1975 August 9; 113(3): 181. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1139512&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Carbohydrates and brain metabolism. Author(s): Hontela S. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1975 July 26; 113(2): 92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1139505&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Carbohydrates and brain metabolism. Author(s): Mullner JW. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1974 October 19; 111(8): 752. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4419855&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Carbohydrates, brain metabolism and contraceptive-induced depression. Author(s): Mullner JW. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1975 May 3; 112(9): 1046. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1125916&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Refined carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and gastrointestinal abnormality. Author(s): Kimura KK. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 January 26; 235(4): 375. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=946080&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Serum-cholesterol and dietary carbohydrates. Author(s): Kramer DL, Sackman JW, Davis RH. Source: Lancet. 1974 July 20; 2(7873): 166. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4135531&dopt=Abstract

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Lipid responses to dietary carbohydrates. Author(s): Macdonald I. Source: Adv Lipid Res. 1966; 4: 39-67. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5340808&dopt=Abstract

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Liquid-chromatographic analysis for neutral carbohydrates in serum glycoproteins. Author(s): Mrochek JE, Dinsmore SR, Waalkes TP. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1975 August; 21(9): 1314-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1149236&dopt=Abstract

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Liver-muscle enzyme activities in the serum of alcoholics on a diet poor in carbohydrates. Author(s): Dimberg R, Hed R, Kallner G, Nygren A. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1967 February; 181(2): 227-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6017818&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term parenteral nutrition using a mixture of fat, amino acids and carbohydrates in a single three-litre bag. Author(s): Flaatten H. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1985; 82: 81-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3933268&dopt=Abstract

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Low digestible carbohydrates (polyols and lactose): significance of adrenal medullary proliferative lesions in the rat. Author(s): Lynch BS, Tischler AS, Capen C, Munro IC, McGirr LM, McClain RM. Source: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : Rtp. 1996 June; 23(3): 256-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8812969&dopt=Abstract

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Low glycemic index: lente carbohydrates and physiological effects of altered food frequency. Author(s): Jenkins DJ, Jenkins AL, Wolever TM, Vuksan V, Rao AV, Thompson LU, Josse RG. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 March; 59(3 Suppl): 706S-709S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8116554&dopt=Abstract

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Low molecular weight carbohydrates in urine from secretors and non-secretors of different blood groups. Author(s): Lundblad A. Source: Nature. 1966 July 30; 211(48): 531-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5967495&dopt=Abstract

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Low-digestible carbohydrates: the regulatory framework. Author(s): Howlett JF. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 85 Suppl 1: S55-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11321027&dopt=Abstract

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L-selectin-mediated lymphocyte aggregation: role of carbohydrates, activation and effects on cellular interactions. Author(s): Swarte VV, Joziasse DH, Mebius RE, van den Eijnden DH, Kraal G. Source: Cell Adhes Commun. 1998; 6(4): 311-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9865465&dopt=Abstract

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Lymphocyte attachment to high endothelial venules during recirculation: a possible role for carbohydrates as recognition determinants. Author(s): Rosen SD, Yednock TA. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 1986 November-December; 72(1-2): 15364. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3029559&dopt=Abstract

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Lysine residues, but not carbohydrates, are required for the regulatory function of H on the amplification C3 convertase of complement. Author(s): Jouvin MH, Kazatchkine MD, Cahour A, Bernard N. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1984 December; 133(6): 3250-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6238095&dopt=Abstract

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Maillard reactions involving proteins and carbohydrates in vivo: relevance to diabetes mellitus and aging. Author(s): Monnier VM, Stevens VJ, Cerami A. Source: Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1981; 5(1-6): 315-27. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6798634&dopt=Abstract

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Malnutrition in our society. II. The do's and dont's of carbohydrates. Author(s): Schwarz V. Source: Health Visit. 1976 August; 49(8): 258-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1048100&dopt=Abstract

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Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of carbohydrates. Author(s): Harvey DJ. Source: Mass Spectrometry Reviews. 1999 November-December; 18(6): 349-450. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10639030&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of proteins and free and bound carbohydrates in human submandibular saliva. Author(s): Newbrun E. Source: Archives of Oral Biology. 1967 November; 12(11): 1289-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5234235&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanisms by which carbohydrates regulate expression of genes for glycolytic and lipogenic enzymes. Author(s): Girard J, Ferre P, Foufelle F. Source: Annual Review of Nutrition. 1997; 17: 325-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9240931&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic availability of carbohydrates ingested during, before, or after muscular exercise. Author(s): Lefebvre PJ, Pirnay F, Pallikarakis N, Krzentowski G, Jandrain B, Mosora F, Lacroix M, Luyckx AS. Source: Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews. 1986; 1(4): 483-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3720495&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic availability of medium-chain triglycerides coingested with carbohydrates during prolonged exercise. Author(s): Jeukendrup AE, Saris WH, Schrauwen P, Brouns F, Wagenmakers AJ. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1995 September; 79(3): 756-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8567514&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic changes after test meals with different carbohydrates: blood levels of pyruvic acid, glucose, and lactic dehydrogenase. Author(s): Meyer FL, Mattox H, Bolick M, MacDonald C. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1971 June; 24(6): 615-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5581001&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic effects of non-absorbable carbohydrates. Author(s): Jenkins DJ, Popovich DG, Kendall CW, Rao AV, Wolever TM, Tariq N, Thompson LU, Cunnane SC. Source: Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1997; 222: 10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9145438&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic response to refined carbohydrates in idiopathic urolithiasis. Author(s): Rao PN, Gordon C, Davies D, Blacklock NJ. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1984; 39(3): 165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6377646&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic responses to dietary carbohydrates: interactions of dietary and hereditary factors. Author(s): Cohen AM. Source: Prog Biochem Pharmacol. 1986; 21: 74-103. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3523504&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic responses to preexercise meals containing various carbohydrates and fat. Author(s): Horowitz JF, Coyle EF. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1993 August; 58(2): 235-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8338051&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolism of carbohydrates, administered by the parenteral route, in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Author(s): Brodanova M, Brodan V, Filip J, Kordac V, Marecek Z, Kuhn E. Source: Acta Univ Carol [med] (Praha). 1977; 23(1-2): 17-129. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=610405&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolism of complex carbohydrates by fibroblasts from rheumatic and normal human subjects. Author(s): Baig MM, Ayoub EM. Source: Circulation Research. 1980 May; 46(5): 651-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6444852&dopt=Abstract

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Microbial digestion of complex carbohydrates in man. Author(s): Cummings JH. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1984 January; 43(1): 35-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6709634&dopt=Abstract

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Microbial interaction with animal cell surface carbohydrates. Author(s): Karlsson KA, Angstrom J, Bergstrom J, Lanne B. Source: Apmis. Supplementum. 1992; 27: 71-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1355657&dopt=Abstract

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Mini symposium: the role of carbohydrates in reproduction. Introduction. Author(s): Ivell R. Source: Human Reproduction Update. 1999 July-August; 5(4): 277-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10465519&dopt=Abstract

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Minimal sulfated carbohydrates for recognition by L-selectin and the MECA-79 antibody. Author(s): Bruehl RE, Bertozzi CR, Rosen SD. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2000 October 20; 275(42): 32642-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10938267&dopt=Abstract

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Modification of monoclonal antibody carbohydrates by oxidation, conjugation, or deoxymannojirimycin does not interfere with antibody effector functions. Author(s): Awwad M, Strome PG, Gilman SC, Axelrod HR. Source: Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy : Cii. 1994 January; 38(1): 23-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8299115&dopt=Abstract

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Modulation of Candida albicans attachment to human epithelial cells by bacteria and carbohydrates. Author(s): Centeno A, Davis CP, Cohen MS, Warren MM. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1983 March; 39(3): 1354-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6132878&dopt=Abstract

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Modulation of mistletoe (Viscum album L.) lectins cytotoxicity by carbohydrates and serum glycoproteins. Author(s): Frantz M, Jung ML, Ribereau-Gayon G, Anton R. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2000 May; 50(5): 471-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10858875&dopt=Abstract

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Monoclonal antibodies against Gal alpha 1-4Gal beta 1-4Glc (Pk, CD77) produced with a synthetic glycoconjugate as immunogen: reactivity with carbohydrates, with fresh frozen human tissues and hematopoietic tumors. Author(s): Oosterwijk E, Kalisiak A, Wakka JC, Scheinberg DA, Old LJ. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1991 July 30; 48(6): 848-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1860732&dopt=Abstract

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Monoclonal antibodies specific for keratan sulfate detect epithelial-associated carbohydrates. Author(s): Sorrell JM, Caterson B. Source: Histochemistry. 1990; 94(3): 269-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1698187&dopt=Abstract

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Monoclonal antibodies specific to carbohydrates of Echinococcus multilocularis. Author(s): Sato C, Kawase S, Yano S. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999 August; 52(4): 156-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10592895&dopt=Abstract

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Monoclonal antibody B72.3 reacts with a core region structure of O-linked carbohydrates. Author(s): Gold DV, Mattes MJ. Source: Tumour Biology : the Journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine. 1988; 9(2-3): 137-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3399812&dopt=Abstract

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More about carbohydrates. Author(s): Jarrett RJ. Source: Diabetologia. 1981 October; 21(4): 427-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7286505&dopt=Abstract

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Mouse and rat monoclonal antibodies directed against carbohydrates. Author(s): Magnani JL. Source: Methods Enzymol. 1987; 138: 484-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3600341&dopt=Abstract

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Mucin-type carbohydrates (type 3 chain antigens) in normal cycling human endometrium. Author(s): Ravn V, Teglbjaerg CS, Visfeldt J, Bock JE, Sorensen H, Dabelsteen E. Source: International Journal of Gynecological Pathology : Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. 1992; 11(1): 38-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1563908&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple biologic markers in the monitoring of treatment for patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung: the use of serial levels of plasma CEA and serum carbohydrates. Author(s): Woo KB, Waalkes P, Abeloff MD, Ettinger DS, McNitt KL, Gehrke CW. Source: Cancer. 1981 October 1; 48(7): 1633-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6269720&dopt=Abstract

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Muscle and liver serum enzyme activities in healthy volunteers given alcohol on a diet poor in carbohydrates. Author(s): Hed R, Nygren A, Sundblad L. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1972 June; 191(6): 529-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5038227&dopt=Abstract

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Muscle glycogen resynthesis rate in humans after supplementation of drinks containing carbohydrates with low and high molecular masses. Author(s): Piehl Aulin K, Soderlund K, Hultman E. Source: European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2000 March; 81(4): 346-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10664095&dopt=Abstract

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Mutants of human choriogonadotropin lacking N-glycosyl chains in the alphasubunit. 1. Mechanism for the differential action of the N-linked carbohydrates. Author(s): Purohit S, Shao K, Balasubramanian SV, Bahl OP. Source: Biochemistry. 1997 October 7; 36(40): 12355-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9315876&dopt=Abstract

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Natural hidden autoantibodies react with negatively charged carbohydrates and xenoantigen Bdi. Author(s): Lekakh IV, Bovin NV, Bezyaeva GP, Poverenny AM. Source: Biochemistry. Biokhimiia. 2001 February; 66(2): 163-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11255123&dopt=Abstract

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Nature of carbohydrates in pulses. Author(s): Rao PS. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1976 September-October; 24(5): 958-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=965608&dopt=Abstract

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Net energy value of two low-digestible carbohydrates, Lycasin HBC and the hydrogenated polysaccharide fraction of Lycasin HBC in healthy human subjects and their impact on nutrient digestive utilization. Author(s): Sinau S, Montaunier C, Wils D, Verne J, Brandolini M, Bouteloup-Demange C, Vermorel M. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 February; 87(2): 131-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11895165&dopt=Abstract

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Neurochemical changes following high-dose aspartame with dietary carbohydrates. Author(s): Wurtman RJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1983 August 18; 309(7): 429-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6877300&dopt=Abstract

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Neutrophil-activating protein mediates adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to sulfated carbohydrates on high-molecular-weight salivary mucin. Author(s): Namavar F, Sparrius M, Veerman EC, Appelmelk BJ, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1998 February; 66(2): 444-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9453593&dopt=Abstract

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New formulas for carbohydrates. Author(s): Hodgson J. Source: Biotechnology (N Y). 1995 January; 13(1): 38-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9678908&dopt=Abstract

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N-linked carbohydrates in tyrosinase are required for its recognition by human MHC class II-restricted CD4(+) T cells. Author(s): Housseau F, Moorthy A, Langer DA, Robbins PF, Gonzales MI, Topalian SL. Source: European Journal of Immunology. 2001 September; 31(9): 2690-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11536167&dopt=Abstract

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N-linked carbohydrates on G protein-coupled receptors: mapping sites of attachment and determining functional roles. Author(s): Davis DP, Segaloff DL. Source: Methods Enzymol. 2002; 343: 200-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11665568&dopt=Abstract

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Nondigestible carbohydrates and mineral bioavailability. Author(s): Greger JL. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1999 July; 129(7 Suppl): 1434S-5S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10395614&dopt=Abstract

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Nondigestible carbohydrates in the diets of infants and young children: a commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. Author(s): Aggett PJ, Agostoni C, Axelsson I, Edwards CA, Goulet O, Hernell O, Koletzko B, Lafeber HN, Micheli JL, Michaelsen KF, Rigo J, Szajewska H, Weaver LT; ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2003 March; 36(3): 329-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604970&dopt=Abstract

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Non-polyol low-digestible carbohydrates: food applications and functional benefits. Author(s): Murphy O. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 85 Suppl 1: S47-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11321026&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition of the elderly athome. 1. Intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrates and fat. Author(s): Cacleod CC, Judge TG, Caird FI. Source: Age and Ageing. 1974 August; 3(3): 158-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4463715&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional and biochemical properties of human milk, Part I: General aspects, proteins, and carbohydrates. Author(s): Kunz C, Rodriguez-Palmero M, Koletzko B, Jensen R. Source: Clin Perinatol. 1999 June; 26(2): 307-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10394490&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional classification and analysis of food carbohydrates. Author(s): Asp NG. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 March; 59(3 Suppl): 679S-681S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8116549&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional modulation of liver regeneration by carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids: a review. Author(s): Holecek M. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1999 October; 15(10): 784-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10501293&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional studies during pregnancy. I. Changes in intakes of calories, carbohydrates, fat, protein, and calcium. Author(s): Beal VA. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1971 April; 58(4): 312-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5550055&dopt=Abstract

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Occurrence of ninhydrin-positive carbohydrates in thin-layer chromatograms of urinary amino acids. Author(s): Nielsen HR. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1972 April; 29(2): 213-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5029326&dopt=Abstract

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On the role of cell surface carbohydrates and their binding proteins (lectins) in tumor metastasis. Author(s): Gorelik E, Galili U, Raz A. Source: Cancer and Metastasis Reviews. 2001; 20(3-4): 245-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12085965&dopt=Abstract

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Optical activity and conformation of carbohydrates. I. Optical rotatory dispersion studies on immunochemically reactive amino sugars and their glycosides, milk oligosaccharides, oligosaccharides of glucose, and blood group substances. Author(s): Beychok S, Kabat EA. Source: Biochemistry. 1965 December; 4(12): 2565-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4379717&dopt=Abstract

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Optimal T cell responses to Cryptococcus neoformans mannoprotein are dependent on recognition of conjugated carbohydrates by mannose receptors. Author(s): Mansour MK, Schlesinger LS, Levitz SM. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2002 March 15; 168(6): 2872-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11884457&dopt=Abstract

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Oral effect of other carbohydrates. Author(s): Krasse B. Source: Int Dent J. 1982 March; 32(1): 24-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7042578&dopt=Abstract

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Overview on complex carbohydrates. Author(s): DeVries JW. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1997; 427: 43-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9361829&dopt=Abstract

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Oxidation rate of four types of carbohydrates ingested 30 min before a period of prolonged exercise at moderate intensity in healthy male subjects. Author(s): Peronnet F, Adopo E, Massicotte D, Hillaire-Marcel C, Brisson GR. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1992 September; 24(9): 1066-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1406193&dopt=Abstract

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Oxidation rates of orally ingested carbohydrates during prolonged exercise in men. Author(s): Wagenmakers AJ, Brouns F, Saris WH, Halliday D. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1993 December; 75(6): 2774-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8125902&dopt=Abstract

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Oxidation rates, complex carbohydrates and exercise. Practical recommendations. Author(s): Guezennec CY. Source: Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 1995 June; 19(6): 365-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7676098&dopt=Abstract

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Oxidative protein damage with carbohydrates and lipids in uremia: 'Carbonyl stress'. Author(s): Inagi R, Miyata T. Source: Blood Purification. 1999; 17(2-3): 95-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10449866&dopt=Abstract

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Parotid saliva in cystic fibrosis. II. Electrolytes and protein-bound carbohydrates. Author(s): Mandel ID, Thompson RH Jr, Wotman S, Taubman M, Kutscher AH, Zegarelli EV, Denning CR, Botwick JT, Fahn BS. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1965 December; 110(6): 646-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5844110&dopt=Abstract

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Penicillin tolerance among beta-hemolytic streptococci and production of the group carbohydrates, hemolysins, hyaluronidases and deoxyribonucleases. Author(s): Avelino CC, Benchetrit LC. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 1995 July-August; 90(4): 529-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8551960&dopt=Abstract

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Peptide mimotopes as surrogate antigens of carbohydrates in vaccine discovery. Author(s): Monzavi-Karbassi B, Cunto-Amesty G, Luo P, Kieber-Emmons T. Source: Trends in Biotechnology. 2002 May; 20(5): 207-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11943376&dopt=Abstract

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Periodate oxidation analysis of carbohydrates. XIII. Simultaneous gas chromatographic determination of the aldehydes in the periodate oxidation products of non-dialyzable urinary carbohydrate materials as diethyl dithioacetals. Author(s): Honda S, Okuyama S, Kishi Y, Suzuki S, Kakehi K. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1979 September 11; 164(1): 9-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=232103&dopt=Abstract

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Perspectives in the glycosciences--matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry of carbohydrates. Author(s): Harvey DJ, Kuster B, Naven TJ. Source: Glycoconjugate Journal. 1998 April; 15(4): 333-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9613819&dopt=Abstract

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Phosphorous carbohydrates on chimeric CD22, CD44 and CD62L. Author(s): Jonsson G, Gelius E, Braesch-Andersen S. Source: Immunology Letters. 1996 August; 52(1): 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8877416&dopt=Abstract

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Physiological ageing of red blood cells and changes in membrane carbohydrates. Author(s): Gattegno L, Fabia F, Bladier D, Cornillot P. Source: Biomedicine. 1979 October; 30(4): 194-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=534673&dopt=Abstract

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Physiological small bowel malabsorption of carbohydrates protects against large bowel diseases in Africans. Author(s): Segal I. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2002 March; 17(3): 249-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11982693&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma glucose and insulin responses to orally administered simple and complex carbohydrates. Author(s): Crapo PA, Reaven G, Olefsky J. Source: Diabetes. 1976 September; 25(9): 741-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=955301&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma insulin and surgery. II. Later changes and the effect of intravenous carbohydrates. Author(s): Giddings AE, Rowlands BJ, Mangnall D, Clark RG. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1977 December; 186(6): 687-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=414664&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma triglyceride response to carbohydrates, fats and caloric intake. Author(s): Nestel PJ, Carroll KF, Havenstein N. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1970 January; 19(1): 1-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5410659&dopt=Abstract

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Plasmodium falciparum: carbohydrates as receptor sites of invasion. Author(s): Hermentin P, Paulsen H, Kolar C, Enders B. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 1984 December; 58(3): 290-306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6389168&dopt=Abstract

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Polarographically active carbohydrates in tissues. Author(s): Hata S, Egyud LG. Source: Curr Mod Biol. 1973 December; 5(3): 153-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4592480&dopt=Abstract

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Possible interaction between animal lectins and bacterial carbohydrates. Author(s): Mandrell RE, Apicella MA, Lindstedt R, Leffler H. Source: Methods Enzymol. 1994; 236: 231-54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7968613&dopt=Abstract

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Postprandial glucose and insulin responses to meals containing different carbohydrates in normal and diabetic subjects. Author(s): Bantle JP, Laine DC, Castle GW, Thomas JW, Hoogwerf BJ, Goetz FC. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1983 July 7; 309(1): 7-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6343873&dopt=Abstract

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Postprandial hyperglycemia after different carbohydrates in patients with total gastrectomy. Author(s): Harju E, Nordback I. Source: Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1987 July; 165(1): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3589924&dopt=Abstract

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Postprandial modulation of dietary and whole-body nitrogen utilization by carbohydrates in humans. Author(s): Mariotti F, Mahe S, Luengo C, Benamouzig R, Tome D. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 October; 72(4): 954-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11010937&dopt=Abstract

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Postprandial plasma-glucose and -insulin responses to different complex carbohydrates. Author(s): Crapo PA, Reaven G, Olefsky J. Source: Diabetes. 1977 December; 26(12): 1178-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=590639&dopt=Abstract

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Postprandial thermogenesis and substrate utilization after ingestion of different dietary carbohydrates. Author(s): Blaak EE, Saris WH. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1996 October; 45(10): 1235-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8843178&dopt=Abstract

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Precocious increase of sucrase activity by carbohydrates in the small intestine of suckling rats. I. Significance of the stress effect of sugar-induced diarrhea. Author(s): Goda T, Yamada K, Bustamante S, Edmond J, Grimes J, Koldovsky O. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1985 June; 4(3): 468-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4040566&dopt=Abstract

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Pre-exercise carbohydrate meal and endurance running capacity when carbohydrates are ingested during exercise. Author(s): Chryssanthopoulos C, Williams C. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1997 October; 18(7): 543-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9414079&dopt=Abstract

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Premalignant and malignant oral lesions are associated with changes in the glycosylation pattern of carbohydrates related to ABH blood group antigens. Author(s): Dabelsteen E, Clausen H, Holmstrup P, Reibel J. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 1988 September; 96(9): 813-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3048339&dopt=Abstract

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Preoperative oral carbohydrates and postoperative insulin resistance. Author(s): Nygren J, Soop M, Thorell A, Sree Nair K, Ljungqvist O. Source: Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Lothian). 1999 April; 18(2): 117-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10459075&dopt=Abstract

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Preparation of a stable subunit of Japanese elderberry (Sambucus sieboldiana) bark lectin and its application for the study of cell surface carbohydrates by flow cytometry. Author(s): Kaku H, Shibuya N. Source: Febs Letters. 1992 July 20; 306(2-3): 176-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1378792&dopt=Abstract

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Preparation of placental (fetal tissue) fibronectin and its carbohydrates. Author(s): Laine RA, Fisher SJ, Zhu BC. Source: Methods Enzymol. 1987; 144: 420-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3626879&dopt=Abstract

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Presence of acidic protein-bound carbohydrates in the endolymphatic sac and duct of fetal, neonatal and adult rats, and adult humans. Author(s): Porubsky ES, Marovitz WF, Arenberg IK. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1972 February; 81(1): 7681. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4257936&dopt=Abstract

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Present knowledge of carbohydrates. Author(s): Hodges RE. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1966 March; 24(3): 65-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5324324&dopt=Abstract

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Present status of programs to control dental caries by combining lactobacillus counts and dietary restriction of carbohydrates. Author(s): Stevenson G. Source: J Dent Educ. 1971 June; 35(6): 377-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5283513&dopt=Abstract

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Profiling of carbohydrates, glycoproteins and glycolipids. Author(s): Kakehi K, Honda S. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1986 June 20; 379: 27-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3525592&dopt=Abstract

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Protein metabolism in obese patients during very low-calorie mixed diets containing different amounts of proteins and carbohydrates. Author(s): Pasquali R, Casimirri F, Melchionda N. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1987 December; 36(12): 1141-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3683185&dopt=Abstract

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Protein-bound carbohydrates and electrophoretogram of cerebrospinal fluid protein. Author(s): Chakravorti BP. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1969 July; 6(7): 453-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5359571&dopt=Abstract

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Protein-bound carbohydrates in breast cancer. Liquid-chromatographic analysis for mannose, galactose, fucose, and sialic acid in serum. Author(s): Mrochek JE, Dinsmore SR, Tormey DC, Waalkes TP. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1976 September; 22(9): 1516-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=986259&dopt=Abstract

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Protein-bound carbohydrates on cell-surface as targets of recognition: an odyssey in understanding them. Author(s): Muramatsu T. Source: Glycoconjugate Journal. 2000 July-September; 17(7-9): 577-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11421350&dopt=Abstract

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Prototype systems for the automated, high-resolution analyses of UV-absorbing constituents and carbohydrates in body fluids. Author(s): Scott CD, Jolley RL, Pitt WW, Johnson WF. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1970 May; 53(5): 701-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5424129&dopt=Abstract

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Psychobiological effects of carbohydrates. Author(s): Spring B, Chiodo J, Harden M, Bourgeois MJ, Mason JD, Lutherer L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1989 May; 50 Suppl: 27-33; Discussion 34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2565898&dopt=Abstract

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Psychological and metabolic effects of dietary carbohydrates and dexfenfluramine during a low-energy diet in obese women. Author(s): Kogon MM, Krauchi K, Van der Velde P, Van der Werf H, Keller U. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1994 October; 60(4): 488-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8092082&dopt=Abstract

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Pulsed amperometric detection of carbohydrates in lysosomal storage disease fibroblasts: a new screening technique for carbohydrate storage diseases. Author(s): Blom HJ, Andersson HC, Krasnewich DM, Gahl WA. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1990 November 30; 533: 11-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2081756&dopt=Abstract

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Pyruvate and lactate in human blood and saliva in response to different carbohydrates. Author(s): Kelsay JL, Behall KM, Holden JM, Crutchfield HC. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1972 May; 102(5): 661-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5022200&dopt=Abstract

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Quantification of fecal carbohydrates by near-infrared reflectance analysis. Author(s): Stein J, Purschian B, Zeuzem S, Lembcke B, Caspary WF. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1996 February; 42(2): 309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8595729&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative comparison and evaluation of utilization of parenteral administered carbohydrates. Author(s): Heuckenkamp PU, Zollner N. Source: Nutr Metab. 1975; 18 Suppl 1: 209-26. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=809731&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative determination of complex carbohydrates in bovine milk and in milkbased infant formulas. Author(s): Neeser JR, Golliard M, Del Vedovo S. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1991 September; 74(9): 2860-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1779046&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative estimation of interaction between carbohydrates and concanavalin A by surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Author(s): Goto S, Masuda K, Miura M, Kanazawa K, Sasaki M, Masui M, Shiramizu M, Terada H, Chuman H. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 April; 50(4): 445-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11963988&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized controlled trial of changes in dietary carbohydrate/fat ratio and simple vs complex carbohydrates on body weight and blood lipids: the CARMEN study. The Carbohydrate Ratio Management in European National diets. Author(s): Saris WH, Astrup A, Prentice AM, Zunft HJ, Formiguera X, Verboeket-van de Venne WP, Raben A, Poppitt SD, Seppelt B, Johnston S, Vasilaras TH, Keogh GF. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2000 October; 24(10): 1310-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11093293&dopt=Abstract

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Range-related glycaemic response to increasing load of carbohydrates. Author(s): Goldschmied A, Shani J, Zurkowski S. Source: Pharmacology. 1980; 21(5): 355-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7433515&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid changes in serum, plasma and erythrocyte lipid compositions, and serum transaminase levels during continuous enteral hyperalimentation by carbohydrates alone. Author(s): van Doormaal JJ, Muskiet FA, Martini IA, Doorenbos H. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1987 December; 36(12): 1132-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3119958&dopt=Abstract

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Reassessing the effects of simple carbohydrates on the serum triglyceride responses to fat meals. Author(s): Cohen JC, Schall R. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1988 October; 48(4): 1031-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3048075&dopt=Abstract

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Recognition of N-glycosidic carbohydrates on esophageal carcinoma cells by macrophage cell line THP-1. Author(s): Takano R, Nose M, Kanno H, Nishihira T, Hiraizumi S, Kobata A, Kyogoku M. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1990 August; 137(2): 393-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2167012&dopt=Abstract

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Refined carbohydrates - a cause of suboptimal nutrient intake. Author(s): Temple NJ. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1983 April; 10(4): 411-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6308403&dopt=Abstract

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Regional variations of cell surface carbohydrates in human oral stratified epithelium. Author(s): Vedtofte P, Dabelsteen E, Hakomori S, Young WW. Source: Differentiation; Research in Biological Diversity. 1984; 25(3): 221-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6199247&dopt=Abstract

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Regulation of fructosyltransferase activity by carbohydrates, in solution and immobilized on hydroxyapatite surfaces. Author(s): Steinberg D, Rozen R, Bromshteym M, Zaks B, Gedalia I, Bachrach G. Source: Carbohydrate Research. 2002 April 17; 337(8): 701-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11950466&dopt=Abstract

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Regulatory interactions between lipids and carbohydrates: the glucose fatty acid cycle after 35 years. Author(s): Randle PJ. Source: Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews. 1998 December; 14(4): 263-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10095997&dopt=Abstract

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Relation of blood group carbohydrates to differentiation patterns of normal and pathological odontogenic epithelium. Author(s): Vedtofte P, Pindborg JJ, Hakomori S. Source: Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand [a]. 1985 January; 93(1): 25-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3969829&dopt=Abstract

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Relation of dietary carbohydrates to blood lipids in the special intervention and usual care groups in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Author(s): Tillotson JL, Grandits GA, Bartsch GE, Stamler J. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 January; 65(1 Suppl): 314S326S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8988945&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between cell surface carbohydrates and intrastrain variation on opsonophagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Author(s): Kim JO, Romero-Steiner S, Sorensen UB, Blom J, Carvalho M, Barnard S, Carlone G, Weiser JN. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1999 May; 67(5): 2327-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10225891&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between dietary carbohydrates and fats in their influence on serum lipid concentrations. Author(s): Macdonald I. Source: Clin Sci. 1972 August; 43(2): 265-74. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5048309&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between dietary carbohydrates and lipid metabolism. Author(s): Macdonald I. Source: Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1970; 15: 129-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5525050&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between the structure and the properties of carbohydrates in aqueous solutions: sweetness of chlorinated sugars. Author(s): Mathlouthi M, Seuvre AM, Birch GG. Source: Carbohydrate Research. 1986 September 1; 152: 47-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3768914&dopt=Abstract

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Relevance for man of the effects of lactose, polyols and other carbohydrates on calcium metabolism seen in rats: a review. Author(s): Roe FJ. Source: Hum Toxicol. 1989 March; 8(2): 87-98. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2663701&dopt=Abstract

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Requirements of carbohydrates, lipids and minerals in low-birth-weight infants. Author(s): De Curtis M, Orzalesi M. Source: Beitr Infusionther Klin Ernahr. 1988; 19: 110-27. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3279943&dopt=Abstract

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Response of hyperlipemic subjects to carbohydrates, pancreatic hormones and prolonged fasting. Author(s): Friedman M, Rosenman RH, Byers SO. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1968 December; 28(12): 1773-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4301763&dopt=Abstract

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Role of carbohydrates in glycoprotein hormone signal transduction. Author(s): Sairam MR. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1989 June; 3(8): 1915-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2542111&dopt=Abstract

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Role of carbohydrates in oxidative modification of fibrinogen and other plasma proteins. Author(s): Lee Y, Shacter E. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1995 August 1; 321(1): 175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7639518&dopt=Abstract

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Role of carbohydrates in the diet of industrialised countries. Author(s): Southgate DA. Source: Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1981; (30): 124-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6269530&dopt=Abstract

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Role of carbohydrates in thyrotropin binding sites. Author(s): Pekonen F. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1980 July; 12(7): 310-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6249706&dopt=Abstract

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Role of colonic scavengers of unabsorbed carbohydrates in infants and children. Author(s): Lifschitz CH. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1996 October; 15(5 Suppl): 30S34S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8892181&dopt=Abstract

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Role of craving for carbohydrates upon completion of a protein-sparing fast. Author(s): Sitton SC. Source: Psychological Reports. 1991 October; 69(2): 683-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1763177&dopt=Abstract

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Role of laminin carbohydrates on cellular interactions. Author(s): Tanzer ML, Chandrasekaran S, Dean JW 3rd, Giniger MS. Source: Kidney International. 1993 January; 43(1): 66-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8433571&dopt=Abstract

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Role of pH in production of hydrogen from carbohydrates by colonic bacterial flora. Studies in vivo and in vitro. Author(s): Perman JA, Modler S, Olson AC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1981 March; 67(3): 643-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7193687&dopt=Abstract

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Roles of carbohydrates on Cry j 1, the major allergen of Japanese cedar pollen, in specific T-cell responses. Author(s): Okano M, Kino K, Takishita T, Hattori H, Ogawa T, Yoshino T, Yokoyama M, Nishizaki K. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 July; 108(1): 101-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11447389&dopt=Abstract

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Safe as mother's milk: carbohydrates as future anti-adhesion drugs for bacterial diseases. Author(s): Sharon N, Ofek I. Source: Glycoconjugate Journal. 2000 July-September; 17(7-9): 659-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11421356&dopt=Abstract

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Saracin: a lectin from Saraca indica seed integument recognizes complex carbohydrates. Author(s): Ray S, Chatterjee BP. Source: Phytochemistry. 1995 October; 40(3): 643-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7576454&dopt=Abstract

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Screening of carbohydrates in urine by capillary electrophoresis. Author(s): Jin LJ, Li SF. Source: Electrophoresis. 1999 November; 20(17): 3450-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10608713&dopt=Abstract

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Section 2: Immunochemical, immunohistological and serological analysis of monoclonal antibodies with carbohydrates. Coordinator's report. Author(s): Le Pendu J, Henry S. Source: Transfusion Clinique Et Biologique : Journal De La Societe Francaise De Transfusion Sanguine. 2002 January; 9(1): 55-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11889900&dopt=Abstract

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Semiquantitative separation of carbohydrates in urine by thin-layer chromatography. Author(s): Kudla RM McVean DE. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1968 February; 49(2): 279-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5644294&dopt=Abstract

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Semiquantitative separation of carbohydrates in urine by thin-layer chromatography. Author(s): Kudla RM, McVean DE. Source: Tech Bull Regist Med Technol. 1968 January; 38(1): 5-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5636451&dopt=Abstract

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Senescence-induced alteration in cell surface carbohydrates correlated using proton NMR spectroscopy and a lectin-based affinity-binding assay. Author(s): Busse SC, Mann PL, Griffey RH. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1989 September 4; 984(2): 183-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2765547&dopt=Abstract

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Sensitive fluorescence monitoring of carbohydrates eluted by a borate mobile phase from anion-exchange column. Author(s): Katz S, Pitt WW Jr, Mrochek JE, Dinsmore S. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1974 December 4; 101(1): 193-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4443383&dopt=Abstract

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Separating the actions of sweetness and calories: effects of saccharin and carbohydrates on hunger and food intake in human subjects. Author(s): Rogers PJ, Blundell JE. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1989 June; 45(6): 1093-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2813533&dopt=Abstract

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Serine, glycine and carbohydrates in schizoaffective disorders. Author(s): Bruinvels J, Pepplinkhuizen L. Source: Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1986; (38): 168-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3083807&dopt=Abstract

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Serotonin, carbohydrates, and atypical depression. Author(s): Moller SE. Source: Pharmacology & Toxicology. 1992; 71 Suppl 1: 61-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1480561&dopt=Abstract

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Serum protein bound carbohydrates in ischaemic heart disease and coronary risk group. Author(s): Soukupova K, Heyrovsky A. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1970 September-October; 12(2): 279-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5493096&dopt=Abstract

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Serum protein-bound carbohydrates and small cell carcinoma of the lung. Correlations with extent of disease, tumor burden, survival, and clinical response categories. Author(s): Waalkes TP, Abeloff MD, Ettinger DS, Woo KB, Kuo KC, Gehrke CW. Source: Cancer. 1983 July 1; 52(1): 131-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6303552&dopt=Abstract

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Serum protein-bound carbohydrates for following the course of disease in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma. Author(s): Waalkes TP, Mrochek JE, Dinsmore SR, Tormey DC. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1978 September; 61(3): 703-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=278847&dopt=Abstract

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Serum protein-bound carbohydrates in aging men and women. Author(s): Grancinska G, Kozlowska K, Rawicz-Zegrzda I. Source: Klin Wochenschr. 1977 November 1; 55(21): 1067-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=926718&dopt=Abstract

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Sex differences in response to dietary carbohydrates. Author(s): Macdonald I. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1976 September; 35(2): 155-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=823550&dopt=Abstract

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Sex-dependence in triglyceride metabolism in response to dietary carbohydrates. Author(s): Sheorain VS, Mattock MB, Subrahmanyam D. Source: Experientia. 1979 February 15; 35(2): 162-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=421817&dopt=Abstract

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Short and long term results of a progressive reintroduction of carbohydrates (PRCH) after a protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF). Author(s): Bettens C, Heraief E, Burckhardt P. Source: International Journal of Obesity. 1989; 13 Suppl 2: 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2613405&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term effects of different amounts of protein, fats, and carbohydrates on satiety. Author(s): de Graaf C, Hulshof T, Weststrate JA, Jas P. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1992 January; 55(1): 33-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1728818&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term effects of different amounts of sweet and nonsweet carbohydrates on satiety and energy intake. Author(s): de Graaf C, Schreurs A, Blauw YH. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1993 November; 54(5): 833-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8248371&dopt=Abstract

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Should your diabetic patients eat more carbohydrates? Author(s): Wood FC. Source: Northwest Med. 1971 December; 70(12): 832. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5130804&dopt=Abstract

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Sialic acids as antigenic determinants of complex carbohydrates. Author(s): Schauer R. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1988; 228: 47-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2459931&dopt=Abstract

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Significance of serum protein-bound carbohydrates in diagnosis of hypertension, myocardial infarction and liver disorders. Author(s): Samy TS, Patel SJ, Cama HR. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1967 February; 55(2): 169-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6045055&dopt=Abstract

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Significance of the extracellular domain and the carbohydrates of the human neutrophil N-formyl peptide chemotactic receptor for the signal transduction by the receptor. Author(s): Remes JJ, Petaja-Repo UE, Tuukkanen KJ, Rajaniemi HJ. Source: Experimental Cell Research. 1993 November; 209(1): 26-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8224002&dopt=Abstract

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Simple and complex carbohydrates. Author(s): Jenkins DJ, Jenkins AL, Wolever TM, Thompson LH, Rao AV. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1986 February; 44(2): 44-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3703387&dopt=Abstract

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Simple carbohydrates in the diet. Author(s): Mesquita MF, Seabra MP, Halpern MJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1987 May; 45(5 Suppl): 1197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3578115&dopt=Abstract

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Simple mucin-type carbohydrates in normal and malignant human endometrium. Author(s): Ravn V, Mandel U, Svenstrup B, Dabelsteen E. Source: International Journal of Gynecological Pathology : Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. 1995 April; 14(2): 158-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8601528&dopt=Abstract

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Simple mucin-type carbohydrates in oral stratified squamous and salivary gland epithelia. Author(s): Mandel U, Petersen OW, Sorensen H, Vedtofte P, Hakomori S, Clausen H, Dabelsteen E. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1991 October; 97(4): 713-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1940443&dopt=Abstract

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Simple rapid method for the separation and quantitative analysis of carbohydrates in biological fluids. Author(s): Zilic Z, Blau N, Knob M. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1979 September 11; 164(1): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=541401&dopt=Abstract

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Solubility of calcium salts, enamel, and hydroxyapatite in aqueous solutions of simple carbohydrates. Author(s): Makinen KK, Soderling E. Source: Calcified Tissue International. 1984 January; 36(1): 64-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6423238&dopt=Abstract

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Some effects of fats with dietary carbohydrates on the lipids on the surface of the skin. Author(s): MacDonald I. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1973 March; 88(3): 267-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4712823&dopt=Abstract

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Some interesting relationships between dietary carbohydrates and serum cholesterol. Author(s): Lopez A, Hodges RE, Krehl WA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1966 February; 18(2): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4951499&dopt=Abstract

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Specificity analysis of three clonal and five non-clonal alpha 1,3-L-fucosyltransferases with sulfated, sialylated, or fucosylated synthetic carbohydrates as acceptors in relation to the assembly of 3'-sialyl-6'-sulfo Lewis x (the L-selectin ligand) and related complex structures. Author(s): Chandrasekaran EV, Jain RK, Larsen RD, Wlasichuk K, DiCioccio RA, Matta KL. Source: Biochemistry. 1996 July 9; 35(27): 8925-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8688428&dopt=Abstract

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Specificity in the recognition process between charged carbohydrates and proteins. Author(s): van Boeckel CA, Grootenhuis PD, Haasnoot CA. Source: Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 1991 July; 12(7): 241-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1949187&dopt=Abstract

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Spin labeling of immunoglobulin M and E carbohydrates. Author(s): Sykulev YK, Nezlin RS. Source: Immunology Letters. 1982 September; 5(3): 121-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6295927&dopt=Abstract

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Spin-labeling of immunoglobulin carbohydrates. Author(s): Nezlin RS, Timofeev VP, Sykulev YK, Zurabyan SE. Source: Immunochemistry. 1978 March; 15(3): 143-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=205501&dopt=Abstract

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Storage of sialic acid-containing carbohydrates in the placenta of a human galactosialidosis fetus. Isolation and structural characterization of 16 sialyloligosaccharides. Author(s): Van Pelt J, Van Kuik JA, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JF, Van Diggelen OP, Galjaard H. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 1988 November 1; 177(2): 327-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3142773&dopt=Abstract

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Structural basis for the recognition of carbohydrates by human galectin-7. Author(s): Leonidas DD, Vatzaki EH, Vorum H, Celis JE, Madsen P, Acharya KR. Source: Biochemistry. 1998 October 6; 37(40): 13930-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9760227&dopt=Abstract

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Structural determination of N-linked carbohydrates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry following enzymatic release within sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels: application to species-specific glycosylation of alpha1-acid glycoprotein. Author(s): Kuster B, Hunter AP, Wheeler SF, Dwek RA, Harvey DJ. Source: Electrophoresis. 1998 August; 19(11): 1950-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9740055&dopt=Abstract

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Structure and function of corticosteroid-binding globulin: role of carbohydrates. Author(s): Avvakumov GV. Source: The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1995 June; 53(1-6): 515-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7626503&dopt=Abstract

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Structure and functional significance of the carbohydrates of the LH/CG receptor. Author(s): Rajaniemi HJ, Petaja-Repo UE, Pietila EM. Source: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 1996 December 20; 125(1-2): 101-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9027348&dopt=Abstract

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Structure of mycobacteria: recent developments in defining cell wall carbohydrates and proteins. Author(s): Brennan PJ. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1989 March-April; 11 Suppl 2: S420-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2469120&dopt=Abstract

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Structures of the major carbohydrates of natural human interleukin-2. Author(s): Conradt HS, Geyer R, Hoppe J, Grotjahn L, Plessing A, Mohr H. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 1985 December 2; 153(2): 255-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3935432&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on glycoprotein-derived carbohydrates. Author(s): Vliegenthart JF. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1994 May; 22(2): 370-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7958327&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on platelet surface carbohydrates in normal and uraemic platelets using 125Ilabelled lectins. Author(s): Manso M, De Dios I, Alberca L, Vicente V. Source: Blut. 1985 May; 50(5): 287-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3846457&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on the antigenicity and carbohydrates of human low molecular weight kininogen. Author(s): Turpeinen U. Source: Molecular Immunology. 1983 December; 20(12): 1411-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6197638&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on the appetite for carbohydrates in rats and humans. Author(s): Wurtman JJ, Wurtman RJ. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1982-83; 17(2): 213-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6764939&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on the carbohydrates extracted from human placenta. VII. Fractionation by ion-exchange cellulose chromatographies and identification of D-xylose. Author(s): Tomoda M, Murayama K. Source: Jpn J Exp Med. 1965 June; 35(3): 159-69. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5294400&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on trauma. 1. Intravascular aggregation of erythrocytes and changes in serum proteins and protein-bound carbohydrates. Author(s): Asen P, Bottiger LE, Liljedahl SO, Zetterstrom B, Birke G, Engstedt L. Source: Acta Chir Scand. 1965 November; 130(5): 399-410. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5863981&dopt=Abstract

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Sugar-specific antibodies reactive towards cell-surface carbohydrates. Author(s): Bloch R, Maccecchini ML, Jumblatt J, Buttrick P, Burger MM. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 1977 October 17; 80(1): 261-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=562753&dopt=Abstract

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Suitability of non-glucose-carbohydrates for parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Ahnefeld FW, Bassler KH, Bauer BL, Berg G, Bergmann H, Bessert I, Dick W, Dietze G, Dolp R, Dudziak R, Forster H, Geser CA, Grunst J, Halmagyi M, Heidland A, Heller L, Horatz K, Kuhlmann H, Kult J, Lutz H, Matzkies F, Mehnert H, Milewski P, Paulini K, Pesch J, Peter K, Rittmeyer P. Source: Eur J Intensive Care Med. 1975 November; 1(3): 105-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=812704&dopt=Abstract

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Surface carbohydrates involved in the adhesive interactions of metastatic cells. Author(s): Turner GA, Catterall JB. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1997 February; 25(1): 234-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9056877&dopt=Abstract

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Surface carbohydrates of aged erythrocytes. Author(s): Baxter A, Beeley JG. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1978 July 28; 83(2): 46671. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=697832&dopt=Abstract

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Surface digestion of carbohydrates. Author(s): Newcomer AD. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1973 September; 48(9): 620-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4783852&dopt=Abstract

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Survival of recombinant erythropoietin in the circulation: the role of carbohydrates. Author(s): Fukuda MN, Sasaki H, Lopez L, Fukuda M. Source: Blood. 1989 January; 73(1): 84-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2910371&dopt=Abstract

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SWEET-DB: an attempt to create annotated data collections for carbohydrates. Author(s): Loss A, Bunsmann P, Bohne A, Loss A, Schwarzer E, Lang E, von der Lieth CW. Source: Nucleic Acids Research. 2002 January 1; 30(1): 405-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11752350&dopt=Abstract

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Taking a new look at the role of carbohydrates in the diet. Author(s): Carbohydr Res. 1999 May 31;318(1-4):194-200 Source: Community Nurse. 1999 January; 4(12): 21-2. No Abstract Available. /entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10515058

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The analysis of complex carbohydrates: relevance of values obtained in vitro. Author(s): Champ MM. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1996 November; 55(3): 863-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9004330&dopt=Abstract

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The analysis of fluorophore-labeled carbohydrates by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Author(s): Jackson P. Source: Molecular Biotechnology. 1996 April; 5(2): 101-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8734424&dopt=Abstract

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The biological activities of mannans and related complex carbohydrates. Author(s): Tizard IR, Carpenter RH, McAnalley BH, Kemp MC. Source: Mol Biother. 1989; 1(6): 290-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2692629&dopt=Abstract

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The bound carbohydrates of fractionated serum proteins in protein-calorie malnutrition. Author(s): Maghrabi RH, Waslien CI. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1976 February; 29(2): 146-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=56128&dopt=Abstract

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The bound carbohydrates of glycoproteins in normal and pathological states. Author(s): Warren L, Cossu G. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1982; 401: 85-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6762838&dopt=Abstract

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The carbohydrate chains of the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin produced by the choriocarcinoma cell line BeWo. Novel O-linked and novel bisecting-GlcNAc-containing N-linked carbohydrates. Author(s): Hard K, Damm JB, Spruijt MP, Bergwerff AA, Kamerling JP, Van Dedem GW, Vliegenthart JF. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 1992 April 15; 205(2): 785-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1374031&dopt=Abstract

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The carbohydrates of human submaxillary glycoproteins in secretors and nonsecretors of blood group substances. Author(s): Caldwell RC, Pigman W. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1965 July 1; 101(2): 157-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5852516&dopt=Abstract

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The comparative metabolism of carbohydrates administered intravenously. Author(s): Heuckenkamp PU, Zollner N. Source: Nutr Metab. 1972; 14: Suppl: 58-73. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4624638&dopt=Abstract

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The complex carbohydrates of mammalian cell surfaces and their biological roles. Author(s): Hughes RC. Source: Essays Biochem. 1975; 11: 1-36. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=55361&dopt=Abstract

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The contribution of the minor mucous glands to the concentrations of blood group specific substances, carbohydrates and proteins in human mixed saliva. Author(s): Hensten-Pettersen A, Kornstad L. Source: Archives of Oral Biology. 1976; 21(8): 485-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1067798&dopt=Abstract

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The delivery rate of dietary carbohydrates affects cognitive performance in both rats and humans. Author(s): Benton D, Ruffin MP, Lassel T, Nabb S, Messaoudi M, Vinoy S, Desor D, Lang V. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2003 February; 166(1): 86-90. Epub 2002 December 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12488949&dopt=Abstract

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The digestion of carbohydrates during postnatal development. Author(s): Koldovsky O, Sunshine P, Kretchner N. Source: Gastroenterology. 1966 April; 50(4): 596-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5325681&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of carbohydrates in milk on the absorption of calcium by postmenopausal women. Author(s): Schuette SA, Yasillo NJ, Thompson CM. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1991 April; 10(2): 132-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2030255&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of carbohydrates on affect. Author(s): Christensen L. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1997 June; 13(6): 503-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9263230&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of carbohydrates on ammonium and ketoacid excretion during starvation. Author(s): Sapir DG, Owen OE, Cheng JT, Ginsberg R, Boden G, Walker WG. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1972 August; 51(8): 2093-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5054466&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of dietary carbohydrates on the in-vitro adhesion of Candida albicans to epithelial cells. Author(s): Samaranayake LP, MacFarlane TW. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1982 November; 15(4): 511-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6757438&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of enzymes upon metabolism, storage, and release of carbohydrates in normal and abnormal endometria. Author(s): Hughes EC. Source: Cancer. 1976 July; 38(1 Suppl): 487-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=819124&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of fiber-rich carbohydrates on features of Syndrome X. Author(s): Davy BM, Melby CL. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 January; 103(1): 86-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12525799&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of intravenous carbohydrates on various parameters in blood. Author(s): Foerster H. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Ernahrungswissenschaft. 1972 September; 11(3): 227-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4642115&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of moderately increased intakes of complex carbohydrates (cereals, vegetables and fruit) for 12 weeks on iron and zinc metabolism. Author(s): Mason PM, Judd PA, Fairweather-Tait SJ, Eagles J, Minski MJ. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 1990 May; 63(3): 597-611. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2383535&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of sucrose and other carbohydrates on human alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme activity. Author(s): Iino S, Fishman L. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1979 March 1; 92(2): 197-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=39689&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of glycolipids and carbohydrates on bilirubin cytotoxicity in vitro. Author(s): Sugita K, Sato T, Fuse A, Nakajima H. Source: Biology of the Neonate. 1986; 49(5): 255-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3719033&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of stress and relaxation on oral digestion of complex carbohydrates: a case study. Author(s): Morse DR, Furst ML, Schacterle GR, Zaydenberg M, Pollack RL. Source: J Oral Med. 1985 October-December; 40(4): 185-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3908632&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of variations in percent of naturally occurring complex and simple carbohydrates on plasma glucose and insulin response in individuals with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Hollenbeck CB, Coulston AM, Donner CC, Williams RA, Reaven GM. Source: Diabetes. 1985 February; 34(2): 151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3881303&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of various dietary carbohydrates on the serum lipids during a five-day regimen. Author(s): Macdonald I. Source: Clin Sci. 1965 August; 29(1): 193-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5825201&dopt=Abstract

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The excretion of some carbohydrates in the urine during pregnancy and lactation. Author(s): Date JW. Source: Dan Med Bull. 1966 August; 13(4): 98-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5945010&dopt=Abstract

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The first component of human complement: on the mechanism of activation by some carbohydrates. Author(s): Schultz DR, Arnold PI. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1981 May; 126(5): 1994-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7217678&dopt=Abstract

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The future of carbohydrates in human nutrition. Author(s): Cahill GF Jr. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1986 February; 44(2): 40-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3703386&dopt=Abstract

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The histochemistry of complex carbohydrates in the testes of patients of idiopathic male infertility. Author(s): Maseki Y. Source: Histochemistry. 1979; 64(3): 223-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=93098&dopt=Abstract

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The histochemistry of galactose residues of complex carbohydrates as studied by peroxidase-labeled Ricinus communis agglutinin. Author(s): Yamada K, Shimizu S. Source: Histochemistry. 1977 August 1; 53(2): 143-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=893144&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of complex carbohydrates on energy balance. Author(s): Livesey G. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 October; 49 Suppl 3: S89-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8549567&dopt=Abstract

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The importance of dietary carbohydrates. Author(s): Sanchez-Castillo CP, Hudson GJ, Englyst HN, Dewey P, James WP. Source: Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2002 December; 52(4): 321-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12868271&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of exercise and dietary carbohydrates on the serum lipids. Author(s): MacDonald I. Source: Guys Hosp Rep. 1966; 115(1): 1-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5904625&dopt=Abstract

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The insulin:glucagon ratio and the secretion of growth hormone after intravenous administration of amino acids and carbohydrates in healthy subjects. Author(s): Gesser CA, Muller-Hess R, Felber JP. Source: Infusionstherapie. 1974 August; 1(6): 483-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4466808&dopt=Abstract

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The lipid response of postmenopausal women to dietary carbohydrates. Author(s): MacDonald I. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1966 February; 18(2): 86-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4951502&dopt=Abstract

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The new biology of carbohydrates. Author(s): Feizi T, Childs RA, Kogelberg H. Source: Glycobiology. 1994 April; 4(2): 106-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8054710&dopt=Abstract

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The pelvic ileum syndrome and intestinal insufficiency in the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Author(s): Marina-Fiol C, Baiocchi RM. Source: Digestion. 1968; 1(2): 94-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5676123&dopt=Abstract

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The plaque acidogenic response to carbohydrates of children from three ethnic groups in South Africa. Author(s): Pollard MA, Cleaton-Jones P, Smit A, Sam C. Source: Int Dent J. 1997 February; 47(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9448788&dopt=Abstract

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The protein and protein-bound carbohydrates in 4 species of nonhuman primates' sera. Author(s): Li SC, Li YT. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1968 April; 127(4): 1014-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4968434&dopt=Abstract

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The protein-bound carbohydrates of seromucoid from normal human serum. Author(s): Varma R, Michos GA, Varma RS, Brown RD Jr. Source: J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1983 May; 21(5): 273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6875474&dopt=Abstract

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The proteins and protein-bound carbohydrates of parotid saliva in caries-immune and caries-active adults. Author(s): Mandel ID, Zorn M, Ruiz R, Thompson RH Jr, Ellison SA. Source: Archives of Oral Biology. 1965 May-June; 10(3): 471-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5231527&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between frequency of carbohydrates intake and dental caries: a cross-sectional study in Italian teenagers. Author(s): Arcella D, Ottolenghi L, Polimeni A, Leclercq C. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2002 August; 5(4): 553-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12186664&dopt=Abstract

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The release of N-acetyl- and N-glycolloyl-neuraminic acid from soluble complex carbohydrates and erythrocytes by bacterial, viral and mammalian sialidases. Author(s): Corfield AP, Veh RW, Wember M, Michalski JC, Schauer R. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 1981 August 1; 197(2): 293-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7325957&dopt=Abstract

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The relevance of the glycaemic index to our understanding of dietary carbohydrates. Author(s): Frost G, Dornhorst A. Source: Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 2000 May; 17(5): 336-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10872531&dopt=Abstract

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The role of carbohydrates in appetite, hunger and obesity. Author(s): Geiselman PJ, Novin D. Source: Appetite. 1982 September; 3(3): 203-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6760810&dopt=Abstract

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The role of carbohydrates in biologically active natural products. Author(s): Weymouth-Wilson AC. Source: Natural Product Reports. 1997 April; 14(2): 99-110. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9149408&dopt=Abstract

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The role of carbohydrates in insulin resistance. Author(s): Bessesen DH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 October; 131(10): 2782S-2786S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11584106&dopt=Abstract

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The role of carbohydrates in lipid metabolism. Author(s): Hodges RE, Krehl WA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1965 November; 17(5): 334-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5321296&dopt=Abstract

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The role of carbohydrates in lower gut function. Author(s): Cummings JH, Englyst HN, Wiggins HS. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1986 February; 44(2): 50-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3703388&dopt=Abstract

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The role of carbohydrates in mammalian sperm-egg interactions: how important are carbohydrate epitopes? Author(s): Zara J, Naz RK. Source: Frontiers in Bioscience : a Journal and Virtual Library. 1998 October 15; 3: D1028-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9751668&dopt=Abstract

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The role of carbohydrates in sperm-egg interaction. Author(s): Topfer-Petersen E, Dostalova Z, Calvete JJ. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1997; 424: 301-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9361808&dopt=Abstract

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The role of carbohydrates in the IgG binding and suppressive activities of shed human Fc receptors. Author(s): Sandor M, Erdei A, Blank U, Neauport-Sautes C, Fridman WH, Gergely J. Source: Ann Inst Pasteur Immunol. 1986 July-August; 137D(1): 79-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2944472&dopt=Abstract

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The role of carbohydrates in the radioimmunoassay of human low-molecular-mass kininogen. Author(s): Turpeinen U, Karkkainen T. Source: Febs Letters. 1985 October 21; 191(1): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4054301&dopt=Abstract

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The role of carbohydrates, and of sugar in particular, in our diet. Author(s): van Schaik TF, Ing. Source: J Hum Nutr. 1976 December; 30(6): 377-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1029751&dopt=Abstract

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The role of CD15-(Le(X))-related carbohydrates in neutrophil adhesion. Author(s): Kerr MA, Stocks SC. Source: The Histochemical Journal. 1992 November; 24(11): 811-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1362195&dopt=Abstract

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The role of dietary carbohydrates in muscle glycogen resynthesis after strenuous running. Author(s): Costill DL, Sherman WM, Fink WJ, Maresh C, Witten M, Miller JM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1981 September; 34(9): 1831-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7282610&dopt=Abstract

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The role of dietary carbohydrates in plaque formation and oral disease. Author(s): Brown AT. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1975 December; 33(12): 353-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1105259&dopt=Abstract

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The role of type and structure of complex carbohydrates response to physical exercise. Author(s): Guezennec CY, Satabin P, Duforez F, Koziet J, Antoine JM. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1993 May; 14(4): 224-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8325723&dopt=Abstract

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The search for an optimized treatment of hypoglycemia. Carbohydrates in tablets, solutin, or gel for the correction of insulin reactions. Author(s): Slama G, Traynard PY, Desplanque N, Pudar H, Dhunputh I, Letanoux M, Bornet FR, Tchobroutsky G. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1990 March; 150(3): 589-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2310277&dopt=Abstract

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The six N-linked carbohydrates of the lutropin/choriogonadotropin receptor are not absolutely required for correct folding, cell surface expression, hormone binding, or signal transduction. Author(s): Davis DP, Rozell TG, Liu X, Segaloff DL. Source: Molecular Endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.). 1997 May; 11(5): 550-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9139799&dopt=Abstract

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The use and function of carbohydrates in parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Bassler KH. Source: Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1980; 498: 115-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6776729&dopt=Abstract

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The use of complex carbohydrates in barley groats for determination of the mouth-tocaecum transit time. Author(s): De Vries JJ, Collin T, Bijleveld CM, Kleibeuker JH, Vonk RJ. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1988 October; 23(8): 905-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3201127&dopt=Abstract

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The use of enzymes for structural determination of complex carbohydrates. Author(s): Li YT, Li SC. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1988; 228: 787-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3177079&dopt=Abstract

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The use of lectins as probes for carbohydrates--cytochemical techniques and their application in studies on cell surface dynamics. Author(s): Roth J. Source: Acta Histochem Suppl. 1980; 22: 113-21. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6789376&dopt=Abstract

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Thin-layer chromatography of urinary carbohydrates. A comparative evaluation of procedures. Author(s): Young DS, Jackson AJ. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1970 November; 16(11): 954-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5473558&dopt=Abstract

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Tolerance of low-digestible carbohydrates: a general view. Author(s): Livesey G. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 85 Suppl 1: S7-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11321031&dopt=Abstract

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Tolerance to low-digestible carbohydrates: symptomatology and methods. Author(s): Marteau P, Flourie B. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2001 March; 85 Suppl 1: S17-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11321024&dopt=Abstract

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Topochemistry of acid carbohydrates in the human aortic and coronary intima. Author(s): Velican C. Source: J Atheroscler Res. 1967 July-August; 7(4): 517-26. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4167489&dopt=Abstract

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Topographical distribution of complex carbohydrates in the erythrocyte membrane. Author(s): Steck TL, Dawson G. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1974 April 10; 249(7): 2135-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4818830&dopt=Abstract

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Total parenteral alimentation (TPA) with a combination of carbohydrates in surgical patients with carcinoma of the esophagus. Author(s): Wang PY, Hsu TL, Chien KY, Lu KS, Meng HC. Source: Acta Chir Scand Suppl. 1976; 466: 46-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=828410&dopt=Abstract

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Toxicity of “hydrophobic groupings” and the role of carbohydrates in Plasmodium falciparum infection. Author(s): Hermentin P, Neunziger G, Paulsen H, Kolar C, Seiler FR, Dahr W, Enders B. Source: Behring Inst Mitt. 1986 June; (80): 64-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3530236&dopt=Abstract

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Transcriptional control of metabolic regulation genes by carbohydrates. Author(s): Vaulont S, Kahn A. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 1994 January; 8(1): 28-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8299888&dopt=Abstract

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Transmembrane movement of dolichol linked carbohydrates during N-glycoprotein biosynthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum. Author(s): Helenius J, Aebi M. Source: Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 2002 June; 13(3): 171-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12137737&dopt=Abstract

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Transport of carbohydrates by malarial parasites. Author(s): Homewood CA. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1977; 55(2-3): 227. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=303948&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of hypertriglyceridemia by two diets rich either in unsaturated fatty acids or in carbohydrates: effects on lipoprotein subclasses, lipolytic enzymes, lipid transfer proteins, insulin and leptin. Author(s): Pieke B, von Eckardstein A, Gulbahce E, Chirazi A, Schulte H, Assmann G, Wahrburg U. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2000 October; 24(10): 1286-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11093290&dopt=Abstract

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Tropical malabsorption and fiber-depleted starch carbohydrates. Author(s): Trowell H. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1973 May; 26(5): 477-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4700614&dopt=Abstract

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Tumorigenic human squamous lung cancer cells have defined cell surface carbohydrates that are absent from nontumorigenic cells. Author(s): Pettijohn DE, Pfenninger O, Brown J, Duke R, Olsson L. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1988 February; 85(3): 802-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3422461&dopt=Abstract

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Turku sugar studies X. Occurrence of polysaccharide-forming streptococci and ability of the mixed plaque microbiota to ferment various carbohydrates. Author(s): Gehring F, Makinen KK, Larmas M, Scheinin A. Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 1976; 34(6): 329-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=797222&dopt=Abstract

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Twenty-four hour energy expenditure and substrate oxidation before and after 6 months' ad libitum intake of a diet rich in simple or complex carbohydrates or a habitual diet. Author(s): Vasilaras TH, Raben A, Astrup A. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2001 July; 25(7): 954-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11443492&dopt=Abstract

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Two polyol, low digestible carbohydrates improve the apparent absorption of magnesium but not of calcium in healthy young men. Author(s): Coudray C, Bellanger J, Vermorel M, Sinaud S, Wils D, Feillet-Coudray C, Brandolini M, Bouteloup-Demange C, Rayssiguier Y. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 January; 133(1): 90-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514273&dopt=Abstract

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Types of carbohydrates and risk of cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Pereira MA, Liu S. Source: Journal of Women's Health (2002). 2003 March; 12(2): 115-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12737710&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrastructural aspects of cell surface carbohydrates--a review. Author(s): Sirsat SM, Palekar MS. Source: Indian Journal of Cancer. 1977 December; 14(4): 300-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=348603&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrastructural characterization by ruthenium red of the surface of the fat globule membrane of human and rat milk with data on carbohydrates of fractions of rat milk. Author(s): Monis B, Rovasio RA, Valentich MA. Source: Cell and Tissue Research. 1975; 157(1): 17-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=47269&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrastructural comparative distribution of carbohydrates in human tracheal and frog palate mucosa using neuraminidase and lectin-colloidal gold complexes. Author(s): Plotkowski MC, Girod-Vaquez S, Hinnrasky J, Fuchey C, Ploton D, Puchelle E. Source: J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol. 1990 January; 22(1): 79-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2311103&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrastructural cytochemistry of complex carbohydrates in leukocyte granules. Author(s): Parmley RT, Eguchi M, Spicer SS. Source: The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry : Official Journal of the Histochemistry Society. 1979 August; 27(8): 1167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=90076&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrastructural visualization of complex carbohydrates in eosinophilic leukocytes. Author(s): Parmley RT, Takagi M, Spicer SS, Thrasher A, Denys FR. Source: Am J Anat. 1982 September; 165(1): 53-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6182787&dopt=Abstract

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Unabsorbable carbohydrates and diabetes: Decreased post-prandial hyperglycaemia. Author(s): Jenkins DJ, Goff DV, Leeds AR, Alberti KG, Wolever TM, Gassull MA, Hockaday TD. Source: Lancet. 1976 July 24; 2(7978): 172-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=73796&dopt=Abstract

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Unabsorbable carbohydrates and insulin need. Author(s): Leeds AR, Jenkins DJ, Gassull MA, Cochet B, Blendis LM. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1975 November; 83(5): 740. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1200521&dopt=Abstract

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Undigested carbohydrates and intestinal micro-ecology. Author(s): Schulze J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1992 October; 46 Suppl 2: S137-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1330523&dopt=Abstract

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Update on the nomenclature of carbohydrates and their dental effects. Author(s): Moynihan PJ. Source: Journal of Dentistry. 1998 March; 26(3): 209-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9594472&dopt=Abstract

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Uremia and the liver. III. Uremia and hepatic metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Author(s): Brissot P, Simon P, Meyrier A. Source: Nephron. 1981; 29(1-2): 14-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7035979&dopt=Abstract

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Urinary chromium excretion and insulinogenic properties of carbohydrates. Author(s): Anderson RA, Bryden NA, Polansky MM, Reiser S. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990 May; 51(5): 864-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2185625&dopt=Abstract

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Use of capillary zone electrophoresis to evaluate the binding of anionic carbohydrates to synthetic peptides derived from human serum amyloid P component. Author(s): Heegaard NH, Robey FA. Source: Analytical Chemistry. 1992 November 1; 64(21): 2479-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1443623&dopt=Abstract

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Use of liposomes containing carbohydrates for production of monoclonal antibodies. Author(s): Kannagi R. Source: Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). 2002; 199: 203-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12094571&dopt=Abstract

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Utility and sterility of TAB injection, an amino acid solution with carbohydrates and electrolytes for total parenteral nutrition, packaged in a dual-chambered plastic bag. Author(s): Shimada S, Takeuchi H, Hirayama T. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1994 September-October; 10(5 Suppl): 510-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7827428&dopt=Abstract

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Utilization of ELISA technology to measure biological activities of carbohydrates relevant in disease status. Author(s): Gervay J, McReynolds KD. Source: Current Medicinal Chemistry. 1999 February; 6(2): 129-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10189228&dopt=Abstract

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Variability in different strains of Cladosporium herbarum with special attention to carbohydrates and contents of two important allergens (Ag-32 and Ag-54). Author(s): Sward-Nordmo M, Almeland TL, Aukrust L. Source: Allergy. 1984 July; 39(5): 387-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6540533&dopt=Abstract

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Viscous and nonviscous fibres, nonabsorbable and low glycaemic index carbohydrates, blood lipids and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Axelsen M, Augustin LS, Vuksan V. Source: Current Opinion in Lipidology. 2000 February; 11(1): 49-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10750694&dopt=Abstract

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Water, electrolytes, vitamins and carbohydrates in parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Thoren L. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1974; 55: 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4217081&dopt=Abstract

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Weight-reducing diets: role of carbohydrates on sympathetic nervous activity and hypotensive response. Author(s): Fagerberg B, Andersson O, Nilsson U, Hedner T, Isaksson B, Bjorntorp P. Source: International Journal of Obesity. 1984; 8(3): 237-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6746191&dopt=Abstract

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Which carbohydrates should we recommend for intravenous nutrition? Author(s): Hessov I. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1985; 82: 30-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3933264&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CARBOHYDRATES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and carbohydrates.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Carbohydrates The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “carbohydrates” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field. Consumer oriented references on carbohydrates include: •

Carbohydrates and health. Part I: Introducing the carbs. Source: Anonymous Harv-Mens-Health-Watch. 2001 September; 6(2): 1-3 1089-1102

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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•

Carbohydrates and health: Not that simple...or that complex. Taking control of your blood sugar and insulin levels may pay off for your heart and overall health. Source: Anonymous Harv-Heart-Lett. 2002 December; 13(4): 3-4 1051-5313

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Carbohydrates. What role do they play in your diet? Source: Anonymous Mayo-Clin-Health-Lett. 1999 February; 17(2): 7 0741-6245

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Complex carbohydrates. Source: FDA-Consum. Rockville, Md. : Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health & Human Services. April 1989. volume 23 (3) page 13-17. ill. 0362-1332

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Dietary rumble: protein, fats, and carbohydrates. Source: Anonymous Johns-Hopkins-Med-Lett-Health-After-50. 2003 February; 14(12): 3, 7 1042-1882

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Laboratory studies of the effects of carbohydrate consumption on wakefulness. Author(s): National Institute for Working Life, Umea, Sweden. Source: Landstrom, U Knutsson, A Lennernas, M Soderberg, L Nutr-Health. 2000; 13(4): 213-25 0260-1060

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Making carbohydrates count. Source: Papazian, R. Diabetes-Forecast. Alexandria, Va. : American Diabetes Association. February 1989. volume 42 (2) page 25-27, 30. charts. 0095-8301

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Sugars and diabetes. Author(s): Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis. Source: Wheeler, M. Mazur, L. Diabetes-forecast (USA). (February 1997). volume 50(2) page 38, 40-41. diabetes sugars diet 0095-8301

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The balancing act: fats and carbohydrates. Source: Solomon, C.G. Willett, W.C. Rich Edwards, J. Hunter, D.J. Stampfer, M.J. Colditz, G.A. Manson, J.E. BNF-nutr-bull. London : The Foundation,. 1995. volume 20 (76, suppl.) page 303-307. 0141-9684

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Those misunderstood, much-maligned carbohydrates. Source: Berkowitz, K.F. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. February 1994. volume 17 (2) page 2. 0893-4452

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “carbohydrates” (or a synonym): •

Alizarin Red S. as a general optical reporter for studying the binding of boronic acids with carbohydrates. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA. Source: Springsteen, G Wang, B Chem-Commun-(Camb). 2001 September 7; (17): 1608-9 1359-7345

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Alteration of internal circadian phase relationships after morning versus evening carbohydrate-rich meals in humans. Author(s): Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric University Clinic, Basel, Switzerland. [email protected] Source: Krauchi, K Cajochen, C Werth, E Wirz Justice, A J-Biol-Rhythms. 2002 August; 17(4): 364-76 0748-7304

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Capillary electrophoretic separation by double-strand polyaniline-coate capillaries of the advanced glycation endproducts formed from N-alpha-acetyl-L-lysine with reducing sugars. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston 02882, USA. Source: de Sa, P F Robb, C Resende, E McCarthy, P Yang, S C Brown, P R Dain, J A JCapillary-Electrophor. 2002; 7(3-4): 61-5 1079-5383

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Carbohydrate arrays as tools for glycomics. Author(s): Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Source: Love, K R Seeberger, P H Angew-Chem-Int-Ed-Engl. 2002 October 4; 41(19): 3583-6, 3513 0570-0833

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Carbohydrate loading in human muscle: an improved 1 day protocol. Author(s): Department of Human Movement and Exercise Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia, 6009. Source: Bussau, V A Fairchild, T J Rao, A Steele, P Fournier, P A Eur-J-Appl-Physiol. 2002 July; 87(3): 290-5 1439-6319

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Diabetes quiz. How much to you know about carbohydrate? Source: Cooper, N Diabetes-Self-Manag. 2002 Sep-October; 19(5): 49, 53 0741-6253

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Effect of carbohydrate ingestion during exercise on post-exercise substrate oxidation and energy intake. Author(s): Nutrition and Metabolic Fitness Laboratory in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. Source: Melby, C L Osterberg, K L Resch, A Davy, B Johnson, S Davy, K Int-J-SportNutr-Exerc-Metab. 2002 September; 12(3): 294-309 1526-484X

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Effect of high-fat, high-carbohydrate, and high-protein meals on metabolism and performance during endurance cycling. Author(s): Department of Exercise Science in the Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Human Health and Massey University, Private Bag 756, Wellington, New Zealand. Source: Rowlands, D S Hopkins, W G Int-J-Sport-Nutr-Exerc-Metab. 2002 September; 12(3): 318-35 1526-484X

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Effects of a low carbohydrate diet and graded exercise during the follicular and luteal phases on the blood antioxidant status in healthy women. Author(s): Department of Physiological and Medical Sciences, Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, ul Mikolowska 72A, Poland. [email protected] Source: Klapcinska, B Sadowska Krepa, E Manowska, B Pilis, W Sobczak, A Danch, A Eur-J-Appl-Physiol. 2002 August; 87(4-5): 373-80 1439-6319

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Evolution of carbohydrate fraction in carbonated fermented milks as affected by betagalactosidase activity of starter strains. Author(s): Instituto de Productos Lacteos de Asturias (CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain. Source: Guetmonde, M Nieves, C Vinderola, G Reinheimer, J de los Reyes Gavilan, C G J-Dairy-Res. 2002 February; 69(1): 125-37 0022-0299

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Glucose intolerance induced by a high-fat/low-carbohydrate diet in rats effects of nonesterified fatty acids. Author(s): Department of Environmental Health, Medical University of Yamanashi, Tamaho, Japan. Source: Wang, Y Miura, Y Kaneko, T Li, J Qin, L Q Wang, P Y Matsui, H Sato, A Endocrine. 2002 April; 17(3): 185-91 0969-711X

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Influence of carbohydrate supplementation on plasma cytokine and neutrophil degranulation responses to high intensity intermittent exercise. Author(s): Human Muscle Metabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Sports Science and Recreation Management, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK. Source: Bishop, N C Gleeson, M Nicholas, C W Ali, A Int-J-Sport-Nutr-Exerc-Metab. 2002 June; 12(2): 145-56 1526-484X

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Inhibition of histamine catabolism suppresses fat intake but not the intake of carbohydrates and protein. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kuopio, Finland. Source: Lecklin, A Tuomisto, L Inflamm-Res. 2002 April; 51 Suppl 1: S53-4 1023-3830

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Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 expression is dependent on the carbohydrate in the media in HT-29 cells. Author(s): Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. [email protected] Source: Corkins, M R McQuade, J Schaffer, B S MacDonald, R G Growth-Horm-IGF-Res. 2002 June; 12(3): 184-92 1096-6374

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Low-carbohydrate diets. What you and your patients need to know. Source: Mundt, K L Adv-Nurse-Pract. 2002 August; 10(8): 41-2, 66 1096-6293

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Metabolic response to provision of mixed protein-carbohydrate supplementation during endurance exercise. Author(s): Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. Source: Miller, S L Maresh, C M Armstrong, L E Ebbeling, C B Lennon, S Rodriguez, N R Int-J-Sport-Nutr-Exerc-Metab. 2002 December; 12(4): 384-97 1526-484X

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Prevalence of hypoglycemia following pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion is not accompanied By higher insulin sensitivity. Author(s): Human Performance Laboratory, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK. Source: Jentjens, R L Jeukendrup, A E Int-J-Sport-Nutr-Exerc-Metab. 2002 December; 12(4): 398-413 1526-484X

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QTL analysis of self-selected macronutrient diet intake: fat, carbohydrate, and total kilocalories. Author(s): Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808-4124, USA. Source: Smith Richards, B K Belton, B N Poole, A C Mancuso, J J Churchill, G A Li, R Volaufova, J Zuberi, A York, B Physiol-Genomics. 2002 December 3; 11(3): 205-17 10948341

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Seasonal variation in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) chronically exposed to metals in the field. Author(s): Departement des Sciences Biologiques, Toxen Research Center, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, C.P 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Quebec, H3C 3P8, Montreal, Canada. Source: Levesque, H M Moon, T W Campbell, P G Hontela, A Aquat-Toxicol. 2002 October 30; 60(3-4): 257-67 0166-445X

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The effect of a high carbohydrate meal on endurance running capacity. Author(s): Department of Physical Education, Sports Science, and Recreation Management, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.

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Source: Chryssanthopoulos, C Williams, C Nowitz, A Kotsiopoulou, C Vleck, V Int-JSport-Nutr-Exerc-Metab. 2002 June; 12(2): 157-71 1526-484X

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html

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The following is a specific Web list relating to carbohydrates; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based): •

Vitamins Niacin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,892,00.html Pantothenic acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,882,00.html Pantothenic Acid and Pantethine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Pyridoxine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Riboflavin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Riboflavin (vitamin B2) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,895,00.html Thiamin (vitamin B1) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10060,00.html Thiamine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B1 Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B1 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B2 Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Vitamin B3 Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B3 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Minerals Biotin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Biotin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Biotin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10008,00.html Chromium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chromium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chromium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10018,00.html Creatine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Creatine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Creatine Monohydrate Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Glutinous Rice Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Phosphocreatine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Pumpernickel Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vanadium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vanadium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •

Food and Diet Abalone Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Acorn squash Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,190,00.html Adzuki Beans Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Aged Provolone Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Almond Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Almonds Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Amaranth Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com American Cheese Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Anasazi Beans Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Appaloosa Beans Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Appenzeller Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Apples Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Apricots Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Arame Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Arborio Rice Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Aromatic Rice Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Artichoke Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Arugula Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Asiago Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Asparagus Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Atkins Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Avocado Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bagels Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Baguettes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bananas Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bananas Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,47,00.html Barley Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Basmati Rice Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bean Thread Noodles Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Beans, dried Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,169,00.html Beans, fresh Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,8,00.html Beef Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Beets Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Berries Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bibb Lettuce Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bifun Noodles Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Biscuits Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Black Beans Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Black-Eyed Peas Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bluefish Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bok Choy Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Brazil Nuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Breadfruit Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,234,00.html Brick Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Brie Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Broccoflower Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Broccoli Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Brussels Sprouts Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Buckwheat Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Buffalo Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bulgur Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,305,00.html Burdock Alternative names: Arctium lappa, Arctium minus, Arctium tomentosum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Burdock Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,235,00.html Butter Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Butterfish Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Butternut squash Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,189,00.html Cabbage Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Camembert Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cannellini Beans Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Carambola Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Carbo-Loading Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Carp Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Carrots Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Carrots Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,14,00.html Cashew Butter Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cashews Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Catfish Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cauliflower Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Celery Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cereals Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chanterelle Mushroom Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chapatis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cheddar Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cheese Alternatives Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cherries Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Chestnuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chèvre Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chicken Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chickpeas Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chickpeas Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,106,00.html Chicory Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chile Pepper Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chinese Cabbage Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chips Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chives Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chocolate Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Christmas Rice Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Clams Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Coconuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cod Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Coffee Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Coffee Substitutes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Colby Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cold Cereals Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Collards Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Complex carbohydrates Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,993,00.html Corn, fresh Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,17,00.html Cotswold Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cottage Cheese Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Crabs Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Crackers Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Crayfish Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cream Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cream Cheese Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Crème Fraîche Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Crimini Mushrooms Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Crocodile and Alligator Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Cucumbers Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dairy-Free Sour Cream Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dandelion Greens Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dates Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,50,00.html Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Diet Drinks Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Diet Powders Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dry Jack Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Duck Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dulse Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Edam Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Egg Noodles Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Eggnog Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Eggplant Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Eggs Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Emmenthaler Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Endive Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Energy Bars Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com English Muffins Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Enoki Mushroom Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Farmer's Cheese Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Fasting Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Fat Alternatives and Fat Replacers Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Fava Beans Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Feta Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Filberts Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Flaxseeds Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Flounder Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Flour Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Focaccia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Fresh Pasta Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Frozen Yogurt Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Garlic Alternative names: Allium sativum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Ghee Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Goose Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gorgonzola Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gouda Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Grapefruit Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Grapes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Great Northern Beans Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gruyère Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Guinea Fowl Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Half-and-Half Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Halibut Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Havarti Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hazelnuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hickory Nuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com High-Fiber Bread Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com High-Fiber Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Honey Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,283,00.html Hot Cereals Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ice Cream Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Iceberg Lettuce Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Jacob's Cattle Beans Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Jarlsberg Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Jasmine Rice Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Jerusalem Artichoke Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Jerusalem artichokes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,39,00.html Jicama Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Juices Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kale Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kamut Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kefir Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kidney Beans Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Kiwi Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kohlrabi Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kombu Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kumquat Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lamb and Mutton Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Leeks Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lemons Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lentils Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lhassi Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lima Beans Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Limes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lion's Mane Mushroom Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lobster Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Low-Fat Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Low-Purine Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Macadamia Nuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Mackerel Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

158 Carbohydrates

Macrobiotic Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Mahi Mahi Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Mango Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Mascarpone Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Meal Substitutes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Melons Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Mexican Custard Apple Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Milk Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,95,00.html Miso Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Miso Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,201,00.html Monkfish Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Monounsaturated Fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Monterey Jack Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Morel Mushroom Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Mozzarella Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition 159

Muenster Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Muffins Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Mullet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Multi-Grain Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Mussels Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Mustard Greens Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Natural Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Navy Beans Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Nectarines Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Non-Dairy Frozen Desserts Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Non-Nutritive and Artificial Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Nori Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Nutritional Yeast Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,84,00.html Oat Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Oats Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,73,00.html

160 Carbohydrates

Octopus Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Okra Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Onions Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Orange Roughy Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Oranges Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ostrich and Emu Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Oyster Mushrooms Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Oysters Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Papaya Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Parmesan Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Parsnips Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Parsnips Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,29,00.html Partridge Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Passion Fruit Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pasta, wheat Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,82,00.html Peaches Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition 161

Peanut Butter Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Peanuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pearl Rice Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pears Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Peas Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pecan Rice Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pecans Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pecorino Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Perch Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pike Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pine Nuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pineapple Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pinto Beans Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pistachios Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pita Bread Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Plums Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Polyunsaturated Fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

162 Carbohydrates

Pomegranate Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Popcorn Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Porcini Mushrooms Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pork Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pork, fresh Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,91,00.html Port Salut Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Portobello Mushrooms Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Potatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Potatoes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,270,00.html Pretzel Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Protein Powders Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Provolone Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pumpkin Seeds Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Quail Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Quark Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Quinoa Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition 163

Rabbit Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Radicchio Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Radishes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ramen Noodles Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Red Leaf Lettuce Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Refined Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Rhubarb Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Rice Bread Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Rice Cakes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Rice Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ricotta Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Rockfish Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Romaine Lettuce Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Roquefort Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Rutabagas Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Rye Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sablefish Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

164 Carbohydrates

Salmon Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sapsago Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Saturated Fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sausage Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Scallions Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Scallops Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Scones Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sea Bass Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Seitan Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sesame Seed Butter Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sesame Seeds Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Shark Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Shiitake Mushroom Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Shrimp Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Smelt Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Snow Peas Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Soba Noodles Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition 165

Somen Noodles Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sour Cream Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sourdough Bread Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Soy and Protein Shakes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Soy Flour Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Soy Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Soy Nuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Soy Sauce Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Soybeans Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,105,00.html Special Diets Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Spelt Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Spelt Bread Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Spinach Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sports Drinks Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sports Gels Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sprouted-Grain Bread Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

166 Carbohydrates

Sprouts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,36,00.html Squash, winter Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,38,00.html Squid Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com St. Andre Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Stilton Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com String Cheese Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sugar Alcohols Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Summer Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sunflower Seeds Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Surimi Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Swedish Brown Beans Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sweet Peppers Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sweet Potatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sweet potatoes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,40,00.html Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition 167

Swiss Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Swordfish Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tangerines Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Taro root Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,263,00.html Tea Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Teff Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tempeh Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Texmati Rice Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Textured Vegetable Protein Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com The Zone Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tilefish Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tofu Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tomatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tortillas Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Trans-Fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Triticale Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

168 Carbohydrates

Trout Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tuna Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Turkey Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Turnips Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Turnips Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,42,00.html Udon Noodles Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Variety Meats Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Veal Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vegetarian Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Venison Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Wakame Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Walnuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Water Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Water chestnuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,43,00.html Wehani Rice Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Weight Loss and Obesity Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition 169

Weight Management Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Wheat Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Wheat Free Pasta Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com White Bread Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com White Mushroom Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Whitefish Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Whole Wheat Bread Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Whole-Wheat Pasta Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Winter Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Yams Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Yellow Eye Beans Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Yogurt Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Yogurt Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,97,00.html Zucchini Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. CARBOHYDRATES

ALTERNATIVE

MEDICINE

AND

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to carbohydrates. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to carbohydrates and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “carbohydrates” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to carbohydrates: •

A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. Author(s): Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, McGuckin BG, Brill C, Mohammed BS, Szapary PO, Rader DJ, Edman JS, Klein S. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 May 22; 348(21): 2082-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12761365&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of a carbohydrate-restricted diet on affective responses to acute exercise among physically active participants. Author(s): Butki BD, Baumstark J, Driver S. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2003 April; 96(2): 607-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12776843&dopt=Abstract

172 Carbohydrates

•

Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Author(s): Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, Katan MB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 May; 77(5): 1146-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716665&dopt=Abstract

•

Exchanging carbohydrates for monounsaturated fats in energy-restricted diets: effects on metabolic profile and other cardiovascular risk factors. Author(s): Colette C, Percheron C, Pares-Herbute N, Michel F, Pham TC, Brillant L, Descomps B, Monnier L. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 June; 27(6): 648-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12833107&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

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The following is a specific Web list relating to carbohydrates; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based): •

General Overview Acne Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alcohol Withdrawal Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Alcoholism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Amyloidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Blood Sugar, Low Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bronchitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bulimia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Burns Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Candidiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chickenpox and Shingles Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cholesterol, High Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

174 Carbohydrates

Chronic Candidiasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cirrhosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cold Sores Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Colds and Flus Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Constipation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crohn's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diarrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dysmenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Eating Disorders Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Eating Disorders, Bulimia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Epilepsy Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Epilepsy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fibrocystic Breast Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 175

Fibromyalgia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gallstones Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gout Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Heart Attack Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Heart Infection, Pericarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hemorrhoids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Herpes Simplex Virus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Herpes Zoster and Varicella Viruses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Triglycerides Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypoglycemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hypoglycemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Immune Function Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Incontinence, Urinary Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

176 Carbohydrates

Insomnia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Insomnia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insulin Resistance Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Intestinal Parasites Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kidney Stones Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lactose Intolerance Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Liver Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Low Blood Sugar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Malabsorption Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ménière's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Migraine Headaches Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Motion Sickness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nail Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parasitic Infection, Intestinal Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 177

Pericarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pregnancy and Postpartum Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Prostate Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Prostate Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psoriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com PTSD Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Recurrent Ear Infections Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Seasonal Affective Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Seizure Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shingles and Chickenpox Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sleeplessness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tinnitus Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Incontinence Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Tract Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

178 Carbohydrates

Vaginal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaginitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicella and Herpes Zoster Viruses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicose Veins Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Water Retention Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yeast Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Yeast Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Alternative Therapy Daniel's Diet Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/d.html Light therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,713,00.html Macrobiotics Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,714,00.html Nutrition Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zone Diet Alternative names: Zone-favorable diet Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/z.html

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•

Herbs and Supplements 5-HTP Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com 5-Hydroxytryptophan Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Acidophilus and Other Probiotics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Aesculus Alternative names: Horse Chestnut; Aesculus hippocastanum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Allium sativum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera, Aloe barbadensis, Aloe ferox , Aloe Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aloe Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alpha-lipoic acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10002,00.html Ampicillin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Aralia Alternative names: Spikenard; Aralia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Arctium lappa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

180 Carbohydrates

Arctium minus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bee products Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,756,00.html Betula Alternative names: Birch; Betula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Black Cohosh Alternative names: Cimicifuga racemosa Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Black Cohosh Alternative names: Cimicifuga racemosa (actea), Black Snakeroot Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Black Snakeroot Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Branched-Chain Amino Acids Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Brewer's Yeast Alternative names: Nutritional Yeast Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bryonia Bryony Alternative names: Bryony; Bryonia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Caraway Alternative names: Carum carvi Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Carob Alternative names: Ceratonia siliqua Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Carob Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Caulophyllum Alternative names: Blue Cohosh; Caulophyllum thalictroides (MICH.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/

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Cayenne Alternative names: Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cimicifuga racemosa (actea) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coenzyme Q10 Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Comfrey Alternative names: Symphytum officinale, Knitbone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Digestive enzymes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10051,00.html Eleuthero Alternative names: Siberian Ginseng, Eleuthero; Acanthopanax/Eleutherococcus senticosus Rupr. & Maxim. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Fennel Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Fiber Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Fiber Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fiber, insoluble Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,998,00.html Glycyrrhiza1 Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Gymnema Alternative names: Gurmar; Gymnema sylvestre Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Hydroxycitric Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com

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Insulin Alternative names: Humalog, Humulin, Iletin, Novolin, Velosulin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Kelp Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Knitbone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com L. Acidophilus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lactobacillus Acidophilus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lepidium meyenii1 Alternative names: Maca; Lepidium meyenii Walp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Lipase Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lipase Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Luffa Alternative names: Luffa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Marshmallow Alternative names: Althea officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Medium Chain Triglycerides Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Medium-Chain Triglycerides Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Momordica Alternative names: Bitter Gourd, Karela; Momordica charantia Linn. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Musa Banana Alternative names: Plantain, Banana; Musa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/

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Neomycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Nettle Alternative names: Urtica dioica Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Oral Hypoglycemics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Pollen Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pumpkin Alternative names: Cucurbita pepo, Cucurbita maxima Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pyruvate Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pyruvate Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Shiitake Alternative names: Lentinus edodes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Stevia Alternative names: Sweetleaf; Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Symphytum Alternative names: Comfrey; Symphytum officinale L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Symphytum officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trigonella Alternative names: Fenugreek; Trigonella foenum graecum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/

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VacciniumB Alternative names: Bilberry; Vaccinium myrtillus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/ Verbascum Alternative names: Mullein; Verbascum thapsus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hyperlink: http://www.herbmed.org/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CARBOHYDRATES Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to carbohydrates. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “carbohydrates” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on carbohydrates, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Carbohydrates ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to carbohydrates. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Detailed Examination of Boronic Acid-carbohydrate Complexation Using Alizarin Red S. As a General Optical Reporter by Springsteen, Gregory Gardner; Phd from North Carolina State University, 2002, 160 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3052742

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A Study of Refined Carbohydrate Intake and Its Effects on School Achievement and Adjustment by Jackson, Donald Phillip, Edd from United States International University, 1982, 90 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8304901

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A. Synthetic Studies Related to Carbohydrates of Biological Significance; B. Carbon13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Studies of Carbohydrate Oxirane Derivatives by Kim, Kwan Soo; Phd from Queen's University at Kingston (canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK50152

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•

An Economic Analysis of the Market for Carbohydrates in South Africa with Specific Reference to White Maize by Elliott, Michael Brett, Dsc from University of Pretoria (south Africa), 1991 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f1307780

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An Investigation of the Chemistry and Synthetic Utility of Unsaturated Carbohydrates by Jewell, Jon Scott; Advdeg from Queen's University at Kingston (canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK08677

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Artificial Receptors for Molecular Recognition of Amino Acids, Peptides and Carbohydrates by Smukste, Inese; Phd from University of Cincinnati, 2002, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3062620

•

Biomarkers of Exposure to Dietary Carbohydrates with an Application in Gastroenterology by Misciagna, Giovanni; Phd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 2003, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076509

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Branched-chain Carbohydrates and Nucleosides by Cliff, Brian Leonard; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK42607

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Carbohydrate Metabolism and Freezing Tolerance of Alfalfa (medicago Sativa L.) Expressing an Invertase Transgene by Vadnais, Dave Allen; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 2002, 191 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ65838

•

Carbohydrates As Chiral Synthons for Bis-gamma-lactones and Cyclopentylmacrolides by Anderson, Robert C; Phd from University of Waterloo (canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK37839

•

Changes in the Proteins and Carbohydrates of Developing Cereal Grains and Their Relationship to Kernel Shrivelling in Triticale by Noll, John Stephen; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK30059

•

Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Biologically Significant Carbohydrates by Andreana, Peter Rocco; Phd from Wayne State University, 2002, 225 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3071749

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Conformational Studies of Carbohydrates and Carbohydrate-containing Molecules by Welch, Karen Terry; Phd from The University of Tennessee, 2002, 493 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075572

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Constructing Carbohydrate-based Multivalent Scaffolds for Studying Carbohydrateprotein Interactions by Kalovidouris, Stacey A. Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 2002, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078096

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Development of Cnsld for Detection of Carbohydrates after Liquid-phase Separations by Wang, Qin; , Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 2002, 146 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3065168

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Digestion, Transport and Utilization of Exogenous Carbohydrates in the Rat and the Tapeworm Hymenolepis Diminuta by Dunkley, Lorna Coverly; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK14680

•

Economic Aspects of Advertising in the South African Carbohydrate Market by Sartorius Von Bach, Helmke Jens, Phd from University of Pretoria (south Africa), 1992 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f477348

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Effects of Forage Particle Size and Carbohydrate Fermentability on Rumen Fermentation and Performance of Lactating Dairy Cows by Krause, Karen Marie; Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2002, 230 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3060438

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Enantioselective Synthesis of Iminosugars and Hexoses from Furfural by Haukaas, Michael Hans; Phd from University of Minnesota, 2002, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3034446

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Fluorinated Carbohydrates As Probes of Mechanism and Specificity in Glycosyl Transferases by Street, Ian Philip; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL47158

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Influence of Dietary Protein, Carbohydrate, and Fat on Cognitive Performance and Appetite in Healthy Elderly Persons by Kaplan, Randall Jeffrey; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 2002, 218 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ69215

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Influence of Stationary Phase and Eluent Properties on Chromatographic Separation of Carbohydrates by Tiihonen, Jari; Dsc(tech from Lappeenrannan Teknillinen Korkeakoulu (finland), 2002, 101 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f271441

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Investigation into the Effects of Bovine Oviductal Fluid Components on the Carbohydrates of the Zona Pellucida by Golash, Carrie Dale; Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 2002, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3064921

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Mannose-functionalized Pamam Dendrimers: Their Synthesis, Characterization and Use in Refining the Model of Protein-carbohydrate Interactions by Woller, Eric Kevin; Phd from Montana State University, 2003, 272 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083490

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Nmr Studies of Carbohydrates in the Solid State by Lim, Tang Kuan; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL34895

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Protein-carbohydrate and Protein-protein Interactions: Using Models to Better Understand and Predict Specific Molecular Recognition by Laederach, Alain Teboho; Phd from Iowa State University, 2003, 205 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085925

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Role of Carbohydrates during Shoot Formation in Tobacco Callus by Brown, Daniel C. W; Phd from University of Calgary (canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK49275

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Some Aspects of the Synthesis and Transformation of Unsaturated Carbohydrates and Nucleosides by Tam, Steve Yik-kai; Phd from University of Waterloo (canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK21627

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Structure and Chemistry of Iron-carbohydrate Complexes Used As Parenteral Preparations by Kudasheva, Dina Sergeyevna; Phd from Polytechnic University, 2003, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086395

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Studies of the Sex Pheromone of a Blueberry Leafroller (cheimophila Salicella(hubner)) and on the Synthesis of Chiral Pheromones from Carbohydrates by Salas-reyes, Victor A; Phd from Simon Fraser University (canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65942

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Studies on Human Erythrocyte Membrane Surface Carbohydrates by Capaldi, Dante James; Phd from University of Windsor (canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK62001

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Substrates and Inhibitors of Carbohydrate Sulfotransferases by Cook, Brian Nicholas; Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 2002, 218 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082152

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Synchronization of Carbohydrate and Protein Metabolism by Ruminal Microbes in Continuous Culture by Mohney, Kathryn; Ms from North Carolina State University, 2002, 67 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1412608

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Synthesis and Optical Properties of Conjugated Polymers from Dicyanoalkenes and arenes Prepared Using Unprotected Sugars by Kim, Ik-bum; Phd from University of Massachusetts Lowell, 2003, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076274

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Synthesis of Complex Carbohydrates in the Golgi Region of Secretory Cells by Neutra, M; , Advdeg from Mcgill University (canada), 1966 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK00314

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Synthesis of Diamino and Triamino Carbohydrates by Rajabalee, Farouk Jacquesmarie; Advdeg from University of Ottawa (canada), 1969 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK04748

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Synthetic Studies Related to Vitamin C and Other Biologically Important Carbohydrates by Sood, Ramesh Kumar; Phd from Queen's University at Kingston (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65854

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The Application of Diels-alder Reactions with Methyl Cyanodithioformate to the Synthesis of Carbohydrates with Sulfur in the Ring by Vyas, Dolatrai Mohanlal; Phd from Queen's University at Kingston (canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK13047

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The Carbohydrates of the Leaves of Common Barberry, Berberis Vulgaris by Henderson, Gary A; Advdeg from Queen's University at Kingston (canada), 1968 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK01962

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The Contribution of Refined Carbohydrate Consumption to Maladaptive Behaviors by Fishbein, Diana Hanna, Phd from The Florida State University, 1981, 199 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8113260

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The Determination and Refinement of the Structures of Some Chlorinated Carbohydrates by Hoge, Reinhold; Advdeg from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1969 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK03714

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The Effects of a Hypocaloric Diet Enriched in Oleic Acid Using Almonds Versus Complex Carbohydrates on Metabolic and Anthropometric Parameters during Weight Reduction by Wien, Michelle Ann; Drph from Loma Linda University, 2002, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3052263

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The Effects of Cropping on Aggregation and Carbohydrates of a Kamouraska Clay Soil by Angers, Denis Arthur; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL48629

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The Effects of Total and Partial Replacement of Depleted Body Fluids, Electrolytes, and Carbohydrates upon Fatigue and Muscular Strength during Strenuous Activity in a Hot, Humid Environment. by Harrington, Earnest Lawrence, Sr., Edd from The University of Southern Mississippi, 1974, 102 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7425503

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The Oxidation of Carbohydrates and Their Derivatives by Acetobacter Suboxydans by Schnarr, Gordon Wayne; Phd from Queen's University at Kingston (canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK34655

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The Preparation of and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies on Some Specifically Fluorinated Carbohydrates by Manville, John Fieve; Advdeg from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1968 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK02381

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The Spectroscopic Verification of Cooperative C-h &cdots; O Interactions in Carbon Dioxide Solutions: towards the Development of Carbohydrate-based Carbon Dioxide Processing Methods by Blatchford, Marc Andrew; Phd from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2003, 207 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086497

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The Synthesis of 5-fluoro Glycosides and Pyrophosphates and Their Use in Mechanistic Studies in Carbohydrate Enzymology by Hartman, Matthew Charles Tomandl; Phd from University of Michigan, 2002, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3068880

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Theoretical and Experimental Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Studies A) the Conformation of Transition Metal-biuret Complexes and Their Interaction with Carbohydrates and Polyols : B) Radical Anions of 9,10 Anthrasemiquinone Generated by Carbohydrates by Mattar, Saba M; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK58079

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CARBOHYDRATES Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning carbohydrates.

Recent Trials on Carbohydrates The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to carbohydrates.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

A Phase I Study To Test The Safety Of DAVANAT With and Without 5-Fluorouracil In Patients With Solid Tumors Condition(s): Colorectal Cancer; Lung Cancer; Breast Cancer; Head and Neck Cancer; Prostate Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Pro-Pharmaceuticals Purpose - Excerpt: This is a Phase I, multi-center study of a carbohydrate (DAVANAT) which has been shown to increase the anti-tumor activity of 5-fluorouracil in mice. 5Fluorouracil is a chemotherapy drug commonly used in cancer patients. Patients with different type of solid tumors who have failed standard, approved treatments can be enrolled in the study. Different doses of DAVANAT will be given alone in Cycle 1, and in combination with 5-fluorouracil in cycle 2. Patients will be on study for approximately 90 days. The main reason for doing the study is to determine the safety of the drug given alone and in combination. In patients who have cancer that can be measured by CT scan, it will be determined whether the tumors change in size (get bigger, smaller or stay the same)after Cycle 2. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00054977

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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•

Acute Glycemic Effects of a Very Low Fat Diet in Type 2 Diabetes Condition(s): Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); Duke University; Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals; Jenny Craig Purpose - Excerpt: There is some consensus that high fat diets can contribute to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans and animals. An increase in dietary fat has been shown to produce obesity and diabetes in mice; such diet-induced diabetes can be reversed by reducing the fat in the diet. In humans, there is some evidence that low-fat diets can produce acute improvements in blood sugar control in type 2 diabetes-even in the absence of weight loss. In most human studies, however, dietary fat reduction has been accompanied by a reduction in total calorie intake. It is thus not possible to separate the effects of these 2 metabolic changes. The purpose of this study is to gather preliminary information on the effect of a very-low-fat diet on blood metabolism in persons with type 2 diabetes. The design incorporates controlled feeding procedures, and 30 men and women with type 2 diabetes will be given all foods for 4 weeks--a 2-week diet standardization period (diet composition: 35% fat, 15% protein, 50% carbohydrate), followed by a 2-week experimental diet period. The experimental diet conditions are A) continuation of the moderately-high-fat standardization diet, or B) a very-low-fat diet composed of 10% fat, 15% protein, 75% carbohydrate. Outcomes will be measured after the standardization and the experimental periods. The primary outcome variable is fasting plasma glucose; secondary outcomes are fasting insulin, carbohydrate (meal) tolerance, insulin secretion and blood lipids. In addition, we will gather descriptive data on the potential acceptability and utility of a very-low-fat diet constructed using the fat substitute, olestra (sucrose polyester). There are no results yet. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006432

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Effect of AC2993 with or without Immunosuppression on Beta Cell Function in Patients with Type I Diabetes Condition(s): Diabetes Mellitus Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will determine 1) the safety of AC2993 in patients with type I diabetes; 2) the ability of AC2993 to improve beta cell function; and 3) the effects of immunosuppression on beta cell function. Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disease, in which the immune system attacks the beta cells of the pancreas. These cells produce insulin, which regulates blood sugar. AC2993 may improve the pancreas's ability to produce insulin and help control blood sugar, but it may also activate the original immune response that caused the diabetes. Thus, this study will examine the effects of AC2993 alone as well as in combination with immunosuppressive drugs. Patients between 18 and 60 years of age who have type I diabetes mellitus may be eligible for this 20-month study. They must have had diabetes for at least 5 years and require insulin treatment. Candidates will be screened with a questionnaire, followed by medical history and physical examination, blood and urine tests, a chest x-ray and skin test for tuberculosis, electrocardiogram (EKG), and arginine stimulated C-peptide test (see description below). Participants will undergo the following tests and procedures:

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Advanced screening phase: Participants undergo a diabetes education program, including instruction on frequent blood glucose monitoring, dietary education on counting carbohydrates, intensive insulin therapy, review of signs and symptoms of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), and potential treatment with glucagon shots. Patients must administer insulin via an insulin pump or take at least four injections per day including glargine (Lantus) insulin. 4-month run-in phase - Arginine-stimulated Cpeptide test: This test measures the body's insulin production. The patient is injected with a liquid containing arginine, a normal constituent of food that increases insulin release from beta cells into the blood stream. After the injection, seven blood samples are collected over 10 minutes. - Mixed meal stimulated C-peptide test with acetaminophen: This test assesses the response of the beta cells to an ordinary meal and the time it takes for food to pass through the stomach. The patient drinks a food supplement and takes acetaminophen (Tylenol). Blood samples are then drawn through a catheter (plastic tube placed in a vein) every 30 minutes for 4 hours to measure levels of various hormones and the concentration of acetaminophen. - Euglycemic clamp: This test measures the body's sensitivity to insulin. The patient is admitted to the NIH Clinical Center the evening before the study and receives an insulin drip through an intravenous (IV) line overnight to maintain normal blood sugar levels. The next morning, another IV line is placed, glucose and insulin are being infused and frequent blood samples are being collected to measure blood sugar andinsulin levels. Test period A: Patients are randomly assigned to receive 1) AC2993 alone or 2) AC2993 plus immunosuppressive drugs (sirolimus and tacrolimus), along with an antibiotic to reduce the risk of fungal infections, for 6 months. If the patient receives immunosuppressive agents, blood is drawn twice a week to measure drug levels, then once a week for 1 month, and then every 2 weeks for the rest of the study. AC2993 is injected under the skin twice a day at first and then 4 times a day in increasing doses. Test period B: Patients who took immunosuppressive drugs in test period A continue to take them for the 6 months of test period B. Patients who took AC2993 in test period A do not take it in test period B, and those who did not take AC2993 in test period A do take it in test period B. Patients have three arginine-stimulated C-peptide tests during the last 3 months of test periods A and B and a euglycemic clamp study and mixed meal study at the end of each test period. Drug side effects are monitored throughout the study. Treatment and evaluation may be extended beyond the 20-month study period for patients who benefit from the treatment. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00064714 •

Gyrate Atrophy of the Choroid and Retina Condition(s): Gyrate Atrophy Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Eye Institute (NEI) Purpose - Excerpt: Gyrate atrophy is a rare hereditary disease of the eye's retina (the layer of light-sensitive tissue that lines the inside of the eyeball) and choroid (a vascular layer of tissue behind the retina). Degeneration of these structures causes nearsightedness, cataracts and progressive loss of vision. This study will examine eye function and chemical and molecular abnormalities in patients with gyrate atrophy to

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try to better understand, diagnose, and treat the condition. Patients with other degenerative diseases of the choroid and retina, such as retinitis pigmentosa, choroideremia, and others, will also be studied for comparison. Family members of patients will be studied, when possible, to try to identify the genetic basis of the disease and gain information that will aid in genetic counseling. Study participants will undergo a physical examination and eye examination, including tests of color vision, field of vision, and ability to see in the dark. An electroretinogram and electrooculogram will measure visual cell function. Photographs of the retina will be taken. Blood will be drawn for biochemical study and gene research. Family members who agree to participate in the study will undergo the same eye tests and will also have blood drawn for genetic studies. Patients with gyrate atrophy will also be asked to undergo a small skin biopsy for biochemical and genetic study. They will provide a family history in order to draw a family tree showing how the disease is distributed among family members. Patients with gyrate atrophy may also participate in studies of the effect of vitamin B6 and diet on blood levels of the amino acid ornithine, which is elevated in patients with gyrate atrophy. Participants will take 500 mg of vitamin B6 by mouth every day for 3 to 6 months. If this study confirms a reduction of ornithine levels, then long-term studies of the vitamin as a possible treatment for the disease may be started. After the vitamin B6 study, patients will start a nearly protein-free diet to lower ornithine blood levels. More than 2,000 calories are carbohydrate and fat. Some special low-protein foods and limited fruit is included, plus amino acid supplements. Patients who have carefully adhered to this diet have lowered their ornithine levels and slowed disease progression. Patients will be hospitalized for the first 1 to 3 weeks for close monitoring with frequent urine and blood tests. When the blood ornithine level is normalized, a less restricted low protein diet will be prescribed. Participants will have monthly blood tests and a complete eye examination every 6 months to 1 year to evaluate disease progression. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001166 •

Inhibition of Intestinal Glucose Absorption by the Bioflavonoid Quercetin in the Obese and in Obese Type 2 Diabetes Condition(s): Diabetes Mellitus; Obesity Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: Postprandial hyperglycemia and the resultant hyperinsulinemia contribute to the cardiovascular complications seen in obesity and in type 2 diabetes. Epidemiological studies suggest that slow absorption of carbohydrates dampens glucose and insulin peaks, and reduces cardiovascular morbidity. The polyphenol quercetin is the most abundant flavanoid in plant-derived foods, and is sold as a dietary supplement. In vitro, quercetin is a potent and reversible inhibitor of glucose transport by the intestinal glucose transporter GLUT2. In vivo quercetin inhibits post absorptive glucose peaks in obese, diabetic rats. We hypothesize that quercetin blunts intestinal glucose absorption in humans, and attenuates postprandial hyperglycemia. We propose to test, in a double blind placebo controlled study, whether coadministration of 1 or 2 grams of quercetin with 50 grams of glucose will reduce plasma glucose concentrations during a 6 hour 50g oral glucose tolerance test in non-diabetic obese subjects and in obese type 2 diabetic subjects. Study subjects will be 19-65 years with a body mass index

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greater than or equal to 30, without complications of diabetes, or on any medication other than oral hypoglycemic agents and aspirin. We will study 16 obese non diabetic subjects and 16 obese type 2 diabetic. Each subject will have 3 oral glucose tolerance tests, and will serve as his or her own control. We will compare the peak plasma glucose concentrations achieved during oral glucose tolerance tests and the area under the curve of plasma glucose to determine whether quercetin inhibits glucose absorption in humans. Such inhibition may partially explain the protective effects of plant derived foods on cardiovascular disease, and enable us to use quercetin or related compounds to dampen intestinal glucose absorption. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00065676 •

Leptin to Treat Lipodystrophy Condition(s): Lipodystrophy Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will evaluate the safety and effectiveness of leptin replacement therapy in patients with lipodystrophy (also called lipoatrophy). Patients have a total or partial loss of fat cells. They also lack the hormone leptin, which is produced by fat cells. The leptin deficiency usually causes high blood lipid (fat) levels and insulin resistance that may lead to diabetes. Patients may have hormone imbalances, fertility problems, large appetite, and liver disease due to fat accumulation. Patients age 5 and older with significant lipodystrophy may be eligible for this study. Candidates will be screened with a physical examination and blood tests. Participants will be admitted to the NIH Clinical Center for 10 days for the following studies before beginning 12 months of leptin therapy: - Insulin tolerance test -measures blood sugar levels after intravenous (IV) administration of insulin. Blood samples are collected through the IV tube at various intervals during the 1-hour test. - Ultrasound of the liver and, if abnormalities are found, possibly liver biopsies. - Fasting blood tests - to measure blood count, blood lipids and various hormones and assess liver function. - Resting metabolic rate - to measure the amount of oxygen breathed at rest in order to calculate how many calories are required to maintain resting body functions. - Magnetic resonance imaging of the liver and other organs, and of muscle and fat. - Pelvic ultrasound in women - to detect ovarian cysts. - Estimation of body fat - measurements of height, weight, waist, hip size, and skin folds over the arms and abdomen to estimate body fat content. - Oral glucose tolerance test -measures blood sugar and insulin levels. The patient drinks a very sweet drink containing glucose (sugar), after which blood samples are collected through an IV tube in an arm vein at various intervals during the 3-hour test. - Intravenous glucose tolerance test -measures tissue response to insulin and glucose after glucose injection and insulin infusion. Blood is collected over 3 hours to measure insulin and glucose levels. - Appetite level and food intake - to measure hunger level and caloric intake. Patients are questioned about their hunger level, given a variety of foods they may choose to eat and questioned again at various intervals about hunger level. On another day, patients are given breakfast (usually a milkshake) and when they want to eat again, the appetite level and caloric intake study is repeated. - Hormone function tests - the function of three hormones influenced by leptin (corticotropin-

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releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) are assessed. The hormones are injected intravenously and then blood samples are drawn. - Questionnaire - patients complete a questionnaire about their activities and how they feel. - 24-hour urine collections - to measure specific hormones, proteins and sugars excreted in the urine. Additional studies may include blood tests for genetic studies of lipodystrophy, a muscle biopsy to study muscle proteins involved in regulating energy expenditure before and after leptin replacement, and examination of a surgical specimen (if available) to study molecules that may be involved in energy storage and use. When the above tests are completed, leptin therapy begins. The drug is injected under the skin twice a day for 4 months and then once a day, if feasible. The dose is increased at the 1- and 2-month visits. Follow-up visits at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 months after therapy starts include a physical examination, blood tests and a meeting with a dietitian. At the end of 12 months, all baseline studies described above are repeated. Patients record their symptoms weekly throughout the study. Those with diabetes measure their blood glucose levels daily before each meal and at bedtime. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00025883 •

Nutrient intake in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Condition(s): Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); Heppe Foundation Purpose - Excerpt: Specific nutrient deficiencies have been described in children with ADHD including zinc, magnesium, calcium, and essential fatty acids. In addition, children with ADHD have been noted to behave and concentrate better in some studies when the ratio of protein compared with carbohydrate in their diets was increased, however, this was anecdotal information noted from studies designed to study other factors, so its not clear if the increased protein is actually the cause of the improved behavior. In our clinical practice, we have noted a high incidence of what appears to be carbohydrate "craving" among children with ADHD, which can put children at risk for obesity, diabetes type II, and additional dysregulation of mood and concentration. carbohydrate craving is a well-documented phenomenon in adults, particularly those with certain patterns of obesity, mood disorders, or those undergoing smoking cessation programs. It has not been studied in children, however. Thus, this initial study was designed to determine 1) whether or not children with ADHD have different patterns of nutrient intake compared with children in the same family and children in families without a child with ADHD, 2) if the described nutrient deficiencies are due to decreased intake, and 3) whether there is an increased occurrence of carbohydrate craving, based on parents' perceptions, eating patterns, and actual intake, among children (or certain subgroups of children) with ADHD. The information gained from this study will be used to design additional studies to test causative hypotheses and intervention strategies. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00011466

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Prevalence of carbohydrate intolerance in lean and obese children Condition(s): Obesity; Glucose Intolerance; Diabetes; Acanthosis Nigricans Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) Purpose - Excerpt: The prevalence of obesity in children is reaching epidemic proportions. Excess adiposity is more than just a cosmetic problem, having substantial metabolic consequences. Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and frank diabetes are often seen in obese children. In this study the prevalence of impaired glucose (carbohydrate) tolerance in lean children with a family history of diabetes and obese children with acanthosis nigricans with or without a family history of diabetes mellitus will be studied. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000112

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Study of Recombinant Human Insulin-Like Growth Factor I in Patients with Severe Insulin Resistance Condition(s): Insulin Resistance; Hyperglycemia Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): FDA Office of Orphan Products Development; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Determine the efficacy and toxic effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I (rhIGF-I) on carbohydrate tolerance, insulin action, insulin secretion, hyperandrogenism, and hyperlipidemia in patients with severe insulin resistance who have failed other therapies. II. Determine the dose and time response of rhIGF-I on carbohydrate homeostasis and secondary abnormalities in this patient population. III. Determine the effect of rhIGF-I on insulin clearance, the regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1, the regulation of sex hormone binding globulin, and hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis in this patient population. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004419

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Turner Syndrome: Genotype and Phenotype Condition(s): Turner's Syndrome Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will examine the clinical and genetic factors related to Turner syndrome, a disorder of the female sex chromosomes. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes-thin strands of DNA-in the nucleus of every cell, which contain genes that determine our hereditary makeup. One pair of chromosomes is the sex chromosomes, designated X and Y. Females normally have two X chromosomes; however, patients with Turner syndrome have only a single X chromosome or one

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normal and one defective X chromosome. This abnormality can cause medical problems such as a webbed neck, low-set ears, and heart or kidney defects. It can also cause short stature, lack of sexual development and improperly functioning ovaries. Adult women with Turner syndrome have an increased risk of high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis. This study will try to identify the genes responsible for the specific medical problems associated with the disorder. Females 7 years of age and older with X chromosome defects may be eligible for this 3- to 5- day inpatient study at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. Participants will have a comprehensive physical examination, including (with the patient's permission) photographs of abnormal physical findings to document characteristics of Turner syndrome. Patients will have their body measurements (height, weight, hip and waist) taken and blood drawn for clinical and research purposes. Patients will be given a "metabolic diet," with meals designed to contain specific amounts of salt and carbohydrate to allow accurate measurements of blood pressure and glucose (sugar) metabolism. Participants will have a 24-hour urine collection for kidney evaluation, electrocardiogram, urinalysis and urine pregnancy test, wrist X-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the heart, computerized tomography (CT) scan of the lower spine to evaluate bone strength, blood pressure measurements, ear and hearing examination, kidney ultrasound, vaginal ultrasound to evaluate the ovaries, heel ultrasound to measure bone thickness. They will also have an oral glucose tolerance test, DEXA scan (a type of X-ray study to measure body fat, muscle and bone thickness), memory and visual-perceptual testing, and a psychosocial evaluation to assess the effects of the disorder on quality of life and social functioning. These are state of the art diagnostic tests which may uncover unsuspected anatomic problems such as abnormalities of the aorta or aortic valve which have serious clinical implications and would indicate the need for close medical follow-up, as well as uncover potential risk for development of diabetes or osteoporosis in the future, which would also indicate the need for changes in lifestyle or medical management. Some patients may be asked to undergo a skin biopsy (removal of a small sample of skin tissue) to obtain more information about genetic make-up of cells. Parents of patients may be contacted (with the patient's permission) to provide a blood or other tissue sample for genetic study to help understand how and why certain traits of Turner syndrome are expressed. All patients will be invited to participate in a genetic counseling session to discuss their concerns and difficulties related to living with Turner syndrome. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006334 •

Effectiveness of Atkins diet for weight loss Condition(s): Obesity Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) Purpose - Excerpt: Dr. Atkins' New Diet Revolution has sold over 10 million copies and has been on the New York Times best seller list for 158 weeks. This and other lowcarbohydrate diets, such as the ZONE, Sugar Busters, and the carbohydrate Addicts Diet, have attracted much popular attention but little scientific evaluation. Given the widespread use of these diets, it seems prudent to evaluate them both for safety and efficacy. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to compare the effectiveness of two different weight control programs over the course of 52 weeks. These two programs are

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1) the Atkins' New Diet Revolution, a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet, and 2) Brownell's LEARN Program, a high carbohydrate, low fat diet based on behavior modification. Specifically, this study will compare short-term changes in weight, food intake, blood chemistries and mood in adult males (n=10) and females (n=10) who are randomized to either the Atkins' Diet or the LEARN Program for a period of one year. During this year, they will be under medical supervision. We will examine the effect of the two weight loss plans on changes in lipids, blood pressure, insulin sensitivity and ketones, and eating behavior. This is a feasibility study and thus the data will ultimately be used to design a large randomized trial with adequate statistical power. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006193 •

Ketogenic Diet for Child Epilepsy and Seizure Control Condition(s): Epilepsy; Seizures; Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Purpose - Excerpt: Twenty to thirty percent of children with epilepsy continue to suffer from seizures, even when treated with currently available anticonvulsant medications. Children with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS) are particularly handicapped by atonicmyoclonic seizures. Preliminary data suggest that even when other medications have failed, these seizures may respond rapidly and dramatically to a high-fat-lowcarbohydrate ketogenic diet. The purpose of the study is to assess if the classic ketogenic diet is efficacious in reducing seizure frequency, medication toxicity, and improves quality of life. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004729

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Obesity Prevention after Smoking Cessation in Menopause Condition(s): Obesity; Menopause Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Aging (NIA) Purpose - Excerpt: This study addresses the high risk of weight gain associated with smoking cessation in women. The obesity prevention pilot study is designed for the primary prevention of weight gain that can lead to overweight in normal-weight women, that can progress to obesity in women who are already overweight, and for the prevention of additional weight gain in obese women with BMI greater than or equal to 30.0. Fat and other macronutrient intake, specifically, sugar, complex carbohydrates, and protein, are analyzed as a target for individually tailored, weight control intervention following smoking cessation in Caucasian and African American women. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00064961

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Optimizing Calcium Absorption and Bone Formation During Early Puberty Condition(s): Healthy Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to compare calcium absorption and bone growth in boys and girls on diets containing a nondigestible oligosaccharide, or NDO (a type of carbohydrate that the body cannot digest) and diets containing simple sugar. In this study, we will learn if adding NDO to the diet allows the body to absorb more of the calcium from the diet and produce stronger bones. We will study how the hormones produced by the body during puberty affect bone growth. We will also study whether certain genes in the body affect bone growth or calcium absorption. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II; MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00022867

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A Study of the Effects of Amprenavir, a Protease Inhibitor, on Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism in HIV-Infected Patients Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Glaxo Wellcome Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of a 3-drug antiHIV regimen, amprenavir (APV) plus abacavir (ABC) plus lamivudine (3TC), on the way carbohydrates (sugars) and fats are metabolized (processed by the body) in HIVinfected patients who have received little or no previous anti-HIV drug therapy. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002245

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Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate and Fat on Hormones Condition(s): Healthy; Deficiency Disease; MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will try to determine if intake of dietary fats or carbohydrates influences the tendency to gain weight or accumulate body fat. It will examine how the hormones that regulate weight may change with a shift from a balanced diet to one that is low in fat or carbohydrate, irrespective of caloric intake. Men and women between the ages of 18 and 40 years with a body mass index of 30 to 49 kg/m2 may be eligible for this study. Candidates will be screened with a history, physical examination, blood tests and questionnaires regarding activity, prior diets, and eating patterns. Participants will follow two separate diet regimens for 5 days each. The first will be a balanced diet, and the second will be either a low-fat/high-carbohydrate

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diet or a low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet. The diets are not designed to produce weight loss. Participants will receive all their meals and snacks for the two diets from the National Institutes of Health and, for the first 3 days of each diet, will be seen as outpatients. For days 4 and 5 of each diet, they will be admitted to the Clinical Center and will undergo the following procedures: - Blood tests - Blood samples will be collected every 30 minutes over a 24-hour period through an indwelling catheter in the arm. A total of about 15 tablespoons will be drawn for each of the two diets. - 24-hour urine collection - One 24 hour urine collection will be done at home the day before admission to the Clinical Center, and the other will be done during the hospital stay. Urinalysis and pregnancy test - A small urine sample will be taken and women will provide an additional sample for a pregnancy test. - Body measurements - Height and weight will be measured using scales. Body fat will be measured by two methods: skin fold thickness, measured with calipers in 5 separate places; and body circumference measurements, in which body parts are measured with a tape measure. - Bod pod measurement - Proportions of fat and non-fat tissue in body weight are measured while the participant sits in a capsule-like device for 5 minutes. - Bioelectric impedance analysis - Proportions of body fat are measured based on conduction of a small electric current. - Total body water estimate -The proportion of body weight that is water is determined, using a method that involves drinking a cup of a special kind of "heavy" water (deuterium) and then measuring the amount of heavy water in a urine sample taken after 4 hours. - Exercise - Participants will maintain their usual exercise routine, as it was before beginning the study. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00016848 •

Gene Therapy for Gyrate Atrophy Condition(s): Gyrate Atrophy Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Eye Institute (NEI) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will evaluate the safety and effectiveness of gene therapy for patients with gyrate atrophy, an inherited condition in which areas of the retina-the inner lining of the wall of the eye-become thin. Over several decades, this degeneration of the retina causes tunnel vision, night blindness, and other vision problems. Gyrate atrophy is caused by a defect in the gene responsible for producing an enzyme, ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), that breaks down an amino acid called ornithine. As a result, excessive ornithine buildup causes the retinal thinning. Currently, this condition can only be treated with amino acid tablets and a very low-protein diet with limited fruits and vegetables and more than 2,000 calories a day from carbohydrates and fats. Some patients cannot maintain this diet, and they need another treatment. One possible alternative is to replace the defective gene with one that functions normally. Patients who have been followed in NEI's Ocular Genetics service may be eligible to participate in this study. Study patients will undergo the following gene therapy procedure: 1. Skin biopsy-A small piece of skin is surgically removed from the patient's thigh. 2. Gene transfer-Skin cells called keratinocytes are taken from the biopsied tissue and grown in the laboratory. The normal gene that produces OAT is inserted into the cells, causing them to produce more of the enzyme. 3. Skin graft-Under local anesthesia, a patch of skin about 2 1/4 inches x 2 1/4 inches is surgically removed from the upper thigh and some of the cells with increased OAT are grafted back onto this area. Patients

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will be followed at 1 week and 2 weeks after the procedure, then monthly for 6 months, again at 9 months and 1 year. Follow-up will continue at 1-year intervals in patients in whom the treatment is successful. During each follow-up visit patients will have 2 to 3 tablespoons of blood drawn for tests. A small biopsy (about 1/4 inch) of transplanted cells will also be done at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and each year or so thereafter. These tests will evaluate whether the treated skin cells are producing the deficient OAT enzyme and, if so, how much and for how long. They will also indicate whether the enzyme produced is sufficient to lower ornithine blood levels. Patients will also undergo various eye examinations before grafting and at scheduled follow-up visits. These tests may include electrophysiologic (ERG) testing, fundus photographs, scanning laser ophthalmoscope, visual field test, fluorescein angiogram, visual acuity, and manifest reaction. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001735 •

Hormone Replacement Therapy to Treat Turner Syndrome Condition(s): Osteoporosis; Turner's Syndrome Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will evaluate the effects of hormone replacement therapy on patients with Turner syndrome (TS)-a genetic disorder in females in which part or all of one X chromosome is missing. Most girls and women with TS have underdeveloped ovaries-the female reproductive organs that produce the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone, and smaller amounts of the male sex hormone, testosterone. These hormones affect muscle and bone strength, sex drive, energy, and an overall sense of well being. Estrogen may also play a role in memory and mood and have a protective effect against heart disease. Women with TS have a much higher risk of developing osteoporosis (loss of bone density), high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes than women without this disorder. Girls and women with Turner syndrome between the ages of 14 and 50 years may be eligible for this 2-year study. Three months before beginning treatment, all patients will wear an estrogen patch and take a progesterone tablet daily for 10 days each month. They will then be randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups to compare the effects of estrogen alone with estrogen plus testosterone on bone strength, muscle and fat mass and psychosocial well being. Both groups will wear an estrogen patch and take oral progesterone. One group will also wear a testosterone patch while the other group will wear a placebo patch (a patch that does not contain any testosterone). Neither study participants nor the doctors will know who is getting the testosterone until the study is complete. Patients will undergo the following procedures before beginning treatment and at 6, 12 and 24 months after starting treatment: - Physical examination. - DEXA scans (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) to measure body composition and bone thickness. Low radiation X-rays scan the whole body to measure fat, muscle and bone mineral content.. - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the abdomen to measure the amount of fat around the internal organs. The patient lies on a stretcher in a large tube surrounded by a magnetic field during the scanning. The procedure uses a strong magnet and radio waves to produce the images. - Heel ultrasound to measure bone thickness. The heel is placed in a

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chamber and sound waves pass through it to produce images. - Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for diabetes and problems with carbohydrate metabolism. The patient drinks a sugary substance. A small amount of blood is drawn before taking the drink and four times afterwards. - Blood and urine tests to measure blood counts, liver and kidney function, ovarian hormones, growth factors, thyroid function, blood lipids, bone strength markers, and to test for pregnancy. - Blood pressure measurements. Psychological testing for the effect of treatment on mood, self-esteem, quality of life, social shyness, anxiety and sexual function. - Neurocognitive tests (at first inpatient visit and 1 and 2 years after starting treatment) to measure nonverbal memory and visualperceptual abilities. During the hospital admissions, patients will be given a "metabolic diet" that contains specific amounts of salt and carbohydrates to ensure accurate blood pressure and sugar metabolism measurements. Patients will keep a record of their menstrual periods and physical activity throughout the treatment period. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00013546 •

Ketogenic Diet in Lafora Disease Condition(s): Lafora Disease Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will examine the effect of a restricted-carbohydrate diet (ketogenic diet) on Lafora disease-a severe neurological disease in which brain cells die because of abnormal accumulation of glucose (a type of sugar). Patients with Lafora disease have rapid neurological deterioration with myoclonus (brief muscle jerks), seizures and mental decline. At present there is no treatment to halt disease progression. Patients 10 years of age and older with relatively advanced Lafora disease may be eligible for this study. Participants will be admitted to the Clinical Center for the first 4 weeks of this 6-month study for baseline testing and to start the ketogenic diet. They will have a complete medical history and physical examination, plus a detailed neurological examination and blood and urine tests. Procedures include: -Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans to provide information about brain chemistry Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to analyze chemicals in cerebrospinal fluid -Metabolic and endocrinological tests, including a glucose tolerance test, to evaluate the body's response to a large intake of oral glucose -Standard neuropsychological tests -Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain and muscle -Electroencephalography (EEG) to measure brain wave activity -Electromyography (EMG) to measure muscle activity -Evoked potentials (SEP and VEP) to study brain responses to mild electric or visual stimulation. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (magnetic stimulation of the brain) may also be done to study the function of the brain cortex (outer nervous tissue of the brain) and the effects of treatment on brain excitability. The ketogenic diet will begin after the tests are completed. The diet provides mainly fats to fuel the body, plus the recommended amount of protein and minimum carbohydrate. Vitamin and mineral supplements are provided to meet daily requirements. After 2 weeks on the diet, the patient will be discharged from the hospital and seen daily as an outpatient for another 1 to 2 weeks. During this time the patient or caregiver is trained in preparing the ketogenic diet, and then the patient is discharged to home. Throughout the study, disease symptoms will be

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assessed using standardized rating scales. Blood and urine tests will be done as needed, as will follow-up brain imaging, neuropsychological and neurophysiological evaluations. A skin and/or muscle biopsy may be done at the first clinic visit to grow skin cells in culture and to analyze the skin and muscle under a microscope. The biopsy area is numbed with an anesthetic and a small piece of tissue is removed either with a needle, an instrument similar to a cookie-cutter or a knife. The skin cells may be used for metabolic studies and to obtain DNA for genetic testing. At the end of the study, patients who responded well to the treatment with no significant adverse side effects may continue the diet for another 12 months. They will be followed at 3-month intervals to monitor side effects and treatment response. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00007124 •

Leptin to Treat Severe Insulin Resistance - Pilot Study Condition(s): Syndrome Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: This pilot study will evaluate the safety and effectiveness of leptin therapy in two children with severe insulin resistance syndrome. Patients with this condition often have high blood sugar levels and may have hormone imbalances, a constant feeling of warmth, fertility problems, large appetite, and enlarged liver due to fat accumulation. Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells. It influences appetite, affects levels of reproductive hormones, and possibly manages how the body reacts to insufficient food. Certain people with severe insulin resistance syndromes have decreased amounts of fat tissue and make little or no leptin. A 13-year-old male and an 11-year-old female with severe insulin resistance will participate in this study. They will have the following tests and procedures before beginning 4 months of leptin therapy: Insulin tolerance test - measures blood sugar levels after intravenous (IV) administration of insulin. Blood samples are collected through the IV tube at various intervals during the 1-hour test. - Ultrasound of the liver and, if abnormalities are found, possibly liver biopsies. - Fasting blood tests - to measure blood count, blood lipids, and various hormones and assess liver function. - Resting metabolic rate - to measure the amount of oxygen breathed at rest in order to calculate how many calories are required to maintain resting body functions. - Magnetic resonance imaging of the liver and other organs, and of muscle and fat. - Pelvic ultrasound in female patient - to detect ovarian cysts. Estimation of body fat - measurements of height, weight, waist, hip size, and skin folds over the arms and abdomen to estimate body fat content. - Oral glucose tolerance test measures blood sugar and insulin levels. The patient drinks a very sweet drink containing glucose (sugar), after which blood samples are collected through an IV tube in an arm vein at various intervals during the 3-hour test. - Intravenous glucose tolerance test - measures tissue response to insulin and glucose after glucose injection and insulin infusion. Blood is collected over 3 hours to measure insulin and glucose levels. - Appetite level and food intake - to measure hunger level and caloric intake. Patients are questioned about their hunger level, given a variety of foods they may choose to eat and questioned again at various intervals about hunger level. On another day, patients are given breakfast (usually a milkshake) and when they want to eat again, the appetite level and caloric intake study is repeated. - Hormone function tests - the function of three hormones influenced by leptin (corticotropin-releasing hormone,

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thyrotropin-releasing hormone and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) are assessed. The hormones are injected intravenously and then blood samples are drawn. Questionnaire - patients complete a questionnaire about their activities and how they feel. - 24-hour urine collections - to measure specific hormones, proteins and sugars excreted in the urine. When the above tests are completed, leptin therapy will start. The drug is injected under the skin twice a day for 4 months. Patients will record their symptoms weekly throughout the study. Those with diabetes will measure their blood glucose levels daily before each meal and at bedtime. Follow-up visits at 1, 2 and 4 months after therapy will include a physical examination, blood tests and a meeting with a dietitian. At the 4-month visit, the tests done at the beginning of the study will be repeated. Phase(s): Phase II; MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00027456 •

Macronutrients and Cardiovascular Risk Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Heart Diseases; Atherosclerosis; Hypertension Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To compare the effects on blood pressure and plasma lipids of three different diets--a carbohydrate-rich diet, a protein-rich diet, or a diet rich in unsaturated fat. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00051350

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Modeling DNA Diversity in Cardiovascular Health/Disease Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Heart Diseases Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To identify and measure DNA sequence variation in 13 genes that play a central role in key physiological functions involved in the development of cardiovascular disease, that is, genes involved in lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and blood pressure regulation. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005490

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Study of Cushing's Syndrome Not Related to ACTH Production Condition(s): Cushing's Syndrome; Healthy Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)

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Purpose - Excerpt: This study is designed to provide information about the cause of two unusual types of Cushing's syndrome and to evaluate quality of life before and after cure of the disease. In Cushing's syndrome, the adrenal glands produce too much of the hormone cortisol. This often causes weight gain, skin changes (bruising and stretch marks), and mood changes such as irritability, easy crying and depression. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) normally regulates cortisol production; when cortisol is low, ACTH rises, stimulating the adrenals to produce more cortisol, and when cortisol is high, ACTH levels fall. In two forms of Cushing's syndrome, however, the adrenal glands produce cortisol even when ACTH is low. Patients 18 years of age and older with Cushing's syndrome not related to ACTH production may participate in this study. Candidates will be have a history and physical examination, electrocardiogram, urine, blood and saliva tests, and a computerized tomography (CT) scan of one or both adrenal glands. They will fill out questionnaires on their disease symptoms, quality of life, and on basic information about themselves, such as marital status, education level, place of residence, etc. Finally, they will have a corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) test to confirm that they have the form of Cushing's syndrome under study in this protocol. This test involves collecting blood samples at intervals before and after administration of sheep CRH to measure cortisol and ACTH levels. Participants will undergo 3 to 7 days of testing to determine if their cortisol level rises after taking certain medicines or eating certain foods. These foods and medicines, chosen to mimic or stimulate substances already in the body, are: glucagon, ACTH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, vasopressin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and a mixed meal consisting of a protein, carbohydrate and fat (usually chicken breast and a milkshake-like drink). Blood will be collected at intervals before and after taking the food or medicine to measure cortisol blood levels. Blood will also be collected while the patient is in a standing position and while lying in bed, because changes in posture can cause substances in the body to increase or decrease. Depending on the individual's response to these tests, additional tests may be done with insulin, glucose, luteinizing hormone and folliclestimulating hormone. Patients who do not respond to these substances will undergo adrenalectomy (surgery to remove one or both adrenal glands). This is standard treatment for this type of Cushing's syndrome. It is usually done by laparoscopy, in which air is injected into the abdomen through tubes inserted through a small incision, enabling the surgeon to see the organs and remove the gland. Part of the removed tissue will be examined to learn about what causes this type of Cushing's syndrome; it may also be used for genetic studies related to the disease. Patients will stay in the hospital for a week to 10 days for observation and treatment and then will be discharged to the care of their own doctor. They will continue to complete the quality of life questionnaire every 3 months for 2 years. Patients with normal adrenal glands who are participating in National Cancer Institute studies and are scheduled for adrenalectomy as part of their standard treatment will also be recruited for this study to serve as controls. The patients will have a 24-hour urine collection, and part of the adrenal gland tissue removed for their treatment will be used for research purposes of this study, possibly including genetic study. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006278

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Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “carbohydrates” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON CARBOHYDRATES Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “carbohydrates” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on carbohydrates, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Carbohydrates By performing a patent search focusing on carbohydrates, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on carbohydrates: •

Analysis of carbohydrates derivatized with visible dye by high-resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Inventor(s): Haro; Luis S. (San Antonio, TX) Assignee(s): Board of Regents, The University of Texas System (Austin, TX) Patent Number: 6,190,522 Date filed: April 24, 1998 Abstract: The present invention is related to the field of carbohydrate analysis. More particularly, this invention relates to a simple and inexpensive method for analyzing carbohydrates which can be used to separate mono-, di-, tri- and even poly-saccharides. More specifically, this invention relates to a quantitative and qualitative method for analyzing carbohydrates that may be present in a biological sample by employing a visible dye or chromophore and high resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Excerpt(s): The present invention is generally directed to the field of carbohydrate analysis, and more particularly to the analysis of carbohydrates derivatized with a visible chromophoric dye by high resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The invention also includes methods and kits for analyzing carbohydrates. ... Carbohydrates have many important biological functions. Carbohydrates play important roles in development, immunology and cancer metastasis (Shur, 1994; Wright and Morrison, 1997; Kawaguchi, 1996). Glycoproteins are involved in cell stability and adhesion, antibody recognition, and microorganism binding, and also serve as cell-surface markers (Wyss and Wagner, 1996; Hounsell et al., 1996; Parham, 1996). ... Thus, there is substantial interest in carbohydrate analysis. However, a technique for carbohydrate analysis that is both inexpensive and easily performed is currently unavailable. Highsensitivity carbohydrate analysis has been performed with gas chromatography (Karlsson et al., 1995; Karlsson et al., 1994; Hansson and Karisson, 1993), liquid chromatography (Starr et al., 1996; Hu, 1995; Weitzhandler et al., 1993), mass spectrometry (Reinhold et al., 1996; Kovacik et al., 1996; Hellerqvist and Sweetman, 1990), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (Sugahara et al., 1996; Larnkjaer et al., 1995; Pozsgay and Coxon, 1994; Haynes et al., 1992) and capillary electrophoresis (El Rassi and Mechref, 1996; Oefner and Chiesa, 1994; Liu et al., 1991). However, the above methods of carbohydrate analysis require sophisticated instrumentation and highly trained personnel. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06190522__

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Analysis of carbohydrates in biological fluids by high performance liquid chromatography Inventor(s): Fu; Daotian (Horsham, PA), He; Ming (Roslyn, PA), Zopf; David (Strafford, PA) Assignee(s): Neose Technologies, Inc. (Horsham, PA) Patent Number: 5,843,786 Date filed: November 28, 1995

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Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of detecting reducing carbohydrates in a complex biological sample. The sample is filtered, subjected to ion exchange chromatography, derivatized, extracted and analyzed by HPLC. Excerpt(s): A simple and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)based method for the analysis of monosaccharides and saccharide compounds in biological fluids is discussed. ... Reducing carbohydrates, (i.e. monosaccharide and oligosaccharides), are a class of compounds which have been identified as being present in biological samples. In particular, sialylated oligosaccharides, have been described in complex biological fluids such as human milk, blood and urine. Due to the complexity of biological fluids, a simple technique for analyzing for the presence of reducing carbohydrates, and in particular sialylated oligosaccharides, has been difficult to develop. ... In the past, analysis of reducing carbohydrates has relied to a large extent on gas liquid chromatographic separation of trimethylsilyl, alditol acetate, and partially methylated alditol acetate derivatives. These methods require sample clean-up prior to derivitization and can be destructive to oligosaccharides, resulting in partial loss of structural information. Further, they required a relatively large amount of purified reducing carbohydrates, which practically limited their usefulness for analysis of minor amounts of reducing carbohydrates in biological fluids. (for example see Laine, R. A., et al in Methods in Enzymology (Ginsburg, V., edition), 1972, Vol. 28, pp. 159-167 and Kakehi, K., et al in Analysis of Carbohydrates by GLC and MS (Biermann, C. J., and McGinniss, G. D., Eds), 1989, pp. 43-86). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05843786__ •

Analysis of carbohydrates using 2-aminoacridone Inventor(s): Jackson; Peter (Fulbourn, GB) Assignee(s): Astromed Limited (Cambridge, GB) Patent Number: 5,472,582 Date filed: July 9, 1993 Abstract: The present invention provides for the use of the fluorescent label 2aminoacridone for use in separating carbohydrate mixtures and analyzing the structure of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates for analysis may be labeled by 2-aminoacridone and subsequently separated from one another by electrophoresis. The electrophoresis may be in one or two dimensions. Band produced by the electrophoresis may be visualized and quantitated directly by UV illumination or by means of a charge coupled device for photoelectric detection. 2-aminoacridone labelling of carbohydrate may also be used to analyze the structure of carbohydrates by cleaving (or adding to) various 2aminoacridone labeled carbohydrates by carbohydrate modifying enzymes of known specificity, and subsequently separating the carbohydrates by electrophoresis in either one or two dimensions. The subject invention also provides for kits for performing 2aminoacridone labelling and electrophoresis. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the analysis of carbohydrate structure and the separation and quantitation of mixtures of carbohydrates present in a sample. ... Carbohydrate moieties of glycoconjugates are involved in numerous important biological processes. Sharon, N. (1984) Trends Biochem. 9, 198-202; Feizi, T. & Childs, R. A. (1985) Trends Biochem. Sci. 10, 24-29; Feizi, T. Childs, R. A. 91987) Biochem. J. 245, 111. In addition to their metabolic and storage roles, carbohydrates are covalently attached to numerous other molecules such as proteins and lipids. Molecules such as

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glycoproteins and glycolipids are generally referred to as glycoconjugates. The biological importance of the carbohydrate portion of glycoconjugates can be seen, for example, in the role they play in affecting the ability of glycoproteins to perform their biological functions, including such functions as ligand or receptor recognition. ... As a consequence of their diverse and important biological functions, aberrations in the synthesis, degradation, or modification of carbohydrates may give rise to several diseases. Similarly many diseases may alter the body's physiology so as to give rise to altered carbohydrate metabolism or the improper glycosylation of proteins, lipids and other glycoconjugates in the body. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05472582__ •

Antibodies having modified carbohydrate content and methods of preparation and use Inventor(s): Morrison; Sherie L. (Los Angeles, CA), Oi; Vernon T. (Mountain View, CA), Hinton; Paul R. (Mountain View, CA) Assignee(s): The Trustees of Columbus University in the City of New York (New York, NY) Patent Number: 6,218,149 Date filed: June 2, 1995 Abstract: This invention provides a method of altering the affinity of an antibody for the antigen to which it is directed which comprises introducing into the variable region of the antibody a carbohydrate recognition site under conditions such that a carbohydrate binds to the site and thus attaches to the antibody. This invention also provides a method of modifying the carbohydrate content of an antibody which comprises deleting from a constant region of the antibody a carbohydrate recognition site which naturally occurs in such constant region of such antibody. Antibodies, e.g., monoclonal antibodies and human monoclonal antibodies, diagnostic test kits, DNA encoding antibodies, therapeutic agents, and methods for detecting the presence of a substance in a sample, and for recovering and purifying a substance from a sample are also provided. Excerpt(s): Throughout this application, various publications are referenced by Arabic numerals. Full citations for these references may be found at the end of the specification immediately preceding the claims. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application to describe more fully the state of the art to which this invention pertains. ... Immunochemical characterization of antibodies to alpha (1.fwdarw.6) dextran has given insights into the size and shape of the antibody combining site and the nature of the interaction between antibodies and antigen. In this regard, it would be useful to correlate the immunochemical properties of the anti-dextran antibodies with their primary structure. In the course of these studies, cDNAs from three monoclonal anti-alpha (1.fwdarw.6) dextran hybridoma cell lines, 14.6b.1, 5.54.4.24.1, and 19.22.1, were cloned (1) and the nucleotide sequences of the variable regions of the heavy chain (V.sub.H) and of the light chain (V.sub.L) determined (2) (see Table I on page 22 of this application). All synthesize an identical kappa light chain with the V.sub.kappa -OX1 germline gene (3) rearranged to the J.sub.kappa 2 segment and the heavy chains differ by only one or two amino acids in their complementarity-determining regions (CDRs). When compared to 14.6b.1, 5.54.4.24.1 and 19.22.1 have an identical Thr.fwdarw.Asn amino acid change at position 60 in the variable region of the heavy chain (V.sub.H); 5.54.4.24.1 has an additional change (Ser.fwdarw.Gly) at position 31 in complementarity-determining

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region 1 (CDR1). The changes in heavy chain sequence result in 5.54.4.24.1 and 19.22.1 having a (ten) 10 fold or greater reduction in their binding constant for both polymeric dextran and isomaltoheptaose (IM7) when compared to 14.6b.1 (Table I). ... The Thr.fwdarw.Asn change in 5.54.4.24 and 19.22.1 leads to the loss of a potential N-linked glycosylation site (Asn 58-Tyr 59-Thr 60) present in 14.6b.1. One of the purposes of this study and the present invention was to determine whether this potential N-linked glycosylation site is glycosylated, and if so, whether the addition of carbohydrate to complementarity-determining region 2 (CDR2) affects the binding constant for dextran. It is difficult to demonstrate glycosylation of V.sub.H directly since both Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) isotypes are glycosylated within their C.sub.H 1 domains and carbohydrate present in Fd could be linked to either V.sub.H or constant region of the heavy chain (C.sub.H). Fd is the product resulting from the chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the antibody and comprises the heavy chain of the variable region and the heavy chain of the constant region of the antibody. Therefore, the three V.sub.H regions have been transferred to the human IgG.sub.4 constant region which is devoid of carbohydrate in its C.sub.H 1 domain. In this invention, the presence of carbohydrate is demonstrated to be within the V.sub.H of 14.6b.1. Comparison of the association constants for aglycosylated, tunicamycin treated and untreated antibodies shows that the presence of carbohydrate increases the apparent association constant (aKa) of 14.6b.1 for dextran. The effect on binding is unique to the carbohydrate present in V.sub.H since absence of carbohydrate from C.sub.H 2 does not change the aKa for dextran. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06218149__ •

Anti-flammatory carbohydrate binding-peptides Inventor(s): Heerze; Louis D. (Edmonton, CA), Armstrong; Glen D. (Edmonton, CA), Smith; Richard (Edmonton, CA) Assignee(s): Alberta Research Council (Alberta, CA) Patent Number: 6,245,883 Date filed: September 9, 1998 Abstract: The present invention is directed to lectin derived carbohydrate binding peptides or derivatives thereof useful for suppressing inflammatory responses, inducing tolerance to an antigen, and suppressing cell adhesion, e.g., involved in metastasis. In particular, peptides capable of binding terminally linked .alpha.-sialic acid(2-6).beta.Galand/or .alpha.-sialic acid(2-3).beta.Gal-groups on structures or molecules comprising such groups are provided. Pharmaceutical compositions containing such lectin derived carbohydrate binding peptides are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to methods for inhibiting immune responses or cellular interactions in mammals by the administration thereto of one or more lectin derived carbohydrate binding peptides. In particular, this invention is directed to methods for the suppression of inflammatory responses, induction of tolerance to antigens, modulation of the induction of immune responses to antigens, and the inhibition of cell adhesion in mammals by the administration of one or more carbohydrate binding peptides. The lectin derived carbohydrate binding peptides employed herein are preferably fragments of the S2 or S3 subunits of the pertussis toxin expressed by Bordetella pertussis or functionally equivalent variants thereof. ... 1. Brandley, et al., J. Leukocyte Biol., 40:97-111 (1986). ... 2. Jacobson, Developmental Neurobiology, New York, Plenum Press p. 5-25, (1978).

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06245883__ •

Antigen carbohydrate compounds and their use in immunotherapy Inventor(s): McKenzie; Ian F. C. (Victoria, AU), Apostolopoulos; Vasso (Victoria, AU), Pietersz; Geoff Allan (Victoria, AU) Assignee(s): Austin Research Institute (AU) Patent Number: 6,548,643 Date filed: June 14, 2000 Abstract: Conjugates between whole antigen or one or more repeated subunits of an antigen and a carbohydrate polymer are described. Also described are immunogenic vaccines against disease states which contain the conjugates and methods for inducing cell-mediated immune responses. The conjugates may especially contain polymers of the carbohydrate mannose and one or more repeated subunits of human mucin or nonrepeated regions of human mucin. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the immunotherapy of disease states, and in particular, but not exclusively to the immunotherapy of carcinomas. ... Cancer is a major cause of death and severe trauma in modern society. Cancer is no respecter of persons as the young, old, males, females and peoples of all races may contract cancer, although cancer in children is relatively rare, perhaps with the exception of childhood leukemia. In western society, cancer of the colon and lung cancer are major diseases. In women, breast cancer is the most common form of cancer. ... The repeated subunit of MUC6 comprises 169 amino acids, although at this time the amino acid sequence of this repeat unit has not been fully characterized. The MUC7 sequence has recently been published (27). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06548643__

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Anti-inflammatory, tolerogenic and immunoinhibiting properties of carbohydrate binding peptides Inventor(s): Heerze; Louis D. (Edmonton, CA), Armstrong; Glen D. (Edmonton, CA), Smith; Richard (Edmonton, CA) Assignee(s): Alberta Research Council (Edmonton, CA) Patent Number: 5,833,990 Date filed: February 17, 1995 Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods of suppressing inflammatory responses, inducing tolerance to an antigen, and suppressing cell adhesion, e.g., involved in metastasis, by the administration of lectin derived carbohydrate binding peptides or derivatives thereof, in particular, peptides capable of binding terminally linked .alpha.-sialic acid(2.fwdarw.6).beta.Galand/or .alpha.-sialic acid(2.fwdarw.3).beta.Gal-groups on structures or molecules comprising such groups. Pharmaceutical compositions containing such lectin derived carbohydrate binding peptides or derivatives thereof are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to methods for inhibiting immune responses or cellular interactions in mammals by the administration thereto of one or more lectin derived carbohydrate binding peptides. In particular, this invention is directed to

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methods for the suppression of inflammatory responses, induction of tolerance to antigens, modulation of the induction of immune responses to antigens, and the inhibition of cell adhesion in mammals by the administration of one or more carbohydrate binding peptides. The lectin derived carbohydrate binding peptides employed herein are preferably fragments of the S2 or S3 subunits of the pertussis toxin expressed by Bordetella pertussis or functionally equivalent variants thereof. ... 1. Brandley, et al., J. Leukocyte Biol., 40:97-111 (1986). ... 2. Jacobson, Developmental Neurobiology, New York, Plenum Press p. 5-25, (1978). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05833990__ •

Anti-viral substance containing peptide, fatty acid and carbohydrate moieties Inventor(s): Graham; Shirl O. (Pullman, WA), Gurusiddaiah; Sarangamat (Pullman, WA) Assignee(s): Research Corporation (New York, NY) Patent Number: 3,992,528 Date filed: February 18, 1975 Abstract: Antimicrobial agent particularly effective as an antiviral agent but also exhibiting antifungal and antibacterial activity characterized as a triad containing peptide, fatty acid and carbohydrate moieties. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel material useful in the treatment of viral, fungal or microbial infections of plants and mammals. For convenience, this material will be referred to herein as an antimicrobial agent. ... It also contains 1-leucine and 1isoleucine in the combined mole ratio 0.1 based on the other amino acids, and one other basic amino acid which presently appears to be a cyclic form of arginine. ... The fatty acid moiety is isolable as a hydrolysis product from the treatment of the antimicrobial agent for 24 hours with 6N hydrochloric acid. Mass spectrometric analysis indicates that the principal fatty acid is an analog of myristic acid which is unsaturated between carbon atoms 6 and 7 and is present in about 60% by weight. The moiety also contains about 27% isotridecanoic acid, about 8% lauric acid, and about 5% undecanoic acid. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03992528__

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Beverage compositions containing green tea solids, electrolytes and carbohydrates to provide improved cellular hydration and drinkability Inventor(s): Kuznicki; James Thaddeus (Cincinnati, OH), Turner; Lana Sandman (Cincinnati, OH) Assignee(s): The Procter & Gamble Company (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 5,681,569 Date filed: November 6, 1995 Abstract: This invention relates to a composition, preferably in the form of a beverage, whereby cellular hydration and drinkability are enhanced by the combination of green tea solids with selected levels and types of electrolytes and carbohydrates. The compositions comprise (a) from about 0.01% to about 0.35% flavanols; (b) from about 0.01% to about 0.3% sodium ions; (c) from about 0.005% to about 0.08% potassium ions; (d) from about 0.1% to about 20% of a carbohydrate which provides; (i) from about

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0.05% to about 10.0% fructose; (ii) from about 0.05% to about 10.0% glucose; and (e) water. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a composition, preferably in the form of a beverage, whereby cellular hydration and drinkability are enhanced by the combination of green tea solids with selected levels and types of electrolytes and carbohydrates. ... Moderate physical activity, prolonged exercise or working in hot, humid environments causes excessive loss of minerals and body fluids through perspiration and breathing. Physical activity, such as exercise, particularly in the heat, places a great metabolic demand on a human body. Heat generated during exercise is dissipated during sweating. ... Sweat which is lost from the body during exercise can produce a state of dehydration or hypohydration. Associated with dehydration is an impairment of the body's heat dissipation and performance capacity. It is well known that loss of water, electrolytes, and depletion of carbohydrates are the primary causes of fatigue which can impair work capacity. To maintain performance it is necessary to replace the lost water, electrolytes, carbohydrates and other nutrients. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05681569__ •

Biosynthetic carbohydrate-deficient transferrin references Inventor(s): Toblesky; Kristen (Yorba Linda, CA), Kang; Douglas (Mission Viejo, CA), Ebrahim; Alireza (Foothill Ranch, CA), Vanderslice; Eric (Fullerton, CA) Assignee(s): Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. (Hercules, CA) Patent Number: 6,255,047 Date filed: February 28, 2000 Abstract: References, i.e., solutions of known concentration for use as controls, calibrators, or standards, for assays of carbohydrate-deficient transferring in bodily fluids are obtained from units of bodily fluids from normal healthy individuals by digesting the transferring in these units with exogenous neuraminidase to achieve concentrated CDT solutions, which are then added in preselected proportions to a base matrix to achieve target concentrations. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to reference solutions for use as supplementary components of diagnostic tests performed on serum and other bodily fluids for chronic overconsumption of alcoholic beverages. ... Diagnostic methods for the detection of alcoholism and alcohol abuse are useful in prescribing treatment to individuals suffering from these conditions and are an important tool in lessening the attendant health complications and the societal consequences that often result. The diagnostic methods consist of determining the level of one or more species in the subject's bodily fluid that serve as biochemical markers for chronic or excessive alcohol consumption. These markers are .gamma.-glutamyltransferasc (GGT), aspartaie aminotransferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), and carbohydrate-deficient transferring (CDT). Studies have shown that the last of these assays is particularly sensitive and has greater specificity for the condition than the others. ... The term "carbohydrate-deficient transferring" or "CDT" refers to certain isoforms of transferring that are formed by conversion of transferring and are present in elevated concentration in the bodily fluids of chronic alcohol abusers. Transferring itself (i.e., normal or intact transferring), which is the iron-transporting protein in blood, is a glycoprotein with two N-linked polysaccharide (or carbohydrate) chains, each of which contains either two or three branches. Each branch is terminated with a sialic (N-acetylneuraminic) acid residue.

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Transferring exists in a variety of isoforms, differing in the number of polysaccharide chains and the number of branches on each chain. Five such isoforms have been identified by electrochemical separation means based on differences in their pI. The higher the pI, the fewer the polysaccharide chains (and the fewer the sialic acid residues) on the molecule. The major isoform is one that has a pI of 5.4, while those that are elevated in subjects that are chronic alcohol abusers are those having pI's of 5.7 or greater. Thus, the term "carbohydrate-deficient transferrin" or "CDT" refers to transferring isoforms whose pI is 5.7 or greater. (The terms "desialylated transfcrrin" and "dTf" are also used to denote the same isoforms.) The CDT fraction in normal subjects is less than 0.8% of the total transferring, and can rise to as much as ten times that amount in alcohol abusers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06255047__ •

Bonded carbohydrate stationary phases for chromatography Inventor(s): Regnier; Frederick E. (West Lafayette, IN) Assignee(s): Purdue Research Foundation (W. Lafayette, IN) Patent Number: 3,983,299 Date filed: December 30, 1974 Abstract: A carbohydrate bonded support for use in a chromatographic system, and a method for preparation of such a support is disclosed herein. An inorganic support has a thin layer of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative covalently linked to the surface so that the thus formed support has excellent mechanical stability as well as the ability to avoid adsorbing or denaturing sensitive biological compounds, the carbohydrate bonded support thus combining the advantages of known supports without also incorporating the disadvantages thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a carbohydrate bonded support, and more particularly relates to a carbohydrate bonded support for a chromatographic system. ... The use of supports in chromatographic systems is well known, as is the use of such systems for the chromatography of biological compounds, such as proteins, nucleic acids, viruses, and dextrans. ... Heretofore, it has become common to use an inorganic support in chromatographic systems since such supports commonly provide good mechanical stability. Inorganic supports commonly utilized are, for example, glass, silica or alumina. With the advent of high speed chromatography, supports providing good mechanical stability have become increasingly important since such supports must withstand the relatively high pressures encountered in this type of chromatography. Inorganic supports, however, while providing good mechanical stability, often adversely affect at least some biological compounds and hence are not suitable for use with such compounds. By way of example, inorganic supports such as silica or glass beads denature or adsorb many enzymes. Obviously, while inorganic supports have proved useful due to the mechanical stability provided, the use of chromatographic systems including such supports has been seriously limited due to the adverse effect of such supports upon many biological compounds. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03983299__

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Boron carbohydrate complexes and uses thereof Inventor(s): Miljkovic; Dusan (4351 Nobel Dr., #62, San Diego, CA 92122) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,962,049 Date filed: March 20, 1998 Abstract: Complexes of boron with sugars or/or sugar alcohols are utilized as nutritional supplements, with the carbohydrate portion being selected to provide a relatively high boron-sugar association constant of at least 250, and preferably 500 or more. In one class of preferred embodiments, boron is complexed with a saccharide having co-planar cis-OH groups capable of forming five or six membered rings through ester bonding with boric acid. Such complexes may advantageously comprise fructose, mannose, xylose or sorbose. In another aspect of the invention, a carbohydrate-boric acid complex may be charge neutralized with calcium, magnesium or other cation(s). A particularly preferred form is calcium fructoborate. In yet another aspect of preferred embodiments, the boron supplement can be included in a food, especially in a high magnesium food, and more especially in a snack food such as a snack containing chocolate and/or nuts. Excerpt(s): The field of the invention is dietary boron. ... There is an absolute requirement for boron in many plants. In vascular plants, for example, boron is essential for the structure and function of cell walls, and may also be important in regulating hormones. In many animals, boron apparently also plays an important role, especially in calcium and magnesium metabolism. In chickens, for example, boron deficiency leads to poor growth and leg abnormalities in chicks, while boron supplementation produces stronger egg shells. (Mastromatto E., et al., "Summary: International Symposium on the Health Effects of Boron and its Compounds", Environ Health Perspect., 1994 November; 102, 7:139-41). ... In humans boron offers significant benefits with respect to bone and joint health. Supplemental boron has also been shown to improve mental functions such as eye-hand coordination, attention, perception, short-term and long-term memory, and likely promotes healthy hair, skin and nails. (McCoy et al, Environ. Health Persepct., 1994 November; 102 Suppl. 7:49-53; U.S. Pat. No. 5,312,816 to Spievogel et al., issued May 17, 1994; "Newnham, Environ. Health Perspect., 1994 November; 102 Suppl., 7: 8305; Penland, J. G., Environ. Health Perspect., 1994 November; 102 Suppl., 7:65-72; Murray, T., H., "Keep bones and joints healthy with boron", Health Counselor, 1997 June-July, 32-33. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05962049__

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Caloric and/or carbohydrate calculator Inventor(s): Ratcliff; Lloyd P. (306 Bayou Oaks Dr., Monroe, LA 71203) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,244,020 Date filed: January 15, 1979 Abstract: A calculator for use in calculating the appropriate caloric and/or carbohydrate value of a food or drink item that is to be consumed by the user of the device is disclosed. The calculator utilizes a modified four-basic-function calculator of the type having the functions of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. This basic

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calculator has been modified by adding a plurality of first contacts to the calculator which visually indicate alphabetical letters and are connected to numerical contacts in the standard calculator. A plurality of second contacts are numerical in function and indicate pre-determined food and drink items and are electrically connected to the calculator circuit while a plurality of third contacts are multiplier contacts and have located in proximity thereto indications of pre-determined alphabetical letters which correspond to caloric and/or carbohydrate values of varying portions of food and drink items. A fourth contact is electrically connected in the equal circuit of the standard calculator and indicates the wording "calorie" or "carbohydrate".Also disclosed is a novel method using the novel calculator whereby the calories and/or carbohydrates of a given food and drink item may be quickly determined without resorting to pages and pages of printed material relating to the various values. As a modification of the basic invention, there is disclosed a modified calculator in combination with a weighing scale mechanism, the scale having an exposed dial indicating varying combinations of alphabetical letters. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to calculators and more particularly to a new and novel calculator improvement whereby a person is able to quickly determine the caloric and/or carbohydrate value of a given portion of food or drink without resorting to endless tables as is the usual practice. ... It is a recognized fact that the many overweight people in the world are constantly trying to lose weight by various diets and by restricting their caloric and/or carbohydrate intake. ... One of the most popular ways of restricting one's diet is to purchase a lengthy book listing every known portion and type of food along with the caloric and/or carbohydrate value. Thereafter the dieter resorts to looking up the appropriate food or drink in the charts contained therein and generally either tries to remember the value and mentally adds it to other values of consumable items or else writes down the value on a separate piece of paper as the items are consumed. It can be seen that this method, while being accurate, can be very burdensome to many people, especially business men and women who travel extensively and must eat out in restaurants during their trips. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04244020__ •

Carbohydrate acid amide plant fertilizers Inventor(s): Kiely; Donald E. (2521 Chatwood Rd., Birmingham, AL 35226) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,478,374 Date filed: June 3, 1994 Abstract: The nitrogen in amides of aldonic and aldaric acids having 5 or 6 carbon atoms in the carbohydrate residue is available to support plant growth, i.e. the materials act as nitrogen fertilizers. Excerpt(s): This invention describes the use of a variety of synthetic carbohydrate acid amides as nitrogen plant fertilizers or fertilizer components. ... Nitrogen fertilizers are available in a myriad of forms. ... Carbohydrate acid amides are known compounds and polymers which may be prepared by a number of methods. Preparation of gluconamides and glucaramides are described in D. E. Kiely, J. L. Navia, L. Miller and T-H. Lin, J. Carbohydr. Chem., 5, 183 (1986) and references therein. Preparation of Nalkylglucaramides is described in F. Schneider and H-U. Geyer, Tenside, 4, No 10, 330 (1967). Methods for preparing N,N'-dialkylglucaramides may be found in R. W. Kane,

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Ph.D. dissertation, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1992 and references therein. The preparations of additional N,N'-dialkylaldaramides are also described in that reference. Preparation of poly(alkylene aldaramides) is disclosed in Kiely and Lin, U.S. Pat. No. 4,833,230, May 25, 1989. Preparation of poly(heteroalkylene aldaramides), polyamides of aldaric acids, in particular glucaric acid, in which heteroatoms, such as nitrogen or oxygen, are connecting atoms in the alkylenediamine chain, are disclosed in copending U.S. patent applications Ser. No.07/927,913, Aug. 12, 1992 and Kiely et al., "Polyaldaramide Polymers Useful for Films and Adhesives", and "Charged Polyaldaramide Polymers", both filed May 24, 1994. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05478374__ •

Carbohydrate agent of high water retention power, process of making same, and composition containing same Inventor(s): Koenig; Joachim (Hamburg-Rahlstadt, DT), Padberg; Guenter (HamburgRahlstadt, DT) Assignee(s): Byk Gulden Lomberg Chemische Fabrik GmbH (Constance, DT) Patent Number: RE28,781 Date filed: April 23, 1973 Abstract: The reaction product of a carbohydrate such as a sugar, with an alkaline agent such as an alkali metal hydroxide solution has a high water retention power which is about as high as that of the neutral skin sugar fraction obtained by extraction of the stratum corneum and far superior to that of hygroscopic compounds such as glycerol, glycols, the water-soluble amino acid fraction of the skin and others which, although they attract water, permit rapid evaporation thereof. Excerpt(s): The preferred reaction products of a sugar with an alkaline agent are the reaction products obtained on prolonged contact of glucose and/or lactose with an alkali metal hydroxide solution, especially a sodium hydroxide solution at room temperature for several weeks. They are preferably used in mixture in a proportion of about 95 parts of the glucose reaction product with about 5% of the lactose reaction product. ... The composition of such reaction products is similar to that of the neutral skin sugar fraction and is characterized by a content of mannose, fructose, glucose, galactose, lactose, and the degradation product of lactose. ... These reaction products are incorporated, preferably in amounts of about 0.1% to about 5%, into cosmetic compositions as they are used in the treatment of the skin such as skin creams, skin lotions, cleansing emulsions, after-shave lotions, face lotions, hair tonics, and others. The result of their application to the skin is an improvement in the smoothness and flexibility of the skin due to its improved water retention, thereby eliminating, or retarding, the appearance of aging of the skin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US0RE28781__

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Carbohydrate complex extracted from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and process for the preparation thereof Inventor(s): Chung; Tai-Ho (Cheongun Apt. 7-309, #111-1, Daebong-dong, Jung-gu, Daegu, KR), Chung; Chong-Chan (Garden Heights 1st. 101-601, #300, Bumeo 4-dong, Suaeong-gu, Daegu, KR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,274,356 Date filed: December 9, 1999 Abstract: A carbohydrate complex, which is a mixture of low molecular-weight polysaccharides of an arabinomannan structure extracted from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is highly effective in treating various cancer patients without incurring any adverse side effects. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a carbohydrate complex extracted from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which has an anticancer activity, and to a process for the preparation thereof. ... It is generally known that the anticancer activity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is attributable to active agents in the cytoplasmic membrane thereof, particularly the polysaccharide and lipid derivatives. ... For instance, Azuma et al. succeeded in isolating N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamin(MDP) which is an active component of M. tuberculosis [Azuma, L. et al., J. Bact., 96, 18851887(1968)]. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06274356__

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Carbohydrate composition and method for cleaning and disinfecting contact lenses Inventor(s): Groemminger; Suzanne F. (Rochester, NY), Panicucci; Rick (Rochester, NY) Assignee(s): Bausch & Lomb Incorporated (Rochester, NY) Patent Number: 6,172,017 Date filed: September 3, 1996 Abstract: A cleaning solution for contact lenses is described that includes a carbohydrate that is a mono- or disaccharide, its alcohols or partially hydrolyzed esters or mixtures thereof. Preferred carbohydrates are sorbitol, glucose, maltose, sucrose, dulcitol, dextran, dextrin, mannitol, maltitol, or mannose, preferably in an amount of 0.001 to 10% by weight of an aqueous solution for cleaning the contact lenses. A preferred composition for cleaning contact lenses comprises sorbitol in an amount of about 0.1 to 1% by weight in an aqueous solution. A method for cleaning contact lenses with said carbohydrate cleaning solution is described and may be combined, for simultaneously cleaning and disinfecting contact lenses, with a chemical, antimicrobial agent or thermal disinfecting regimen. Excerpt(s): The field of this invention is cleaning contact lenses using carbohydrate compositions. More particularly, the invention relates to compositions and methods that combine cleaning using certain carbohydrates with thermal or chemical disinfecting of contact lenses. ... In the normal course of wearing contact lenses, tear film and debris consisting of proteinaceous, oily, sebaceous and related organic manner have a tendency to deposit and build up on lens surfaces. As part of a routine care regimen, contact lenses must be cleaned to remove these film deposits and debris. Without proper cleaning and removal of deposits, wettability and optical quality of the lenses are

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reduced causing discomfort for the wearer and reduced visual clarity, respectively. ... Further, contact lenses, especially those made from hydrophilic materials, must be frequently disinfected to kill harmful microorganisms that collect or grow on lens surfaces. A number of methods for disinfecting contact lenses have been used, such as subjecting the lenses to high temperature, oxidative chemicals or various antimicrobial agents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06172017__ •

Carbohydrate conjugated bio-active compounds Inventor(s): Miljkovic; Dusan (Costa Mesa, CA), Pietrzkowski; Zbigniew (Santa Ana, CA), Gunic; Esmir (Costa Mesa, CA), Seifert; Wilfried (La Jolla, CA) Assignee(s): ICN Pharmaceuticals (Costa Mesa, CA) Patent Number: 5,723,589 Date filed: December 21, 1995 Abstract: Methods and compositions are provided which increase the cellular uptake of bioactive materials by covalently bonding such compounds to carbohydrate moieties through chemical linkers using other than glycosidic bonds. Numerous carbohydrates, linkers and bioactive materials can be joined in this way to form novel compositions, which are collectively referred to herein as glinkosides. Preferred glinkosides are preferentially taken up by glucose receptor and/or other cellular receptors, and once inside the cells, the glinkosides are cleaved into a sugar, a linker or linker fragments, and a biologically active compound. Various aspects of the invention include processes for synthesizing glinkosides, glinkoside compositions, and methods of treating diseases using glinkosides. Excerpt(s): The field of the invention is delivery and targeting of bioactive materials, including especially the use of increased bioavailability and cellular uptake to affect such delivery and targeting. ... A significant problem in clinical pharmacology is the selective delivery of specific bio-active compounds to target cells of an organism. In many cases desirable compounds are only passively and partially diffused into target cells, and the plasma concentrations required to achieve significant intracellular levels are difficult to achieve due to toxicity, clearance and degradation by the liver, kidneys and other bodily organs or fluids. In conditions of the central nervous system the problem is often exacerbated by the blood brain barrier (BBB), and in neoplasms the problem may be further exacerbated due to poor or inefficient vascularization. Additional further difficulties may result from digestion or degradation of bio-active compounds within the gut, and/or poor transport of many such compounds across the intestinal wall. Still further difficulties arise from the inadvertent delivery of the bioactive compounds to non-targeted cells. ... Problems related to specific delivery have been encountered with many bio-active compounds, including highly toxic anti-tumor drugs such as doxorubicin and methotrexate, antiviral drugs such as arabinosyl cytosine and arabinosyl adenosine, and antiparasitic drugs such as chloroquine and pyrimethamine in which cite specificity is particularly important. Delivery problems are also encountered with respect to substances which are not technically considered to be drugs, such as radioactive markers and contrast substances, all of which are designed to be considered to be bio-active compounds because they have an effect or application on or within a living organism. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05723589__

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Carbohydrate containing cleaning surfactant and method for using the same Inventor(s): Murphy; Dennis Stephen (Wyckoff, NJ), Binder; David Alan (Saddle Brook, NJ) Assignee(s): Unilever Home & Personal Care USA, division of Conopco, Inc. (Greenwich, CT) Patent Number: 6,475,968 Date filed: January 31, 2002 Abstract: This invention is directed to a surfactant comprising a carbohydrate group that results in superior cleaning in a dry cleaning system. The surfactant has a hydrocarbon group that is more solvent-philic than a carbohydrate group, and can result in reverse micelle formation in a densified gas like densified carbon dioxide. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to a surfactant comprising a carbohydrate group. More particularly, the invention is directed to a surfactant comprising a carbohydrate group that results in superior cleaning properties in a dry cleaning system. ... In many cleaning applications, it is desirable to remove contaminants (e.g., stains) from substrates, like metal, ceramic, polymeric, composite, glass and textile comprising substrates. Particularly, it is highly desirable to remove contaminants from clothing whereby such contaminants include dirt, salts, food stains, oils, greases and the like. ... Typically, dry-cleaning systems use organic solvents, like chlorofluorocarbons, perchloroethylene and branched hydrocarbons to remove contaminants from substrates. In response to environmental concerns, other dry-cleaning systems have been developed that use inorganic solvents, such as densified carbon dioxide, to remove contaminants from substrates. The systems that use carbon dioxide to remove contaminants from substrates generally employ a surfactant and a polar co-solvent so that a reverse micelle may be formed to trap the contaminant targeted for removal. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06475968__

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Carbohydrate cream substitute Inventor(s): Singer; Norman S. (Highland Park, IL), Chang; Hsien-Hsin (Lake Zurich, IL), Tang; Pamela (Palatine, IL), Dunn; John M. (Buffalo Grove, IL) Assignee(s): The NutraSweet Company (Deerfield, IL) Patent Number: 5,153,020 Date filed: March 28, 1991 Abstract: A fat substitute is disclosed which comprises water-dispersible macrocolloid particles composed of carbohydrate materials which particles have a substantially spheroidal shape and a specific particle size distribution effective to impart the substantially smooth organoleptic character of an oil-and-water emulsion. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cream substitutes. In particular, substantially spheroidally shaped carbohydrate particles have a particle size distribution which causes the particles to mimic the mouthfeel of fat or cream in foods. Additionally, the present invention relates to methods of mimicking the mouthfeel of fat/cream and improved food products containing the present carbohydrate particles as a replacement for all or a portion of the fat/cream usually present in the food. ... Fat substitutes are

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known in the art; for example, sucrose polyesters are a known class of liquid polymers useful as fat substitutes. However, sucrose polyesters are known to leach vitamins from the gut making the vitamins unavailable for use by the body. Additionally, the lower molecular weight sucrose polyesters cause a most distressing condition described in the medical and patent literature as "anal leakage." Anti-anal leakage agents for use in conjunction are also described in the literature to be used in conjunction with sucrose polyester fat substitutes. Higher molecular weight sucrose polyesters having viscous/solid/wax-like properties at the human body temperature of about 100.degree. F. are reported to not cause anal leakage. However, these higher molecular weight sucrose polyesters only exhibit fat-like mouthfeel properties at relatively high temperatures requiring the quick ingestion of the food products containing them before they solidify to turn waxy. The utility of those high molecular weight sucrose polyesters is very limited. See, for example, European Patent Application 87870021.0 (Publication Number 0 236 288, published 9 Sep. 1987) and U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,600,186; 4,005,196; 3,954,976 and 4,005,195. ... Singer, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,734,287 disclose non-aggregated particles of denatured whey protein as a fat/cream substitute, i.e., substantially smooth emulsion-like organoleptic character. The fat substitutes disclosed by Singer, et al. cannot be used in prolonged high temperature applications, i.e., frying, broiling, baking, because the whey protein particles will massively agglomerate thereby losing the emulsion-like character. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05153020__ •

Carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals Inventor(s): Margolin; Alexey L. (Newton, MA), Govardhan; Chandrika Poorna (Lexington, MA), Visuri; Kalevi (Kantvik, FI), Uotila; Sinikka (Espoo, FI) Assignee(s): Altus Biologies, Inc. (Cambridge, MA) Patent Number: 6,359,118 Date filed: May 19, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals. Advantageously, such crosslinked glycoprotein crystals display stability to harsh environmental conditions, while maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the glycoprotein backbone. According to one embodiment, this invention relates to methods for concentrating proteins that have been modified by carbohydrates and for releasing their activity at controlled rates. This invention also provides methods for producing carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals and methods for using them in pharmaceutical formulations, vaccines, immunotherapeutics, personal care compositions, including cosmetics, veterinary pharmaceutical compositions and vaccines, foods, feeds, diagnostics, cleaning agents, including detergents and decontamination formulations. The physical and chemical characteristics of carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals render them particularly useful as sorbents for separations, such as chiral chromatography, or affinity chromatography-which are based on specific interactions between the active binding site of the glycoprotein component of the crystals and the substance or molecule of interest. Such characteristics also render carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals useful as catalytic and binding components for the production of biosensing devices. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals. Advantageously, such crosslinked glycoprotein crystals display stability to harsh environmental conditions, while maintaining the structural and

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functional integrity of the glycoprotein backbone. According to one embodiment, this invention relates to methods for concentrating proteins that have been modified by carbohydrates and for releasing their activity at controlled rates. This invention also provides methods for producing carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals and methods for using them in pharmaceutical formulations, vaccines, immunotherapeutics, personal care compositions, including cosmetics, veterinary pharmaceutical compositions and vaccines, foods, feeds, diagnostics, cleaning agents, including detergents and decontamination formulations. The physical and chemical characteristics of carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals render them particularly useful as sorbents for separations, such as chiral chromatography, or affinity chromatography-which are based on specific interactions between the active binding site of the glycoprotein component of the crystals and the substance or molecule of interest. Such characteristics also render carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals useful as catalytic and binding components for the production of biosensing devices. ... Many proteins associated with the external surfaces of cell membranes or actively secreted from cells are commonly modified by the addition of one or more carbohydrate units to the side chains of particular amino acids [R. D. Marshall, Ann. Rev. Biochem., 41, pp. 673-702 (1972)]. Such proteins, known as glycoproteins, display the properties of proteins in general, as well as properties typical of the attached carbohydrate. The carbohydrate monomers typically attached to glycoproteins include galactose, mannose, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose, xylose, sialic acid and others. The carbohydrate units are usually attached through the hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine side chains, or the amide nitrogen atom of asparagine side chains. The carbohydrate side chains are arranged in a variety of chain lengths and branching patterns [P. V. Wagh and O. P. Bahl, Crit. Rev. Biochem., 10, pp. 307-77 (1981)]. ... Glycoproteins exhibit a range of protein functions, including catalysis of chemical transformations, proteolysis of proteins, binding of ligands and transport of ligands to and across membranes. Additionally, glycoproteins frequently perform functions associated with cellular communication, including protein-protein recognition, proteincarbohydrate recognition, protein-DNA recognition, pathogen recognition by antibodies, antigen presentation by CD4 and CD8 membrane glycoproteins, and targeting of proteins to specific locations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06359118__ •

Carbohydrate derivatives and their solid-phase synthesis Inventor(s): Schmidt; Richard R. (Constance, DE), Rademann; Jorg (Kreuzlingen, CH) Assignee(s): BASF Aktiengesellschaft (Ludwigshafen, DE) Patent Number: 6,242,583 Date filed: October 21, 1998 Abstract: The invention relates to carbohydrate derivatives, to a process for their preparation and to their use. Excerpt(s): This application is a 371 of PCT/EP97/02393, filed May 25, 1996. ... The invention relates to carbohydrate derivatives, to a process for their preparation and to their use. ... In classical research to find active substances, the biological effect of novel compounds has been tested in a random screening on the whole organism, for example the plant or the micro-organism. In this case, the limiting factor was the biological testing in constrast to the synthetic chemistry. The provision of molecular test systems by molecular and cell biology has drastically changed the situation.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06242583__ •

Carbohydrate derivatives of milbemycin and processes therefor Inventor(s): Fisher; Michael H. (Bridgewater, NJ), Tolman; Richard L. (Berkley Heights, NJ) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 4,156,720 Date filed: November 17, 1977 Abstract: Carbohydrate derivatives of the antibiotic substance milbemycin, also identified as B-41, and of 13-hydroxy milbemycin are prepared. The carbohydrate groups are attached to the available hydroxy groups of milbemycin and to the hydroxy group synthesized at the 13-position. The reactions may be made selectively such that more than one carbohydrate group may be attached to a single position, or that multiple carbohydrate groups may be attached at different positions on the molecule. The described carbohydrate derivatives have antiparasitic activity. Excerpt(s): Milbemycin, or B-41, is a substance which is isolated from the fermentation broth of a milbemycin producing strain of Streptomyces. The microorganism, the fermentation conditions, and the isolation procedures are more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,950,360 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,984,564. The structures of seven of the thirteen milbemycin compounds are described in said patents and the structures of all thirteen compounds are described in the Journal of Antibiotics 29 (6) June 1976 pages 76-35 to 7642 and pages 76-14 to 76-16. The milbemycin compounds described in said patents do not have any carbohydrate groups substituted thereon. ... The carbohydrate derivatives of milbemycin and 13-hydroxy milbemycin are prepared by various procedures, and such compounds have been found to be active antiparasitic agents. Such carbohydrate derivatives are prepared by using one of several reactions. The classical Koenigs-Knorr reaction is successfully employed as are the silver triflate (silver trifluoromethylsulfonate) modification and the Helferich modification, and the reaction utilizing orthoester intermediates. Thus, it is an object of this invention to describe the carbohydrate derivatives of the milbemycin compounds and of the 13-hydroxy milbemycin compounds. A further object is to describe the processes employed to prepare such carbohydrate derivatives. A still further object is to describe the antiparasitic uses of such compounds. Further objects will be apparent from reading the following description. ... The milbemycin compounds were originally named as B-41 compounds and given the nomenclature A.sub.1, A.sub.2, A.sub.3, A.sub.4, B.sub.1, B.sub.2, B.sub.3, C.sub.1 and C.sub.2. Later, however, four additional milbemycin compounds were isolated from the fermentation broth and the structures of all thirteen compounds determined. The series was then named as milbemycin and the nomenclature was changed to .alpha..sub.1 to .alpha..sub.10 and .beta..sub.1 to .beta..sub.3, recognizing the two basic structural differences between the two series of compounds. The following structural formulae and tables fully describes the milbemcyin compounds and the relationship between the old and new nomenclature. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04156720__

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Carbohydrate fatty acid esters and a process for preparing them Inventor(s): Bickert; Peter (North Edison, NJ) Assignee(s): Huels Aktiengesellschaft (Marl, DE) Patent Number: 4,897,474 Date filed: April 30, 1987 Abstract: The invention concerns carbohydrate fatty acid esters with improved color and free-flow properties and a one-step process for preparing them. To prepare the products, carbohydrates are esterified with fatty acids in the presence of polyether polyols. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns carbohydrate fatty acid esters that are improved with regard to color and ease of handling, and a one-step process for preparing them. ... Carbohydrate fatty acid esters and processes for preparing them are known. They can be prepared according to European Patents 0 132 293 and 0 132 941 by the transesterification of fatty acid esters of short-chained alcohols with a saccharide or a sugar alcohol. Processes are also known by which a direct esterification of carbohydrates is carried out with free fatty acids. Sorbitan fatty acid esters are prepared by direct esterification according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,297,290. According to this patent, anhydrosorbitol is first prepared from sorbitol with acid catalysis, and is then reacted with a fatty acid with alkaline catalysis. The color of the products is improved by treatment with activated charcoal, phosphoric acid, and diatomaceous earth. ... Therefore, either an esterification and a transesterification are carried out, or an anhydrosugar is prepared and an esterification is carried out. These processes, therefore, require at least two reaction steps, with any optional treatment with activated charcoal, especially in the case of highviscosity products, representing another difficult process step. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04897474__

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Carbohydrate food products resistant to Clostridium botulinum and the formation of enterotoxin Inventor(s): Thompson; John S. (Wayne, PA) Assignee(s): FMC Corporation (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 4,401,683 Date filed: July 6, 1981 Abstract: The growth of Clostridium botulinum and the formation of enterotoxin in carbohydrate food products, such as honey, is inhibited by adding to the carbohydrate food products an effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of hypophosphorous acid and its nontoxic water-soluble salts. Such additives may be present in combination with minor amounts, for example 40 ppm, of sodium nitrite. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a composition which inhibits the growth of Clostridium botulinum in carbohydrate food products. Throughout the specification and claims the term "carbohydrate food products" will define a food characterized by a high carbohydrate content and a low protein and fat content such that the ratio of carbohydrate to protein and fat (C/P&F) is greater than 1. Meat, fish and poultry products are characterized by a low ratio of carbohydrate to protein and fat, that is, C/P&F is less than 1. ... According to data from the Center for Disease Control, at least

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139 cases of infant botulism have been identified in the United States since 1976. As a result of concern by the Food and Drug Administration over findings attributing infant botulism to some infant foods, with honey as a suspected product, the Food and Drug Administration selected several categories of infant foods for analysis. The products investigated included dry cereals, commercially canned fruits, commercially canned fruit juice, fresh cooked carrots, honey, corn syrup, dry commercial baby formula, regular cows milk, nonfat milk and sugar. ... The survey was conducted after an initial survey in which the Food and Drug Administration sampled 24 infant food products to determine whether the products might be carriers of botulinum spores. In the original survey, 8 to 40 samples of corn syrups were found positive for spores. Food and Drug Administration officials are now analyzing data from a recent survey in which the agency found that 6 of 961 samples of corn syrups contained Clostridium botulinum spores. The preliminary data indicated that corn syrup could be a possible source of Clostridium botulinum spores. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04401683__ •

Carbohydrate glass matrix for the sustained release of a therapeutic agent Inventor(s): Raman; Siva N. (St. Louis, MO), Cunningham; John P. (Terre Haute, IN) Assignee(s): Mallinckrodt Veterinary, Inc. (Mundelein, IL) Patent Number: 5,356,635 Date filed: July 13, 1993 Abstract: A composition for the sustained release of a biologically active therapeutic agent wherein the matrix of the sustained release composition is composed of an amorphous carbohydrate glass matrix comprising a suitable carbohydrate and an agent which retards the recrystallization of the carbohydrate and a biologically active therapeutic agent and a water-insoluble wax dispersed throughout the matrix. Biologically active therapeutic agents which can be incorporated into the carbohydrate glass matrix include prolactin, growth hormones, serum albumins, growth factors or any biologically active fragment or recombinant form thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a novel composition of matter for the sustained release of a therapeutic agent. More specifically, the present invention relates to a composition for the sustained release of a biologically active therapeutic agent from a biodegradable, amorphous carbohydrate glass matrix. Upon administration to a mammal, the amorphous carbohydrate glass matrix slowly dissolves, releasing the biologically active therapeutic agent into the physiological fluids of the animal. ... The preparation and employment of amorphous carbohydrate glasses are known in the "candy industry" as well as in the production of medicated lozenges. However, amorphous carbohydrate glasses have not been employed as matrix material for sustained release polypeptide compositions. Various sustained release methods and compositions are known for administering therapeutic agents to both humans and animals alike. U.S. Pat. No. 4,671,953, issued to Stanley et al. in 1987, describes a method and composition for administering sedatives, analgesics and anesthetics to a patient by incorporating the therapeutic agent into a lollipop. The lollipop is composed of a carbohydrate matrix or "candy matrix" with the therapeutic agent dispersed throughout the matrix. As the patient licks or sucks on the "candy matrix" the matrix breaks down, releasing the drug into the oral cavity where the drug is absorbed across the mucosal cavity. A serious limitation to this method of administering a therapeutic agent to a patient is that the therapeutic agent must be sufficiently lipophilic that it will readily

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pass across a mucosal membrane. Examples of therapeutic agents which can be administered by this method include morphine, fentanyl, valium, midazolam and the like. Polypeptides are not sufficiently lipophilic such that they could be administered to a patient by this means. ... U.S. Pat. No. 4,765,980, issued to DePrince et al. in 1988, describes a method for stabilizing porcine growth hormone with porcine serum albumin in sustained release implant devices for swine. The porcine growth hormone and stabilizing amount of porcine serum albumin are compressed into a tablet or pellet with binders such as sodium bentonite, ethyl cellulose, stearic acid, adipic acid, fumaric acid, polyethylene glycol, deacetylated chitin and cellulose acetate. The pellets or tablets are loaded in a reservoir which can be implanted subcutaneously in swine where the growth hormone is slowly released from the reservoir. Typically, the matrix material of the reservoir is composed of polyalkylenes, polycarbonates, polyamides, modacrylic copolymers, polyesters and the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05356635__ •

Carbohydrate heterobifunctional cross-linking reagent Inventor(s): Giese; Roger W. (Quincy, MA), Guan; Kailin (Lawrenceville, NJ), Cecchini; Douglas J. (Jamaica Plain, MA) Assignee(s): Northeastern University (Boston, MA) Patent Number: 5,412,083 Date filed: April 16, 1992 Abstract: A heterobifunctional cross-linking reagent having a carbohydrate backbone (derived from a chitin substrate) is disclosed. The cross-linker is available in a variety of lengths, is highly water-soluble, and can be formulated to undergo cleavage catalyzed by the enzyme lysozyme. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to cross-linking reagents containing two different types of compatible reactive functional groups. ... A heterobifunctional cross-linking reagent is a molecular substance containing two different types of reactive functional groups that are compatible, i.e., the groups chosen do not cross-react, so that a cross-linking reagent containing them is a relatively stable molecule. Such a reagent can be represented by the designation F.sub.1 -B-F.sub.2 where F.sub.1 represents one or more of a first functional group, F.sub.2 similarly represents one or more of a second functional group that is different from F.sub.1, and B is the backbone of the molecule. ... For both intramolecular and intermolecular cross-linking, two types of F.sub.1 -B-F.sub.2 reagents can be considered. The first is a cleavable F.sub.1 -B-F.sub.2, in which the linkage formed by F.sub.1 -B-F.sub.2 on a substrate molecule, or between two substrate molecules, can be reversed under relatively mild, specific conditions. Such conditions, by definition, essentially preserve the structure and/or function of the substrate molecule(s). The second kind of F.sub.1 -B-F.sub.2 reagent forms a noncleavable linkage with respect to subsequent exposure of the linkage to mild, specific conditions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05412083__

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Carbohydrate mixture Inventor(s): Stahl; Bernd (Friedrichsdorf, DE), Sawatzki; Gunther (Munzenberg, DE) Assignee(s): N. V. Nutricia (Zoetermeer, NL) Patent Number: 6,576,251 Date filed: November 9, 1999 Abstract: The invention relates to a carbohydrate mixture for dietetic foods administered by the enteral or parenteral route and pharmaceuticals, characterized in that said mixture consists of (a) monosaccharide(s), (b) oligosaccharide(s) (at most hexasaccharides) and (c) polysaccharide(s) (at least heptasaccharides), where the mixing ratio a, b, c, in respect of weight, is: .alpha.=1, b=40 to 1000, and c=1 to 50, and in that it contains at least 1 weight percent of fucose occurring either freely and/or bound to an oligosaccharide and/or a polysaccharide. According to the invention, the carbohydrate mixture has both a nutritional and a biological effect which is considerably greater than the corresponding action of the individual constituents. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns a carbohydrate mixture for dietetic, enteral and parenteral foods and also pharmaceuticals, and the use of this carbohydrate mixture. ... As is well-known, carbohydrates are one of the essential basic pillars of the diet. Hence, a great diversity of carbohydrates are added to the a great variety of foods, in particular "artificially" produced foods, and also pharmaceuticals. The purpose of the carbohydrates here is primarily of a nutritive nature, or they function as dietary fibre. ... The carbohydrates consist of monosaccharides, or are composed of these. Depending on degree of polymerisation, the carbohydrates are described as oligosaccharides or polysaccharides or glycans. In the context of the present documents, carbohydrates with up to 6 monosaccharide units are understood here as oligosaccharides. Carbohydrates with 7 and more monosaccharides are referred to here as polysaccharides. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06576251__

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Carbohydrate oxidase and use thereof in baking Inventor(s): Schneider; Palle (Ballerup, DK), Christensen; S.o slashed.ren (Copenhagen, DK), Dybdal; Lone (K.o slashed.benhavn, DK), Fuglsang; Claus Crone (Niv.ang., DK), Xu; Feng (Woodland, CA), Golightly; Elizabeth (Davis, CA) Assignee(s): Novo Nordisk A/S (Bagsvaerd, DK) Patent Number: 6,165,761 Date filed: December 21, 1998 Abstract: The properties of dough or bread can be improved by the addition of a carbohydrate oxidase which can oxidize the reducing end of an oligosaccharide more efficiently than the corresponding monosaccharide, e.g., preferentially oxidizing maltodextrins or cellodextrins over glucose. A novel carbohydrate oxidase having the capability to oxidize maltodextrins and cellodextrins more efficiently than glucose may be obtained from a strain of Microdochium, particularly M. nivale. The amino acid sequence of the novel carbohydrate oxidase has very low homology (<20% identity) with known amino acid sequences. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use in baking of a carbohydrate oxidase and to a novel carbohydrate oxidase. ... In the bread-making process it is known to add bread-improving and/or dough-improving additives to the bread dough, the action of

Patents 231

which, inter alia, results in improved texture, volume, flavor and freshness of the bread as well as improved machinability and stability of the dough. ... Dough "conditioners" to strengthen the gluten and improve the rheological and handling properties of the dough are well known in the industry and have long been used. Nonspecific oxidants, such as iodates, peroxides, ascorbic acid, potassium bromate and azodicarbonamide have a gluten strengthening effect. It has been suggested that these conditioners induce the formation of interprotein bonds which strengthen the gluten, and thereby the dough. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06165761__ •

Carbohydrate perturbations of viruses or viral antigens and utilization for diagnostic prophylactic and/or therapeutic applications Inventor(s): Quash; Gerard A. (France Ville, FR), Rodwell; John D. (Yardley, PA), McKearn; Thomas J. (New Hope, PA), Ripoll; Jean P. (Chassieu, FR) Assignee(s): Cytogen Corporaton (Princeton, NJ) Patent Number: 4,853,326 Date filed: November 18, 1986 Abstract: Novel and improved methods for diagnosis, prognosis, prophylaxis and therapy of viral infections are described. The novel methods employ a virus, viral antigen or fragment thereof in which "perturbation" of an oligosaccharide moiety renders the virus, viral antigen or fragment thereof more specifically recognizable or reactive with neutralizing antibody. As described, "perturbation" of an oligosaccharide moiety encompasses any modification that (1) alters the chemical or physical structure of a carbohydrate residue that is naturally present; (2) that removes, wholly or in part, a carbohydrate residue; and/or (3) that prevents or alters addition of a carbohydrate residue. A variety of methods for oligosaccharide "perpetuation" are also described. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to novel and improved methods for diagnosis, prophylaxis and therapy of viral infections. More particularly the invention relates to novel methods employing a virus, viral antigen or fragment thereof in which an oligosaccharide moiety is perturbed in such a way that the virus, viral antigen or fragment thereof is specifically recognized by or reacts specifically with neutralizing antibodies. The term "perturbed" oligosaccharide moiety is intended to encompass any modification (1) that alters the chemical or physical structure of a carbohydrate residue that is naturally present; (2) that removes, wholly or in part, a carbohydrate residue that is naturally present; and/or (3) that prevents or alters the addition of a carbohydrate residue (i.e. prevents or alters glycosylation). ... The perturbed viruses, viral antigens and fragments thereof prepared according to the present invention are useful for in vitro diagnostic and prognostic applications as well as for in vivo prophylactic and therapeutic applications. ... Viruses are important etiological agents of a wide variety of diseases. In animals the immune response comprises one of the basic mechanisms to fight viral infections. Classically, the immune response encompasses two facets: the Blymphocyte antibody response, referred to as humoral immunity and a T-lymphocytemediated response, known as cell-mediated immunity. The present application is concerned particularly with the antibody response. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04853326__

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Carbohydrate products of photosynthesis as charging adjuvant for positive liquid electrostatic developers Inventor(s): Larson; James R. (West Chester, PA), Lee; Arnold R. (Philadelphia, PA) Assignee(s): DX Imaging (Lionville, PA) Patent Number: 5,077,171 Date filed: December 13, 1990 Abstract: An electrostatic liquid developer having positive charging characteristics consisting essentially of:(A) a non-polar liquid having a Kauri-butanol value of less than 30, present in a major amount,(B) thermoplastic resin particles having an average by area particle size of less than 10 .mu.m,(C) a nonpolar liquid soluble ionic or zwitterionic charge director compound, and(D) a carbohydrate product of photosynthesis comprised of at least one saccharose present in (A) and/or dispersed in (B).The liquid developer is useful in copying, color proofing, digital color proofing, making lithographic printing plates, and resists. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to electrostatic liquid developers. More particularly this invention relates to a positive-charged liquid electrostatic developer containing a carbohydrate product of photosynthesis comprised of at least one saccharose as a charging adjuvant. ... It is known that a latent electrostatic image can be developed with toner particles dispersed in an insulating nonpolar liquid. Such dispersed materials are known as liquid toners or liquid developers. A latent electrostatic image may be produced by providing a photoconductive layer with a uniform electrostatic charge and subsequently discharging the electrostatic charge by exposing it to a modulated beam of radiant energy. Other methods are known for forming latent electrostatic images. For example, one method is providing a carrier with a dielectric surface and transferring a preformed electrostatic charge to the surface. Useful liquid developers comprise a thermoplastic resin and nonpolar liquid. Generally a suitable colorant is present such as a dye or pigment. The colored toner particles are dispersed in the nonpolar liquid which generally has a high-volume resistivity in excess of 10.sup.9 ohm centimeters, a low dielectric constant below 3.0, and a high vapor pressure. The toner particles are less than 30 .mu.m average size as determined using the Malvern Particle Sizer described below. After the latent electrostatic image has been formed, the image is developed by the colored toner particles dispersed in said nonpolar liquid and the image may subsequently be transferred to a carrier sheet. ... Since the formation of proper images depends on the differences of the charge between the liquid developer and the latent electrostatic image to be developed, it has been found desirable to add a charge director compound and preferably adjuvants, e.g., polyhydroxy compounds, polybutylene succinimide, an aromatic hydrocarbon, etc., to the liquid developer comprising the thermoplastic resin, nonpolar liquid, and preferably a colorant. Such liquid developers provide images of good resolution, but it has been found that charging and image quality are particularly pigment dependent. Some formulations, suffer from poor image quality manifested by low resolution, poor solid area coverage (density), and/or image squash. Some formulations result in wrong sign (negative) developers. In order to overcome such problems much research effort has been expended to develop new type charge directors and/or charging adjuvants for electrostatic liquid developers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05077171__

Patents 233

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Carbohydrate receptor for bacteria and method for use thereof Inventor(s): Krivan; Howard C. (Rockville, MD), Ginsburg; Victor (Bethesda, MD), Roberts; David D. (Rockville, MD) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,386,027 Date filed: May 13, 1993 Abstract: A carbohydrate receptor for pathogenic bacteria is a purified carbohydrate compound that is a member selected from the group consisting of fucosyl-asialo GM1, asialo GM1, and asialo GM2. The receptor can be included in a composition having a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The receptor may be used for purifying, detecting, or removing bacteria from diseased tissue. The structure of the receptor is Nacetylagalctosamine-beta-1-4-galactose-beta-1-4-glucose, abbreviated GalNAc.beta.14Gal.beta.1-4Glc. The receptor is present in human and animal tissues as complex molecule and can serve as the attachment site for bacterial infection. For example, fucosyl-asialo GM1, asialo GM1, and asialo GM2 are three biological molecules which occur in cell membranes and contain the carbohydrate receptor. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to carbohydrate receptors and their use. Specifically, the invention relates to carbohydrate receptors for certain pathogenic bacteria and use of the receptors in the detection, removal, or purification of such bacteria and adhesion portions thereof which recognize the receptors. ... Respiratory tract infections are a major health problem with as many as 1.5 million cases of pneumonia occurring in the United States each year with a high mortality rate. In addition, chronic lung infections, that are inevitable in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis, result in even higher rates of mortality, at 70 to 80 percent. The major groups of bacteria responsible for these infections are Streptococcus pneumoniae, staphylococcus aureus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and several aerobic, gram-negative bacilli, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas and Haemophilus species. To cause pneumonia, an organism must invade the normally sterile lung parenchyma and establish a large enough population at its surface to cause disease. For this to occur, the infecting microbe is likely to attach to cell-surfaces. Although some type of adhesion has been described for these pathogens, the receptors that mediate their attachment have not been identified by direct binding. ... Recently, glycosphingolipids have been reported to be cell surface receptors for some pathogenic bacteria analogous to their proposed role as receptors in other cell-cell and cell-ligand interactions. For example, uropathogenic E. coli specifically bind to Gal.alpha.1-4Gal sequences in globoseries glycosphingolipids, that occur in the epithelial cells lining the urinary tract. Other bacteria that bind to glycosphingolipids include Actinomyces naeslundii, which binds to Gal.beta.1-3GalNAc and GalNAc.beta.1-3Gal sequences, and the Propionibacterium granulosum which binds to Gal.beta.1-4Glc sequences. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05386027__

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Carbohydrate receptor for bacteria and method for use thereof Inventor(s): Krivan; Howard C. (Rockville, MD), Ginsburg; Victor (Bethesda, MD), Roberts; David D. (Rockville, MD) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,389,521 Date filed: January 13, 1993 Abstract: The invention is a method for detecting pathogenic bacteria by specific binding of the bacteria to GalNAc.beta.1-4Gal sequences found in fucosyl-asialo GM1, asialo GM1 and asialo GM2. An agglutination reaction is disclosed comprising contacting a culture suspected of containing the bacteria with a suspension of a purified carbohydrate compound bound to an insoluble carrier and detecting the presence of perceptible agglutination of the carrier as an indication of the presence of the bacteria. Bacteria which can be detected using the claimed method include Pseudomonas, Haemophilus, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to carbohydrate receptors and their use. Specifically, the invention relates to carbohydrate receptors for certain pathogenic bacteria and use of the receptors in the detection, removal, or purification of such bacteria and their parts. ... Respiratory tract infections are a major health problem with as many as 1.5 million cases of pneumonia occurring in the United States each year with a high mortality rate. In addition, chronic lung infections, that are inevitable in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis, result in even higher rates of mortality, at 70 to 80 percent. The major groups of bacteria responsible for these infections are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and several aerobic, gram-negative bacilli, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas and Haemophilus species. To cause pneumonia, an organism must invade the normally sterile lung parenchyma and establish a large enough population at its surface to cause disease. For this to occur, the infecting microbe is likely to attach to cell-surfaces. Although some type of adhesion has been described for these pathogens, the receptors that mediate their attachment have not been identified by direct binding. ... Recently, glycosphingolipids have been reported to be cell surface receptors for some pathogenic bacteria analogous to their proposed role as receptors in other cell-cell and cell-ligand interactions. For example, uropathogenic E. coli specifically bind to Gal.alpha.1-4Gal sequences in globoseries glycosphingolipids, that occur in the epithelial cells lining the urinary tract. Other bacteria that bind to glycosphingolipids include Actinomyces naeslundii, which binds to Gal.beta.1-3GalNAc and GalNAc.beta.1-3Gal sequences, and the Propionibacterium granulosum which binds to Gal.beta.1-4Glc sequences. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05389521__

Patents 235

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Carbohydrate refining process and novel enzyme compositions suitable for use therein Inventor(s): Derez; Frank G. H. (Halle, BE), de Sadeleer; Jos W. G. C. (Kessel Lo, BE), Reeve; Alan L. (Leefdaal, BE) Assignee(s): CPC International Inc. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ) Patent Number: 4,916,064 Date filed: October 6, 1986 Abstract: A process is provided for treating aqueous carbohydrate solutions with phospholipase enzyme compositions to improve the filterability and clarity of the filtrate of such solutions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improved process for refining certain aqueous solutions of carbohydrate origin, to a process for improving in particular the filterability of a starch hydrolysate, especially a wheat starch hydrolysate, to improvements in the clarity of the filtrate thereby obtained and to enzyme compositions suitable for achieving such improvements. ... Aqueous solutions of carbohydrate origin are encountered widely in industry in which naturally-occurring carbohydratecontaining materials are processed to give useful products. Examples of such processes include industrial reactions in which carbohydrates are broken down enzymatically or analogous processes in which the breakdown takes place by chemical action. The products of such processes are often obtained in the form of aqueous solutions comprising suspended by-product material which is separated by filtration. Problems are frequently encountered in such filtrations and it is often difficult to obtain a filtrate free from cloudiness. We have now found that the problems are often caused by the presence in the aqueous solutions of certain phosphorus-containing compounds and the present invention comprises a process for dealing with such compounds so that the filterability of the aqueous solutions is improved. ... We have found in particular that the process of the invention is applicable to solutions in which the carbohydrate is starch which has been subjected to a hydrolytic process. For reasons of convenience, the process of the invention will be described subsequently in this specification in terms of starch although it should be borne in mind that the process and process conditions are applicable to aqueous solutions derived from other carbohydrates. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04916064__

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Carbohydrate specific to chronic myelogenous leukemia granulocytes Inventor(s): Fukuda; Minoru (San Diego, CA), Fukuda; Michiko (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): La Jolla Cancer Research Foundation (La Jolla, CA) Patent Number: 4,939,083 Date filed: October 30, 1986 Abstract: A substantially purified carbohydrate is provided which is isolated from chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. The carbohydrate is immunogenic and can be utilized to raise both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the area of carbohydrate chemistry and more specifically to unique carbohydrates specific to cancer cells. ... Cancer is currently the second leading cause of death in the United States. As a result, substantial efforts have been directed towards developing methods to detect and combat malignancies.

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However, because cancer affects many different types of cells, separate diagnostic and therapeutic methods must be established for individual cancers. Unique cell surface markers, or biochemical moieties, present on the membranes of particular malignant cells are of import as indicators of a particular type of cancer. The determination of specific cell surface markers potentially permits the targeting of therapeutics specific to malignant cells. Tumor specific cell surface markers have previously been identified for certain cancers of the colon and reproductive tract. ... Thus there is a great and long-felt need for a chemical marker which is specific to cells exhibiting CML but is absent on their normal counterparts. In addition to aiding in the understanding of CML, such a marker would be potentially useful in, for example, both the early diagnosis as well as the specific treatment of the malignancy. The present invention satisfies these needs and provides other related advantages as well. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04939083__ •

Carbohydrate syrups and methods of preparation Inventor(s): Patel; Mansukh M. (Downers Grove, IL), Reed; Michael A. (Evanston, IL), Wokas; William J. (Bollingbrook, IL), Kures; Vasek J. (Willow Springs, IL) Assignee(s): Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company (Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 4,671,967 Date filed: October 16, 1985 Abstract: Carbohydrate syrup-plasticizer compositions for use in chewing gums to improve flexibility and methods of preparing the compositions are disclosed. The syrup comprises carbohydrate solids and water, with less than 30% of the solids having a degree of polymerization (DP) of 1 and more than 20% solids with a DP of 4 or greater. The ratio of carbohydrate solids to plasticizing agent in the composition is between 0.5:1 and 100:1 and the total water content of composition is less than 20%. The syrupplasticizer composition is prepared by providing a carbohydrate syrup or combined syrups with the proper carbohydrate solids distribution, combining a plasticizer such as glycerine or propylene glycol and evaporating water from the combined syrup composition. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to improved carbohydrate syrup compositions and methods of preparation of carbohydrate syrup compositions. ... The use of carbohydrate syrups in a variety of confections, including chewing gum, is well known in the art. In particular, relatively low D.E. (dextrose equivalent) carbohydrate syrups are especially desirable for the texture and binding effects which the solids in such syrups provide in certain applications. ... However, in some carbohydrate syrupcontaining confections it has been found that relatively high levels of moisture present in typical carbohydrate syrups have proven unsatisfactory for various reasons. For example, conventional chewing gum has been generally thought to require a moisture content of approximately 3 to 5 percent by weight for acceptable softness and flexibility. Nearly all of the moisture in chewing gum is provided by carbohydrate syrups such as conventional corn syrups or sugar alcohol syrups (including sorbitol solutions and hydrogenated starch hydrolysate solutions) typically added to chewing gum compositions to improve binding and softness characteristics in the gum. A major problem with conventional gum compositions is that they gradually become hard and brittle from moisture loss which occurs when the chewing gum is stored at a relative humidity lower than the equilibrium relative humidity of the gum. When moisture is lost from the gum, ingredients originally dissolved in the water recrystallize, causing

Patents 237

the gum to become stiff and brittle. For this reason, chewing gum is typically wrapped in moisture-impermeable packages to prevent loss of moisture. However, even with such packaging, the moisture may eventually migrate out of the gum. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04671967__ •

Carbohydrate thermoset resins Inventor(s): Gibbons; John P. (Western Springs, IL), Chiang; Mutong T. (Palos Heights, IL) Assignee(s): CPC International Inc. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ) Patent Number: 4,085,075 Date filed: June 29, 1977 Abstract: A resin blend useful in molding compounds wherein a novolak resin, a carbohydrate and an aminoplast are blended with fillers and the like to form a molding composition curable with cross linking agents. Articles molded in the molding composition of the invention have good flow characteristics, physical and mechanical properties, and provide molded articles with uniform, smooth surfaces which can be pigmented with bright colors. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to carbohydrate-based thermoset resins, and more particularly to thermoset resin systems formulated of a novolak resin, a carbohydrate and an aminoplast. ... Condensation resins based upon phenol and aliphatic aldehydes have been used for many years in the plastics industry. One particular form of such phenol-aldehyde resins which enjoys widespread use is the so-called phenolformaldehyde novolak resin. Such resins are prepared by reaction of excess phenol with formaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst to form the novolak resin which is a relatively brittle plastic at room temperature. ... The resulting resin is then combined with various molding additives, including fillers and a cross linking agent (usually hexamethylenetetramine). When used as a molding composition to produce articles, the resins have good physical and mechanical properties. For example, it is common practice to blend the phenol-formaldehyde novolak resin with fillers such as calcium oxide, wood flour, silica, etc., along with the curing agent to render the plastic material thermosetting. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04085075__

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Carbohydrate-based condensation resin Inventor(s): Gibbons; John P. (Western Springs, IL), Wondolowski; Lawrence (Downers Grove, IL) Assignee(s): CPC International Inc. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ) Patent Number: 4,085,076 Date filed: June 21, 1977 Abstract: A carbohydrate-phenolic resol resin and a process for production of same wherein an aldose saccharide, preferably a hexose, is reacted with a phenolic compound and urea in the presence of an acid catalyst to form a liquid fusible resin which is reacted with a lower aliphatic aldehyde in the presence of a basic catalyst to form said resol resin.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to carbohydrate-based condensation resol resin and a process for producing same, and more particularly to carbohydrate-phenol liquid condensation resins incorporating polyfunctional nitrogen-containing compounds as coupling agents, and to reaction of the liquid resin with a lower aliphatic aldehyde to produce resol resins. ... Condensation resins based upon phenol and aliphatic aldehydes and based upon urea and aliphatic aldehydes have been used for many years in the plastics industry. As is now well established, the aldehyde, usually formaldehyde, is reacted with phenol or urea in the presence of an acid or basic catalyst to form a condensation resin. The formaldehyde serves as a coupling agent, interconnecting the phenol or urea molecules. ... The basic raw material for condensation resins of the type described above is petroleum. As is now well known, supplies of petroleum are becoming increasingly limited, and prices have increased significantly. There is thus a need to replace at least a portion of the petroleum-based components of condensation resins of the type described above with a less expensive, more abundant material. Carbohydrates, readily available from plant sources, are thus one type of renewable resource ideally suited for use in the manufacture of plastics. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04085076__ •

Carbohydrate-based enzyme-containing granules for use in animal feed Inventor(s): Barendse; Rudolf Carolus Maria (Van Bossestraat 9, 2613 CM Delft, NL), Meesters; Gabriel Marinus Henricus (Hof van Saffier 9, 2614 TJ Delft, NL), Harz; HansPeter (Am Monschbusch 22, D-67373 Dudenhofen, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,500,426 Date filed: June 4, 1998 Abstract: Enzyme-containing granules for manufacturing animal feed compositions are prepared using a carrier containing at least about 15% (w/w) carbohydrate such as starch and less than 5% (w/w) protein. A mixture is formed containing an enzyme, the carrier and water, with or without prior kneading to improve plasticity, the mixture is mechanically processed such as by extrusion with a basket or dome extruder while not allowing the temperature of the mixture to rise above about 40.degree. C., and drying the resultant enzyme-containing granules. The granules may be spheronised prior to drying, and drying may be in a fluid bed agglomerator. The water and enzyme may be provided as an enzyme-containing aqueous liquid such as an enzyme-containing filtrate from a fermentation process. Enzymes include phytase, endo-xylanase and .beta.glucanase. Other components that may be in the granules include divalent cations, cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol and an edible oil. Animal feed compositions may be prepared by mixing the granules with feed ingredients, sterilizing or treating with steam, and pelleting. The compositions show improved enzyme stability during pelleting. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the formulation of enzymes, preferably feedenzymes, into carbohydrate (e.g., starch-) containing granulates, and to processes for the preparation of such enzyme-containing granulates. These (edible) granulates can then be used in animal feeds. ... The use of various enzymes in animal, e.g., livestock, feed has become almost common practice. These enzymes are usually produced by culturing microorganisms in large. scale fermenters operated by industrial enzyme producers. At the end of the fermentation the resulting "broth" is usually subjected to a series of filtration steps to separate the biomass (the microorganisms) from the desired enzyme

Patents 239

(in solution). The enzyme solution is either then sold as a liquid (often after addition of various stabilizers) or processed to a dry formulation. ... Enzyme liquid and dry formulations are used on a commercial scale by the feed industry. Liquid formulations may be added to the feed after pelleting in order to avoid heat inactivation of the enzyme(s) which would occur during the pelleting process. However the amounts of enzyme in the final feed preparations are usually very small which makes it difficult to achieve a homogenous distribution of the enzyme in the feed, and liquids are notoriously more difficult to mix evenly than dry ingredients. In addition one needs specialised (expensive) equipment to add liquids to the feed after pelleting which is not currently available at most feed mills (due to the extra cost). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06500426__ •

Carbohydrate-containing polymers, their preparation and use Inventor(s): Stahl; Wilhelm (Frankfurt am Main, DE), Ahlers; Michael (Mainz, DE), Walch; Axel (Frankfurt am Main, DE), Bartnik; Eckhart (Wiesbaden, DE), Kretzschmar; Gerhard (Eschborn, DE), Grabley; Susanne (Koenigstein, DE), Schleyerbach; Rudolf (Hofheim/Taunus, DE) Assignee(s): Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft (DE) Patent Number: 5,470,843 Date filed: December 13, 1993 Abstract: Carbohydrate-containing polymers which can have an HLB* of from about 10 to about 20 are disclosed. The compounds comprise a hydrophilic polymer portion, a carbohydrate portion comprising from 1 to about 20 naturally occurring, identical or different, monosaccharide units, at least one bifunctional spacer coupling the carbohydrate portion to the hydrophilic polymer portion, and a potentiator moiety. The potentiator moiety can be is a crosslinking moiety located within the hydrophilic polymer or a hydrophobic, hydrophilic or ionic moiety. Processes for the preparation and use of such polymers are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to carbohydrate-containing polymers. Processes for the preparation of such polymers and their uses are also part of the invention. ... The importance of carbohydrates in biologically-relevant recognition processes has only recently come to light. T. Feizi, Biochem. J. 245:1 (1987); Stults et al., Meth. Enzym. 179:167 (1989); S. Hakamori, Adv. Cancer Res. 52:257 (1989); Bevilacqua et al., Science 243:1160 (1989). These demonstrate that carbohydrates, along with proteins and nucleic acids, act as primary biologic information carriers. ... The capability of carbohydrates to store and communicate information results largely from their complex stereochemistry. The multitude of stereocenters present in even small carbohydrates permits information storage analogous to that encoded in nucleic acids and in proteins. Moreover, the exposure of many carbohydrates on cell surfaces makes it possible for them to play a role in intercellular communication and recognition processes, largely on the basis of receptor-ligand interactions. Carbohydrates may be distinct macromolecules but usually are attached to other moieties such as lipids or proteins. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05470843__

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Catalytic antibodies hydrolyzing acylated carbohydrates in a regioselective and stereoselective manner Inventor(s): Fujii; Ikuo (Suita, JP), Iwabuchi; Yoshiharu (Suita, JP), Miyashita; Hideaki (Habikino, JP) Assignee(s): Protein Engineering Research Institute (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 5,672,489 Date filed: February 16, 1996 Abstract: A method of regio-and stereoselective hydrolysis to deprotect an acylated hydroxy group in acylated carbohydrates, which contributes to synthesis of complex oligosaccharides, is provided. The method utilizes catalytic antibodies as hydrolase. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a simple synthetic method for complex oligosaccharides. In general, it relates to a method of regioselective and stereoselective hydrolysis by catalytic antibodies. In particular, it relates to a method of regioselective and stereoselective hydrolysis to deprotect acylated carbohydrates, including monosaccharides and oligosaccharides, in which hydroxy groups are protected by the same acyl group. The invention contributes not only to basic research for elucidation of biological function of oligosaccharides but also development of useful oligosaccharide drugs. ... It is gradually becoming clear that (a) glycolipids on cell-surfaces and oligosaccharides of glycoproteins alter through development and canceration of cells, (b) oligosaccharides of glycoproteins function as a receptor of virus and toxin, and (c) oligosaccharides of glycoproteins are associated with cell-cell interactions. According to the recognition of biological importance of oligosaccharides of glycoproteins, research of chemical synthesis of them has become more intensive. ... In general, oligosaccharides are synthesized by sequential glycosylation of monosaccharides. There are two major problems of synthesizing oligosaccharides. One is to control stereochemistry of glycosylation. The other is to control linkage positions in the formed oligosaccharides, which is very important, because there are many hydroxy groups in oligosaccharides. It is necessary to differentiate a desired hydroxy group for glycosylation. In synthesis of complex oligosaccharides, a desired hydroxy group at the non-reducing end of the extending oligosaccharides is selectively deprotected and is subjected to glycosylation with an added monosaccharide. To date, protected carbohydrates, in which the hydroxy group is used for the next glycosyl linkage is protected with ester, ether, ketal, and carbonate that can be selectively removed, are synthesized and used for coupling with non-reducing end of oligosaocharides. However, syntheses of such selectively protected carbohydrates require complicated combinations of varieties of protecting groups for chemically competing hydroxy groups. Thus, the synthesis procedure requires many steps consuming time and effort. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05672489__

•

Chewing gums containing natural carbohydrate gum hydrolyzate Inventor(s): Yatka; Robert J. (Orland Park, IL), Richey; Lindell C. (Lake Zurich, IL), Meyers; Marc A. (Naperville, IL), Barkalow; David G. (Deerfield, IL) Assignee(s): Wm. Wrigley Jr. Co. (Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 5,612,070 Date filed: September 12, 1995

Patents 241

Abstract: Chewing gum products containing a natural carbohydrate gum hydrolyzate and methods of making such products are disclosed. In one embodiment, the natural carbohydrate gum hydrolyzate is used in a rolling compound applied to the chewing gum product. In a second embodiment, a natural carbohydrate gum hydrolyzate is used in the center fill of a chewing gum. In a third embodiment, aspartame is used to sweeten the gum composition and the natural carbohydrate gum hydrolyzate is provided, preferably in an effective amount to stabilize the aspartame such that after eight weeks of storage at 85.degree. F., at least 5% less aspartame decomposes than would have decomposed if the natural carbohydrate gum hydrolyzate was not included. A natural carbohydrate gum hydrolyzate is also co-dried with other sweeteners, co-evaporated to make syrups and used as an encapsulating agent for high-intensity sweeteners or flavors used in gum compositions. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part of PCT application Ser. No. PCT/US92/11198, filed Dec. 23, 1992, now WO94/14332 designating the United States, which is hereby incorporated by reference. ... The present invention relates to improved compositions of chewing gum. More particularly, the invention relates to improving chewing gum by the use of specific bulking agents in sugar and non-sugar chewing gum products to give improved texture, moisture absorption properties, and improved shelf life properties. The improved chewing gum compositions may also be used in a variety of chewing gum products, such as confectionery coated chewing gum products. ... In recent years, efforts have been devoted to replace sugar and sugar syrups normally found in chewing gum with other carbohydrates and noncarbohydrates. Non-sugar or sugar-free chewing gum, which is growing in popularity, uses sugar alcohols or polyols to replace sugar and sugar syrups. The most popular polyols are sorbitol, mannitol and xylitol. New polyols are being developed using new technology to replace these polyols. New polyols have various unique properties which can improve the taste, texture and shelf life properties of chewing gum for consumers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05612070__ •

Chlorination of carbohydrates and other alcohols Inventor(s): O'Brien; Eleanor A. (Dublin, IE), O'Connor; Thomas (Dublin, IE), Tuite; Mathew R. J. (Dublin, IE), High; Leroy B. (Cranbury, NJ) Assignee(s): McNeilab, Inc. (Spring House, PA) Patent Number: 4,783,526 Date filed: October 20, 1986 Abstract: Chlorination of carbohydrates and alcohols utilizing a chlorinating reagent selected from triphenylphosphine oxide/thionyl chloride, thiphenylphosphine oxide/phosgene, triphenylphosphine sulfide/thionyl chloride and triphenylphosphine sulfide/phosgene. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for the chlorination of carbohydrates and other alcohols. More particular, this invention relates to a process for the preparation of 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-.beta.-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-.alpha. galactopyranoside. This compound is a potent sweetener, having a sweetness several hundred times that of sucrose. Its use as a sweetener and in sweetening compositions is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,435,440. ... The preparation of 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy.beta.-D-fructofuranosyl-4-chloro-4-deoxy-.alpha. -galactopyranoside or as it is sometimes referred to in the literature, 4,1',6'-trichloro-4,1',6'-trideoxygalactosucrose

242 Carbohydrates

(hereinafter referred to as "sucralose") involves the substitution of chlorine atoms in the sucrose molecule in one of the five secondary hydroxyl positions and in two of the three primary hydroxyl positions. This particular selection of positions usually means that any synthetic route must involve the preparation of an intermediate sucrose derivative having the required positions available for chlorination while other positions are blocked. In particular, the reactive 6-position must not be chlorinated, while the 4position must be rendered available for chlorination. ... One route proposed in the literature (Fairclough et al, Carbohydrate Research 40 (1975) 285-298) involves the formation of the 6,1',6'-tritrityl derivative of sucrose, peracetylation of the molecule and then detritylation with migration of the 4-acetyl radical to the 6-position, to give 2,3,6,3',4'-penta-O-acetylsucrose which has the correct hydroxy groups unprotected. Subsequent reaction with an excess of sulfuryl chloride as the chlorinating agent provides the 4,1',6'-trichlorogalactosucrose penta-acetate which in turn yields sucralose on elimination of the acetyl groups. The chlorination proceeds with inversion of configuration at the 4-position. The 1' and 6'-positions freely rotate, but the 4-position cannot and the glucose ring is thus inverted at the 4-position yielding a galactose derivative so that the product is a galactosucrose. The reaction sequence involving the simultaneous detritylation and acetyl shift contains, in all, a relatively high number of stages, and the initial tritylation reaction is undesirable from an economic point of view. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04783526__ •

Colorimetric and fluorimetric analysis of carbohydrates Inventor(s): Strongin; Robert M. (Baton Rouge, LA), Cabell; Larry Allen (Houston, TX), St. Luce; Nadia (Baton Rouge, LA), Lewis; Patrick T. (Chattanooga, TN), He; Ming (Baton Rouge, LA), Cordova; Jorge O. Escobedo (Baton Rouge, LA), Davis; Claude Joseph (Wheeling, IL) Assignee(s): Board of Supervisors of Louisiana State University and Agricultural and (Baton Rouge, LA) Patent Number: 6,534,316 Date filed: February 5, 2001 Abstract: Methods are disclosed for the simple, rapid, and selective colorimetric detection of carbohydrates, including fructose, glucose, sialic acid, and oligosaccharides. There is no need for any prior hydrolysis or other chemical modification or of the analytes. Resorcinarenes, xanthene dyes, and related compounds, formally produced by the reaction of 2 equivalents of resorcinol and a suitable electrophilic condensation partner, are used as chromophores or fluorophores for the detection of sugars and other carbohydrates. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to the detection of carbohydrates, and to synthetic compounds that exhibit colorimetric or fluorimetric responses in the presence of sugars and other carbohydrates. ... Several efficient methods are available for analyzing amino acids or nucleic acids. By contrast, no single method is available that is suitable for the quantitative or qualitative analysis of saccharides generally. The high degree of structural similarity between different sugars hinders their selective detection. The direct visible detection of sugars is especially challenging, since unmodified saccharides generally do not absorb light in the visible region. See generally M. Chaplin, "Monosaccharides," pp. 1-41 in M. Chaplin et al. (Eds.), Carbohydrate Analysis. A Practical Approach (Oxford University Press 1994); and J. Kennedy et al., "Oligosaccharides," pp. 43-67 in M. Chaplin et al. (Eds.), Carbohydrate Analysis. A

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Practical Approach (Oxford University Press 1994). ... Color assays for saccharides have been reported, including those based on certain synthetic molecules and those based on certain enzymes. Color assays based on synthetic molecules are typically less expensive than enzymatic methods, and their reagents are generally more resistant to degradation. Enzymatic assays can offer greater specificity than the non-enzymatic color tests, but they are generally more expensive, and their reagents are less stable. The inherently unstable enzymes must be protected from extreme conditions during manufacture, storage, and use. An ideal detection technique for sugars would be highly specific, and would employ relatively inexpensive and stable, non-enzymatic reagents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06534316__ •

Compositions comprising complement receptor carbohydrate structures that are selectin ligands

type

1

molecules

having

Inventor(s): Rittershaus; Charles W. (Malden, MA), Toth; Carol A. (Sharon, MA) Assignee(s): Avant Immunotherapeutics, Inc. (Needham, MA) Patent Number: 6,193,979 Date filed: May 25, 1995 Abstract: The present invention provides compositions comprising at least one complement moiety and at least one carbohydrate moiety, and methods of producing such compositions. In particular, the compositions of the invention comprise complement proteins related to the complement receptor type 1, and further comprise ligands for intercellular molecules, such as selectins. In a preferred embodiment, the compositions comprise a complement-related protein in combination with the Lewis X antigen or the sialyl Lewis X antigen. The compositions of the invention have use in the diagnosis or therapy of disorders involving complement activity and inflammation. Pharmaceutical compositions are also provided for treating or reducing inflammation mediated by inappropriate complement activity and intercellular adhesion. Excerpt(s): In its broadest aspect, the present invention provides compositions comprising at least one complement moiety and at least one carbohydrate moiety, and methods of producing such compositions. In particular, the compositions of the invention comprise complement proteins related to the complement receptor type 1, and further comprise ligands for intercellular adhesion molecules, such as selectins. In a preferred embodiment, the compositions comprise a complement receptor type 1, or fragment or derivative thereof, in combination with the Lewis X antigen or the sialyl Lewis X antigen. The compositions of the invention have use in the diagnosis or therapy of disorders involving complement activity and inflammation. Pharmaceutical compositions are also provided for treating or reducing inflammation mediated by inappropriate complement activity and intercellular adhesion. ... The complement system is a group of proteins that constitute about 10 percent of the globulins in the normal serum of humans (Hood, L. E., et al., 1984, Immunology, 2d Ed., The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co., Menlo Park, Calif., p. 339). Complement (C) plays an important role in the mediation of immune and allergic reactions (Rapp, H. J. and Borsos, T, 1970, Molecular Basis of Complement Action, Appleton-Century-Crofts (Meredity), New York). The activation of complement components leads to the generation of a group of factors, including chemotactic peptides that mediate the inflammation associated with complement dependent diseases. The sequential activation of the complement cascade may occur via the classical pathway involving antigen-antibody complexes, or by the alternative pathway which involves the

244 Carbohydrates

recognition of foreign structures such as, certain cell wall polysaccharides. The activities mediated by activated complement proteins include lysis of target cells, chemotaxis, opsonization, stimulation of vascular and other smooth muscle cells, and functional aberrations such as degranulation of mast cells, increased permeability of small blood vessels, directed migration of leukocytes, and activation of B lymphocytes and macrophages (Eisen, H. N., 1974, Immunology, Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. Hagerstown, Md., p. 512). ... During proteolytic cascade steps, biologically active peptide fragments, the anaphylatoxins C3a, C4a, and C5a (See WHO Scientific Group, 1977, WHO Tech Rep. Ser. 606:5 and references cited therein), are released from the third (C3), fourth (C4), and fifth (C5) native complement components (Hugli, T. E., 1981, CRC Crit. Rev. Immunol. 1:321; Bult, H. and Herman, A. G., 1983, Agents Actions 13:405). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06193979__ •

Compositions for generating T cell immunity against carbohydrate structures Inventor(s): Jondal; Mikael (Stockholm, SE) Assignee(s): Astra Aktiebolag (Sodertalje, SE) Patent Number: 5,807,559 Date filed: April 27, 1993 Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel class of immunologically active compounds, to processes for their production and to their use in therapy. In particular, the invention provides immunogenic peptide-carbohydrate conjugates useful for generating T cell immunity against tumor-associated carbohydrate structures, or against carbohydrate structures expressed on infectious agents and/or infected host cells. The immunogenic conjugate comprises a peptide component capable of binding a MHC class I molecule and a carbohydrate component having the same immunogenic characteristics of the carbohydrate structure on the tumor cell, infectious agent or the infected cells. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates a novel class of biologically active compounds, to processes for their production and to their use in therapy. More particularly the invention provides immunogenic conjugates useful for generating T cell immunity against tumor-associated carbohydrate structures or against carbohydrate structures expressed on infectious agents and/or infected host cells. ... The vertebrate immune system is constantly active against invading microbes and malignant cells. It is well known that the adaptive immune system shows a much stronger response on second, as compared to first, encounter with an antigen. This fact is exploited in vaccination, which works by inducing a state of lasting immunity known as immunological memory. Immunological memory requires the activation of T Iymphocytes, specific for the infectious agent. T lymphocytes detect infection within cells by recognizing--via the Tcell receptor (TCR)--peptide fragments derived from the pathogen. However, most T lymphocyes are "MHC restricted", i.e. they recognize only complexes of peptides I bound to highly polymorphic membrane proteins, encoded by class I and class II genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and presented on the surface on an accessory cell (designated an antigen-presenting cell or APC), in which the antigen has been processes. T lymphocytes can be classified as CD4.sup.+ or CD8.sup.+, depending on the specificity of an adherence receptor molecule. The CD4 adherence receptor recognizes MHC class II molecules, while CD8 binds class I. In addition, MHC restriction is further dependent on direct binding of the MHC molecule to certain parts

Patents 245

of the TCR (Jorgensen et al., 1992). ... The processing of antigens by separate pathways makes biological sense. Thus antigens taken up from the surroundings eventually elicit B cells to produce antibodies which will be capable of protecting the organism against a subsequent challenge by the exogenous antigen. On the other hand, in the case of antigens in the form of abnormal structures made within an abnormal or errant cell (for example a virus-infected or malignant cell), it is advantageous for the immune system to be activated with a result leading eventually to the killing of the errant cell. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05807559__ •

Confectionery product made of protein and carbohydrate materials present in a relative weight ratio higher than 1 Inventor(s): Jones; Dennis (Shelburne, VT) Assignee(s): Bariatrix Products International, Inc. (Lachine, CA) Patent Number: 6,432,457 Date filed: August 3, 2001 Abstract: The invention provides a confectionery bar containing a proteinaceous material and a carbohydrate material in a relative weight ratio higher than 1 (from 1:0 to about 1:0.999). The bar produced is very palatable and chewy and has good organoleptic properties. It may be coated (enrobed) or not as desired. The product of the invention provides a meal replacement for very low calorie diets, diet supplement or protein supplement, and may optionally comprise a carbohydrate material of low digestibility or indigestible nature. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a confectionery product having a protein to carbohydrate relative weight ratio higher than 1. In particular, the invention relates to a diet bar for use as part of a low calorie diet, especially a very low calorie diet. ... Very low calorie formula diet containing the minimum daily requirements of each of the minerals, proteins and digestible carbohydrates required by man have achieved remarkable commercial success. Such diets are usually formulated as a dry powder for use when mixed with water, either to produce a savory flavour drink resembling a soup, or a sweet flavour drink resembling a milk shake. The diets are designed for use as a sole source of nutrition over a lengthy period of time and their use can lead to significant weight losses. ... However, since the diet is consumed in liquid form any desire on the part of the dieter to chew what is consumed as the daily diet is frustrated unless the dieter consumes something other than the formula diet itself. On the other hand, if the dieter does consume something other than the formula diet itself out of a desire to chew something, that can negate the effect of the diet and lead to a smaller than expected weight loss, with consequent disappointment, and/or to the breaking of the diet altogether. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06432457__

246 Carbohydrates

•

Conjugates and carbohydrates

methods

of

forming

conjugates

of

oligonucleotides

and

Inventor(s): Veerapanani; Dange (Lawrence, KS), Nozawa; Iwao (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co., Inc. (Saga, JP) Patent Number: 6,444,806 Date filed: April 22, 1997 Abstract: Oligonucleotides conjugated to carbohydrates and methods for their production are described. These oligonucleotide-carbohydrate conjugates are resistant to degradation by nucleases, are able to form stable duplexes with RNA, and have utility as inhibitors of gene expression. Excerpt(s): The present invention is broadly concerned with oligonucleotidecarbohydrate conjugates which are resistant to nuclease degradation and can be used as inhibitors of gene expression. More particularly, the invention pertains to such conjugates which are preferably formed using carbohydrates (e.g., sucrose) coupled via crosslinkers (e.g., 1,5-bis(succinimidooxycarbonyloxy)pentane) to the 3'-ends of oligonucleotides. The invention also relates to a method of inhibiting gene expression wherein a conjugate is transported into a cell where it can react with a macromolecule (e.g., mRNA and double-stranded DNA) to form a complex, and thus inhibit gene expression. Thus, these conjugates can be used as oligonucleotide drugs useful in treating diseases caused by the expression of specific genes. ... Recent studies have indicated that oligonucleotides have potential therapeutic value. Oligonucleotides may act as antisense inhibitors of gene expression in a number of ways. Single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides may arrest translation by forming heteroduplexes with mRNA, or may arrest transcription by forming triple-strand helices with duplex DNA. Catalytic ribonucleotides (ribozymes) may inhibit gene expression by cleaving complementary mRNAs. Furthermore, double-stranded oligonucleotides may bind to protein sites that recognize specific sequences of bases, thereby inhibiting polymerases. (Ghosh et al., Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology, 42:79-126, 1992). ... Two factors may limit the use of oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents. First, unmodified oligonucleotides are particularly susceptible to degradation by ubiquitous nucleases. Many of these nucleases exhibit 3' to 5' exonuclease activity and require a hydroxyl group at the 3'-end of the DNA molecule for activity. Second, the therapeutic action of oligonucleotides is limited by their low ability to enter the target cell. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06444806__ •

Continuous process and apparatus for modifying carbohydrate material Inventor(s): Assarsson; Per G. (Toronto, CA), Nagasuye; Joseph H. (Mississauga, CA) Assignee(s): St. Lawrence Technologies Limited (Mississauga, CA) Patent Number: 4,469,524 Date filed: July 26, 1982 Abstract: A process and apparatus are described for producing a modified carbohydrate material, preferably starch, in fluid form. In the process a starch slurry is continuously moved through a confined tubular preheat zone where heat is very rapidly transferred to the slurry, whereby the slurry passes through a gelation stage and forms into a hot free flowing liquid. The heat transfer is from superatmospheric steam surrounding at

Patents 247

least part of the tubular heating zone, the temperature of the steam and the crosssectional area of each tubular preheat zone being selected to rapidly transfer heat from the steam throughout the slurry and minimize the magnitude of the zone of high viscosity gel formed during the gelation stage. The hot liquid formed is immediately forced through a restrictive opening and into a confined tubular reaction zone accompanied by a sudden decrease in pressure whereby the starch is made highly reactive. The reactive starch liquid, together with a reactive adjunct such as acid, is then continuously moved through a tubular reaction zone to produce a modified starch product in fluid form. A steam heated reactor for the above process is also described. Excerpt(s): A variety of long chain, high molecular weight carbohydrate materials are known, of which starch is typical. When these are treated with a solvent, usually under pressure, they reach a stage allowing the polymer chain to obtain and maintain many conformational states. Such a stage is normally associated with a viscosity decrease. The solvent used is usually water, although other solvents can also be used. As this relates to starch, raw starches in their usual commercial form are insoluble in water but may be formed into a colloidal or semi-colloidal dispersion by forming a slurry with water and heating the starch slurry to an elevated temperature at which the starch granules swell or burst and thus become "gelatinized". The particular temperature required for gelatinization depends upon the particular starch selected and on other conditions maintained during the gelatinization. The properties of such gelatinized dispersions depend upon many factors such as temperature and concentration, and also upon the starch material itself and the manner in which the dispersion is prepared. ... This gelforming characteristic of starch slurries when heated has always presented difficulties in processes for reacting starch with other reagents. Traditionally these starch reactions have been carried out in batch vessels over long periods of time. ... There has been some degree of success with continuous starch reactions and, for instance, there are on the market continuous starch hydrolyzation systems in which the starch slurry is simply pumped through a long heating coil within which the hydrolysis takes place. Such systems are demanding on plant space, as well as energy and also have limitations as to the degree of reaction that can be achieved. Thus, in hydrolyzing starch, the maximum D.E. value that can be satisfactorily achieved in a system of the above type is in the order of about 50. When high D.E. syrups are required, e.g. at least 70 D.E. syrups, an enzyme conversion process has been required. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04469524__ •

Contrast agents, consisting of carbohydrate particles Inventor(s): Klaveness; Jo (Oslo, NO), Rongved; P.ang.l (Hellvik, NO), Stubberud; Lars (Sodertalje, NO) Assignee(s): Nycomed Imaging AS (Oslo, NO) Patent Number: 5,928,626 Date filed: February 27, 1997 Abstract: The present invention relates to contrast agents comprising water-soluble microbubble-generating carbohydrate microparticles in admixture with at least 10% w/w relative to the overall composition of a non-surface active material which is less water soluble than the carbohydrate. The contrast agents exhibit useful levels of contrast efficiency and/or stability and may be used in diagnostic applications such as ultrasound and MR imaging.

248 Carbohydrates

Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel contrast agents, more particularly to new microparticulate contrast agents of use in diagnostic imaging. ... It is well known that ultrasonic imaging comprises a potentially valuable diagnostic tool, for example in studies of the vascular system, particularly in cardiography, and of tissue microvasculature. A variety of contrast agents has been proposed to enhance the acoustic images so obtained, including suspensions of solid particles, emulsified liquid droplets, gas microbubbles and encapsulated gases or liquids. It is generally accepted that low density contrast agents which are easily compressible are particularly efficient in terms of the acoustic backscatter they generate, and considerable interest has therefore been shown in the preparation of gas-containing and gas-generating systems. ... Initial studies involving free gas microbubbles generated in vivo by intracardiac injection of physiologically acceptable substances have demonstrated the potential efficiency of such bubbles as contrast agents in echocardiography; such techniques are severely limited in practice, however, by the short lifetime of the free bubbles. Interest has accordingly been shown in methods or generating and/or stabilising gas microbubbles for echocardiography and other ultrasonic studies, for example using emulsifiers, oils, thickeners or sugars. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05928626__ •

Conversion of carbohydrate materials to petroleum type hydrocarbons Inventor(s): Chen; Nai Yuen (Titusville, NJ) Assignee(s): Mobil Oil Corporation (New York, NY) Patent Number: 3,936,353 Date filed: December 20, 1974 Abstract: Microbial conversion of agricultural carbohydrate materials to alcohols followed by direct conversion of the oxygenated microbial reaction product to a hydrocarbon product comprising a substantial highly aromatic fraction which is liquid at normal temperatures and pressures. This latter conversion is carried out in the effective presence of a high silica to alumina ratio zeolite like ZSM-5. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the production of synthetic petroleum type hydrocarbons. It more particularly refers to the conversion of carbohydrates to hydrocarbons. ... The fermentation of sugar to alcohol is many thousands of years old. It is almost equally as old to first convert carbohydrates to sugars and then to convert the sugars to alcohol. This procedure makes excellent alcohol in terms of taste but it is expensive. A large part of the expense involved is in the concentrations stage, that is, the portion of the process in which the fermentation produced alcohol is separated from the water byproduct. ... In conventional production of alcohols by fermentation, the fermenter mash is usually subjected to rather extensive distillation in order to recover as much of the produced alcohol as possible in as concentrated a form as possible. Since this mash has a water content which is usually higher than its alcohol content, this distillation step is extensive and expensive and is in fact the heart of alcohol production in a "distillery." Thus distillery produced alcohol is generally too expensive to be used as a chemical intermediate and is usually sold only for drinking and medicinal purposes, which uses can support the extra costs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03936353__

Patents 249

•

Conversion of carbohydrates Inventor(s): Chen; Nai Y. (Titusville, NJ), Koenig; Leonard R. (Mercerville, NJ) Assignee(s): Mobil Oil Corporation (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,549,031 Date filed: November 8, 1984 Abstract: A process for the direct conversion of an aqueous solution of carbohydrates to hydrocarbons where a feed consisting essentially of an aqueous solution of carbohydrates is passed over a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite catalyst having a constraint index of 1 to 12 and a silica/alumina molar ratio of about 12. An important feature of this invention is the short amount of time the aqueous carbohydrate solution is in contact with the catalyst. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for the conversion of carbohydrates to hydrocarbons, and more particularly to the conversion of sugars in the presence of a specified crystalline silicate zeolite catalyst. ... There is a national interest in finding alternate sources other than petroleum for the production of liquid fuels and chemicals. U.S. Pat. No. 4,313,011, for example, has proposed the recovery of hydrocarbon fuels and chemical feedstocks by thermal conversion of plant biomass in a reducing atmosphere at temperatures of 200.degree. C. to 1000.degree. C. A summary of various processes for conversion of plant materials, including anaerobic digestion, fermentation, gasification and pyrolysis, appears in the publication by Anderson and Tillman entitled "Fuels from Waste", Academic Press, New York, 1977. Catalytic processes also have been developed. U.S. Pat. No. 4,300,009 discloses the conversion of plant or animal anabolites to liquid hydrocarbons in the presence of a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite catalyst. The anabolites which are converted are characterized by an effective hydrogen to carbon ratio (H/C).sub.eff of less than 1 and are stated to be unsuitable since they give only low yields of premium fuels and chemicals and cause rapid loss of catalytic activity. U.S. Pat. No. 4,300,009 further points out that while it has been suggested to pyrolyze such materials to lower molecular weight product, such processes suffer the disadvantage of requiring substantial energy input. Other catalytic non-hydrocarbon processes include the conversion of alcohols to olefinic hydrocarbons as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,148,835; the conversion of lower alcohols and their ethers, such as methanol and dimethyl ether, to a hydrocarbon mixture of ethylene, propylene and mononuclear aromatics as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,979,472; and the catalytic conversion of mercaptans, sulfides, halides, amines and carbonyl compounds as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,046,825. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,998,898, mixtures of difficult to convert oxygenates with easy to convert oxygenates such as alcohols, ethers, esters, long chain aldehydes and ketones are co-processed over a crystalline zeolite catalyst to provide aromatic products of gasoline boiling range. Among the compounds that are stated to be difficult to convert are included carboxylic acids and anhydrides, carbohydrates such as starch and sugars, lower glycols, glycerin, and other polyols and short chain aldehydes. ... It has been now discovered that carbohydrates such as sugars can be converted into hydrocarbon products by a direct conversion process in which an aqueous solution of sugar is contacted under conversion conditions with a catalyst comprising a crystalline silicate zeolite at temperatures of 300.degree. C. to about 650.degree. C., preferably about 500.degree. C. to 550.degree. C. The conversion is carried out in a cyclic mode operation involving successive cracking and regeneration intervals wherein the contact time for conversion does not exceed 10 minutes, preferably about 1 to 5 minutes, and more preferably about 2 seconds to 1 minute. After each conversion cycle, the catalyst is regenerated by passing air or an oxygen-containing gas

250 Carbohydrates

over the catalyst for about 5 minutes to remove carbonaceous deposits. It has been further discovered that the net hydrocarbon yield of the sugar can be increased by a partially direct conversion in which an aqueous supersaturated solution of the sugar in a lower monohydric alcohol is employed as the charge stock. The conversion process more fully described hereinbelow has been found more economically favorable than other alternative processing schemes for producing gasoline; namely, ethanol fermentation and conversion of ethanol to hydrocarbons (ETG) or gasification, water gas shift, methanol synthesis and conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons (MTG). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04549031__ •

Co-vaccination preparation

using

non-O-carbohydrate

side-chain

gram-negative

bacteria

Inventor(s): Nelson; Ralph (Shawnee, KS), Schlink; Gerald (Irwin, MO) Assignee(s): Midcon Labs. Inc. (Lamar, MO) Patent Number: 4,789,544 Date filed: December 1, 1987 Abstract: A composition for co-injection of an animal against a gram-negative pathogen which comprises an effective dose of a gram-negative type lipopolysaccharide devoid of O-carbohydrate side-chains and a bacterin derived from said pathogen. Methods of coinjection of an animal to protect the animal against gram-negative pathogens are also discussed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an improved composition for co-vaccination of animals, including mammals and birds, against gram-negative organisms and the diseases caused thereby. More particularly, the invention concerns a co-vaccine that employs a bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) fraction devoid of O-carbohydrate sidechains, exemplified by E. coli J5 and mutants thereof, with a bacterin directed to one or more gram-negative organisms for the immunological protection of an animal against gram-negative organisms, and the diseases caused by these organisms. ... Gramnegative bacteria have similar LPS structures. Some mutant gram-negative bacterial strains lack the O-carbohydrate side-chains normally associated with gram-negative bacteria. These mutant organisms lack pili and outer antigens which are normally associated with the LPS membrane leaving LPS and other core antigens exposed. ... Escherichia coli strain J5 is a well known example of a genetically stable gram-negative bacterial species having LPS and other core antigens exposed. Other gram-negative bacteria of different species, such as Salmonella enteritidis, ATCC No. 53000, described in European patent application No. 0158282, also lack the O-carbohydrate side-chains (also known as "K antigens"). The European patent application teaches a method of preparing non-O-carbohydrate side-chain gram-negative bacteria. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04789544__

Patents 251

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Crystallized carbohydrate matrix for biologically active substances, a process of preparing said matrix, and the use thereof Inventor(s): Schroder; Ulf (Fagottgranden 11 B, S-223 68 Lund, SE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,713,249 Date filed: October 22, 1985 Abstract: The invention shows that it is possible to produce a depot matrix for biologically active substances, consisting of carbohydrate microspheres, such that the carbohydrate polymers included in the microsphere are stabilized to a microsphere by crystallization, which implies using non-covalent bonds, the substance enclosed retaining its biological activity. Excerpt(s): Biologically active substances supplied to an organism are, in most cases, rapidly digested by the organism. In view hereof, the supply of substances must be repeated at regular intervals in order to establish a therapeutically active concentration within the organism. Such supply of biologically active substances to organisms is important int. al. in the fields of human and veterinary medicine, or in controlling different types of infestants (such as insects, fungi etc.) in agriculture and forestry. ... 2. Vaccination: For the vaccination of humans, adjuvants cannot be used. However, it has been shown in literature that the immunogenic response will be far better if the body is subjected to long-time exposure of the antigen. For vaccination purposes, it is important that the depot matrix is not itself immunogenic, and that it can be excreted from the body. For example, vaccination tests conducted on human beings against bee allergens have shown that these allergens, dissolved in water and injected subcutaneously, are excreted within 4 hours. ... The production of depot matrices for different types of preparations is well-documented in literature, and some preparations are also commercially available. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04713249__

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Decarbonylation and dehydrogenation of carbohydrates Inventor(s): Andrews; Mark A. (Ridge, NY), Klaeren; Stephen A. (Corpus Christi, TX) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the United States (Washington, DC) Patent Number: H918 Date filed: October 5, 1988 Abstract: Carbohydrates, especially aldose or ketose sugars, including those whose carbonyl group is masked by hemi-acetal or hemi-ketal formation, are decarbonylated by heating the feed carbohydrate together with a transition metal complex in a suitable solvent. Also, primary alcohols, including sugar alditols are simultaneously dehydrogenated and decarbonylated by heating a mixture of rhodium and ruthenium complexes and the alcohol and optionally a hydrogen acceptor in an acceptable solvent. Such defarbonylation and/or dehydrogenation of sugars provides a convenient procedure for the synthesis of certain carbohydrates and may provide a means for the conversion of biomass into useful products. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the decarbonylation of carbohydrates, including sugars, and to the simultaneous in-situ dehydrogenation and decarbonylation

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of alcohols, including sugar alcohols. ... Metal complexes such as chlorotris(triphenylphosphine) rhodium and related compounds have been known to be useful as aldehyde decarbonylation agents. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,089,871; Osborn, J. A., et al., Inorg. Syn., 10:67-71 (1967); Baird, M. C., et al., J. Chem. Soc. (A), 348-351 (1968); Okno, K., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 90:99-107 (1968); and Doughty, D. H., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 100:7083-7085 (1978). However, insofar as these materials have been used in the decarbonylation of carbohydrates, their use has been limited to the decarbonylation of protected sugars. See, for example, Ward, D. J., et al., Chem. Ind., 162-163 (1976); Iley, D. E., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 97:2563-2565 (1975); and MacCoss, M., et al., Tetrahedron Let., 26:4287-4290 (1985). See, also, Kruse, W., et al., Carbohyd. Res., 64:293-296 (1978) and Rajagopal, S., et al., J. Mol. Catal., 22:131-135 (1983), which suggest the deactivation of the hydrogenation catalyst RuCl.sub.2 (PPh.sub.3).sub.3 by the decarbonylation of glucose, but which do not identify the resulting sugar products. ... This apparent prior limitation of the use of metal complexes to the decarbonylation of protected sugars is not surprising since: (a) it is difficult to find a common solvent for both free (unprotected) sugars and metal complexes that is sufficiently non-coordinating to prevent inhibition of the metal complexes and; (b) since most sugars exist in nonreactive cyclic hemi-acetal and hemi-ketal forms. In this latter regard, for example, it is known that the equilibrium composition of aqueous glucose is 99+% hemi-acetal and only about 0.002% free aldehyde sugar at room temperature. See, for example, Maple, S. R., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109:3168-3169 (1987) and Angyal, S. J., Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem., 42:15-68 (1984). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US0H918__ •

Decomposition of carbohydrate wastes Inventor(s): Appell; Herbert R. (Monroeville, PA), Pantages; Peter (Pittsburgh, PA) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the United States Energy (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 3,989,480 Date filed: March 25, 1976 Abstract: Carbohydrate waste materials are decomposed to form a gaseous fuel product by contacting them with a transition metal catalyst at elevated temperature substantially in the absence of water. Excerpt(s): Carbohydrate-containing waste materials are conventionally decomposed by pyrolysis, resulting in formation of large amounts of char and water and relatively small yields of fuel gases. Fermentation is also conventionally employed, but requires large holding tanks, long contact times and results in large residues. ... It has now been found, according to the invention, that carbohydrate waste materials may be decomposed by contacting them at elevated temperature with a transition metal catalyst. This process provides higher yields of desirable fuel gases, i.e., hydrogen and carbon monoxide, as well as lower yields of undesirable by-products such as char and aqueous effluents containing partially decomposed carbohydrates. ... The waste materials that may be treated according to the process of the invention encompass a wide variety of carbohydrate-containing materials. They may consist essentially of carbohydrates, e.g., sugars, starches and cellulose, or they may consist of materials containing mixtures or combinations of carbohydrates with other chemical entities, e.g., lignocellulose, particularly wood. Other materials that may be treated include sewage sludge, corn cobs, food wastes, manure, straw and other plant residues.

Patents 253

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03989480__ •

Derivatives of carbohydrates and compositions containing them Inventor(s): Persson; Lars (Mollegangen 17, S-281 37 Hassleholm, SE), Rehnberg; Nicola (Klovergaten 28, S-284 00 Perstorp, SE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,310,042 Date filed: November 20, 1998 Abstract: The present invention relates to derivatives of phosphorylated carbohydrates and pharmaceutical compositions comprising as a pharmaceutically active ingredient at least one of these compounds. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to derivatives of phosphorylated carbohydrates and pharmaceutical compositions comprising as a pharmaceutically active ingredient at least one of these compounds. ... Some phosphorylated carbohydrates exist in mammals and are considered to have specific biological properties. Lyscsomes contain a large amount of degradative enzymes which play a role in the entry of cells such as leukocytes into inflammatory areas. These enzymes undergo glycosylation and phosphorylation resulting in residues containing mannose-monophosphates. Thus it has been shown that the administration of mannose-6-phosphate to animals suffering from adjuvant arthritis reduces the inflammatory expression (PCT Patent Application publication WO 90/01938) to some extent. ... Furthermore it has been shown that mannose-6-phosphate might promote wound healing when given to animals (PCT Patent Application publication WO 93/18777). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06310042__

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Derivatized carbohydrates, compositions comprised thereof and methods of use thereof Inventor(s): Blair; Julian A. (St. Ives, GB) Assignee(s): Quadrant Holdings Cambridge Limited (Nottingham, GB) Patent Number: 6,352,722 Date filed: December 22, 1998 Abstract: Derivatized carbohydrates are provided which can be used to form a variety of materials including solid delivery systems. The derivatized carbohydrates are generally carbohydrates, wherein at least a portion of the hydroxyl groups on the carbohydrate are substituted with a branched hydrophobic chain, such as a hydrocarbon chain, via, for example, an ether or ester linkage. The solid delivery systems can be used for delivery and release of a variety of substances, and are, for example, in the form of tablets for oral administration, or in the form of powders, microspheres or implants for intravenous, intradermal, transdermal, pulmonary or other route of administration. The derivatized carbohydrates can be processed to form a solid matrix having a substance, such as a therapeutic agent, incorporated therein. In one embodiment, the solid matrix is provided in a solid dose form which is capable of releasing a therapeutic substance in situ at various controlled rates.

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Excerpt(s): Not applicable. ... This invention relates to derivatized carbohydrates, compositions comprised thereof and methods for their use. The derivatized carbohydrates can be used to form solid delivery systems useful for the dissolution, encapsulation, storage and delivery of a variety of therapeutic and diagnostic molecules. ... Solid delivery systems are useful in a wide variety of applications such as controlled release of labile molecules, particularly bioactive materials such as organic pharmaceutical compounds, enzymes., vaccines and biological control agents such as pesticides and pheromones. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06352722__ •

Detection of a carbohydrate biomarker directly associated with chronic alcoholism Inventor(s): Pullarkat; Raju K. (Staten Island, NY), Pullarkat; Premilia S. (Staten Island, NY), Raguthu; Simhachalam (Staten Island, NY) Assignee(s): Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene (Albany, NY) Patent Number: 5,958,785 Date filed: August 22, 1997 Abstract: Chronic or long-term alcohol consumption is detected and diagnosed by determining the levels of an alcohol-specific ethanol glycoconjugate biomarker, identified as ethyl .beta.-glucuronide, in body fluids (e.g. urine) of subjects by calorimetric reaction using qualitative and quantitative assay methods. Ethyl glucuronide has been newly observed and detected as a direct indicator of chronic alcohol consumption, and can be isolated and purified. Economical and reproducible assay methods, such as a chromatographic spot assay, ascending or thin layer chromatography assay, and high pressure liquid chromatography assay provide reliable, objective, and sensitive methods for detecting and monitoring a chronic alcoholic condition. Both the presence of the alcohol-specific ethyl glucuronide and a substantial increase in its levels are diagnostic of chronic alcoholism. Since ethyl glucuronide is produced and appears as a direct response to chronic alcohol intake as determined by the present methods, this carbohydrate is considered to be a unique biomarker for the detection of alcoholism, with virtually no possibility of false positive results. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to detectable carbohydrate biomarkers of alcohol consumption and to novel and improved methods for the detection and monitoring of chronic alcoholism. ... Alcoholism is a major health and economic problem which imposes broad reaching concerns not only to the afflicted individuals, but to society at large. In the United States alone, at least ten to twenty million people are classified as chronic alcoholics and long-term alcohol abusers. In addition, other countries have serious problems with chronic alcohol consumption as well as with the objective diagnosis and detection of long-term alcohol use. ... It is known that chronic (i.e. over a period of weeks, months, or longer) alcoholic and long-term alcohol users rarely admit their excessive consumption of alcohol. In spite of attempts to standardize the diagnosis of alcohol abuse and chronic alcoholism based on operational and functional criteria, many problems exist in the detection and diagnosis of alcohol-related disorders. One major problem is that patient cooperation is required, and often, alcoholics do not approach their physicians to ask for help specifically to stop their excessive or pathological drinking. Unfortunately, even when questioned directly by their physicians, alcoholics rarely disclose the true extent of their alcohol consumption, and often deny and minimize any association between their use of alcohol and their

Patents 255

other symptoms or problems. Because it is difficult to detect and diagnose alcoholism and alcohol abuse in patients, physicians frequently misdiagnose or under-diagnose alcohol-related disorders. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05958785__ •

Determination of carbohydrate acceptors Inventor(s): Rittenhouse; Harry G. (Lake Bluff, IL) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) Patent Number: 4,770,994 Date filed: August 14, 1987 Abstract: A method for determining carbohydrate acceptors in a sample is disclosed wherein a sugar moiety is enzymatically transferred to the carbohydrate acceptor and the resulting carbohydrate acceptor-sugar complex is determined as a measure of the carbohydrate acceptor in the sample. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for determining carbohydrate acceptors in a biological sample. In particular, the present invention relates to a method for determining specific carbohydrate acceptors, the determination of which is useful in the diagnosis and/or treatment of cancer or other chronic disease. ... It has been reported that many patients, diagnosed as having cancer have elevated serum glycoprotein levels. Such increased glycoprotein levels may be due to increased shedding and/or secretion of glycoproteins by malignant cells or increased host synthesis of glycoproteins in response to a tumor. Efforts to accurately measure such tumor-related increases in total serum glycoprotein levels have been relatively unsuccessful, due in part to the fact that the actual increases in serum glycoprotein levels are small, serum glycoprotein levels vary from individual to individual, and with time, in the same individual. ... Carbohydrate acceptors may be derived from tumors, i.e., tumor glycoproteins resulting from necrosis of the cell, or from a host in response to tissue destruction, i.e., produced as a result of tumor growth. Tumor growth provokes the migration of host macrophage and neutrophil cells to the vicinity of the tumor. When the host cells are brought in contact with the tumor cells, degradative enzymes present in host cell lysosomes are released. Lysosomes contain a variety of glycosidases including, for example, sialidase and .beta.-galactosidase, which are capable of producing glycoproteins having terminal N-acetylglucosamine moieties. Other lysosomal glycosidases, such as, N-acetylglucosaminidase, sequentially degrade the entire oligosaccharide group of glycoproteins, thereby creating other terminal carbohydrates. Each of these terminal carbohydrates have the potential to serve as acceptors for the appropriate sugar derivatives and glycosyltransferases. Increased steady state levels of these partially-degraded glycoproteins may be expected in samples obtained from patients having cancer or other chronic diseases due to continuous production of such glycoproteins in the serum of such patients. The increase in the level of partially-degraded glycoproteins may also be due to the inefficient removal of various types of degraded glycoproteins. For example, the turnover or removal of glycoproteins with newly-exposed mannose residues may be slower than the corresponding galactose-terminal glycoproteins, An additional source of glycoproteins with incomplete oligosaccharides may be due to aborted glycosylation of tumor cell glycoproteins. Increased levels of incomplete glycoproteins in serum may result from the destruction of tumor cells by host response and/or by an ineffective system of glycosyltransferases within the tumor cell due to oncogenic transformation. In addition,

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the host may respond to the presence of a tumor by producing blood glycoproteins which contain sugar acceptor sites. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04770994__ •

Diabetic nutritional product having controlled absorption of carbohydrate Inventor(s): Wibert; Gregory J. (Martinez, CA), Greene; Harry L. (West Palm Beach, FL), Keating; Kim R. (Evansville, IN), Lee; Yung-Hsiung (Evansville, IN) Assignee(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (Evansville, IN) Patent Number: 5,776,887 Date filed: October 10, 1996 Abstract: Nutritional composition for use by diabetics containing a controlled absorbed carbohydrate component. The carbohydrate component contains a rapidly absorbed fraction such as glucose or sucrose, a moderately absorbed fraction such as certain cooked starches or fructose, and a slowly absorbed fraction such as raw corn starch. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/005,468, filed Oct. 16, 1995. ... The present invention concerns a nutritional composition for use by diabetics which results in a controlled or sustained absorption of carbohydrate during digestion. ... Current diet recommendations for people with diabetes are 30% or less energy intake from total fat and 10-20% from protein ( American Diabetes Association, 1994 ; "Nutritional recommendation and principles for people with diabetes mellitus", Diabetes Care 17:519-522). A key goal of these recommendations is maintenance of "near-normal blood glucose." It has been shown that refined foods result in more rapid starch digestion and concomitantly a higher blood glucose elevation than conventionally cooked foods ( Brand et al., Diabetes Care 14:95-101,1991). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05776887__

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Diagnostic kit and diagnostic method for mycoplasma utilizing carbohydrate receptors Inventor(s): Ginsburg; Victor (Bethesda, MD), Krivan; Howard C. (Santa Barbara, CA), Roberts; David D. (Rockville, MD) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,529,904 Date filed: June 21, 1993 Abstract: A diagnostic kit for detecting the presence of microorganisms, comprising an insoluble substrate; and a carbohydrate receptor immobilized on the insoluble substrate, the carbohydrate receptor being capable of adsorbing microorganisms; and a labelled reagent useful for detecting the presence of microorganisms bound to the carbohydrate receptors and a method for detecting the presence of specified microorganisms in a sample, which comprises contacting a sample to be tested with carbohydrate receptors immobilized on an insoluble substrate; and determining the extent of binding of microorganisms in the sample to the carbohydrate receptors by use of a labelled reagent.

Patents 257

Excerpt(s): Devices and techniques for the rapid detection of certain bacteria are known in the art. For example, the Tandem Icon Strep A test kit utilizes a procedure wherein Streptococcus antigens are extracted from a sample and are bound to a membrane. A colorometric test is then conducted whereby an enzyme conjugated to an antibody is bound to the antigen and thereafter a substrate for the enzyme is contacted with the enzyme. If the enzyme is present, the substrate turns color thereby indicating a positive test. Although this is a useful technique, a need exists for a test having a longer shelf life, which is cheaper and which may be more versatile. ... The present invention is directed to a diagnostic device for adsorbing microorganisms which comprises an insoluble substrate and a carbohydrate receptor capable of adsorbing bacteria bound to the insoluble substrate. The invention also relates to a method for detecting the presence of specified microorganisms in a sample which comprises contacting a sample to be tested with carbohydrate receptors bound to an insoluble substrate and determining the extent of binding of the microorganism in the sample to the carbohydrate receptors bound to the substrate. ... Various insoluble substrates to which the carbohydrate receptors can be bound may be used. The substrate should be capable of easily binding the carbohydrate receptors without interfering with the diagnostic test to be conducted. Possible substrates include glass; thin layer chromatographic materials such as silica gel; synthetic plastic materials such as polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polypropylene and polyethylene. The substrates may be in the form of flat plates, glass beads, latex beads, thin layers on another substrate, microtiter plates, Petri dishes, etc. The substrate may also be in the form of a membrane or film of either a porous or nonporous nature. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05529904__ •

DNA encoding carbohydrate binding protein and biological materials derived therefrom Inventor(s): Ho; John Siu-Cheong (East Lansing, MI), Loh; John T. (Knoxville, TN), Schindler; Melvin S. (Okemos, MI), Wang; John L. (East Lansing, MI) Assignee(s): Board of Trustees operating Michigan State University (East Lansing, MI) Patent Number: 5,863,728 Date filed: July 5, 1996 Abstract: A DNA fragment encoding a carbohydrate binding lectin BJ38 in chromosomal DNA of Bradyrhizobium japonicum is described. The DNA is used as a source of the lectin, as a probe and as DNA for recombinant strains of rhizobium with enhanced nodulation and production in legumes. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to isolated and purified DNA encoding a carbohydrate binding protein or lectin, designated as BJ38, which is a segment of chromosomal DNA of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. The DNA is used to provide the lectin, as a probe and as a basis for producing super nodulating strains of Rhizobium. ... Rhizobia encompass three genera of gram negative bacteria: Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium and Azorhizobium (Brewin, N. J., Ann. Rev. Cell Biol. 7:191-226 (1991)). Each member of the three classes of rhizobia can nodulate a specific legume: R. leguminosarum bv. viciae nodulates pea and vetch; R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii (hereafter referred to as R. trifolii) nodulates clover; and B. japonicum nodulates soybean. This host specificity is observed throughout the nodulation process, including the early stages before infection initiation. It is most likely determined by multiple levels of interactions between components derived from both partners of the symbiosis (Erewin, N. J., Ann. Rev. Cell Biol. 7:191-226 (1991); Sanchez, F., et al., Ann. Rev. Plant

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Physiol. Mol. Biol. 42:507-528 (1991); and Fisher, R. F., et al., Nature 357:655:660 (1992)). ... First, there are diffusible signals from the plant to the bacteria. Rhizobia are chemotactic towards specific flavonoid compounds released by the legume roots (Brewin, N. J., Ann. Rev. Cell Biol. 7:191-226 (1991); Sanchez, F., et al., Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Mol. Biol. 42:507-528 (1991); Fisher, R. F., et al., Nature 357:655:660 (1992); Maxwell, C. A., et al., Plant Physiol. 93:1552-1558 (1990)). The flavonoids induce transcription of an important set of nodulation (nod) genes in rhizobia. This process is mediated by nodD, the only nod gene constitutively expressed (Long, S. R., Cell 56:203214 (1989)). NodD proteins from different species of rhizobia recognize different flavonoids preferentially and these activate the transcription of the other nod genes. Thus, this molecular recognition constitutes an important first level determinant of hostRhizobium specificity (Brewin, N. J., Ann. Rev. Cell Biol. 7:191-226 (1991); Sanchez, F., et al., Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Mol. Biol. 42:507-528 (1991); Fisher, R. F., et al., Nature 357:655:660 (1992)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05863728__ •

Drilling fluid with stabilized browning reaction anionic carbohydrate Inventor(s): Sheu; Jim J. (Houston, TX), Bland; Ronald G. (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): Baker Hughes Incorporated (Houston, TX) Patent Number: 5,110,484 Date filed: June 28, 1990 Abstract: A fluid is provided for the drilling, workover or completion of a subterranean well comprising an aqueous base, the browning reaction product of a carbohydrate, and a cation. Inversion of non-reducing sugars is effected on selected carbohydrates, with the inversion also catalyzing the browning reaction. Inhibition of continued in-situ browning reaction is provided by the addition of a stabilizer. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a fluid for the drilling, workover or completion of a subterranean well and to a stabilized additive and method of inhibiting the swelling of shale with such stabilized additive in such fluid. ... The Cannon '858 and '312 patents generally disclose the use of various polyhydroxy compounds which includes certain carbohydrates, such as sucrose, which are simultaneously added with an alkaline material, such a caustic soda, in aqueous drilling fluids for purposes of inhibiting shale swelling. ... While it is questionable that a "browning reaction" as hereinafter defined, occurs in the in-situ reaction of these patents, any such reaction could be undesirable in that it is performed in an uncontrolled environment. Additionally, a browning reaction which is catalyzed by acid and enzymatic initiation is not taught or suggested in such prior art. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05110484__

Patents 259

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Dry cleaning system comprising carbon dioxide solvent and carbohydrate containing cleaning surfactant Inventor(s): Murphy; Dennis Stephen (Wyckoff, NJ), Binder; David Alan (Saddle Brook, NJ) Assignee(s): Unilever Home & Personal Care USA (Greenwich, CT) Patent Number: 6,369,014 Date filed: May 24, 2001 Abstract: This invention is directed to a surfactant comprising a carbohydrate group that results in superior cleaning in a dry cleaning system. The surfactant has a hydrocarbon group that is more solvent-philic than a carbohydrate group, and can result in reverse micelle formation in a densified gas like densified carbon dioxide. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to a surfactant comprising a carbohydrate group. More particularly, the invention is directed to a surfactant comprising a carbohydrate group that results in superior cleaning properties in a dry cleaning system. ... In many cleaning applications, it is desirable to remove contaminants (e.g., stains) from substrates, like metal, ceramic, polymeric, composite, glass and textile comprising substrates. Particularly, it is highly desirable to remove contaminants from clothing whereby such contaminants include dirt, salts, food stains, oils, greases and the like. ... Typically, dry-cleaning systems use organic solvents, like chlorofluorocarbons, perchloroethylene and branched hydrocarbons to remove contaminants from substrates. In response to environmental concerns, other dry-cleaning systems have been developed that use inorganic solvents, such as densified carbon dioxide, to remove contaminants from substrates. The systems that use carbon dioxide to remove contaminants from substrates generally employ a surfactant and a polar co-solvent so that a reverse micelle may be formed to trap the contaminant targeted for removal. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06369014__

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Drying co-mingled carbohydrate solution and recycled product by dielectric heating Inventor(s): Veltman; Preston L. (212 Old County Rd., Severna Park, MD 21146) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,294,624 Date filed: March 14, 1980 Abstract: A method of forming dried, solid particulate products from carbohydrate solutions, including complex carbohydrate solutions in the presence of recycled dried product using dielectric heating to supply heat of water vaporization. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of drying which is especially effective for forming solid, particulate and stable products from carbohydrate solutions, including complex carbohydrate solutions. ... U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,600,222, 3,956,009 and 4,162,926 teach methods for forming particulate, free-flowing solid products from sugar solutions. ... U.S. Pat. No. 3,600,222 discloses a process for drying sucrose solutions wherein separate feeds of sucrose solution and fine sucrose particles are dispersed in a current of heated air, water is evaporated from the sucrose solution which becomes coated on the sucrose particles, and the coated particles are recovered. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04294624__

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Electrochemical detector for liquid chromatographic analysis of carbohydrates Inventor(s): Kuwana; Theodore (Lawrence, KS), Marioli; Juan (Lawrence, KS), Zadeii; Javad M. (Lawrence, KS) Assignee(s): Shimadzu Corporation (Kyoto, JP) Patent Number: 5,031,449 Date filed: March 2, 1990 Abstract: A highly sensitive and selective electrochemical detector has been developed for the liquid chromatograph analysis of carbohydrates. This detector includes copper particles and copper particles coated with copper oxide particles dispersed in a perfluorosulfonate ionomer film which is cast onto the surface of a glassy carbon electrode. The copper is electrochemically dispersed into the perfluorosulfonate ionomer by a constant potential method. The response of the detector is based on the electrolytic generation of a higher oxidation state species of copper catalytically oxidizing carbohydrates in alkaline solutions at a pH greater than 13. Excerpt(s): Carbohydrates are energy-sustaining biomolecules which are an essential part of our diet and are important in monitoring and treating diseases such as diabetes. Thus, sensitive and selective methods for the quantitative analysis of carbohydrates are required. ... Liquid chromatography has been used effectively for the separation of carbohydrates in conjunction with several spectrophotometric detection techniques. Such detection methods include refractive index and post-column fluorometric detection methods. Refractive index detectors inherently exhibit poor sensitivity and fluorometric detectors often require extensive chemical alteration of carbohydrates, to include stronger chromophores in their chromophoric poor structures. ... In addition to these detectors, electrochemical detectors have been developed for the quantitative analysis of carbohydrates. For example, Johnson et al. Anal. Chim. Acta 1983, 149 1-10 and Chim. Acta. 1981, 132 11-22 have developed a pulse amperometric detector (PAD) that allows for the quantitative analysis of sugars and other compounds in highly basic solutions following high performance liquid chromatographic separations. The mechanism of such analysis relies on the adsorption of carbohydrates on gold or platinum electrodes and their subsequent electrocatalytic oxidation. Triple-pulse waveform detectors have attracted considerable attention and have become commercially available, but exhibit the following drawbacks: 1) the pulse detection mode has a high charging current that results in poor sensitivity as compared to the commonly used DC detection mode; and 2) the formation of oxide layers on the electrode surface requires continuous pulsing (surface reactivation) to maintain activity, sensitivity and stability. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05031449__

Patents 261

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Enhancement of the cellular immune response using carbohydrate primed DTH effector cells expressing the CD5+/CD8- phenotype Inventor(s): Longenecker; B. Michael (Edmonton, CA), Henningsson; Carina (Edmonton, CA) Assignee(s): Biomira, Inc. (Edmonton, CA) Patent Number: 4,971,795 Date filed: July 21, 1988 Abstract: DTH-Effector cells are primed with carbohydrate antigens and used to enhance the cellular immune response. Tumors have been inhibited by DTH-Effector cells primed with epiglycanin and with synthetic T and Tn antigens. Either the DTHEffector cells, or these tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens directly, may be used for tumor prophylaxis and therapy. Excerpt(s): Vertebrates have two basic immune responses: humoral or cellular. Humoral immunity is provided by the special class of cells produced by B lymphocytes. These cells produce antibodies which circulate in the blood and lymphatic fluid. On the other hand, cell mediated immunity is provided by the T cells of the lymphatic system. ... The cellular immune response is particularly effective against fungi, parasites, intracellular viral infections, cancer cells and foreign matter, whereas the humoral response primarily defends against the extracellular phases of bacterial and viral infections. ... Containment of antigen at its point of entry is accomplished by walling off the area by local inflammation. Acute inflammation is characterized by the influx of plasma proteins and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Chronic inflammation is characterized by the infiltration of T-lymphocytes and macrophages. When acute (antibody induced) and chronic (T cell induced) inflammations occur in the o skin, they are called immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity reactions respectively. ITH peaks at 24 hours, and subsides in 48 hours DTH appears in 24-48 hours and peaks at 48-72 hours. The subset of T cells involved in DTH reactions are called here DTH-Effector cells. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04971795__

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Entrapping additives in carbohydrate bodies Inventor(s): Blake; Andrea S. (Chantilly, VA), Yang; Robert K. (Flushing, NY), Fuisz; Richard C. (McLean, VA) Assignee(s): Fuisz Technologies Ltd. (Chantilly, VA) Patent Number: 5,874,110 Date filed: July 22, 1997 Abstract: The present invention is a method of entrapping an additive within carbohydrate bodies. The additive is drawn into the internal structure as a fluid during transformation of the bodies from a substantially amorphous state to a crystalline state. The present invention is also a delivery system including a carbohydrate body having an internal free volume space defined by an at least partially crystalline structure at equilibrium conditions, and an additive loaded within the carbohydrate body. Excerpt(s): Specialized processes for physically combining materials are often used in the food and pharmaceutical fields. The advantages of providing comestibles units which deliver more than one ingredient at a time are clear. Such advantages include lower cost, greater efficiency of production and ease of consumption (e.g., ingestion). ...

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Various processes are conventionally used to make such units. ... U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,507 to Whistler, incorporated herein by reference, covers porous spherical starch granules whose surfaces contain additives which can be released when rubbed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05874110__ •

Enzymatic method for synthesis of carbohydrates Inventor(s): Nilsson; Kurt (Andjaktsv. 6, Lund, SE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,532,147 Date filed: February 7, 1994 Abstract: A synthetic method in which is included at least one process, which is characterized by that a glycosidase (EC 3.2) is used to catalyse a reaction between a partially protected galactose derivative, or a partially protected glucose derivative, and a glycosyl doner, which is an oligosaccharide or a monosaccharide glycoside, is described. The process is suitable for synthesis of carbohydrate derivatives or for synthesis of partially protected carbohydrate intermediates which are suitable for further synthesis e.g. of blood group determinants A and B, or other carbohydrates. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a procedure for synthesis of derivatives of galactose containing carbohydrates and of glucose containing carbohydrates which are suitable for further synthesis of, for example, biological receptor structures, such as blood group determinants, or of other derivatives which can be used directly in medical/diagnostical applications. ... frequently, only a smaller sequence (di- or trisaccharide) of the carbohydrate part of the glycoconjugate is required for full biological activity (e.g. receptor activity). ... Oligosaccharide derivatives which contain one or more modified/derivatised monosaccharide units, for example deoxy-, phospho, sulphate-, derivatised amino- or thio groups, are of high interest for pharmaceutical or diagnostic applications of carbohydrates, to modify the metabolism of the substance and/or to increase the biological effect of the natural substance. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05532147__

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Enzymatic synthesis of isotopically labeled carbohydrates Inventor(s): Goux; Warren J. (Farmers Branch, TX) Assignee(s): Board of Regents, The University of Texas System (Austin, TX) Patent Number: 5,302,520 Date filed: March 25, 1993 Abstract: The present invention relates to a general method of enzymatic synthesis of isotopically labeled carbohydrates, sugars and nucleosides. Labeled citric acid cycle intermediates, amino acids and ribose mononucleotides may be rapidly and conveniently synthesized from labeled pyruvate, lactate or L-alanine. The method employs a novel nicotinamide dinucleotide regeneration system which permits use of low NADH levels. The method may be manipulated to allow labeling at a variety of carbon/hydrogen sites.

Patents 263

Excerpt(s): The invention is a method of enzymatic synthesis of isotopically labeled metabolites. In particular, the invention relates to a rapid and convenient synthesis of isotopically labeled carbohydrates, citric acid cycle intermediates, amino acids and ribose mononucleotides, all of which may be derived from labeled pyruvate, lactate or L-alanine. ... Methods of preparing sugars and nucleotides labeled in the carbohydrate moiety have traditionally utilized the reactions of classic organic chemistry, (1-3). Typically, an aldose is prepared labeled at the anomeric carbon (C-1) by condensing an aldose one carbon shorter with isotopically labeled cyanide for the preparation of carbon-13 or carbon-14 labeled sugars. Deuterium, tritium or oxygen labeled isotopes may be prepared by subsequent reduction with hydrogen isotope in the presence of isotopically enriched aqueous solution, (4-6). Using this reaction sequence, a mixture of C-2 epimers is obtained, which then must be separated by chromatography. Yields of the desired product are usually in the range of 40-80%. Labeling at C-2 may be achieved by a molybdate ion catalyzed epimerization followed by chromatography. In order to label carbon sites other than C-1 or C-2, the entire sequence of reactions must be repeated, using the appropriately labeled material during one of the turns of the cycle. Not unexpectedly, each turn of such a cycle severely diminishes the yield of the desired product. ... Labeling at internal carbon sites of a carbohydrate is best accomplished by enzymatic routes. Due to the permissive nature of rabbit muscle aldolase to accept a range of three to six carbon aldehydes, a variety of labeled sugar phosphates can be prepared enzymatically if the appropriately labeled substrate is provided (7-13). The labeled substrate is prepared by a chemical method, such as those described above, or enzymatically prepared from glycerol. In general, synthesis of these precursors may require several steps. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05302520__ •

Enzymatic synthesis of isotopically labeled carbohydrates, nucleotides and citric acid intermediates Inventor(s): Goux; Warren J. (Farmers Branch, TX) Assignee(s): Board of Regents, The University of Texas System (Austin, TX) Patent Number: 5,227,296 Date filed: September 25, 1990 Abstract: The present invention relates to a general method of enzymatic synthesis of isotopically labeled carbohydrates, sugars and nucleosides. Labeled citric acid cycle intermediates, amino acids and ribose mononucleotides may be rapidly and conveniently synthesized from labeled pyruvate, lactate or L-alanine. The method employs a novel nicotinamide dinucleotide regeneration system which permits use of low NADH levels. The method may be manipulated to allow labeling at a variety of carbon/hydrogen sites. Excerpt(s): The invention is a method of enzymatic synthesis of isotopically labeled metabolites. In particular, the invention relates to a rapid and convenient synthesis of isotopically labeled carbohydrates, citric acid cycle intermediates, amino acids and ribose mononucleotides, all of which may be derived from labeled pyruvate, lactate or L-alanine. ... Methods of preparing sugars and nucleotides labeled in the carbohydrate moiety have traditionally utilized the reactions of classic organic chemistry, (1-3). Typically, an aldose is prepared labeled at the anomeric carbon (C-1) by condensing an aldose one carbon shorter with isotopically labeled cyanide for the preparation of carbon-13 or carbon-14 labeled sugars. Deuterium, tritium or oxygen labeled isotopes

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may be prepared by subsequent reduction with hydrogen isotope in the presence of isotopically enriched aqueous solution, (4-6). Using this reaction sequence, a mixture of C-2 epimers is obtained, which then must be separated by chromatography. Yields of the desired product are usually in the range of 40-80%. Labeling at C-2 may be achieved by a molybdate ion catalyzed epimerization followed by chromatography. In order to label carbon sites other than C-1 or C-2, the entire sequence of reactions must be repeated, using the appropriately labeled material during one of the turns of the cycle. Not unexpectedly, each turn of such a cycle severely diminishes the yield of the desired product. ... Labeling at internal carbon sites of a carbohydrate is best accomplished by enzymatic routes. Due to the permissive nature of rabbit muscle aldolase to accept a range of three to six carbon aldehydes, a variety of labeled sugar phosphates can be prepared enzymatically if the appropriately labeled substrate is provided (7-13). The labeled substrate is prepared by a chemical method, such as those described above, or enzymatically prepared from glycerol. In general, synthesis of these precursors may require several steps. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05227296__ •

Fermentable sugar from the hydrolysis of carbohydrate polymer Inventor(s): Muller; Werner C. (Dobbs Ferry, NY), Miller; Franklyn D. (Cincinnati, OH) Assignee(s): National Distillers and Chemical Corporation (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,421,856 Date filed: November 12, 1981 Abstract: The yield of fermentable sugar, largely glucose (dextrose), resulting from the acid catalyzed hydrolysis of a carbohydrate polymer such as starch or cellulose can be significantly increased by the addition to the hydrolysate under acid hydrolysis conditions of water soluble non-fermentable carbohydrate such as stillage recovered from a downstream ethanol distillation facility. Excerpt(s): This application discloses subject matter which is disclosed and claimed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,247,638, filed May 29, 1979, U.S. Pat. No. 4,255,518, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 91,640 filed Nov. 5, 1979 now abandoned in favor of copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 237,038, filed Feb. 23, 1981 and U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 320,278 filed of even date herewith. ... This invention relates to the acid hydrolysis of aqueous slurries of carbohydrates such as starches derived from cereal grains, amylaceous roots and tubers, and cellulose in the form of saw dust, wood chips, bark, paper, rags, etc. ... With the ever-increasing depletion of economically recoverable petroleum reserves, the production of ethanol from vegetative sources as a partial or complete replacement for conventional fossil-based liquid fuels becomes more attractive. In some areas, the economic and technical feasibility of using a 90% unleaded gasoline-10% anhydrous ethanol blend ("gasohol") has shown encouraging results. According to a recent study, gasohol powered automobiles have averaged a 5% reduction in fuel compared to unleaded gasoline powered vehicles and have emitted one-third less carbon monoxide than the latter. In addition to offering promise as a practical and efficent fuel, biomass-derived ethanol in large quantities and at a competitive price has the potential in some areas for replacing certain petroleum-based chemical feedstocks. Thus, for example, ethanol can be catalytically dehydrated to ethylene, one of the most important of all chemical raw materials both in terms of quantity consumed and versatility in product synthesis.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04421856__ •

Fluorophore assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis diagnosis Inventor(s): Klock, Jr.; John C. (Nicasio, CA) Assignee(s): Glyko, Inc. (Novato, CA) Patent Number: 6,007,691 Date filed: April 23, 1993 Abstract: The subject invention provides methods and kits for conveniently diagnosing various physiological conditions that produce altered levels of specific carbohydrates, known as diagnostic carbohydrates. Measurement of the levels of the diagnostic carbohydrates is performed by fluorophore assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. Physiological conditions of particular interest that may be ascertained by the subject invention include carbohydrate metabolism diseases, autoimmune diseases, neoplasia, toxic chemical exposure and microbial infections. Fluorophore assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis diagnosis may be applied to various patient specimens, including blood, urine and skin. Excerpt(s): The subject invention is in the field of medical diagnostics, in particular diagnostics based on changes in carbohydrate composition. ... Carbohydrates play a number of extremely important roles in the functioning of living organisms. In addition to their metabolic and storage roles, carbohydrates are covalently attached to numerous other molecules such as proteins and lipids. Molecules such as glycoproteins and glycolipids are generally referred to as glycoconjugates. The biological importance of the carbohydrate portion of glycoconjugates can be seen, for example, in the role they play in affect the ability of glycoproteins to perform their biological functions, including such functions as ligand or receptor recognition. ... As a consequence of their diverse and important biological functions, aberrations in the synthesis, degradation, or modification of carbohydrates may give rise to several diseases. Similarly many disease may alter the body's physiology so as to give rise to altered carbohydrate metabolism or the improper glycosylation of proteins, lipids and other glycoconjugates in the body. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06007691__

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Fluorophore assisted derivatization analysis of carbohydrates Inventor(s): Klock, Jr.; John C. (Mill Valley, CA) Assignee(s): Glyko, Inc. (Novato, CA) Patent Number: 6,048,707 Date filed: August 31, 1992 Abstract: Methods and kits for structurally analyzing carbohydrate molecules are taught. Carbohydrates for analysis are derivatized (preferably methylated) and then hydrolyzed into constituent monosaccharides. The derivatized monosaccharides are then labeled by a fluorophore and separated from one another by electrophoresis. The identity of derivatized monosaccharides is established by comparison with identification standards. The electrophoresis separation patterns may be visualized by a charged coupled device camera or photographically.

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Excerpt(s): The subject invention is in the field of chemical structural analysis, in particular the structural analysis of carbohydrates. ... Carbohydrates play a number of extremely important roles in the functioning of living organisms. In addition to their metabolic and storage roles, carbohydrates are covalently attached to numerous other molecules such as proteins and lipids. Molecules such as glycoproteins and glycolipids are generally referred to as glycoconjugates. The biological importance of the carbohydrate portion of glycoconjugates can be seen, for example, in the role the carbohydrate portions play in affecting the ability of glycoproteins to perform their biological functions, including such functions as ligand or receptor recognition. ... Carbohydrates display an enormous amount of structural variation. This variation stems not only from the wide variety of available monosaccharide units that may be combined to form a larger polysaccharide or oligosaccharide, but from the multitude of possible structural linkages between monosaccharide units. For example, while an oligopeptide containing three different amino acids has six possible configurations, an oligosaccharide containing three different hexose monomers can form at least 200 possible structures. These molecules may vary enormously with respect to their biological properties. Thus it is of interest to provide methods for analyzing both the identity of the monosaccharides units in a given polysaccharide, and the structure of the linkages joining the monosaccharide units to one another. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06048707__ •

Foaming cappuccino creamer containing gasified carbohydrate Inventor(s): Zeller; Bary Lyn (Glenview, IL), Kiessling; Thomas Richard (New York, NY) Assignee(s): Kraft Foods, Inc. (Northfield, IL) Patent Number: 6,129,943 Date filed: June 22, 1999 Abstract: A particulate, dry-mix foaming creamer composition comprising a particulate protein component in an amount of from 1 to 30%, a foam-generating amount of a particulate, gasified carbohydrate, preferably from 20 to 90%, said carbohydrate having a bulk density of less than 0.3 g/cc and a lipid in an amount of from 0 to 30%, all amounts based upon the weight of the composition. The creamer can be added to brewed coffee to produce a cappuccino-type whitened coffee with a surface layer of foam or it can be added to instant coffee and optionally a sweetener to produce a particulate, dry-mix instant cappuccino product. Excerpt(s): Dry-mix instant cappuccino beverages have been traditionally formulated using one of two available techniques to produce a head of foam upon reconstitution in water. The most practiced method is to formulate a complex spray-dried gasified creamer powder containing a protein source, typically non-fat milk (NFDM), a fat source, typically a partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, and a carrier, typically a carbohydrate. Protein-rich ingredients such as milk powders are used to trap gas bubbles injected in the creamer during spray-drying. The resulting low-density foaming creamer releases its encapsulated gas to produce a foam when reconstituted in water. A less practiced method is to dry blend chemical carbonation reagents with a non-gasified high-density creamer, usually formulated with the same ingredients used in the lowdensity creamers. The creamer traps the carbon dioxide gas released from the chemical carbonation reagents during reconstitution in water to produce foam. The effectiveness of foaming can be improved for either method by adding film-forming ingredients such as starch, gum, or additional protein to the finished dry-mix cappuccino composition. ...

Patents 267

Foaming creamers produced by gas injection are difficult to produce and test and those which contain milk proteins often develop processed or cooked flavors during their production. Use of chemical carbonation reagents, typically a combination of a food acidulant and an alkaline bicarbonate salt, to generate foam can impart a salty or bitter flavor to the cappuccino beverage, the volume of foam obtained is greatly dependent on beverage temperature, the amounts of these additives must be carefully controlled and products containing them typically must be packaged as single servings to ensure effective foam generation, acid-alkali neutralization, and beverage pH. Additionally, their use can increase cost and create an undesirable package ingredient line for some products, and products formulated with these reagents are difficult to rework if production errors occur. ... There is a need for particulate dry-mix foaming creamers that can be made simply. There is also a need for such creamers which when formulated with milk protein, do not develop processed or cooked flavors during the production. There is still a further need to avoid the problems associated with the use of chemical carbonation reagents such as the considerable variability in the volume of foam generated over the wide range of beverage temperatures used to prepare cappuccino beverages, potential adverse effects on flavor quality, and the need for precise weight controls during manufacture. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06129943__ •

Food energy utilization from carbohydrates in animals Inventor(s): Ashmead; H. DeWayne (Fruit Heights, UT) Assignee(s): Albion Laboratories, Inc. (Clearfield, UT) Patent Number: 5,882,685 Date filed: January 22, 1992 Abstract: A method for facilitating digestion of carbohydrates into simple sugars in warm-blooded animals by maintaining and enhancing the natural disaccharidase enzymatic activity in the mucosal cells of the small intestines. Iron is an essential mineral and other minerals selected from the group consisting of copper, zinc, manganese and cobalt are provided in the form of amino acid chelates having a ligand to mineral molar ratio of at least 1:1, a molecular weight of no more than 1500 daltons and a stability constant of between about 10.sup.6 and 10.sup.16 and administered orally. Additionally, magnesium and chromium, as amino acid chelates, may be added to improve disaccharidase activity as may potassium in inorganic salt form or as a 1:1 ligand to potassium amino acid complex. The minerals are taken into the mucosal cells lining the small intestine where they are utilized to facilitate the production and activity of disaccharidase enzymes such as maltases, sucrase and lactase. These enzymes promote the hydrolysis of disaccharides resulting from degradation of more complex carbohydrates or of sucrose and lactose into simple sugars or monosaccharides for absorption from the intestinal tract. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to improving energy derived from digestion of carbohydrates in warm-blooded animals. More particularly, this invention relates to improving the digestion coefficient of carbohydrates in warm-blooded animals through the use of certain amino acid chelates to stimulate and enhance enzymatic carbohydrase activity. ... In formulating feeds or diets for warm-blooded animals, including human beings, five of the six basic nutrients are generally taken into account. These are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals; the sixth nutrient being water. The percentage of each nutrient digested in the food is called its "digestion coefficient."

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Average digestion coefficients for many foods or ingredients of foods are provided in data tables as a result of numerous balance studies. ... Balance studies are done by first analyzing the food for the percentage of each nutrient that it contains. After a preliminary period of several days to allow the residue of any former food to be eliminated, a certain quantity of experimental food with a known nutrient composition is fed daily to the test animal or animals. The feces are collected, weighed and analyzed. The differences between the amount of the nutrient in the food ingested and the amount found in the feces is the amount of nutrient that is digested from the food being studied. As stated above, the percentage of food digested is called the digestion coefficient. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05882685__ •

Functionalizing carbohydrate derivatives by base-induced .beta.-eliminatiom forming bioactive derivatives containing hydroxy-diene subunits Inventor(s): Sun; Lumin (Richardson, TX), Falck; John R. (Dallas, TX) Assignee(s): University of Texas System Board of Regents (Austin, TX) Patent Number: 5,334,736 Date filed: May 16, 1991 Abstract: A method to functionalize carbohydrate derivatives by base-induced .beta.elimination and subsequent olefination to form biologically active products containing .alpha.-hydroxy-diene or .alpha.,.beta.-dihydroxy-diene subunits. Also disclosed are methods to prepare biologically active derivatives of fatty acids containing .alpha.hydroxy-diene groups and .alpha.,.beta.-dihydroxy-diene groups from derivatives of 2deoxyfuranoses and derivatives of 2-deoxypyranoses, respectively. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to functionalizing carbohydrate derivatives by base-induced .beta.-elimination and subsequent olefination to form products containing a subunit having at least one hydroxyl group and a diene group. More specifically, the present invention relates to functionalizing derivatives of 2-deoxyfuranoses and derivatives of 2-deoxypyranoses by base-induced .beta.-elimination and subsequent olefination to form biologically active derivatives of fatty acids containing .alpha.hydroxy-diene groups and .alpha.,.beta.-dihydroxy-diene groups, respectively. ... The oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid yields a variety of biologically active substances which are thought to serve as mediators of intracellular events within tissue (Samuelsson, B., et al. (1978) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 42: 997; Lewis, R. A., et al. (1982) Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 4: 85). Action by the cyclooxygenase enzyme leads to the production of prostaglandins (Lands, W. E. M., et al. (1983) Prostaglandins and Related Substances (Pace-Asciak, C., and Granstrom, E., eds) pp. 203-222, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam), prostacyclin (Moncado, S., et al. (1987) Thromb. Res. 11: 323), and thromboxanes (Hamberg, M., et al. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70: 899), while action by the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme leads to the production of leukotriene A.sub.4 which is the precursor for the sulfidopeptide leukotrienes (slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis) (Murphy, R. C., et al. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76: 4275) as well as the chemotactic factor for neutrophils, leukotriene B.sub.4 (Borgeat, P., et al. (1979 ) J. Biol. Chem. 254: 7865). In addition, there are other lipoxygenases which catalyze the production of 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (Nugteren, D. H. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 380: 299) and 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (Narumiya, S., et al. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256: 9583). Arachidonic acid could also serve as a substrate for hepatic cytochrome P-450 in the generation of hydroxy and epoxy metabolites of this polyunsaturated fatty acid (Capdevila, J., et al. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78:

Patents 269

5362; Oliw, E. H., et al. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257: 3771; Morrison, A., et al. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78: 7375). These molecules, in particular the epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, have potent pharmacological actions releasing peptide hormones such as luteinizing hormone (Snyder, G. D., et al. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80: 3504), prolactin (Cashman, J. R., et al. (1987) Neuroendocrinology 46: 246), and somatostatin (Capdevila, J., et al. (1983) Endocrinology 113: 421) from brain tissue, as well as insulin from pancreatic islet cells (Falck, J. R., et al. (1983) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 114: 743). Furthermore, the cytochrome P-450-derived epoxides have significant effects on the inhibition of chloride transport (Jacobson, H. R., et al. (1984) Prostaglandins and Membrane Ion Transport (Braquet, P., et al. eds) pp. 311-318, Raven Press, New York), inhibition of platelet aggregation (Fitzpatrick, F. A., et al. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261: 15334), the ability to mobilize microsomal calcium ions (Kutsky, P., et al. (1983) Prostaglandins 26: 13), and have the property to inhibit calcium ionophore-induced neutrophil aggregation (Kraemer, R., et al. (1987) Am. J. Pathol. 128: 446). It was described that the 12(R)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12(R)-HETE), produced by cytochrome P-450 from the bovine corneal epithelial cells, was a potent inhibitor of the Na.sup.+ /K.sup.+ -ATPase in the cornea (Schwartzman, M. L., et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84: 8125). ... Recently, it was shown that when corneal microsomes were incubated with arachidonic acid in the presence of an NADPH-generating system, four metabolites were found. Two of these were biologically active; one of the metabolites, 12(R)-HETE, was found to inhibit partially purified Na.sup.+ /K.sup.+ ATPase from the corneal epithelium in a dose-dependent manner with an ID.sub.50 of 50 nM. The second compound, 12(R)-hydroxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid, was found also to be biologically active, leading to vascular reactivity and vasodilation in the intact eye (Schwartzman, M. L., et al. (1987) Invest. Opthalmol. Visual Sci. 3: Suppl. 28, 328). The latter compound is the vasodilator (Murphy, R. C., et al. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263: 17197). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05334736__ •

Genetic manipulation of plants to increase stored carbohydrates Inventor(s): Jacques; Nicholas Anthony (24 Moncrieff Dr., East Ryde, AU), Simpson; Christine Lynn (Flat 0, Ashtree House Claremont Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, GB), Giffard; Philip Morrison (12 Myuna Street, Balmoral, AU) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,981,838 Date filed: April 25, 1997 Abstract: The present invention relates to plants genetically modified to increase the level of stored carbohydrates in the plant, particularly during periods of high sink activity and low source activity through production of a glycosyl-transferase which catalyzes the formation of soluble glucans. The invention also relates to the genetic constructs used to produce the engineered plants and the method of producing the engineered plants. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to plants genetically modified to increase the level of stored carbohydrates in the plant, particularly during periods of high sink activity and low source activity. The invention also relates to the genetic constructs used to produce the engineered plants and the method of producing the engineered plants. ... The soluble storage carbohydrate found in plants, including sucrose, glucans, starch and fructans, are an important source of feed for animals, particularly grazing ruminants.

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These carbohydrates are stored non-structurally which makes them readily available for digestion by animals and therefore an important source of digestible energy. ... During periods of high sink activity and low source activity, such as during a drought, the level of stored carbohydrates falls as the non-structural storage carbohydrates are mobilised for use in seed filling. The result of this mobilisation, particularly in relation to pasture grasses, is a significant loss of feed value to grazing ruminants due to the reduction in the levels of the stored carbohydrates. This reduction is caused by the enzymatic degradation of the stored carbohydrates. This enzymatic degradation is assisted by the fact that the stored carbohydrates generally have a low degree of polymerization. For example, as noted by Radojevic et al 1994, during the period from late spring to early autumn in southern Australia, the declining feed quality of the grasses causes a corresponding reduction in the lactation by dairy herds and necessitates the use of supplementary feeds. This decline in digestibility is associated with a decline in the level of soluble carbohydrates. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05981838__ •

Hepatitis B virus surface proteins with reduced host carbohydrate content Inventor(s): Kniskern; Peter J. (Lansdale, PA), Hagopian; Arpi (Lansdale, PA) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 5,614,384 Date filed: January 4, 1995 Abstract: In order to produce hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface proteins in the form of particles with substantially reduced entrapped carbohydrate content, DNA encoding the HBV surface proteins was expressed in a recombinant yeast host which is deficient in its ability to glycosylate proteins. These HBV surface proteins display the antigenie sites genetically encoded by the S domain of the HBV virion envelope open reading frame and contains substantially reduced levels of entrapped carbohydrate when compared with HBsAg particles produced in "wild-type" yeast cells. These particles are useful as a vaccine for both the active and passive treatment or prevention of disease and/or infection caused by HBV or other agents serologically related to HBV. Excerpt(s): Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the infectious agent responsible for several varieties of human liver disease. Many individuals who are infected by HBV suffer through an acute phase of disease, which is followed by recovery. However, a percentage of infected individuals fail to clear their infection, thereby becoming chronic carriers of the infection. HBV infection is endemic in many parts of the world, with a high incidence of infection occurring perinatally from chronically infected mothers to their newborns who themselves often remain chronically infected. The number worldwide has been estimated at over three hundred million. From this pool of carriers, hundreds of thousands die annually from the long-term consequences of chronic hepatitis B (cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma). ... The hepatitis B delta virus is an agent which, during coinfection with HBV, is responsible for an acute fulminating disease with a generally fatal resolution. The delta virus does not encode (from its own genetic material) proteins which serve as the virion envelope; rather, the virus encapsidates with the envelope proteins encoded by the coinfecting HBV, thereby sharing a close structural and immunologic relationship with the HBV proteins which are described below. It is unknown at this time whether other infectious agents share similar relationships with HBV. However, it is clear that proteins with expanded breadth of serologic re-activity or enhanced immunogenic potency would be useful in

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systems for diagnosis or prevention (or treatment) of diseases (or infections) by a class of agents with even slight or partial antigenic cross-reactivity with HBV. ... The HB virion is composed of two groups of structural proteins, the core proteins and the envelope or surface proteins. In addition to being the major surface proteins or the virion, i.e., Dane particle, the envelope proteins also are the major constituents of Australia antigen, or 22 nm particles. These envelope proteins are the translational products of the large vital open reading frame (ORF) encoding at least 389 amino acids (aa). This ORF is demarcated into three domains, each of which begins with an ATG codon that is capable of functioning as a translational initiation site in vivo. These domains are referred to as preS1 (108 aa), preS2 (55 aa), and S (226 aa) in their respective 5'-3' order in the gens. Thus, these domains define three polypeptides referred to as S or HBsAg (226 aa), preS2+S (281 aa), and preS1+preS2+S (389 aa), also referred to as p24/gp27, p30/gp33/gp36 and p39/gp42 respectively (as well as the major, middle and large proteins). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05614384__ •

Hydrocracking of carbohydrates making glycerol, glycols and other polyols Inventor(s): Andrews; Mark A. (Ridge, NY), Klaeren; Stephen A. (Corpus Christi, TX) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the United States (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,026,927 Date filed: November 16, 1989 Abstract: A homogeneous process for hydrocracking of carbohydrates in the presence of soluble transition metal hydrogenation catalyst with the production of lower polyhydric alcohols. A carbohydrate is contacted with hydrogen in the presence of a soluble transition metal catalyst and a strong base at a temperature of from about 25.degree. C. to about 200.degree. C. and a pressure of from about 15 to about 3000 psi. Excerpt(s): The present invention is a process for the hydrocracking of carbohydrates in the presence of a homogeneous transition metal catalyst to give commercially important glycols. ... In the past, conversions of this type have been carried out using heterogeneous metal catalysts at high temperatures, typically about 200.degree. C., with hydrogen pressures over 500 psi, in the presence of promoters. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,496,780 disclosed the hydrocracking of carbohydrate polyols using a heterogeneous catalyst of a Group VIII metal such as ruthenium composited on a support and an alkaline earth metal oxide. The process requires a temperature of 150.degree. to 250.degree. C. and a pressure of 500-5,000 psig. U.S. Pat. No. 4,476,331 discloses hydrogenolysing of hydrogenated sugars to lower polyhydric alcohols using a supported, sulfided RuCl.sub.3 catalyst and a base, at a temperature of 150.degree.300.degree. C. and a hydrocarbon pressure of 500-5,000 psig. U.S. Pat. No. 4,401,823 describes the hydrogenolysis of plyhydroxylated compounds in the presence of a shaped carbonaceous prepolymer impregnated with a Group VIII metal such as ruthenium, at 175.degree.-250.degree. C. and 10-2,000 psi. ... Other heterogeneous hydrogenation catalysts such as supported nickel, platinum or palladium used with bases in the hydrogenolysis of carbohydrates are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,404,411 4,380,678, 3,396,199 and 3,030,429. Typical feedstocks are glucose or glucitol (sorbitol) and typical products are mixtures of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and glycerol. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05026927__

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Hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of carbohydrates with tungsten oxide promoted supported nickel catalyst Inventor(s): Wright; Leon W. (Wilmington, DE) Assignee(s): ICI United States Inc. (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 3,965,199 Date filed: May 10, 1974 Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the production of polyhydric alcohols from carbohydrates. Also disclosed is a catalyst comprising finely divided metallic nickel and finely divided tungsten oxide supported on an inert carrier wherein the metallic nickel is from 15 to 45% by weight, based on total weight of catalyst, and wherein the tungsten oxide is from 0.5 to 16% by weight, based on the total weight of catalyst. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to improved catalysts and to methods for the production of such catalysts. This invention further relates to an improved process for the production of polyhydric alcohols from carbohydrates. More particularly, this invention relates to tungsten oxide promoted supported nickel catalysts which are useful for the production of polyhydric alcohols from carbohydrates. ... The term "hydrogenation" as used throughout the specification and appended claims includes the addition of hydrogen to chemical compounds. ... The term "hydrogenolysis" as used throughout the specification and appended claims includes the cracking of the carbon to carbon linkage of a molecule and the addition of hydrogen to each of the fragments produced by the cracking. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03965199__

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Immobilized carbohydrate biosensor Inventor(s): Nilsson; Kurt (Andjaktsv. 6, S-226 53, Lund, SE), Mandenius; Carl-Fredrik (Stromkarlsv. 36, S-141 42, Huddinge, SE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,231,733 Date filed: December 19, 1994 Abstract: A biosensor in which a carbohydrate or a derivative of a carbohydrate is used to generate a detectable signal by way of the specific binding to a protein, a virus or a cell. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a biosensor in which a carbohydrate or a derivative thereof is used to generate a detectable signal via the specific binding of a protein, a virus or a cell. ... Biosensors are characterised by a physical or chemical signal transducer, which response is activated by a specific interaction between a biochemical structure (which directly or indirectly has been bound to the transducer) and one or several analytes. ... Biosensors are used to detect the analyte/analytes and in certain cases also for quantification of the analyte/analytes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06231733__

Patents 273

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Immunoassay for carbohydrate antigenic determinant Inventor(s): DelVillano, Jr.; Bert C. (Berwyn, PA), Liu; Yu-Sheng V. (Malvern, PA) Assignee(s): Centocor, Inc. (Malvern, PA) Patent Number: 5,126,243 Date filed: November 7, 1988 Abstract: An immunoassay for a carbohydrate antigenic determinant, such as CA 19-9, is disclosed in which the primary antigen-antibody reaction is carried out under acidic conditions. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the field of immunology and particularly relates to an immunoassay for detecting a carbohydrate antigenic determinant. ... Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies which have been produced by a cell line cloned from a single antibody producing cell. Monoclonal antibodies are extraordinarily pure, uniform and reproducible since each antibody is effective against a single antigenic determinant. ... Monoclonal antibodies can be obtained in significant quantities from hybridoma cells. Hybridoma cells are fused cells resulting from the fusion of antibody producing cells with tumor cells. The initial work relating to the production of such hybridoma cells was done by Cesar Milstein and George Kohler employing mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells taken from mice immunized with sheep red blood cells. See, Kohler et al., Eur. J. Immunol., 6, 511-19 (1976); Kohler et al., Nature, 256, 495-7 (1975); and Milstein, Scientific American, 243 (4), 66-74 (1980). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05126243__

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Increase of carbohydrate accumulation in plants by means of substituted derivatives of phenoxyalkanoic acids and cyclohexanediones Inventor(s): Bieringer; Hermann (Eppstein/Taunus, DE), Burstell; Helmut (Frankfurt am Main, DE), Handte; Reinhard (Hofheim am Taunus, DE), Kocher; Helmut (Hofheim am Taunus, DE), Schulze; Ernst-Friedrich (Hofheim am Taunus, DE) Assignee(s): Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft (Frankfurt am Main, DE) Patent Number: 4,564,381 Date filed: October 7, 1983 Abstract: A process for increasing the carbohydrate accumulation in plants by application of compounds of the class of phenoxyphenoxy-, pyridyloxy-, benzoxazolyloxy-, benzothiazolyloxy-, quinolinyloxy-, quinazolinyloxyphenoxypropionic acid derivatives or cyclohexanedione derivatives. Excerpt(s): It is known that numerous compounds of the classes of aromatically or heterocyclically substituted derivatives of phenoxyalkanoic acids and cyclohexanediones have a pronounced selective activity against annual and perennial monocotyledonous plants. Several of these compounds recently have become important herbicides. Examples thereof are described in German Offenlegungsschriften Nos. 2,223,894, 2,417,487, 2,433,067, 2,531,643, 2,649,706, 2,617,804, 2,623,558, 2,628,384, 2,640,730, 2,758,002, 2,822,304, 2,914,300, 2,921,567, 2,905,458, 2,921,567, 2,830,066 and 3,004,770; published European Patent Application Nos. 0,002,246, 0,021,453, 0,003,114, 0,018,080 and 0,003,890; published Japanese Patent Application Nos. 54-122,728, 54109,935 and 54-055,534; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,192,669, 3,950,420, 4,011,256 and Belgian Pat. No. 875,889. ... It has now been found that surprisingly a number of compounds of the above

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structure type cause an increased carbohydrate accumulation and thus increase of the sugar and starch content in many mono- and dicotyledonous plants when applied in subtoxic concentrations. ... It is known that application of certain herbicides in low concentration shortly before the harvest increases the formation of desirable plant ingredients such as carbohydrates. This phenomenon is supposed to be the result of a transformation of the plant metabolism due to the herbicide. In the course of this process which is sometimes accompanied by a retardation of the vegetative growth, an increased accumulation of sugar, starch and other important metabolic products can occur. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04564381__ •

Increasing carbohydrate deposition in plants with N-phosphono-methylglycine and derivatives thereof Inventor(s): Franz; John E. (Crestwood, MO) Assignee(s): Monsanto Company (St. Louis, MO) Patent Number: 3,988,142 Date filed: October 1, 1974 Abstract: N-phosphonomethylglycine and derivatives thereof useful to increase the carbohydrate deposition in plants. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for regulating the natural growth or development of plants by means of chemical treatment. More particularly, this invention is concerned with a method wherein plants are treated with a chemical substance which alters their natural growth or development to enhance various agricultural or horticultural features of the plants. As employed herein, the term "natural growth or development" designates the normal life cycle of the plant in accordance with its genetics and its environment, in the absence of artificial, external influences. ... It is to be understood, at the outset, that the regulation of natural growth and development hereinafter discussed does not include killing or herbicidal action. Although phytotoxic or lethal amounts of the materials disclosed herein might be employed to obtain a total inhibition of certain plants, it is contemplated here to employ only such amounts of said materials as will serve to regulate the natural growth and development. As may be expected, and as long understood by those skilled in the art, such effective plant regulating amounts will vary, not only with the particular material selected for treatment, but also with the regulatory effect to be achieved, the species of plant being treated and its stage of development, and whether a permanent or transient regulating effect is sought. Other factors which may bear upon the determination of an appropriate plant regulating amount include the plant growth medium, the manner in which the treatment is to be applied, weather conditions such as temperature or rainfall, and the like. ... In accordance with the instant invention it has been found that desirable regulation of natural plant growth or development is achieved by application of a selected material to seeds, seedlings before or after emergence, roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruit or other plant parts. Such application may be made directly to one or more of these plant parts, or application may be made indirectly as by treatment of the plant growth medium. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03988142__

Patents 275

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Increasing catalyst lifetime in hydrogenation of a carbohydrate in aqueous solution Inventor(s): Arena; Blaise J. (Des Plaines, IL) Assignee(s): UOP Inc. (Des Plaines, IL) Patent Number: 4,510,339 Date filed: July 9, 1984 Abstract: Improved lifetimes of group VIII metals used as hydrogenation catalysts for carbohydrates in aqueous solution may be obtained by utilizing carbohydrate feedstocks containing less than about 0.5 ppm dissolved oxygen prior to contact with catalyst under hydrogenation conditions. Using ruthenium as a catalyst, effective lifetime may be doubled with dissolved oxygen levels less than about 0.2 ppm. Excerpt(s): A prime consideration in any catalytic process is maximization of the catalyst lifetime. That is to say, it is desirable to have the catalyst perform at or near its optimum efficiency for as long as possible. The process of interest in this application is the catalytic hydrogenation of carbohydrates in aqueous solution. ... The discovery leading to the invention described herein is that spent catalyst used in the hydrogenation of a feedstock of glucose in aqueous solution contains gluconic acid, an oxidation product of glucose. Based on this discovery, use of feedstocks low in dissolved oxygen subsequently were shown to lead to substantially increased lifetime of hydrogenation catalysts, thereby affording a considerable improvement over existing processes. ... The purpose of this invention is to lengthen the life of a catalyst employed in the hydrogenation of an aqueous solution of a carbohydrate. In one embodiment the catalyst is a group VIII metal and the feedstock of carbohydrate and aqueous solution contains less than about 0.5 ppm dissolved oxygen immediately prior to its contact with catalyst under hydrogenation conditions. In a more specific embodiment the catalyst is ruthenium. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04510339__

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Inhibition of cell adhesion protein-carbohydrate interactions Inventor(s): Seed; Brian (Boston, MA), Walz; Gerd (Boston, MA) Assignee(s): The General Hospital Corporation (Boston, MA) Patent Number: 6,156,881 Date filed: January 12, 1999 Abstract: Disclosed is a method of inhibiting the binding of a cell bearing a cell adhesion protein to a molecule or cell bearing a carbohydrate determinant specific for the cell adhesion molecule. The method involves contacting the cell adhesion protein-bearing cell with an inhibitor molecule bearing the carbohydrate determinant. Also disclosed is a method of inhibiting the binding of the first member of a specific binding pair to the second member of the specific binding pair, involving contacting the first member with an antibody which is specific for the first member and which is covalently bonded to a carbohydrate moiety which interferes with the antibody's ability to fix complement and bind an F.sub.c receptor. The methods of the invention may be used, for example, to reduce inflammation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to therapeutic interference with interactions between cell adhesion proteins and their carbohydrate ligands. ... In general, the invention features a method of inhibiting the binding of a cell bearing a cell adhesion protein to a

276 Carbohydrates

molecule or cell bearing a carbohydrate determinant specific for the cell adhesion molecule. The method involves contacting the cell adhesion protein-bearing cell with an inhibitor molecule bearing the carbohydrate determinant. ... In preferred embodiments, the cell adhesion protein is a selectin, such as ELAM-1; the carbohydrate determinant is sialyl-Le.sup.x ; the sialyl-Le.sup.x determinant may be either N-linked or O-linked; the inhibitor molecule contains multiple sialyl-Le.sup.x determinants; the inhibitor molecule is a protein, preferably, .alpha..sub.1 -acid glycoprotein or an antibody, preferably, IgG1; the inhibitor molecule includes one or more of the N-linked glycan addition sites of .alpha..sub.1 -acid glycoprotein; and the inhibitor molecule is soluble. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06156881__ •

Labelled carbohydrates and their use in assays Inventor(s): Hawke; David Harry (Newportville, PA), Parekh; Rajesh Bhikhu (Oxford, GB), Goulding; Paul (Oxon, GB), Charles; Stephen Alexander (Oxon, GB) Assignee(s): Oxford Glycosystems Ltd. (Abingdon, Oxon, GB) Patent Number: 5,747,347 Date filed: March 19, 1996 Abstract: A method for distinguishing between carbohydrates or glycoconjugates in a mixture thereof, wherein the or each carbohydrate or glycoconjugate is a hydrophilic fluorescently-labelled saccharide molecule, wherein the label is a --NR--Ph--CO-- group, wherein R is selected from H and substituents, and Ph is phenylene. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to carbohydrates and in particular to (oligo)saccharides conjugated with a label which facilitates their identification and analysis. ... Oligosaccharide analysis may be performed by a variety of standard techniques including, but not limited to, gel filtration, ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction and hydrophilic interaction chromatography, mass spectrometry, gel electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis. Tritium-labelling is often used. There are also several reports detailing methods, especially by reductive amination, for labelling the reducing terminus of an oligosaccharide with, for example, UV-absorbing, fluorescent, or electro-chemically active labels. ... Many laboratories would prefer to avoid the use of radio-isotopes. For example, WO-A-9105256 discloses labelling carbohydrates with a fluorescent naphthalene ring structure which includes a chargecarrying substituent, for the purpose of separating and analysing the carbohydrates. The preferred labelling reagents are aminonaphthalenesulphonic acids. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05747347__

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Lectin derived carbohydrate binding-peptide Inventor(s): Heerze; Louis D. (Edmonton, CA), Armstrong; Glen D. (Edmonton, CA), Smith; Richard (Edmonton, CA) Assignee(s): Alberta Research Council (Edmonton, CA) Patent Number: 5,453,272 Date filed: December 21, 1992 Abstract: The invention is directed to a lectin derived carbohydrate binding-peptide which inhibits cell-mediated immune responses and has the amino acid sequence

Patents 277

SPYGRC. The peptide binds terminally linked .alpha.-sialic acid (2.fwdarw.3).beta.Galand .alpha.-sialic (2.fwdarw.6).beta.Gal-structures and is a acid fragment of the S2 subunit of pertussis toxin produced by Bordetella pertussis. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to methods for inhibiting immune responses or cellular interactions in mammals by the administration thereto of one or more lectin derived carbohydrate binding peptides. In particular, this invention is directed to methods for the suppression of inflammatory responses, induction of tolerance to antigens, modulation of the induction of immune responses to antigens, and the inhibition of cell adhesion in mammals by the administration of one or more carbohydrate binding peptides. The lectin derived carbohydrate binding peptides employed herein are preferably fragments of the S2 or S3 subunits of the pertussis toxin expressed by Bordetella pertussis or functionally equivalent variants thereof. ... 1. Brandley, et al., J. Leukocyte Biol., 40:97-111 (1986). ... 2. Jacobson, Developmental Neurobiology, New York, Plenum Press p. 5-25, (1978). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05453272__ •

Low carbohydrate oilseed lipid-protein comestible Inventor(s): Goodnight, Jr.; Kenneth C. (Evansville, IN), Hartman, Jr.; Grant H. (Evansville, IN) Assignee(s): Mead Johnson & Company (Evansville, IN) Patent Number: 4,088,795 Date filed: November 19, 1976 Abstract: An oilseed lipid-protein product adapted for food use is prepared by aqueous extraction of fat containing oilseed materials including the ground raw oilseed or full-fat oilseed flour or flake at a pH in excess of the isoelectric range of the protein for the purpose of solubilizing the protein. Insoluble material is removed by centrifugation or filtration, and soluble carbohydrate is removed from the resulting lipid-protein emulsion by membrane filtration. Excerpt(s): This invention is concerned with seed protein isolation and utilization. An oilseed fat containing protein product is produced. ... The prior art has dealt extensively with the subject of isolation, purification and improvement of the nutritional quality and flavor of oilseed protein and particularly soybean protein for the purpose of adapting these plentiful and inexpensive proteins for human consumption. Soybean protein in its native state is unpalatable and has impaired nutritional quality due to the presence of antinutritional factors which interfere with mineral absorption and protein digestion. Other oilseed proteins suffer from similar disadvantages including the presence of toxic principles. ... The prior art has dealt with the treatment and formulation of sources of these proteins in their native state such as the whole bean or seed and flours prepared therefrom to prepare palatable and digestible beverages, concentrates, or dried forms thereof which may be used to fortify other foods. The prior art has also dealt with the isolation and purification of these proteins for use as food ingredients. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04088795__

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Low molecular weight carbohydrates as additives to stabilize metal oxide compositions Inventor(s): Groman; Ernest V. (Brookline, MA), Josephson; Lee (Arlington, MA) Assignee(s): Advanced Magnetics, Inc. (Cambridge, MA) Patent Number: 5,248,492 Date filed: March 30, 1992 Abstract: This invention relates to compositions comprising a colloidal or particulate metal oxide which are stabilized by low molecular weight carbohydrates. The carbohydrates are characterized by the fact that a) they are not retained on the surface of the metal oxide based on the equilibrium room temperature dialysis of about 2 ml of the metal oxide composition at 0.2M metal concentration against deionized water; and b) they impart sufficient stability to the metal oxide compositions such that the compositions can withstand heat stress without perceptible aggregation as determined by a prescribed test procedure. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions comprising a colloidal or particulate metal oxide dissolved or suspended in a liquid carrier to which a soluble low molecular weight carbohydrate has been added. It has been discovered that the low molecular weight carbohydrate imparts significant stability to the compositions over a wide range of conditions without modifying the surface of the metal oxide. As such, the low molecular weight additives are useful in the formulation of diverse metal oxide products, including magnetic resonance contrast agents, anemia-treating pharmaceuticals and ferrofluids. ... The advent of magnetic resonance imaging in medicine has led to the investigation of a wide range of materials as magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agents. Some of the materials investigated are colloidal or particulate in nature. When colloidal or particulate materials are used as parenteral MR contrast agents, the presence of large particles or aggregates can be life-threatening to the subject recipient. In addition, considerations of consumer convenience, and the economic desirability of manufacturing a small number of large lots, require both a long shelf life and the storage of the colloid/particulate materials at ambient temperatures. The development of commercial parenteral MR contrast agents based on colloidal and particulate active ingredients requires that the desirable physical properties of the colloid/particulate material be maintained over a wide range of conditions. ... A common approach to the problem of instability in lyophobic colloids and particulate solutions involves the binding of certain agents to the surface of the colloid or particulate, so as to provide increased compatibility between the very large surface area of the colloid/particulate (i.e., large surface area per gram of colloid/particulate) and the solvent. This compatibility between surface and solvent leads to increased stability of the colloid/particulate upon autoclaving and/or storage. Polymeric, high molecular weight agents such as dextran (Hasegawa et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,435; Molday, U.S. Pat. No. 4,452,773 both incorporated herein by reference), bovine serum albumin (Owen, U.S. Pat. No. 4,795,698 incorporated herein by reference) and organosilane (Whitehead, U.S. Pat. No. 4,695,392 incorporated herein by reference) have been used to coat (or otherwise associate with) and presumably to stabilize colloid/particulate solutions. Currently known polymeric stabilizing agents typically have molecular weights above about 5,000 daltons. However, one significant problem encountered in the association of polymers with the surface of the colloid or particulate is that the polymers frequently dissociate from the surface upon prolonged storage or under high temperatures. Such dissociation directly and significantly decreases the stability of the colloid/ particulate solutions.

Patents 279

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05248492__ •

Low molecular weight glassy carbohydrate matrix encapsulating an emulsifier dry mix Inventor(s): van Lengerich; Bernhard (Plymouth, MN) Assignee(s): General Mills, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN) Patent Number: 6,096,363 Date filed: December 3, 1999 Abstract: Food compositions in the form of a glassy low molecular carbohydrate matrix comprising an emulsifier. The food compositions comprise about 50 to 90% of a low molecular carbohydrate and the balance emulsifier. The food compositions are in powder form (1000 .mu.m>) and are useful as emulsifier ingredients in dry mixes for dough and batters for prepared foods such as layer cakes, muffins, breads and pancakes. Also disclosed are preparation methods involving heating the low molecular carbohydrate to above its melting point, admixing the emulsifier to form a magma, rapidly cooling the magma sufficiently low enough to form a solid matrix and size reducing to form a powder of the requisite size. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to food products and to methods for the preparation and use thereof. More particularly, the present invention is directed towards glassy dextrin and sugar matrices containing emulsifiers. The emulsifier containing matrices are useful ingredients for dry mixes for prepared foods such as baked goods as well as to the processes for preparing and using such matrices. ... Dry mixes for food products are widely used. Conventionally, the consumer adds liquid ingredients such as water, milk, eggs, oil, shortening, butter, etc. to the dry mix to prepare a batter or dough. The batter or dough is then cooked to form a finished good such as by baking (e.g., for layer cakes, muffins, bread), or pan frying (e.g. crepes, pancakes, griddle cakes, Irish soda bread) or other means (e.g., microwave heating). ... Such mixes generally include emulsifiers as essential ingredients. The emulsifiers are added to control or impart desired end product attributes such as volume, moistness, tenderness, and other eating qualities. Frequently, the emulsifiers are added to influence interaction between one or more added ingredients, such as the water and/or oil added. In other variations, emulsifiers can be added to dry mixes whereby the shortening or added oil constituent is reduced or even eliminated to provide low fat or low calorie finished baked goods. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06096363__

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Low-carbohydrate high-protein creamer powder Inventor(s): Basa; Almario C. (Anaheim, CA) Assignee(s): Global Health Sciences, Inc. (Anaheim, CA) Patent Number: 6,426,110 Date filed: August 11, 2000 Abstract: A composition for a creamer powder is disclosed that comprises approximately 40% to approximately 60% by weight water-soluble protein, edible fat, at least one emulsifier, at least one stabilizer and less than 5% by weight carbohydrate. The

280 Carbohydrates

creamer powder composition is dispersible in either hot or cold water-based liquids. The low-carbohydrate high-protein creamer powder may be used in the preparation of nutritious, low-carbohydrate foods. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of dry creamer powders for use in the food industry. ... Dry creamer powders are useful in the food industry as an economical and convenient replacement for liquid dairy products. As compared with liquid milk or cream, dry creamer powders have increased stability and ease of handling. A common use for creamer powders is their addition to hot beverages such as coffee or tea, where they provide a visual whitening effect and a palatable improvement. Creamer powders are further utilized as a milk substitute in the preparation of diverse food products such as sauces, beverages, shakes, foaming beverages, soups, salad dressings, food coatings, baked goods, puddings, confections, ice cream, frozen confections, and non-baked food products. ... Compositions for dry creamer powders generally are known. A creamer powder composition usually comprises a dried emulsion of carbohydrate, fat or oil, and protein with added emulsifiers, stabilizers, and/or buffers. Most creamer powders are designed to be soluble in hot beverages. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,046,926 describes a typical hot-water soluble, non-dairy creamer composition that includes (by weight) 3565% carbohydrate, 20-40% fat, 3-15% protein, emulsifiers and stabilizers. An example of a creamer powder that is soluble in cold water is described in publication WO 98/07329. This publication discloses a creamer powder composition that includes (by weight). 3070% carbohydrate, 25-45% fat and 0.5-6% protein, emulsifiers and stabilizers. A creamer powder, whether soluble in hot or cold water, typically has carbohydrate and fat as major components by weight, and protein is a relatively minor component. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06426110__ •

Magnetic carbohydrate particles as carriers for affinity separation purposes Inventor(s): Schroder; Ulf (Lund, SE) Assignee(s): Gambro Lundia AB (SE) Patent Number: 4,687,748 Date filed: November 7, 1983 Abstract: Magnetically responsive spheres having an average diameter less than 1,000 nm are prepared by dissolving a carbohydrate polymer in a polar solvent, suspending magnetic material in the dissolved carbohydrate, emulsifying the suspension with an emulsion liquid to form an emulsion containing droplets of the suspension and then contacting the emulsion with a crystallizing liquid capable of crystallizing the carbohydrate polymer. The resulting spheres may be bonded with a bioabsorptive material and can be employed in processes such as cell separation, affinity purification or immunochemical assays. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to magnetically responsive crystalline-carbohydrate spheres or particles and to their use together with bioadsorptive materials. This includes coupling, adsorption and/or entrapment of bioadsorptive materials to said spheres or particles in connection with the use of interactions of these bioadsorptive materials with biological substances and cells. Preferably, in this invention use is made of magnetic nano-spheres. ... By "magnetic nano-sphere" is meant a sphere or a particle the average diameter of which is 1-999 nm and which is responsive to a magnetic field. ... A tenfold reduction of the diameter of the sphere gives a tenfold increase of the number of surface units per volume units of packed spheres. When bioadsorptive materials are to be used

Patents 281

for covalent coupling or adsorption onto the surface of the spheres, the effort should be to use nano-spheres since the amount of bioadsorptive materials per volume units of packed spheres is maximized. Furthermore, a nano-sphere is desirable in the following examples of separation, since the magnetic force to which for example a cell is exposed is considerably greater than in a case of a magnetic micro-sphere. This is due to the fact that a larger number of interactions is possible between nano-spheres and a cell compared to micro-spheres. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04687748__ •

Membrane structure coated with low pI protein or carbohydrate and methods of making and use Inventor(s): Snyder; Brian A. (Rochester, NY), Warren, III; Harold C. (Rush, NY), Nelson; Roger W. (Fairport, NY) Assignee(s): Eastman Kodak Company (Rochester, NY) Patent Number: 4,828,980 Date filed: September 18, 1987 Abstract: A membrane structure useful in filtration and diagnostic tests includes a microporous membrane formed from a biologically inert material, such as a polyamide, and has a coating comprising one or more water-soluble proteins or carbohydrates. None of the proteins and carbohydrates in the coating has a pI greater than about 5. The membrane structure is prepared by contacting the microporous membrane with the appropriate protein or carbohydrate in an amount sufficient to provide a coating over the entire membrane surface without substantially diminishing the porosity of the membrane. The membrane structure is useful in various diagnostic test procedures, such as agglutination assays. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a membrane structure comprising a coated microporous membrane. It also relates to a method of making this membrane structure, and to a method of its use in agglutination methods. ... Microporous membranes have been used for separation of materials for a number of applications. Such materials can be prepared from a variety of inorganic or organic materials. For instance, polyamide microporous membranes have been used for agglutination assays because of their hydrophilicity and separation properties. ... U.S. Pat. No. 4,066,512 (issued Jan. 3, 1978 to Lai et al) describes membrane structures composed of microporous membranes having a coating of a water-insoluble protein such as zein or collagen and methods of making such structures. Enzymes are bound to the protein coating in order to provide a large, stable catalytic surface for biological reactions. Useful materials for preparing microporous membranes include cellulose esters and polyamides such as nylon. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04828980__

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Method and apparatus for analyzing starch and related carbohydrates Inventor(s): Hayashi; Ryuzo (Higashiosaka, JP), Hasizume; Yoshio (Akashi, JP), Kariyone; Akio (Kyoto, JP) Assignee(s): Kanzaki Paper Mfg. Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,248,597 Date filed: April 10, 1991 Abstract: A method and apparatus for the determination of the average molecular weight, average chain length or dextrose equivalent of starch and related carbohydrates containing glucose units. The starch is analyzed by determining the free glucose amount (Gf) contained in starch or related carbohydrate sample, determining a gross glucose amount (Gt) rendered by hydrolysis of starch or related carbohydrates, and further determining a glucose amount (Gr) rendered by hydrolysis of a reduced product which is obtained by reduction of reducing terminals contained in starch or related carbohydrate.The average molecular weight, average chain length or dextrose equivalent of the starch is determined using the formulas stated below from the measured amounts of the free glucose amount (Gf), and the glucose amount (Gr). The apparatus preferably utilized immobilized enzymes to conduct the hydrolysis of the starch sample, contains a device for recognizing and storing the measured values and computed data, and contains further a device for computing average molecular weight (Ma), average chain length (Dp) or dextrose equivalent value (DE) according to the following expressions: Dp=2.multidot.Gt/(Gt-Gr+Gf), Ma=18(19.multidot.Gt+GfGr)/(Gt-Gr+Gf), DE=1000(Gt-Gr+Gf)/(19.multidot.Gt-Gr+Gf), or DE=1000/(9.multidot.Dp+1). Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the art for determining the average molecular weight (Ma), average chain length (Dp) or dextrose equivalent (DE) value of starch and/or its related carbohydrates, including a polysaccharide or oligosaccharide containing glucose units, with convenience and high accuracy. The related carbohydrates may be hydrolysates from starch, including linear maltooligosaccharides like maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose, maltoheptaose, or derivatives of starch or their hydrolysates, for example, ether derivatives, cationic derivatives, carboxyl derivatives. The invention is especially designed for use in the measurement of for example, sweetening agents corn syrup, food additives, and other industrial materials. ... Starch and its related carbohydrates (hereinafter, the term "starch" will often be used to represent not only starch but also its related carbohydrates have been widely used a material or additive for manufacturing food, paper making, and other various industrial products. In such industrial applications of starch, it is important to the molecular weight (MW) of the starch to have an indication of its properties. For example, the molecular weight (MW) of a starch in a solution affects the viscosity of the starch solution, the hygroscopic property, in its sweetness in the case of corn syrup. Conventional methods for determining the molecular weight (MW) of a starch have been by measurement of intrinsic viscosity, light scattering, osmotic pressure, or speed liquid chromatography of the sample or by quantitative determination of the reducing terminals contained in starch. Of these methods the intrinsic viscosity method and the light scattering method include complicated processes to prepare the sample for measurement and the take a long time to complete a measurement. The osmotic pressure method is likely to be influenced the concentration of salt in the sample, and it is necessary to be careful in preparing the sample for this measurement method. Therefore these methods have been rarely employed except at the basic pre-industrial research stage. The high speed liquid chromatography is

Patents 283

method versatile in determining average molecular weight (MW) as well as molecular weight distribution weight (MW) of a starch, but this method requires a standard sample for molecular weight (MW) determination, a complicated process for preparing sample to be measured and a relatively expensive apparatus, not to mention the method is time consuming. Accordingly, this method is also unsuited to industrial application. ... Consequently, the most convenient method is the quantitative measurement of reducing terminals which includes a determination of total amounts of the reducing terminals and glucose units contained in a starch sample, and then a ratio of these two measurements if formed to represent the molecular weight (MW) of the starch. In the conventional art of determining the total glucose units, a determination of gross carbohydrate by the phenol and sulfuric acid method has been used, wherein strong acidic and alkaline chemicals are involved and heating is occasionally necessary. These factors pose problems in the disposition of waste chemical liquid and also are hazardous in operation. In view of such situations, for the sake of convenience, in the case where an outstanding starch solution does not contain any chemicals other than carbohydrates, the dried weight thereof was used as a substitute for the gross sugar amount. Thus, the DE value as the index of molecular weight is derived from forming a ratio between the dried weight as noted above and the quantitative amount of reducing terminals. However, actually starch is hygroscopic and this makes it difficult to know the correct dry weight. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05248597__ •

Method and apparatus for automated carbohydrate mapping and sequencing Inventor(s): Khan; Shaheer H. (Foster City, CA), O'Neill; Roger A. (San Carlos, CA), Hoff; Louis B. (Belmont, CA) Assignee(s): The Perkin-Elmer Corporation (Foster City, CA) Patent Number: 5,798,032 Date filed: November 13, 1995 Abstract: Methods and apparatus are disclosed for improved mapping and sequencing of carbohydrate polymers. In one aspect, the improvement includes a means for coupling two capillary electrophoresis (CE) tubes in such a way so as to (i) efficiently transfer a selected sample component from a first CE capillary to a second CE capillary or, (ii) introduce a supplementary reagent into the separation path between the two capillaries, e.g., an internal standard, binding agent, enzyme, and the like. In an additional aspect, the invention includes improved apparatus and methods for electrophoresis of labeled carbohydrates in which a sample carbohydrate labeled with a first label is separated by CE and its migration behavior is compared with an internal standard labeled with one or more second labels which are distinguishable from the first label. In yet another aspect, the invention includes improved method and apparatus for sequencing carbohydrates in which a sample mixture is separated in a first CE dimension, a component of the sample mixture is selected, the selected component is incubated with an enzyme reagent, the reaction products are separated in a second CE dimension, the electrophoretic behavior of the reaction products is correlated with the known specificity of the enzyme reagent, and the process is repeated to determine the complete sequence of the carbohydrate sample. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to carbohydrate analysis, and in particular to automated systems and methods for the characterization of carbohydrate structure. ... The elucidation of carbohydrate structure in biological systems is an increasingly

284 Carbohydrates

important problem in modern life science research and applications. The reason for this increased interest in carbohydrate structure is the realization that complex carbohydrates have many important biological roles. For example, when attached to polypeptides, carbohydrates determine the correct folding, provide protection against degradation, increase the solubility and stability, and determine the intracellular and/or intracellular destination of the polypeptide chain. Carbohydrates are also involved in intercellular signaling processes, and act as markers for tumor cells and for cellular differentiation. Recently, a number of glycoproteins have been applied clinically as biopharmaceuticals, e.g., recombinant erythropoietin, glucocerebrosidase, and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, wherein variations in the potency, pharmacokinetics and antigenicity of these molecules may be attributable to their carbohydrate structure. The determination of the structures of oligosacccharides has therefore become essential not only for understanding fundamental biological process, but also for commercial and therapeutic reasons. ... The challenge facing the carbohydrate analyst is formidable. Unlike proteins and DNA, where molecular structure is determined by the linear sequence of amino acids or nucleotide bases, respectively, carbohydrates have additional variable features. The fundamental data required to fully characterize a carbohydrate structure are the monosaccharide composition, the order, number, configuration, and ring form of the saccharide residues, the position and character of any substituient groups on any residue, the positions of the interresidue linkages including any branching points, and the configuration of the glycosidic linkages. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05798032__ •

Method and apparatus for carbohydrate analysis Inventor(s): Bergamaschi; Brian A. (Seattle, WA) Assignee(s): University of Washington (Seattle, WA) Patent Number: 5,411,892 Date filed: August 13, 1993 Abstract: A method for analyzing carbohydrates involves solvolyzing the carbohydrate in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. Solvolysis is terminated by the introduction of a carboxylic acid anhydride to the solvolyzed carbohydrate and hydrogen fluoride reaction mixture, resulting in the formation of acetic acid and acetic acid acyl fluoride. The acetic acid acyl fluoride reacts with hydroxyl groups on the solvolyzed carbohydrate to form peracylated carbohydrates. The resulting peracylated carbohydrates are dried to remove the solvent by-products, and can then be separated by gas chromatography. The gas chromatography eluents are then identified using mass spectrometer. An apparatus for automatically carrying out the solvolysis and carboxylic acid anhydride termination and acetylization steps is also provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of carbohydrate analysis, and more particularly to the solvolysis of polysaccharides into constituent oligosaccharides and monosaccharide moieties to allow characterization of the polysaccharide. ... The ability to analyze carbohydrates is becoming increasingly important in a variety of fields. Environmental studies often require the analysis of geochemical samples that include a complex mixture of carbohydrates. Concern over fossil fuel emissions and corresponding increases in the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have stimulated study of the global carbon cycle, the geologic cycle that ultimately determines the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide. The response time of the

Patents 285

carbon cycle to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide depends in large measure on the rate of preservation of detrital plant material in marine sediments. Marine sediments include a complex mixture of organic and mineral materials, including significant quantities of carbohydrates. The study of carbohydrates in geochemical samples is thus an important aspect of the study of carbon cycling. ... The ability to characterize carbohydrates is also of significant importance in analytical biochemistry, and in particular to the relatively new field of glycobiology. Additional applications for carbohydrate analysis include the food sciences, biomass utilization and pulp and paper chemistry fields. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05411892__ •

Method and apparatus for covalent immobilization of charge- conjugated carbohydrate molecules Inventor(s): Charkoudian; John (Carlisle, MA), Pluskal; Malcolm (Acton, MA), Wang; David (Lexington, MA), Phoebe; Charles (Uxbridge, MA) Assignee(s): Millipore Corporation (Bedford, MA) Patent Number: 5,543,054 Date filed: November 24, 1993 Abstract: A method for covalent immobilization of a carbohydrate molecule with an oppositely charged surface, comprising the steps of adsorbing the carbohydrate molecule to the oppositely charged surface in proximity to reactive moieties bound to the charged surface; and next activating the bound moiety sufficiently for covalent attachment to the adsorbed carbohydrate molecule. Also disclosed is a hydrophobic microporous polymer membrane coated with a cross-linked, cationic polymer having fixed charges thereon, the coating having enhanced epoxide content for covalent immobilization of the oppositely-charged carbohydrate molecule. A novel method for sequencing carbohydrates by covalent attachment of a carbohydrate conjugate to the membrane, and subsequent treatment with glycosidases, is also presented. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the analysis of molecules. In particular, the invention is a novel immobilization technique and substrate wherein a normally electrically-neutral macromolecule is subjected to a chromatographic or electrophoretic separation in the form of a charged conjugate, followed by covalent attachment to a surface. The retained molecule may then be tested utilizing a variety of probing strategies employing specific bioaffinity molecules. More particularly, the invention relates to covalent immobilization of charge-conjugated carbohydrate molecules to a blotting membrane and subsequent determination of activity or structure. ... Immobilization of macromolecules on a solid-phase support matrix is a technique which has seen widespread use in affinity applications. Most affinity applications require that the molecule or ligand of interest react with the solid phase surface covalently. In most cases the solid phase surfaces are in the form of chromatographic supports, i.e., beads or particles. Affinity Chromatography. A Practical Approach, P. D. G. Dean, ed, IRL press. Porous membrane substrates have been reported, i.e., diazo activated cellulose (Alwine, J. C., Kemp, D. J. and Stark, G. R., Proc. Natl. Acad SIC U.S.A. 74:5350-5354 (1977)), Immobilon-AV.TM. (Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.) (Blankstein, L. A. et al., Am. Clin. Prod. Rev. 4:33-34 (1985), and activated nylon (Huse, K. et al., J. Chromatography 502:171-177 (1990). Non-covalent binding on nitrocellulose, or via ionic (nylon) or hydrophobic polyvinyldifiuoride (PVDF) -based membrane mechanisms are reversible and may not retain the molecule or ligand of interest for the

286 Carbohydrates

intended application. This can be a problem with small molecules such as peptides, oligonucleotides or oligosaccharides, or where competing ions may wash away the adsorbed ligand. ... Covalent immobilization on several blotting surfaces is known. Examples include activated paper (TransBind.TM., Schleicher & Schuell Ltd., Keene, N.H. ) carbodimidazole-actived hydrogel-coated PVDF membrane (ImmobilonIAV.TM., Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.), activated nylon (BioDyne.TM., Pall Corp., (Glen Cove, N.Y.), DVS- and cyanogen bromide-activated nitrocellulose. Such surfaces are activated prior to transfer of the molecules from the electrophoresis gel and are reactive only if the molecule is well retained by the surface and sufficient "residence time" on the surface allows for reaction before the surface chemistry decays by hydrolysis or non-specific reaction with components of the electrophoresis system. While adsorbed in the dry state and kept in the dark, these blots are stable. Most applications of these blots, however, require further manipulation, often in aqueous buffer systems. These environments can lead to desorption of the blotted pattern, and thus information and material become lost. UV cross-linking of DNA (Church et al., PNAS 81:1991-1995(1984)) and RNA (Khandjian, et al., Anal. Biochem. 159:227-232 (1986) to nylon membranes is well known, and is thought to proceed via a thymidine radical initiated attack upon membrane primary amines. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05543054__ •

Method and composition to protect an obligate carnivore from a disease of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism Inventor(s): Hodgkins; Elizabeth (Yorba Linda, CA) Assignee(s): Heska Corporation (Fort Collins, CO) Patent Number: 6,203,825 Date filed: September 1, 1999 Abstract: The present invention includes a method to treat an obligate carnivore for a disease of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism. The method includes the step of feeding the carnivore a nutritionally balanced diet that includes a low carbohydrate content, a high protein content, and a moderate fat content. The present invention also includes such a nutritionally balanced diet and a method to produce such a diet. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method to protect obligate carnivores from a disease of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism, such as diabetes or obesity. In particular, such animals are protected by feeding them a nutritionally balanced diet that includes a high protein content, moderate fat content, and low carbohydrate content. ... Cats and dogs are the most common companion animals kept by man. As they are both members of the biological order Carnivora, there is a tendency to assume that these two carnivores have similar nutritional requirements. However, there are important differences in the metabolism and nutritional requirements of cats and dogs; see, for example, Morris et al., 1989, in Waltham Symposium 7, Nutrition of the Dog and Cat ed. Burger et al., Cambridge University Press, pp. 35-66. ... The Feloidae (Felids, Hyaenids, and Viverrids) diverged from the other members of the order Carnivora relatively early in their evolutionary development. In contrast to the Canoidae (Canids, Ursids, Procyonids and Mustelids), all members of the Feloidae are flesh-eaters, i.e. strict or obligate carnivores. A comparison of the nutritional requirements of cats and dogs as representative members of the Feloidae and Canoidae supports the thesis that specialization consistent with the evolutionary influence of a strict carnivorous diet has occurred in cats; see, for example, MacDonald et al., 1984, Ann. Rev. Nutr. 4, pp. 521-

Patents 287

562. A strict carnivorous diet implies the intake of a high protein, moderate fat, and very low carbohydrate diet, following the composition of prey animals. However, omnivorous species, like dogs, are adapted to both plant and animal food sources. Plants, unlike animals, have high carbohydrate stores in the form of starches. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06203825__ •

Method for article fabrication using carbohydrate binder Inventor(s): Liu; Jianxin (Westmoreland County, PA), Rynerson; Michael (Westmoreland County, PA) Assignee(s): Extrude Hone Corporation (Irwin, PA) Patent Number: 6,585,930 Date filed: April 25, 2001 Abstract: A binder, and a method of using it in conventional powder metallurgy processes and solid free form fabrication including metal powder, or combinations of metals and ceramics, in which the binder contains at least one carbohydrate as the active binding compound. The carbohydrate generally contains between 6 and about 900 carbon atoms and may be selected from various categories including but not limited to: 1) monosaccharides; 2) disaccharides; 3) trisaccharides; and 4) polysaccharides containing the base sugars identified in 1)-3) above; and 5) hydrolyzed starches in which the hydrolysate contains between about 6-900 carbon atoms, including dextrins such as limit dextrin, hydrolyzed amylose, and hydrolyzed amylopectin. The amount of carbohydrate in the binder solution is generally on the order of about 5-50 grams carbohydrate per 100 ml of carrier solution, more preferably 5-30 g/ml, and most preferably 15 g/ml (or comparable amounts on a dry basis). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the binders used in conventional powder metallurgy processes and in the three-dimensional fabrication processes known as "Solid Free Form Fabrication" processes. ... The manufacture of metal dies and parts or molds for plastic injection molding may be produced by one of several conventional processes, including a process in which steel is machined into a desired mold shape and size by machine tool, by precision casting, or by special processing in which the mold material is treated by chemical etching or electrical spark discharge to attain a desired shape. These processes require complex manufacturing steps, highly skilled personnel and a great deal of time and, accordingly, are very expensive. Rapid manufacturing is a state-of-the-art method for producing parts and tooling quickly and automatically using a machine, which directly uses data from 3D CAD models or other sources of 3D geometry information to build a complete article in a layer-by-layer manner. There are two patented examples of rapid manufacturing or prototyping technologies which use powder materials to build articles. The three-dimensional printing process is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,437 and the selective laser sintering process is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,863,538, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. ... Solid free form fabrication allows the creation of solid articles having interior channels and other structures or voids that would be impossible to cast by conventional molding or casting techniques. Many different materials may be used in the ultimate fabrication, including ceramics, metals and metal/ceramics, but the most useful typically are the steel and other metal or composite alloys which can be created by (1) binding metal or metal/ceramic powders in the desired three-dimensional construct; (2) sintering the bound particles; and (3) infiltrating into the sintered construct additional molten metals such as molten copper, molten bronze, etc.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06585930__ •

Method for carbohydrate engineering of glycoproteins Inventor(s): Davis; Simon J. (Oxford, GB), Butters; Terence D. (Oxford, GB), Karlsson; Gunilla B. (Boston, MA), Platt; Frances M. (Oxford, GB), Bryant; Martin L. (Chesterfield, MO), Dwek; Raymond A. (Oxford, GB) Assignee(s): Monsanto Company (St. Louis, MO) Patent Number: 6,069,235 Date filed: February 23, 1994 Abstract: A method is disclosed for modifying the carbohydrate moiety on glycoproteins to facilitate the structural and functional analysis of said glycoproteins such as by NMR spectroscopic analysis and crystallography which comprises treating glycoprotein-secreting mammalian cells having low endomannosidase activity under cell culture maintenance conditions with a glucosidase I inhibitor, and after secretion and purification, subsequent treatment of the active glycoprotein with endoglycosidase H to thereby provide a glycoprotein with a single GlcNAc residue at each glycosylation sequon. The preferred mammalian cells are CHO cells and the preferred glucosidase I inhibitor is N-butyl deoxynojirimycin. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of carbohydrate engineering of glycoproteins. More particularly, the present invention concerns a method of modifying the carbohydrate moiety on mammalian cell-secreted glycoproteins to facilitate the structural and functional analysis of the secreted glycoproteins. ... A large number of proteins of key scientific and medical interest are heavily glycosylated. In many cases the carbohydrate accounts for 50% of the molecular weight of the glycoprotein. This can present serious obstacles to the structural analysis of these molecules by crystallographic and NMR-based procedures. As discussed previously (Davis et al., 1993), the oligosaccharides may obscure the protein surface, or oligosaccharide microheterogeneity (the presence of multiple glycoforms) may prevent the formation of reproducible crystal contacts involving the oligosaccharides directly. Alternatively, if the oligosaccharides are able to form crystal contacts, the flexibility and mobility of the oligosaccharides may limit the order of the crystals. In the case of NMR analyses, heavy glycosylation may increase spectral complexity, exacerbate peak broadening due to increased molecular weight, or impose peak microheterogeneity as a result of variation in the length and composition of the oligosaccharides present on each of the glycoforms. ... Although a detailed survey has not been published, in the experience of the present inventors the removal of complex oligosaccharides from glycoproteins is generally difficult. Several approaches for preventing the addition of oligosaccharides or for facilitating their removal may be successful in individual cases; however, each of these approaches has significant limitations so that general solutions to the problem of glycosylation have been elusive (discussed in Davis et al., 1993). The ideal strategy is one that allows (1) the normal transfer of the Glc.sub.3 Man.sub.9 GlcNAc.sub.2 oligosaccharide precursor to the protein and therefore the correct folding of the glycoprotein in the endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotic cells and (2) the subsequent inhibition of oligosaccharide processing to complex forms, thus rendering the oligosaccharides endo H-sensitive and allowing their subsequent removal prior to structural analysis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06069235__

Patents 289

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Method for detecting or quantifying carbohydrate containing compounds Inventor(s): Wolf; David E. (Hudson, MA) Assignee(s): Sensor Technologies, Inc. (Shrewsbury, MA) Patent Number: 6,232,130 Date filed: June 4, 1998 Abstract: A method of evaluating a carbohydrate in a sample. The method includes providing a low valency carbohydrate binding ligand, providing a glycoconjugate which includes a label, and a carbohydrate moiety, contacting the low valency carbohydrate binding ligand and the glycoconjugate with the sample, determining the extent of binding of the low valency carbohydrate binding ligand with the glycoconjugate, the binding of the low valency carbohydrate binding ligand with the glycoconjugate being correlated with the amount of carbohydrate in the sample. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the use of low valency carbohydrate binding ligands to evaluate a carbohydrate in a sample, e.g., using such ligands with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to measure carbohydrate, e.g., free carbohydrate or a carbohydrate of a carbohydrate containing compound. ... the binding of the low valency carbohydrate binding ligand with the glycoconjugate being correlated with the amount of carbohydrate in the sample. ... The label, when present, can be any substance which allows detection of the glycoconjugate, e.g., a radioactive label, a fluorescent label, an enzyme, a proximity-based signal generating label moiety, e.g., a FRET component, a homogeneous time resolved fluorescence (HTRF) component, a luminescent oxygen channeling assay (LOCI) component, biotin or avidin or other functionally similar substances, an antibody moiety recognized by an antibody or an antibody, or an antigen binding portion of antibody. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06232130__

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Method for enzymatic synthesis of isotopically labeled carbohydrates Inventor(s): Goux; Warren J. (Richardson, TX) Assignee(s): Board of Regents, University of Texas System (Austin, TX) Patent Number: 4,656,133 Date filed: September 29, 1983 Abstract: Utilizing the method of the present invention, a variety of aldose and ketose phosphates may be synthesized, labeled with .sup.13 C at any one of a number of single sites or synthetically related sites starting from .sup.13 C labeled pyruvate and using enzymes of the glycolytic pathway. The method of the present invention provides a quick and convenient method for the introduction of the .sup.13 C isotope into a variety of carbohydrates in a single step reaction. It also provides a method for the preparation of isotopically labeled carbohydrates in high yield, with little or no limitation on quantity, from commercially available labeled precursor. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for the enzymatic synthesis of isotopically labeled aldose and ketose phosphates. More specifically, a method is provided for the synthesis of a number of aldose and ketose phosphates and their derivatives, labeled with .sup.13 C at any one of a number of single sites or

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synthetically-related sites, starting from .sup.13 C-enriched pyruvate and using enzymes of the glycolytic pathway. ... Present methods for the synthesis of labeled carbohydrates utilize a method involving the serial condensation of .sup.13 C-cyanide with an aldose to produce an aldose one carbon longer than the original aldose which is labeled at the reducing carbon. However, this method suffers from a number of disadvantages and limitations which decrease its utility. For example, to produce an aldose two carbons longer than the original aldose involves a lengthy purification step, via ion exchange and absorption chromatography, and a second condensation with cyanide to produce the longer aldose. Further, this method may be utilized for the labeling of only one or both of the two carbons at the reducing end of the molecule, and provides an overall yield of only 50-60%. ... Methods are available for the enzymatic inter-conversion and condensation of isotopically labeled dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to yield labeled D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate. The enzyme involved in this condensation, muscle aldolase, is also tolerant of accepting a wide variety of other 1-4 carbon aldehydes as substrates, making feasible the specific isotopic enrichment of a variety of 4-6 carbon ketose phosphates from isotopicallyenriched dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Purified enzyme preparations are also available commercially for the conversion of the product ketose phosphate to phosphate analogs of D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, D-ribulose and D-ribose, the latter via the pentose phosphate shunt, and other aldoses and ketoses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04656133__ •

Method for hydrogenating aqueous solutions of carbohydrates Inventor(s): Arena; Blaise J. (Des Plaines, IL) Assignee(s): UOP Inc. (Des Plaines, IL) Patent Number: 4,382,150 Date filed: January 19, 1982 Abstract: Zerovalent Group VIII metals dispersed on titanium dioxide reduced and calcined at a temperature less than about 300.degree. C. are hydrothermally stable hydrogenation catalysts which may be used advantageously in the reduction of aqueous solutions of carbohydrates. The use of nickel on titanium dioxide in the hydrogenation of glucose affords sorbitol in excellent yields with quite high selectivity. Excerpt(s): In hydrogenating organic material using zerovalent metal catalysts, it is more common to use the metal dispersed on an inert support than to use, for example, colloidal dispersions of the metal itself. Among advantages accruing to supported metals are included their greater surface activity, leading to increased reactivity, and their greater ease of separation, as by filtration. Colloidal metals are notoriously difficult to separate by filtration, and incomplete removal and recovery is costly and often deleterious to the product of hydrogenation. ... When hydrogenations are conducted in aqueous media, the lack of hydrothermal stability of the commonly used supports places severe limitations on catalyst lifetime and recovery and also on the quality of the product due to dissolved support material. Where such hydrogenations are of hydroxylic organic compounds, the problem of hydrothermal instability of support materials is intensified. Where the organic compounds are polyhydroxylic, such as carbohydrates, the problem of hydrothermal instability is particularly exacerbated because of the relatively high concentration of hydroxyl groups from both water as solvent and the material to be hydrogenated. ... The irony in hydrogenating aqueous solutions of carbohydrates is two-fold. First, the reduction products of many

Patents 291

carbohydrates are important materials of commerce; sorbitol and mannitol are but two common reduction products. Additionally, there is no practical alternative to using water as the solvent in hydrogenating carbohydrates because carbohydrates generally are insoluble or, at best, sparingly soluble in most organic solvents. And because carbohydrates are solids, it is operationally mandatory to use a solvent in their hydrogenation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04382150__ •

Method for hydrogenating aqueous solutions of carbohydrates Inventor(s): Arena; Blaise J. (Des Plaines, IL) Assignee(s): UOP Inc. (Des Plaines, IL) Patent Number: 4,487,980 Date filed: April 29, 1983 Abstract: Zerovalent Group VIII metals dispersed on titanium dioxide reduced and calcined at a temperature less than about 300.degree. C. are hydrothermally stable hydrogenation catalysts which may be used advantageously in the reduction of aqueous solutions of carbohydrates. The use of ruthenium on titanium dioxide in the hydrogenation of glucose affords sorbitol in excellent yields with quite high selectivity. Excerpt(s): In hydrogenating organic materials using zerovalent metal catalysts, it is more common to use the metal dispersed on an inert support than to use, for example, colloidal dispersions of the metal itself. Included among advantages accruing to supported metals are their greater surface area, leading to increased reactivity, and their greater ease of separation, as by filtration. Colloidal metals are notoriously difficult to separate by filtration, and incomplete removal and recovery is costly and often deleterious to the product of hydrogenation. ... When hydrogenations are conducted in aqueous media, the lack of hydrothermal stability of the commonly used supports places severe limitations on catalyst lifetime and recovery and also on the quality of the product due to dissolved support material. Where such hydrogenations are of hydroxylic organic compounds, the problem of hydrothermal instability of support materials is intensified. Where the organic compounds are polyhydroxylic, such as carbohydrates, the problem of hydrothermal instability is particularly exacerbated because of the relatively high concentration of hydroxyl groups from both water as solvent and the material to be hydrogenated. ... The irony in hydrogenating aqueous solutions of carbohydrates is two-fold. First, the reduction products of many carbohydrates are important materials of commerce; sorbitol and mannitol are but two common reduction products. Second, there is no practical alternative to using water as the solvent in hydrogenating carbohydrates because carbohydrates generally are insoluble or, at best, sparingly soluble in most organic solvents. Because carbohydrates are solids, it is operationally mandatory to use a solvent in their hydrogenation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04487980__

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Method for separation of water soluble carbohydrates Inventor(s): Sutthoff; Robert F. (Clinton, IA), Nelson; William J. (Camanche, IA) Assignee(s): Standard Brands Incorporated (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,022,637 Date filed: February 23, 1976 Abstract: A method for the separation of water soluble carbohydrates from a feed solution by the utilization of a fractionation medium. The solution contains carbohydrates A and B in major amounts and carbohydrate A has a volume distribution coefficient at least 0.05 units greater than carbohydrate B when determined on said medium. Excerpt(s): There are a number of publications and patents which disclose methods of separating water soluble carbohydrates and other materials. British Pat. No. 731,335 discloses the separation of a mixture of at least two water soluble organic compounds each having an ionization constant of not more than 1.4 .times. 10.sup.-.sup.3. In this separation method, cation exchange resins which contain sulphonate radicals as the functional groups are utilized. U.S. Pat. No. 3,044,904 to Serbia and U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,044,905 and 3,044,906 both to Lefevre, disclose the utilization of various salts of a nuclearly sulfonated styrene resin to separate dextrose and fructose. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,184,334 to Sargent the separation of dextran from fructose by the utilization of ion exchange resins in the salt form and acid-and salt-forms is disclosed and U.S. Pat. No. 3,483,031 to Lauer et al. teaches the separation of glucose and fructose by using an ion exchange resin charged with calcium ions. ... There are a number of problems associated with the separation of various water soluble carbohydrates by the use of resins. Generally, large quantities of water are involved with such separations and, due to the dilution factors involved, removal of water to obtain the carbohydrates in a relatively pure and concentrated state requires high energy costs. Moreover, the equipment necessary to effect an efficient separation is generally quite complex and requires a number of holding tanks or similar devices and thereby entails a costly capital investment. Gross, Intl. Sugar J., Vol 73, p. 330 (1971), discloses a partial solution to this problem whereby holding tanks, used for storage of recycle liquid, are eliminated by the utilization of two columns of resins positioned in series. However, this process does not result in the desired degree of separation. ... It is a principal object of the present invention to provide an efficient and economical method for separating carbohydrates from aqueous solutions which overcomes the problems heretofore encountered in such separations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04022637__

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Method for the identification of microorganisms with a carbohydrate-supplemented medium Inventor(s): Rambach; Alain (73 boulevard Montparnasse, 75006 Paris, FR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,716,799 Date filed: January 26, 1996 Abstract: A method for revealing the presence or absence of a particular microorganism strain in a medium, wherein at least one strain enzyme substrate chromogen and at least

Patents 293

one compound selected from a high-concentration carbohydrate are added to the culture medium so that a derived colour differing from the basic colour of the chromophore is obtained once the chromogen has been hydrolysed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for demonstrating the presence or absence of a particular strain of microorganism in a culture medium. ... The detection of microorganism ›sic! is very important, in particular in the food industry, in relation to water monitoring or in medicine, in view of the fact that these microorganisms may not only prove to be pathogenic agents, but can also consist of agents that reveal some types of contamination. ... Various methods enable the presence of microorganisms in a medium of some kind to be demonstrated, consisting in taking a sample of the medium in question and then in promoting the growth of the microorganisms present by culture on or in a suitable medium. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05716799__ •

Method for the oxidation of carbohydrates Inventor(s): Veelaert; Sarah (Antwerp, BE), De Wit; Dirk (Bennekom, NL), Tournois; Huibert (Rhenen, NL) Assignee(s): Instituut Voor Agrotechnologisch Onderzoek (ATO-DLO) (Wageningen, NL) Patent Number: 5,747,658 Date filed: June 13, 1996 Abstract: The invention provides a method for the oxidation of carbohydrates with periodate in an aqueous medium, with which method a less than equivalent amount of periodate is used and the periodate is regenerated during the reaction in a separate reaction chamber. The periodate is preferably regenerated electrochemically. The oxidation leads to dialdehyde carbohydrates in which advantageously 30-85% of the available diol groups are oxidized to dialdehyde groups. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method for the oxidation of carbohydrates which possess two adjacent secondary alcohol functional groups, wherein a less than equivalent amount of periodate is used and the periodate is regenerated during the reaction. ... The oxidation of carbohydrates of this type can lead to dialdehyde carbohydrates. The reactive aldehyde groups render dialdehyde compounds of this type suitable for many applications, for example as cross-linking agents for naturally occurring and synthetic polymers, mainly with the aim of an improvement in the sensitivity to moisture and the production of insoluble films and fibres. Thus, dialdehyde starch is used in the paper, leather and textile industry. It is also usable as an additive in glue, binding agents, coatings, photographic material, thickeners, cosmetics, plastics and the like. An application developed recently is that of carrier material for proteins, for example for use in diagnostics. Cationic dialdehyde starch is also used for the application in paper, in connection with the interaction of the positive (ammonium) groups with the negatively charged cellulose. Furthermore, dicarboxylic acid carbohydrates, which are suitable, inter alia, as calcium-complexing agents (substitutes for phosphate) can be obtained from dialdehyde carbohydrates by further oxidation. ... It is known that carbohydrates can be oxidized to dialdehyde carbohydrates using periodic acid or periodate salts, lead(IV) salts or permanganate; the oxidation of inulin with periodate is described, for example, by Maekawa and Nakajima, J. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan 28, 357-363 (1954) (see Chem. Abs. 10078c (1954)).

294 Carbohydrates

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05747658__ •

Method of contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging using carbohydrate particles Inventor(s): Schroder; Ulf (Lund, SE) Assignee(s): Nycomed Imaging AS (Oslo, NO) Patent Number: 6,203,777 Date filed: June 19, 1997 Abstract: In a method of contrast MR imaging, using parenterally administered contrast agents, the improvement comprising using as the contrast agent, e.g. to achieve a negative contrast effect, composite particles comprising a biotolerable, carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative, preferably polymeric, matrix material containing magnetically responsive particles, eg. of magnetite. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method of contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and in particular to the use of magnetic particles as diagnostic contrast agents in MRI. ... In diagnostic medicine, contrast agents are today being used primarily in X-ray diagnostics whore an increased contrast effect is obtained during examination of, for example, internal organs, such as the kidneys, the urinary tract, the digestive tract, the vascular system of the heart (angiography), etc. This contrast effect is based upon the fact that the contrast agent itself is less permeable to X-rays than the surrounding tissue, as a result of which a different blackening of the X-ray plate is obtained. ... X-raying implies certain radiation hazards, but during angiography the complication risk is associated in particular with the use of contrast agents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06203777__

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Method of controlling the release of carbohydrates by encapsulation and composition therefor Inventor(s): Fox; J. Gary (Princeton Junction, NJ), Allen; Darlene (Berkeley Heights, NJ) Assignee(s): The Estee Corporation (Parsippany, NJ) Patent Number: 5,536,156 Date filed: October 17, 1994 Abstract: A composition of carbohydrates having an edible coating is disclosed, whereby the coated carbohydrate, when orally ingested, causes a time delay release of the carbohydrate into the digestive system. The method of administering carbohydrates in this manner may be useful in the treatment of diseases such as diabetes and exercise programs calling for sustained effort. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for preparing a delayed release encapsulated carbohydrate composition in solid particulate form for use in snacks, candy, dessert mixes, granola bars, energy bars, various beverages, and shelf stable powders. ... In the preparation of various foodstuffs and other ingested items, such as vitamins, drugs and the like, such foodstuffs having been encapsulated to provide a delayed release flavor, medicinal action or the like. As stated above, the subject invention relates to an encapsulated and coated metabolizable carbohydrate composition which has a controlled release upon ingestion whereby the carbohydrates

Patents 295

are slowly released into the body's digestive tract. This delayed release action can be very helpful in counteracting the effects of diseases, such as diabetes which is characterized by a raised glucose concentration in the blood due to a deficiency or diminished effectiveness of insulin. The disease is chronic and also affects the metabolism of fat and protein. In general, some cases can be controlled by diet alone while others require diet and insulin, and for still others control with drugs is needed. ... When controlling the effects of diabetes with diet, the diabetic is advised to control the timing of meals and snacks, control the composition of the food, and monitor the caloric content of the food. The diabetic who eats a high-calorie, high-carbohydrate meal will experience elevated blood glucose levels one-half to one hour after ingestion. To minimize this effect, a physician normally counsels his patient to distribute the carbohydrate load over several spaced snacks and meal occasions. A non-diabetic person could eat a high carbohydrate/caloric meal and the carefully modulated insulin response of his body will maintain the blood glucose levels within normal ranges of 70120 mg/dl. A diabetic who has impaired insulin metabolic controls has to rely on external control mechanisms, i.e., the timing of meals, the composition of the meals, and the caloric density of the meals. For the more severe cases of diabetes, drugs have been developed which modulate the blood glucose response by interfering with the enzymes which break down starch or sugar in the upper G.I. tract. The effect is to prolong the digestion and absorption of glucose as food traverses the G.I. tract. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05536156__ •

Method of controlling the release of carbohydrates by encapsulation and composition therefor Inventor(s): Fox; J. Gary (Princeton Junction, NJ), Allen; Darlene (Berkeley Heights, NJ) Assignee(s): The Estee Corporation (Parsippany, NJ) Patent Number: 5,545,410 Date filed: October 31, 1994 Abstract: A composition of carbohydrates having an edible coating is disclosed, whereby the coated carbohydrate, when orally ingested, causes a time delay release of the carbohydrate into the digestive system. The method of administering carbohydrates in this manner may be useful in the treatment of diseases such as diabetes and exercise programs calling for sustained effort. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for preparing a delayed release encapsulated carbohydrate composition in solid or liquid particulate form for use in snacks, candies and confections, dessert mixes, granola bars, energy bars, various beverages, shelf stable powders, ready to eat foods such as puddings, frozen yogurts, ice creams, frozen novelties; cereals, snacks, meal replacements, baked goods, pasta products, confections, military rations, specially formulated foods for children, and specialized gastric enteral feeding formulations. In addition to human foods, the invention is also useful in pet foods and animal feeds. ... In the preparation of various foodstuffs and other ingested items, such as vitamins, drugs and the like, such foodstuffs having been encapsulated to provide a delayed release flavor, medicinal action or the like. As stated above, the subject invention relates to an encapsulated and coated metabolizable carbohydrate composition which has a controlled release upon ingestion whereby the carbohydrates are slowly released into the body's digestive tract. This delayed release action can be very helpful in counteracting the effects of diseases, such as diabetes which is characterized by a raised glucose concentration in the blood

296 Carbohydrates

due to a deficiency or diminished effectiveness of insulin. The disease is chronic and also affects the metabolism of fat and protein. In general, some cases can be controlled by diet alone while others require diet and insulin, and for still others control with drugs is needed. ... When controlling the effects of diabetes in humans and other mammals with diet, the diabetic is advised to control the timing of meals and snacks, control the composition of the food, and monitor the caloric content of the food. The diabetic who eats a high-calorie, high-carbohydrate meal will experience elevated blood glucose levels one-half to one hour after ingestion. To minimize this effect, a physician normally counsels his patient to distribute the carbohydrate load over several spaced snacks and meal occasions. A non-diabetic person could eat a high carbohydrate/caloric meal and the carefully modulated insulin response of his body will maintain the blood glucose levels within normal ranges of 70-120 mg/dl. A diabetic who has impaired insulin metabolic controls has to rely on external control mechanisms, i.e., the timing of meals, the composition of the meals, and the caloric density of the meals. For the more severe cases of diabetes, drugs have been developed which modulate the blood glucose response by interfering with the enzymes which break down starch or sugar in the upper G.I. tract. The effect is to prolong the digestion and absorption of glucose as food traverses the G.I. tract. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05545410__ •

Method of forming a reconstituted composition containing protein and carbohydrate at elevated total solids content Inventor(s): Hollar; Carol M. (Marietta, PA) Assignee(s): Mars, Incorporated (McLean, VA) Patent Number: 6,465,032 Date filed: April 17, 2000 Abstract: Methods of forming reconstituted compositions containing protein and carbohydrate at elevated total solids content are disclosed. The methods of the present invention may be used in the production of confectionery. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to reconstituting compositions containing carbohydrates and proteins. Specifically, the invention is directed to reconstituting protein- and carbohydrate-containing compositions at a higher non-fat solids content than has heretofore been practiced in the art. ... It is known to reconstitute milk products from powdered milk products. Generally, reconstituted milk, like milk itself, contains about 12% solids. In the confectionary field, it is also known that certain products require liquid mixtures of carbohydrates and proteins. Non-limiting examples of products requiring such mixtures include: caramel, texturized caramel, and dulce de leche, all of which require a mixture comprising at least milk and sucrose. Liquid mixtures of carbohydrate and proteins are sometimes also used in chocolate making. Generally, these mixtures are provided pre-mixed, for example as sweetened condensed milk. ... The functionality required of these carbohydrate- and protein-containing compositions has become very demanding. The consumer demands a smooth, nongrainy texture in a caramel. Improperly hydrated protein can cause a grainy texture in a caramel product. Likewise, proteins that are too denatured can cause graininess in a finished confection. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06465032__

Patents 297

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Method of formulating dairy cow rations based on carbohydrate regulation Inventor(s): Nocek; James E. (Lafayette, NY), Braund; Darwin G. (Fayetteville, NY), Steele; Robert L. (Syracuse, NY), Macgregor; Charles A. (Lafayette, NY) Assignee(s): Agway Inc. (Dewitt, NY) Patent Number: 4,615,891 Date filed: September 3, 1985 Abstract: A novel method of formulating dairy cow rations based on regulation of the content of non-structural carbohydrates and neutral detergent fiber in the total daily ration, including both forage and grain portions, is disclosed. Feedstuffs analyzed to determine the percentages of non-structural carbohydrate and neutral detergent fiber contained thereby were fed in various proportions to test groups of cows under controlled conditions, and to commercial herds under actual field conditions to determine the effects, if any, on milk production by varying the proportion of the total daily ration constituted by non-structural carbohydrates. Also, the proportion of nonstructural carbohydrates to neutral detergent fiber in the ration was calculated and compared with milk production levels. It was established that milk production was optimized when the total daily ration, including at least one grain and one forage, consists of between about 30% and 45% non-structural carbohydrates, depending upon forage type. Furthermore, it was found that the ratio of non-structural carbohydrates to neutral detergent fiber bears a quadratic relation to milk yield and that the optimal response is achieved by maintaining the ratio within a range of about 0.9 to 1.2, the preferred ratio being about 1.05 (i.e., 1 part non-structural carbohydrate to 1.05 parts neutral detergent fiber). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods of formulating dairy cow rations to optimized milk yield, and more particularly to such methods which are based upon regulation of the non-structural carbohydrate content of the total ration and the ratio thereof to the neutral detergent fiber content. ... U.S. Pat. No. 4,118,513, assigned to applicants' assignee, describes a method of formulating dairy rations based on adjustment of the proportions of soluble and insoluble protein in the total dietary protein to obtain a positive response in milk production. The present invention is the result of research directed toward determining the optimum balance of structural and non-structural carbohydrates in dairy cow rations for increased milk production and feed efficiency. ... It is well known, of course, that carbohydrates are the principal energy source for many animals, as well as humans. Plant carbohydrates may be categorized in two major groups, namely, structural and non-structural. The structural carbohydrates, found in the cell wall, are essentially rigid in nature, providing strength to the cell walls and thus to the plant itself. The fibrous materials which make up the cell walls, i.e., the structural carbohydrates, also known as neutral detergent fiber, are mainly cellulose, hemicellulose, and ligin. Non-structural carbohydrates, found mainly within the lumen of the cell, inlude sugars and starch. Although pectins (D-methyl-galacturonic acid) are a soluble component of the cell wall, they are almost completely digestible (98%) in the rumen. In addition, they are precipitated out of the cell wall by ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) which is contained in neutral detergent solution. A significant amount of pectin substances are contained in leguminous feedstuffs fed to animals (e.g. alfalfa, soybean meal, beet pulp, etc.) These pectin substances may physically be associated with the cell wall, but chemically they are associated with and behave like cell solubles; therefore, they are also considered a part of the non-structural carbohydrates.

298 Carbohydrates

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04615891__ •

Method of isolating a peptide which immunologically mimics microbial carbohydrates including group B streptococcal carbohydrates and the use thereof in a vaccine Inventor(s): Pincus; Seth H. (Bozman, MT) Assignee(s): Research Development Institute, Inc. (Bozeman, MT) Patent Number: 6,444,787 Date filed: December 30, 1998 Abstract: This invention relates to new vaccines against microorganisms based on antigenically mimetic peptides. The invention also relates to methods of discovering such mimetic peptides by first screening peptide-display phage libraries with antibodies against the microbial carbohydrates(s) of interest to locate antigenically mimetic peptides. Vaccines against Group B Streptococcus, or Streptococcus Agalactiae, are preferably produced using this method. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to new vaccines against microorganisms based on antigenically mimetic peptides. The invention also relates to methods of discovering such mimetic peptides by screening peptide-display phage libraries with antibodies against the microbial carbohydrates(s) of interest to locate antigenically mimetic peptides. Vaccines against Group B Streptococcus, or Streptococcus Agalactiae, can be produced using this method. Vaccines against other microbial pathogens may also be produced using this method. ... Vaccines protect against disease by harnessing the body's innate ability to protect itself against foreign invading agents. During vaccination, the patient is injected with antigens, or DNA encoding antigens, which generate protective antibodies but which typically cannot cause severe disease themselves. For example, vaccination for bacterial diseases such as typhoid fever consists of injecting a patient with the bacterial agents of these diseases, after they have been disabled in some fashion to prevent them from causing disease. The patient's body recognizes these bacteria nonetheless and generates an antibody response against them. ... It is not always possible, however, to stimulate antibody formation merely by injecting the foreign agent which causes the disease. The foreign agent must be immunogenic, that is, it must be able to induce an immune response. Certain agents such as tetanus toxoid are innately immunogenic, and may be administered in vaccines. Other clinically important agents are not immunogenic, however, and must be converted into immunogenic molecules before they can induce an immune response. Successfully accomplishing this conversion for a variety of antigens is a major goal of a great deal of immunologic research. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06444787__

Patents 299

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Method of lyophilizing platelets by incubation concentrations and supercooling prior to freezing

with

high

carbohydrate

Inventor(s): Spargo; Barry J. (Baltimore, MD), Rudolph; Alan S. (Potomac, MD), Emler; Richard G. (Iowa City, IA), Groel, II; Thomas R. (Manassas, VA) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,736,313 Date filed: October 20, 1995 Abstract: A process and medium are disclosed for the lyophilization of platelets. During lyophilization, carbohydrate-load platelets are supercooled while suspended in a buffer solution including a biocompatible polymer that serves to preserve the structure of the platelets. The supercooled platelets are then frozen at a temperature below the glass transition temperature of the suspension. A vacuum is placed on the frozen suspension to remove most of the water therefrom. Then, the temperature of the platelets is increased to the supercooled temperature while the vacuum is maintained. After being sealed under vacuum, the lyophilized platelets may be reconstituted to form viable, transfusable platelets. The reconstituted platelets have a high aggregation index, retain normal agglutination and degranulation capability, and are able to participate in clot formation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the preservation of blood platelets. Specifically, the present invention concerns a method and solution for freeze-drying platelets. ... Platelets are single cells in the circulation directly involved in the coagulation process. In cases where damage to vascular tissue occurs, platelets act by adherence to collagen and basement membranes which have been exposed. Following adherence, there is a release of constituents from intracellular granules. These compounds promote vasoconstriction, and aggregation of other platelets in the area of damage. The results of this behavior are a stimulation of coagulation and an arresting of bleeding in damaged blood vessels. ... Platelets are formed from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. They are shaped like discs and range from 5 mm.sup.3 to 12 mm.sup.3 in size with an average of 7.1-7.5 mm.sup.3. The membrane is composed of proteins and phospholipids, beneath which are submembranous filament of actomyosin. They enter the circulation by fragmentation of the megakaryocyte and survive in the circulation for about ten days. Most remain in the general circulation, but about one third remain as a pool in the spleen. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05736313__ •

Method of producing ethanol through fermentation of carbohydrates Inventor(s): Moebus; Otto (Lammerstucken 36, Kiel-Russee, DE), Teuber; Michael (Gartenstr. 114, Flintbek, DE), Reuter; Helmut (Dorfstede 23, Kiel-Schulensee, DE) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,447,534 Date filed: February 2, 1982 Abstract: Residue-free production of ethanol and unicellular protein in a gas-fluidized bed, in which ethanol production takes place in a gas-fluidized bed (stirred fluidized bed, fluid column), the particle fraction of which consists of a wet microorganism mass,

300 Carbohydrates

e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A nutrient solution with fermentable carbohydrates is sprayed onto the fluidized particles. The ethanol, which evaporates with the water, is precipitated in a condenser on the discharge side, so that the fluidized bed serves as bioreactor as well as one-stage distillation plant (together with the cooling system). Thus, the mash column, which is normally used for alcohol production with the submersion method, is not needed in the present invention. In place of the residue, a protein-rich product with 30-40% dry mass is formed, which, during continuous operation, can be removed at certain intervals from the bioreactor and can be dried to the desired degree. The propagation of the microorganisms can be regulated through the oxygen content of the gas phase; the ethanol production can be regulated through the infeed of the nutrient solution. The gas used for fluidization is recirculated into the bed. The partial oxygen pressure can be controlled by adding other gases to the air, such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide, particularly carbon dioxide, which forms the yeast itself. Excerpt(s): The biotechnological process of producing ethanol in alcohol distilleries is done such that a mash of hydrolyzed, carbohydrate-containing material is fermented and subsequently completely freed of alcohol in a mash column by heating it directly with steam, and the escaping water-alcohol mixture is fed into a rectifying column. A residual solution is discharged from the mash column, which presents an environmental problem. According to a DECHEMA study on research and development in the field of biotechnology, pp. 121-122, which was done in 1974 by order of the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology in Germany, approximately 2 million m.sup.3 of residue from starchy raw materials accumulate each year in the Federal Republic. This residue contains 25 000 mg O.sub.2 /l, which represents a very high BSB.sub.5 value (biochemical oxygen requirement for a 5-day period). The residual materials cannot be stored and can only be used directly as feed. It would be desirable to have the product dried in order to use it as feed admixture. According to K. R. Dietrich (see H. Kretzschmar, "Yeast and Alcohol," Springer publication, Berlin, Gottingen Heidelberg, pp. 506 to 509, 1955), the residue, which is discharged at the bottom of the mash column, can be led over a strainer, the resulting solid materials can be pressed, the accumulating fluid can be boiled down in a multi-evaporator and the concentrated mass can subsequently be dried with the aid of drum dryers. According to the above mentioned DECHEMA study, such a drying process is not economical in the Federal Republic for energy-political reasons and in view of the size of such operations. ... It is one of the tasks of this invention to produce ethanol under processing conditions, which prevent the accumulation of a watery residue. ... According to the invention, ethanol production takes place in a gas-fluidized bed (stirred fluidized bed, fluid column), the particle fraction of which consists of a wet microorganism mass, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is preferable to spray a nutrient solution with fermentable carbohydrates, for example hydrolyzed starch and/or hydrolyzed cellulose, onto these fluidized particles. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04447534__ •

Method of treatment for carbohydrate addiction Inventor(s): Bernstein; Richard K. (1160 Greacen Point Rd., Mamaroneck, NY 10543) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,716,976 Date filed: March 13, 1996

Patents 301

Abstract: A method is described for alleviating carbohydrate addiction by administration of anorexients on a schedule that avoids tolerance to the anorexient. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the treatment of diet-related diseases in humans and more particularly to a method of alleviating carbohydrate addiction suffered by a human. ... It is well known that a number of human diseases are aggravated by the ingestion and assimilation of carbohydrates. For example, type I and type II diabetics suffer long term complications of diabetes as a result of failure to control blood sugar levels. Abnormal blood sugar levels are directly related to excessive ingestion of carbohydrate. ... A certain number of individuals, once they have given up bread, sweets, and the like, find their craving for carbohydrates gone. Many Type I diabetics and a small number of Type II's find they can control their blood sugars and, if appropriate, lose weight without relying on anorexient medication. Somehow the craving, if present, just goes away. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05716976__ •

Methods for diagnosis of colon, stomach and pancreatic cancer using antibodies specific for a mucin-type carbohydrate chain Inventor(s): Chung; Yong-Suk (Osaka, JP), Yamashita; Yoshito (Osaka, JP), Sowa; Michio (Osaka, JP), Horie; Ryuichi (Kawasaki, JP), Saito; Takashi (Kanagawa-ken, JP), Murayama; Keiichi (Ebina, JP) Assignee(s): Tosoh Corporation (Shinnanyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,561,050 Date filed: May 1, 1995 Abstract: Methods for diagnosis of cancers of digestive organs selected from stomach, colon and pancreatic cancers using antibodies specific for a mucin-type carbohydrate chain of the formula Gal.beta.1--4GlcNAc.beta.1--6GalNAc.alpha.1--1Cer are described. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a cancer-related pharmaceutical composition containing an antibody capable of recognizing a carbohydrate chain. ... It has been reported that when a cell is cancerated, a carbohydrate chain which is not observed in a normal cell, can be detected on the surface of the cancer cell. ... On the other hand, among antibodies prepared for the practical purpose of obtaining antibodies useful for diagnosis or therapy of cancer, there are many antibodies which are capable of recognizing abnormal carbohydrate chains of cancer cells, and some of them are presently used for serodiagnosis of cancer. However, most of such antibodies are obtained by a method wherein a mouse is immunized with human cancer cells, and they are not necessarily designed for particular specific carbohydrate chains as their targets. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05561050__

302 Carbohydrates

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Methods for preparing carbohydrate-containing hydrophilic polymers Inventor(s): Stahl; Wilhelm (Frankfurt am Main, DE), Ahlers; Michael (Mainz, DE), Walch; Axel (Frankfurt am Main, DE), Bartnik; Eckhart (Wiesbaden, DE), Kretzschmar; Gerhard (Eschborn, DE), Grabley; Susanne (Koenigstein, DE), Schleyerbach; Rudolf (Hofheim/Taunus, DE) Assignee(s): Glycorex AB (Lund, SE) Patent Number: 6,037,467 Date filed: July 24, 1997 Abstract: Carbohydrate-containing polymers which can have an HLB* of from about 10 to about 20 are disclosed. The compounds comprise a hydrophilic polymer portion, a carbohydrate portion comprising from 1 to about 20 naturally occurring, identical or different, monosaccharide units, at least one bifunctional spacer coupling the carbohydrate portion to the hydrophilic polymer portion, and a potentiator moiety. The potentiator moiety can be is a crosslinking moiety located within the hydrophilic polymer or a hydrophobic, hydrophilic or ionic moiety. Processes for the preparation and use of such polymers are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to carbohydrate-containing polymers. Processes for the preparation of such polymers and their uses are also part of the invention. ... The importance of carbohydrates in biologically-relevant recognition processes has only recently come to light. T. Feizi, Biochem. J. 245:1 (1987); Stults et al., Meth. Enzym. 179:167 (1989); S. Hakamori, Adv. Cancer Res. 52:257 (1989); Belvilacqua et al., Science 243:1160 (1989). These demonstrate that carbohydrates, along with proteins and nucleic acids, act as primary biologic information carriers. ... The capability of carbohydrates to store and communicate information results largely from their complex stereochemistry. The multitude of stereocenters present in even small carbohydrates permits information storage analogous to that encoded in nucleic acids and in proteins. Moreover, the exposure of many carbohydrates on cell surfaces makes it possible for them to play a role in intercellular communication and recognition processes, largely on the basis of receptor-ligand interactions. Carbohydrates may be distinct macromolecules but usually are attached to other moieties such as lipids or proteins. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06037467__

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Methods of dissolving blood clots and the like with streptokinase chemically bonded to a carbohydrate matrix Inventor(s): Ginger; Leonard George (Glenview, IL), Mather; Adaline Nicoles (Evanston, IL) Assignee(s): Baxter Laboratories, Inc. (Deerfield, IL) Patent Number: 3,980,772 Date filed: September 30, 1971 Abstract: One part by weight of streptokinase is chemically bonded to one to five hundred parts by weight of a carbohydrate, to form a material which has improved stability compared with free streptokinase. Excerpt(s): Streptokinase is effective to dissolve various types of blood clots both within and outside of the body. However, a number of difficulties are encountered in the use of the enzyme in therapeutic treatment. Antibodies against streptokinase are present in the

Patents 303

blood of essentially all human beings but the antibody level or "titer" varies widely among individuals. In order for treatment with streptokinase to be effective, the blood of each patient must be titrated to determine the proper initial dose of enzyme sufficient to nullify the antibodies present in the blood and to provide the proper level of streptokinase enzyme to function as desired, while avoiding the deleterious effects of an excessive dose of streptokinase. ... Further, during treatment, the patient develops an increased concentration of antibodies to the enzyme. Hence, a subsequent treatment with streptokinase at a later date may require an increased streptokinase dosage. Also, a subsequent dose may be dangerous since the patient can become "sensitized" to the enzyme, and may thus undergo a severe allergic reaction. ... Additionally, doses of the enzyme must be adequate in the first place in order to effectively dissolve blood clots, and they must be administered repeatedly or continuously, generally by intravenous drip, since the enzyme is metabolized by the body in a relatively short period of time. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03980772__ •

Methods of preparing carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals Inventor(s): Margolin; Alexey L. (Newton, MA), Govardhan; Chandrika P. (Lexington, MA), Visuri; Kalevi J. (Kirkkonummi, FI), Uotila; Sinikka S. (Espoo, FI) Assignee(s): Altus Biologics Inc. (Cambridge, MA) Patent Number: 6,500,933 Date filed: March 3, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals. Advantageously, such crosslinked glycoprotein crystals display stability to harsh environmental conditions, while maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the glycoprotein backbone. According to one embodiment, this invention relates to methods for concentrating proteins that have been modified by carbohydrates and for releasing their activity at controlled rates. This invention also provides methods for producing carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals and methods for using them in pharmaceutical formulations, vaccines, immunotherapeutics, personal care compositions, including cosmetics, veterinary pharmaceutical compositions and vaccines, foods, feeds, diagnostics, cleaning agents, including detergents and decontamination formulations. The physical and chemical characteristics of carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals render them particularly useful as sorbents for separations, such as chiral chromatography, or affinity chromatography-which are based on specific interactions between the active binding site of the glycoprotein component of the crystals and the substance or molecule of interest. Such characteristics also render carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals useful as catalytic and binding components for the production of biosensing devices. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals. Advantageously, such crosslinked glycoprotein crystals display stability to harsh environmental conditions, while maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the glycoprotein backbone. According to one embodiment, this invention relates to methods for concentrating proteins that have been modified by carbohydrates and for releasing their activity at controlled rates. This invention also provides methods for producing carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals and methods for using them in pharmaceutical formulations, vaccines, immunotherapeutics, personal care compositions, including cosmetics, veterinary pharmaceutical compositions and vaccines, foods, feeds, diagnostics, cleaning agents, including

304 Carbohydrates

detergents and decontamination formulations. The physical and chemical characteristics of carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals render them particularly useful as sorbents for separations, such as chiral chromatography, or affinity chromatography-which are based on specific interactions between the active binding site of the glycoprotein component of the crystals and the substance or molecule of interest. Such characteristics also render carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals useful as catalytic and binding components for the production of biosensing devices. ... Many proteins associated with the external surfaces of cell membranes or actively secreted from cells are commonly modified by the addition of one or more carbohydrate units to the side chains of particular amino acids [R. D. Marshall, Ann. Rev. Biochem., 41, pp. 673-702 (1972)]. Such proteins, known as glycoproteins, display the properties of proteins in general, as well as properties typical of the attached carbohydrate. The carbohydrate monomers typically attached to glycoproteins include galactose, mannose, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose, xylose, sialic acid and others. The carbohydrate units are usually attached through the hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine side chains, or the amide nitrogen atom of asparagine side chains. The carbohydrate side chains are arranged in a variety of chain lengths and branching patterns [P. V. Wagh and O. P. Bahl, Crit. Rev. Biochem., 10, pp. 307-77 (1981)]. ... Glycoproteins exhibit a range of protein functions, including catalysis of chemical transformations, proteolysis of proteins, binding of ligands and transport of ligands to and across membranes. Additionally, glycoproteins frequently perform functions associated with cellular communication, including protein-protein recognition, proteincarbohydrate recognition, protein-DNA recognition, pathogen recognition by antibodies, antigen presentation by CD4 and CD8 membrane glycoproteins, and targeting of proteins to specific locations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06500933__ •

Modified carbohydrate polymers Inventor(s): Bermudez; Mauricio (Miami, FL), Torres; Alberto L. (Bogata, CO) Assignee(s): The Dow Chemical Company (Midland, MI) Patent Number: 4,487,864 Date filed: April 28, 1983 Abstract: Water-soluble carbohydrate polymers are modified with crosslinked waterswellable organic polymers. The modified carbohydrate polymer compositions are useful as improved water retention aids for tile adhesive compositions, and as additives in spray plasters, wall finishing compounds, tape joint cements, wall paper adhesives, and the like. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to modified carbohydrate polymer compositions and cementitious compositions, adhesives and the like containing said modified carbohydrate polymer compositions. ... Many adhesives and cementitious compositions such as construction mortars, concretes, and plasters are commonly formulated with a water retention aid to improve the characteristics thereof. For example, ceramic tile adhesives commonly employ a water retention aid in order to prevent absorption of water out of the adhesive mortar into the ceramic tile or substrate to which the tile is to be applied. By employing a water retention aid in the ceramic tile adhesive, the so-called thin-bed ceramic adhesives are possible. Similarly, plasters, crack filling compounds, ceramic extrusions and the like all generally employ a water retention aid in order to prevent the loss of water from the respective mortars and to improve the rheological

Patents 305

properties thereof. ... Various carbohydrate polymers such as cellulose ethers and starches are commonly employed as water retention aids in the aforementioned applications. Although these carbohydrate polymers work well as water retention aids, they often do not provide the desired rheological properties to the compositions. Recently, it has been found that the rheological properties of the compositions containing carbohydrate polymers are improved with the use of certain additives such as clays, asbestos and long chain organic polymers. While these additives improve the rheological properties of the compositions, their use has several disadvantages. For example, ceramic tile adhesives containing clays and long chain organic polymers often exhibit reduced bonding strength and workability. In addition, such additives are very sensitive to changes in the components of such compositions due to the ionic interaction of these additives with the other components in the composition. In addition, compositions containing such additives are often lumpy and heterogeneous. The use of asbestos, while free from many of these disadvantages, presents a significant health hazard and the use thereof is generally avoided if possible. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04487864__ •

Modified granulocyte-colony carbohydrate chains

stimulating

factor

polypeptide

with

added

Inventor(s): Sasaki; Katsutoshi (Tokyo, JP), Nishi; Tatsunari (Tokyo, JP), Yasumura; Shigeyoshi (Tokyo, JP), Sato; Moriyuki (Tokyo, JP), Itoh; Seiga (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,218,092 Date filed: September 27, 1989 Abstract: A polypeptide or glycosylated polypeptide with at least one new carbohydrate chain produced by means of recombinant DNA technique, which has protease resistance and thermal stability and is expected to have longer lifetime in blood than those of a naturally-occurring form. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to novel polypeptides having an amino acid sequence which allows addition of at least one carbohydrate chain thereto, glycosylated polypeptides derived from said polypeptides, deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) coding for said polypeptides or glycosylated polypeptides, recombinant plasmids containing said DNA, host cells transformed with said recombinant plasmids, and a method of producing said polypeptides or glycosylated polypeptides which uses the transformant cells. ... This invention is applicable to each and every polypeptide. The polypeptides having a newly added carbohydrate (or oligosaccharide) chain as provided by this invention have diverse carbohydrate chain functions added and are superior in physicochemical properties and/or activities to the corresponding naturally occurring proteins. Therefore, the carbohydrate chain-added polypeptides according to the invention are expected to be useful in a wide range of fields. ... When the polypeptide or glycosylated polypeptide according to the invention is human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (hG-CSF), for instance, the hG-CSF with an additional carbohydrate chain added at an appropriate site has increased resistance to protease. This novel hGCSF is fully expected to show slower blood clearance and is expected to be useful as a drug. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05218092__

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Monoclonal antibodies and vaccine development directed to human cancer-associated antigens by immunization with carbohydrate-carrier conjugates Inventor(s): Kjeldsen; Thomas J. (Seattle, WA), Clausen; Henrik (Seattle, WA), Singhal; Anil (Seattle, WA), Toyokuni; Tatsushi (Seattle, WA), Takahashi; Helio K. (Seattle, WA), Hakomori; Sen-Itiroh (Seattle, WA) Assignee(s): The Biomembrane Institute (Seattle, WA) Patent Number: 5,660,834 Date filed: March 8, 1995 Abstract: A vaccine and method to prevent growth and replication of cancer cells that express a core structure of a mucin-type glycoprotein is disclosed. The vaccine comprises: (a) a pharmaceutically effective amount of an antigen comprising a purified mucin-type glycoprotein or a chemically synthesized mucin-type glycoprotein carbohydrate determinant conjugated to a carrier peptide or macromolecule, wherein said mucin-type glycoprotein expresses or carries the core structure of a mucin-type glycoprotein expressed on said cancer cells; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier including natural or synthetic adjuvants. The method comprises administering the above-described vaccine to a host. A medicament and method for treating cancer wherein the cancer cells express a core structure of a mucin-type glycoprotein is disclosed. The medicament comprises: (a) a pharmaceutically effective amount of an anti-cancer antibody or fragment comprising a binding site thereof, said anti-cancer antibody having been produced against a purified core structure of a mucin-type glycoprotein; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient. The method comprises administering the above-described medicament to a host. Excerpt(s): Portions of the invention(s) disclosed herein were supported in part by a grant from the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health & Human Services. ... The present invention relates to new methods for the production of monoclonal antibodies specific to human cancer-associated antigens and to the hybridomas and monoclonal antibodies produced therefrom. More particularly, the present invention relates to new methods for the preparation of monoclonal antibodies directed to human cancer-associated antigens which use as the immunogen purified antigen whose structure is chemically defined and wherein the selection of the hybridoma cell lines producing the desired monoclonal antibody is made using mucin-type glycoprotein with a defined chemical structure. The procedure avoids a number of extra steps as compared to the current methods used for preparing monoclonal antibodies to human cancer-associated antigens. The present invention also relates to the hybridomas produced by the novel method and to the monoclonal antibodies secreted by the hybridomas. The qualities of the hybridomas have been proven to be as good as those of hybridomas prepared by conventional methods, and the monoclonal antibodies produced by the hybridomas are qualitatively as good as those produced by conventional methods, or even better in that the monoclonal antibodies of the present invention do not exhibit undesirable cross-reactivity. ... The present invention also relates to methods of passive immunization of patients with cancer with those IgG monoclonal antibodies directed to mucin-type glycoproteins as well as to methods for vaccine development based on active immunization with the mucin-type glycoproteins or synthetic oligosaccharides linked to carrier macromolecules. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05660834__

Patents 307

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Natural carbohydrate gum hydrolyzate coated chewing gum Inventor(s): Richey; Lindell C. (Lake Zurich, IL), Hook; Jeffrey S. (Berwyn, IL), Reed; Michael A. (Naperville, IL), Yatka; Robert J. (Orland Park, IL) Assignee(s): Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company (Chicago., IL) Patent Number: 5,545,417 Date filed: June 22, 1995 Abstract: A chewing gum pellet coated with a coating of natural carbohydrate gum hydrolyzate material, wherein the material is selected from the group consisting of guar gum hydrolyzate, locust bean gum hydrolyzate and karaya gum hydrolyzate. The coating may also include xylitol. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part of PCT Application Serial No. PCT/US92/11198, filed Dec. 23, 1992, designating the United States, which is hereby incorporated by reference. ... The present invention relates to improved chewing gum products. More particularly, the present invention relates to improving chewing gum products by the use of natural carbohydrate gum hydrolyzates in a coating applied to the gum products. ... Chewing gums are frequently enclosed with hard or soft coatings. Coatings provide an opportunity for the manufacturer to vary product characteristics such as taste, appearance and nutritional value. In recent years, efforts have been devoted to producing sugarless hard coatings for chewing gum. In today's health conscious society, gums containing sugarless sweeteners are popular confectionery items. In response to this consumer demand, the industry has investigated sugarless coatings containing compounds such as xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, hydrogenated isomaltulose and hydrogenated starch hydrolyzates. These sugarless compounds contain sweetening characteristics but are devoid of commonly known sugars such as sucrose, dextrose, fructose, glucose and equivalent products. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05545417__

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Nitrogen-containing carbohydrate Inventor(s): Hata; Shun-ichi (Yokohama, JA) Assignee(s): Chugai Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo, JA) Patent Number: 3,949,069 Date filed: March 22, 1974 Abstract: A novel nitrogen-containing carbohydrate can be obtained from a proliferating tissue. The carbohydrate has an activity against transplanted Krebs-2 and Sarcoma-180 tumors in mice and also may be used as a diagnostic ingredient for the detection of such tumors. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel nitrogen-containing carbohydrate having activity against transplanted Krebs-2 and Sarcoma-180 tumors in mice. ... It has been experimentally observed that a proliferating tissue, e.g. embryonal liver tissue, inhibits growth of tumor when they are injected in an experimental tumor-bearing animal, and the phenomenon has been discussed in relation to common antigenicity on the cell membranes of embryonal liver cells and tumor cells. That is to say, it has been recognized that common anti-bodies are produced in a body of the tumor-bearing animal in a higher concentration than usual by the injection of embryonal liver cells and, as a result, growth of tumor is inhibited immunologically, since tumor cells and

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embryonal liver cells are similar to each other in the point of their high proliferation speed and these two kinds of cells have several kinds of common antigens on their cell membranes. Thus, it is known that a proliferating tissue has anti-tumoral activity, but it has been thought that its anti-tumoral activity is due to its immunological mechanism and has not been thought that it is due to direct effect of a special substance in the proliferating tissue. ... The present inventor found that proliferating tissues, e.g. tumor tissue, embryonal tissue and germ tissue, have a characteristic nitrogen-containing carbohydrate commonly on their cell membranes and has completed this invention through further investigation of cell fractions of these tissues. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03949069__ •

Novel method for quantitating structural and non-structural carbohydrates in feedstuffs Inventor(s): Nocek; James E. (Lafayette, NY) Assignee(s): Agway Inc. (Dewitt, NY) Patent Number: 4,617,276 Date filed: September 6, 1985 Abstract: A novel method of determining the portion of a given dairy cow feedstuff which is attributable to non-structural carbohydrates is disclosed. The method includes the steps of analytically determining the percentages of crude protein, lipid and ash in the dry matter concentration of a first feed sample, and in the neutral detergent fiber which has been separated from the soluble matter of a second sample of the same feed, and subtracting the amounts of crude protein, lipid and ash in the neutral detergent fiber from the respective amounts of the same substances in the original sample. The three difference figures are totaled and subtracted from the percentage of the second sample represented by neutral detergent solubles, i.e., 100 minus neutral detergent fiber, thereby providing an accurate indication of the percentage of non-structural carbohydrate in the feedstuff. The method is applied to both forages and grains, and is employed in the formulation of dairy cow rations wherein ration is adjusted to optimize milk production, the preferred percentage being from about 30% to about 45% depending on forage type. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to analytical methods of quantitating the nonstructural carbohydrate of a feedstuff and has particular utility in determining the nonstructural carbohydrate content of both grain and forage components of dairy cow rations. ... It is well known, of course, that carbohydrates are the principal energy source for many animals, as well as humans. Plant carbohydrates may be categorized in two major groups, namely, structural and non-structural. The structural carbohydrates, found in the cell wall, are essentially rigid in nature, providing strength to the cell walls and thus to the plant itself. The fibrous materials which make up the cell walls, i.e., the structural carbohydrates, also known as meutral detergent fiber, are mainly cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Non-structural carbohydrates, found mainly within the lumen of the cell, include sugars and starch. Although pectins (D-methyl-galacturonic acid) are a soluble component of the cell wall, they are almost completely digestible (98%) in the rumen. In addition, they are precipitated out of the cell wall by ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) which is contained in neutral detergent solution. A significant amount of pectin substances are contained in leguminous feedstuff fed to animals (e.g., alfalfa, soybean meal, beet pulp, etc.). These pectin substances may physically be associated with the cell wall, but chemically they are associated with and

Patents 309

behave like cell solubles; therefore, they are also considered a part of the non-structural carbohydrates. ... The major source of structural carbohydrates in dairy cattle rations is forage. The quality and degree of structural carbohydrate availability (digestability) to rumen microorganisms in different forages are quite variable, being influenced by such factors as plant variety, maturity at harvest and storage conditions. Grains generally have more non-structural carbohydrates and are generally less variable in carbohydrate content than forage. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04617276__ •

Novel mixed partial esters of carbohydrates Inventor(s): Prey; Vinzenz (Vienna, OE) Assignee(s): Krems-Chemie Gesellschaft m.b.H. (Krems, OE) Patent Number: 3,956,278 Date filed: November 5, 1973 Abstract: Novel mixed partial esters of certain carbohydrates and sugars are prepared by reacting the carbohydrate starting material with an aliphatic acylation agent having up to two carbon atoms in the chain until the resulting product has an acylation number of up to one acyl group per monose unit, and then reacting the mixture with a higher fatty acid reactant having at least six carbon atoms in the chain in the presence of an acid catalyst. The acylation agent and fatty acid reactant may be in the form of the free acid or the anhydride, examples of both being disclosed, and the carbohydrate starting material may be present in aqueous solution or suspension. The novel esters, which may contain 7 or more % of combined higher fatty acid have desirable interfacial properties and are biodegradable. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for the preparation of mixed partial esters of carbohydrates, particularly of monoses or oligosaccharides or their cleavage products, and hydrolysis products of polysaccharides. ... It is an object of the invention to produce interfacially-active substances from readily accessible starting materials by a simple process requiring little technical or economic outlay, and at the same time to obtain products, which after use, can be completely degraded biologically. ... It is an object of the invention to produce still lower-acylated carbohydrates which are modified by the introduction of fatty acid radicals and which are particularly suitable as detergent substances. Exhaustive tests have shown that novel interfacially-active mixed partial esters can be obtained without the additional use of organic solvents by a very simple process. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03956278__

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Novel supports carrying side chains, processes for obtaining these supports, process for attaching organic compounds having carbohydrate residues on said supports, products and reagents resulting from said _chemical fixation Inventor(s): Quash; Gerard A. (Sainte Foy les Lyon, FR) Assignee(s): Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale - Inserm (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 4,217,338 Date filed: November 11, 1976 Abstract: Process for chemically binding organic compounds containing carbohydrate residues, onto a support bearing at least one reactive --NH.sub.2, in which at least one -CH.sub.2 OH group of the carbohydrate residue is transformed in a --CHO group, by oxidation and then the --CHO groups thus obtained are reacted with at least a reactive -NH.sub.2 carried by the side chains covalently bound on a solid, insoluble support, the side chains are chosen from among amines, polyamines, diacides, amino-acids, hydrazines, are eventually coupled, by the intermediary of their reactive --NH.sub.2, with a nitrogen-containing compound chosen from aliphatic or aromatic amines, aliphatic or aromatic hydrazines, or amino acids, comprising eventually jointly a --SH group and a --NH.sub.2 group.Products resulting from this process and biological reagents containing said products as their active constituents. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel insoluble solid supports carrying side chains bearing at least a reactive --NH.sub.2, to processes for obtaining them, to processes for chemically binding organic compounds having carbohydrate residues on these supports, as well as to the products and to reagents resulting from said chemical fixation. ... It is known that biologically active proteins (such as hormones, antigens and enzymes, for example) can be attached to insoluble solid supports comprising latex spheres carrying lateral chains terminating in primary amine functions, by reaction of active groups of the amino acids of the protein chain with the primary amine groups of the support. It has also been proposed to use antigens fixed in the way which has just been very succinctly described above as biological reagents, but in association with developer reagents. The technique which has been mentioned is described notably by R. S. MOLDAY, W. J. DREYER, A. REMBAUM and S. P. S. YEN in "The Journal of Cell Biology", Volume 64 (1975) 75-88 and the R. W. LIM, R. S. MOLDAY, H. V. HUANG and SHIADO-PIN S. YEN in "Biochimica et Biophysica Acta" 394 (1975) 377-387, which relates to the fixation of antibodies on latex spheres by coupling the antibodies through the intermediary of their primary amine functions via covalent bonds onto the latex spheres, which themselves have previously been provided with lateral chains terminating by a primary amine function activated by the action of activators such as glutaraldehyde, cyanogen bromide or water-soluble carbodiimide. ... Such a process for coupling proteins through the intermediary of their amino acids always presents a practical difficulty since to carry out the coupling to biologically active amino acids of the protein chain has the effect of reducing, in certain cases, the biological activity of the fixed protein molecule. In addition, the known processes, notably that of R. S. MOLDAY et al give rise to couplings of relatively low stability and of relatively low yields which reduce again their technical and economic interest. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04217338__

Patents 311

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Novel supports carrying side chains, processes for obtaining these supports, process for attaching organic compounds having carbohydrate residues one said supports, products and reagents resulting from said chemical fixation Inventor(s): Quash; Gerard A. (Sainte Foy Les Lyon, FR) Assignee(s): Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale-INSERM (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 4,419,444 Date filed: September 30, 1980 Abstract: Process for chemically binding organic compounds containing carbohydrate residues, onto a support bearing at least one reactive --NH.sub.2, in which at least one -CH.sub.2 OH group of the carbohydrate residue is transformed in a --CHO group, by oxidation and then the --CHO groups thus obtained are reacted with at least a reactive -NH.sub.2 carried by the side chains covalently bound on a solid, insoluble support, the side chains are chosen from among amines, polyamines, diacids, amino-acids, hydrazines, and are eventually coupled, by the intermediary of their reactive -NH.sub.2, with a nitrogen-containing compound chosen from aliphatic or aromatic amines, aliphatic or aromatic hydrazines, or amino acids, comprising eventually jointly a --SH group and a --NH.sub.2 group.Products resulting from this process and biological reagents containing said products as their active constituents. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel insoluble solid supports carrying side chains bearing at least a reactive --NH.sub.2, to processes for obtaining them, to processes for chemically binding organic compounds having carbohydrate residues on these supports, as well as to the products and to reagents resulting from said chemical fixation. ... It is known that biologically active proteins (such as hormones, antigens and enzymes, for example) can be attached to insoluble solid supports comprising latex spheres carrying lateral chains terminating in primary amine functions, by reaction of active groups of the amino acids of the protein chain with the primary amine groups of the support. It has also been proposed to use antigens fixed in the way which has just been very succinctly described above as biological reagents, but in association with developer reagents. The technique which has been mentioned is described notably by R. S. MOLDAY, W. J. DREYER, A. REMBAUM and S. P. S. YEN in "The Journal of Cell Biology", Volume 64 (1975) 75-88 and by R. W. LIM, R. S. MOLDAY, H. V. HUANG and SHIADO-PIN S. YEN in "Biochimica et Biophysica Acta" 394 (1975) 377-387, which relates to the fixation of antibodies on latex spheres by coupling the antibodies through the intermediary of their primary amine functions via covalent bonds onto the latex spheres, which themselves have previously been provided with lateral chains terminating by a primary amine function activated by the action of activators such as glutaraldehyde, cyanogen bromide or watersoluble carbodiimide. ... Such a process for coupling proteins through the intermediary of their amino acids always presents a practical difficulty since to carry out the coupling to biologically active amino acids of the protein chain has the effect of reducing, in certain cases, the biological activity of the fixed protein molecule. In addition, the known processes, notably that of R. S. MOLDAY et al give rise to couplings of relatively low stability and of relatively low yields which reduce again their technical and economic interest. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04419444__

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Nucleic acid encoding an antibody that inhibits cell adhesion protein-carbohydrate interactions Inventor(s): Seed; Brian (Boston, MA), Walz; Gerd (Boston, MA) Assignee(s): The General Hospital Corporation (Boston, MA) Patent Number: 5,801,044 Date filed: June 5, 1995 Abstract: Disclosed is a method of inhibiting the binding of a cell bearing a cell adhesion protein to a molecule or cell bearing a carbohydrate determinant specific for the cell adhesion molecule. The method involves contacting the cell adhesion protein-bearing cell with an inhibitor molecule bearing the carbohydrate determinant. Also disclosed is a method of inhibiting the binding of the first member of a specific binding pair to the second member of the specific binding pair, involving contacting the first member with an antibody which is specific for the first member and which is covalently bonded to a carbohydrate moiety which interferes with the antibody's ability to fix complement and bind an F.sub.c receptor. The methods of the invention may be used, for example, to reduce inflammation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to therapeutic interference with interactions between cell adhesion proteins and their carbohydrate ligands. ... In general, the invention features a method of inhibiting the binding of a cell bearing a cell adhesion protein to a molecule or cell bearing a carbohydrate determinant specific for the cell adhesion molecule. The method involves contacting the cell adhesion protein-bearing cell with an inhibitor molecule bearing the carbohydrate determinant. ... In preferred embodiments, the cell adhesion protein is a selectin, such as ELAM-1; the carbohydrate determinant is sialyl-Le.sup.x ; the sialyl-Le.sup.x determinant may be either N-linked or O-linked; the inhibitor molecule contains multiple sialyl-Le.sup.x determinants; the inhibitor molecule is a protein, preferably, .alpha..sub.1 -acid glycoprotein or an antibody, preferably, IgG1; the inhibitor molecule includes one or more of the N-linked glycan addition sites of .alpha..sub.1 -acid glycoprotein; and the inhibitor molecule is soluble. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05801044__

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Nucleotide sequences encoding enzymes that alter the carbohydrate concentration and composition in plants Inventor(s): Willmitzer; Lothar (Berlin, DE), Kroger; Christoph (Hamburg, DE), Lutticke; Stephanie (Hamburg, DE), Lorz; Horst (Hamburg, DE) Assignee(s): Hoechst Schering AgrEvo GmbH (Berlin, DE) Patent Number: 6,570,066 Date filed: June 30, 2000 Abstract: Nucleotide sequences encoding enzymes that alter the carbohydrate concentration and composition in plants are described. The sequences encode branching enzymes which alter the amylose/amylopectin ratio in the starch of plants. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to nucleotide sequences which encode enzymes involved in the formation of carbohydrates in plants and, more particularly to sequences which, after insertion into a plant genome, alter the carbohydrate concentration and composition in transformed plants and plant cells. ... Because of the continuous growth in the world population, there is a continuously growing demand for nutrients and raw

Patents 313

materials. It is one of the goals of biotechnological research to achieve a modification in the content as well as in the yield of crops. ... Of particular interest is the possibility of using plant ingredients as renewable sources of raw material sources, e.g. for the chemical industry. The use of plant ingredients as renewable sources of raw materials is of great importance for two reasons. First, mineral oil and coal deposits which are the main sources of raw materials for the petrochemical industry are finite. Therefore, alternative, renewable raw material sources must be developed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06570066__ •

Nutritional product with high fat, low carbohydrate and amino acid imbalance Inventor(s): Pellico; Michael A. (3024 Military Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90272) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,817,695 Date filed: December 24, 1997 Abstract: A nutritional product is provided for cancer patients comprising, as per caloric requirement, a low concentration of carbohydrate, a high concentration of fat and an imbalance of amino acids wherein L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine and L-methionine are present in the below normal concentrations and L-leucine is present in substantial excess of normal concentrations to suppress cancer growth and as an adjunct to conventional cancer therapies. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to enteral nutritional products for cancer patients and, more particularly, to enteral nutritional products comprising high fat, low carbohydrate and an elemental amino acid profile having a selected amino acid imbalance for suppressing tumor growth. ... During the 20th century the average life expectancy for Americans has increased by almost 25 years. The significant gains in lifespan have been largely due to improved preventive health measures and advances in sanitation and nutrition, as well as the treatment of infectious diseases. This prolongation of life expectancy has produced a significant population of aged people with a high incidence of cardiovascular and neoplastic disorders. These disease groups currently account for approximately 70% of the total annual deaths in the United States of America (Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer, Assembly of Life Sciences, National Research Council: Diet. Nutrition and Cancer, Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, D.C., 1982). Consequently, a major part of our health care expenditures and allocations of funds for biomedical research have been directed to the treatment of malignant neoplasms. Despite these efforts, overall, age-adjusted mortality from neoplasms has remained constant, although there have been serious reductions in the mortality from some of its rarer forms, such as Hodgkin' disease, childhood leukemia, and seminomas. ... A diverse array of mechanisms can lead to the characteristic alterations implicated in neoplastic transformation. Present research has shown that human neoplasms arise as a direct consequence of an accumulation of genetic alterations involving two main classes of genes: photo-oncogenies and tumor suppressor genes (Marshall C: Tumor suppressor genes. Cell 64: 313-326, 1991; Bode B, Kaiser H E, Goldfarb R H: Immunophenotypicaly varied cell subpopulations in primary and metastatic human melanomas. Monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis, detection of neoplastic progression and receptor directed immunotherapy. Anticancer Res 16: 517-531, 1996; Bode B, Groger A M, Bode B Jr, Siegel E, Kaiser H E: Immunocytochemical detection of p53 protein overexpression in primary human osteosarcomas. Anticancer Res 17: 493-498, 1997). Oncogenies result from an activating mutatopm generating an enhancement of intracellular protein quantity.

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Tumor suppressor genes, on the other hand, are commonly inactivated via either mutation or deletion or the physiological function of the gene product is inhibited by binding of inactivating molecules. Observations of the expression of the deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) gene product, for instance, have demonstrated a significant correlation between DCC protein presence and cellular differentiation and carcinogenesis (Hedrick L, Cho K R, Fearon E R, Wu T-C, Kinzler K W, Vogelstein B: The DCC gene product in cellular differentiation and colorectal tumorigenesis. Genes Dev 8 1174-1183, 1994). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05817695__ •

Osmium carbohydrate complexes Inventor(s): Hinckley; Conrad C. (Carbondale, IL) Assignee(s): Research Corporation (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,346,216 Date filed: June 2, 1980 Abstract: Osmium carbohydrate complexes prepared by reacting osmium compounds and carbohydrates and their utilization as pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of heavy metal poisoning and arthritis in mammals. The osmium carbohydrate complexes may also be utilized in X-ray diagnostic procedures as contrast enhancing agents. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to certain novel osmium-carbohydrate complexes. ... Osmium has been shown to be effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis [I. Boussina, et al, Scand. J. Rheumatology, 5,53 (1976)]. Osmium tetroxide (OsO.sub.4) has had limited use in the treatment of arthritis. In a typical treatment, OsO.sub.4 is injected directly into the affected joints. Following the injection, deposits of osmium containing compounds are found in the injected joint. These osmium deposits may be responsible for the long symptom free periods observed in the treatment. Osmium tetroxide has not found wide utilization, however, due to damaging side reactions which accompany OsO.sub.4 injections. ... Novel and valuable osmium compounds are provided by reacting an osmium compound with a suitable carbohydrate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04346216__

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Paclitaxel-carbohydrate conjugates: design, synthesis and biological evaluations Inventor(s): Jacob; James N (Saunderstown, RI) Assignee(s): Organomed Corporation (North Kingtown, RI) Patent Number: 6,218,367 Date filed: September 14, 1999 Abstract: The present invention provides novel, water soluble, carbohydrate derivatives of paclitaxel, methods of treatment and pharmaceutical compositions that utilize or comprise one or more of such compounds. The compounds of the invention are modified at the 2' or 7 position of paclitaxel and have the general formula [paclitaxel][link].sub.1-2 -[sugar]. These compounds show improved biological activity toward many cancer cell lines as compared to paclitaxel. Additionally, the conjugates are made

Patents 315

from natural non-toxic materials which, when released, will be adsorbed as part of the body components. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel anti-tumor compounds, methods of treatment and pharmaceutical compositions that utilize or comprise one or more such compounds. Compounds of the invention are novel carbohydrate derivatives of paclitaxel that are more water soluble and have better biological properties compared to paclitaxel. ... isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia. It has been shown to have antitumor activity toward a wide variety of cancers including breast, ovarian, melanoma, lung, colon, leukemias and others. Paclitaxel acts by promoting tubulin assembly and by stabilizing the microtubules to prevent their disassociation into free tubulin. Actively dividing cells are thus particularly sensitive to paclitaxel and become arrested at the G2/mitosis cell cycle transition. ... Although paclitaxel has promising antitumor activity, it has been difficult to develop for clinical treatments due to its very low solubility in water. Paclitaxel is administered in large volume, low concentration formulations with Cremophor EL which results in many patients developing side effects such as hypersensitivity reactions. Thus, it would be extremely desirable to develop novel paclitaxel derivatives that have increased water solubility while maintaining or surpassing the cytotoxic activity of paclitaxel itself. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06218367__ •

Peracetylated or acylated carbohydrates as bleaching agent activators or complexing agents in detergent formulations Inventor(s): Kunz; Markwart (Worms, DE), Kowalczyk; Jorg (Grunstadt, DE), Ehrhardt; Sonja (Braunschweig, DE) Assignee(s): Sudzucker Aktiengesellschaft (Mannheim, DE) Patent Number: 5,968,886 Date filed: March 1, 1996 Abstract: The use of acylated carbohydrates selected from the group consisting of sucrose, maltose, lactose, palatinose, trehalulose, glucose and fructose or mixtures of these as a detergent constituent is characterized in that these acylated carbohydrate compounds contain one or two carboxyl functions and are in the form of the mono- or diacid or an alkali metal salt thereof, wherein the acyl radical is selected from the group consisting of C1- to C18-alkyl, tolyl and benzyl radicals and can be identical or different, and are used as bleaching agent activators or complexing agents in detergent formulations, the acyl radical preferably being a methyl radical. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the use of peracetylated carbohydrates, and in particular those from the group consisting of sucrose, maltose, lactose, palatinose, trehalulose, glucose and fructose or mixtures thereof, as a bleaching agent activator or complexing agent in detergent formulations. ... Detergents also contain, in addition to surfactants and builders, per-compounds as bleaching agents, for example sodium perborate, or bleaching agent activators, such as tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED). Since TAED has only two acetyl groups to form active species and the biological degradability of the remainder of the molecule is inadequate, and since furthermore the bleaching-active components are inactivated by the presence of metal cations, so that further complexing agents, such as acrylates and ethylenediaminotetraacetate (EDTA), have to be employed, all these detergents comprise components of difficult biological degradability. ... Detergent components based on carbohydrates are gaining ever more

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importance in modern detergent research because they have a better biological degradability and are obtained from naturally regenerating raw materials. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05968886__ •

Peritoneal dialysis solution containing carbohydrate polymers Inventor(s): Alexander; Steven R. (Tigard, OR), Myers; W. Michael (Tualatin, OR) Assignee(s): Baxter Travenol Laboratories, Inc. (Deerfield, IL) Patent Number: 4,761,237 Date filed: June 22, 1987 Abstract: A peritoneal dialysis solution which comprises a water solution of physiological pH, and having physiological salts and metabolizable carbohydrate polymers in concentrations sufficient to safely effect the removal of solutes and water from a patient by peritoneal dialysis. Excerpt(s): The medical procedure known as continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is rapidly growing in clinical acceptance as the technique of choice for maintaining many patients who have lost kidney function. Peritoneal dialysis solution is inserted into the peritoneal cavity, whereby diffusion exchange takes place between the solution and the bloodstream across the natural body membranes, to remove by diffusion the waste products which are normally excreted through the kidneys, typically solutes such as sodium and chloride ions and the other materials normally excreted by the body such as urea, creatinine, and water. ... The nature and rate of the materials removed from the body by peritoneal dialysis is a function of the solutes present in the peritoneal dialysis solution. Physiological salts are present in the peritoneal dialysis solution such as sodium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium lactate, and sodium acetate, generally at slightly hypotonic concentrations, except for the calcium, so that excess concentrations of such salts in the bloodstream will diffuse into the peritoneal dialysis solution for removal. ... To remove water from the patient, as is generally necessary, other solutes may be added to generate the necessary osmotic pressure. Typically, this solute is a sugar such as glucose, which may normally be present in peritoneal dialysis solutions in a concentration of at least 0.5 percent by weight. When it is desired to increase the ultrafiltration of water from the patient, higher concentrations of sugar are used. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04761237__

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Pharmaceutical composition of complex carbohydrates and essential oils and methods of using the same Inventor(s): Brown; Harold G. (Parkville, MO) Assignee(s): Dermal Research Laboratories, Inc. (Parkville, MO) Patent Number: 5,888,984 Date filed: May 12, 1994 Abstract: The invention discloses the discovery that a pharmaceutical composition containing complex carbohydrates and natural or synthetic essential oils can work effectively as a topical pharmaceutical composition. Such pharmaceutical compositions reduce inflammation, assist in wound healing, protect against bruising, relieve itching,

Patents 317

relieve pain and swelling and treat topical bacterial infections such as acne and decubitus ulcers. Such pharmaceutical compositions can be administered to mammals including humans. Also included in this invention are methods to deliver topically applied macromolecules into the tissue of mammals and methods of blocking the adhesion cascade. Excerpt(s): Complex carbohydrates, for purposes of this invention are defined as any polymer comprising more than two sugar moieties and would thus include such classes of and oliosaccharides. Polysaccharides include glycosaminoglycans and mannans whereas oligosaccharides are inclusive of sialylated sugars such as milk sugars. ... Glycosaminoglycans can be obtained from numerous sources {e.g. rooster combs, trachea, umbilical cords, skin, articular fluids and certain bacteria such as Streptococci spp). Most glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfates A, B, and C, heparin sulfate, heparin, keratan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, etc.) are composed of repeating sugars such as non-sulfated N-acetylglucosamine, glucuronic acid and nacetyl galactosamine (these are known as non-sulfated glycosaminoglycans) or polysulfated sugars (sulfated glycosaminoglycans). ... Mannans are mannose-based polysaccharides which are normally extracted from plants. The most noteworthy is acemannan which is a beta 1,4-linked acetylated mannan extracted from the Aloe Vera plant (Aloe barbadensis Miller). This plant has been thought for centuries to have certain healing powers. Not until the 1980s was the active ingredient isolated and proven to have an effect on the immune system (see J. Pharm. Sci., 73 (1), January 1984). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05888984__ •

Polymersable carbohydrate esters, polymers therefrom and their use Inventor(s): Vetter; Dirk (Freiburg, DE) Assignee(s): Ciba-Geiby Corporation (Tarrytown, NY) Patent Number: 5,571,882 Date filed: June 6, 1995 Abstract: Compounds of formulae I and IaR--Y--CO--R.sub.3 --CO--O--A (I),R--Y--CO-R.sub.3 --CO--O--CH.sub.2 --A.sub.1 (Ia),whereinR is a radically polymerizable hydrocarbon group,R.sub.3 is a direct bond, linear or branched C.sub.1 -C.sub.22 alkylene, C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 cycloalkylene or C.sub.6 C.sub.14 arylene,A is the radical, reduced by a hydroxy group in a 2- or 3-position, of a cyclic-oligomeric carbohydrate or of a derivative of such a carbohydrate,A.sub.1 is the radical, reduced by a hydroxymethyl group, of a monomeric or linear oligomeric carbohydrate or of a derivative of such a carbohydrate, andY is --O--, --NH-- or --N(C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl).Homo- and co-polymers having those monomers have, depending upon their composition, hydrophilic, amphiphilic or hydrophobic properties and are able to form hydrogels. The polymers can be used, for example, as surfactants, thickeners, carriers for biologically active ingredients or in the manufacture of contact lenses. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to polymerisable esters of carbohydrates and dicarboxylic acids having an ester group containing radically polymerisable radicals, to homopolymers and copolymers therefrom, to processes for their preparation and to their use. ... The introduction of polymerisable groups into carbohydrates such as, for example, cyclodextrins is desirable owing to their properties, especially their high degree of hydrophilicity, their specific complex-forming behaviour and their bioactivity. Acrylate-containing, methacrylate-containing and cinnamoyl-containing cyclodextrins

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and polymers therefrom have been described, for example, by A. P. Croft et al. in Tetrahedron, Vol. 39, No. 9, pages 1425 to 1427 (1983). The polymerisable groups are regiospecifically bonded in the 2- or 3-positions. They are obtained by the reaction of suitable activated esters, namely nitrophenylcarboxylic acid esters, with a cyclodextrin. It is generally very difficult completely to remove the resulting nitrophenol, since cyclodextrins form inclusion compounds with those organic compounds. Owing to the fact that nitrophenols are not physiologically acceptable, have a polymerisationinhibiting action and are also very expensive to purify, polymers from such polymerisable cyclodextrins can be used only to a limited extent. ... It is also known to prepare homopolymers or copolymers from acrylate or methacrylate esters of sugars. The acylation of sugars is less regioselective, however, and always results in nonuniform compound mixtures which also comprise compounds having more than one polymerisable acyl group. Polymers from those mixtures therefore always comprise undesired and cross-linked or branched products having a tendency to precipitate out of solutions. In addition, the natural properties of the sugar radicals that are desirable for many applications are lost as a result of multiple substitution. Furthermore, the ester bond of those acrylates and methacrylates is relatively rigid. The areas of application are considerably limited by those disadvantages. In order to obtain regioselectively substituted polymers of an acrylate ester of galactose, it has been proposed to acryloylate the diacetonide of galactose, followed by polymerisation and subsequent unblocking (CA 70:29704p). That complex process is uneconomical, however. WO 91/17255 describes the enzyme-catalysed preparation of polymers from sugars and dicarboxylic acid esters by means of a regioselective diacylation, wherein the sugar radicals are bonded as comonomers in the polymer backbone and, as a consequence, bioactive properties are virtually lost. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05571882__ •

Poly-unsaturated carbohydrate derivatives, polymers thereof and their use Inventor(s): Bachmann; Frank (Freiburg, DE), Lohmann; Dieter (Munchenstein, CH), Chabrecek; Peter (Clayton, AU) Assignee(s): Novartis AG (Basel, CH) Patent Number: 5,939,466 Date filed: April 4, 1997 Abstract: The present invention relates to polymerizable derivatives of carbohydrates comprising a carbohydrate radical and more than one radically polymerizable hydrocarbon group which is linked optionally via a spacer to the carbohydrate radical, to homopolymers, copolymers, block copolymers, graft copolymers and polymeric networks thereof, to capsules, fibers, films and coatings having water-binding and biocompatible properties, and to molded articles, for example contact lenses or biomedicinal articles, comprising the mentioned polymers, as well as to processes for the preparation of the mentioned polymers and articles. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to polymerisable derivatives of carbohydrates comprising a carbohydrate radical and more than one radically polymerisable hydrocarbon group which is linked optionally via a spacer to the carbohydrate radical, to copolymers, branched polymers, block copolymers, graft copolymers and polymeric networks thereof, to capsules, fibres, films and coatings having water-binding and biocompatible properties, and to moulded articles, for example contact lenses or biomedicinal articles, comprising the mentioned polymers, as well as to processes for

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the preparation of the mentioned polymers and articles. ... Moulded articles, for example contact lenses, or coatings for biomedicinal articles having water-binding and biocompatible properties place high demands on the material used. The search for suitable starting materials for the preparation of such products, which are mentioned by way of example, is therefore of great importance. ... A carbohydrate derivative, for example isomannitol dimethacrylate, is described in Angew. Makromol. Chemie 123/124, 241 (1984) as a cross-linking agent for polymeric networks, especially to control the water content in polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate (poly-HEMA) hydrogels. Those hydrogels are used in the manufacture of contact lenses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05939466__ •

Polyurethane-carbohydrate-based substances which can be calendered to produce biodegradable materials Inventor(s): Aime; Jean-Marc (Creil, FR), Mention; Georges (Compiegne, FR), Thouzeau; Andre (Paris, FR) Assignee(s): Charbonnages De France (Paris, FR) Patent Number: 4,873,270 Date filed: February 9, 1988 Abstract: A substance based on polyurethane from which biodegradable materials can be obtained by rolling comprises, as well as a polyurethane resin serving as its essential constituent, a carbohydrate, at least one second thermoplastic polymer which is miscible in the molten state with the polyurethane resin and/or at least one third biodegradable polymer chosen from among biodegradable aliphatic polyesters, preferably of the same nature as the polyurethane resin used. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns biodegradable polyurethane-based sheets, films or plates, and their production by rolling. ... Blow extrusion of polyurethane and finely ground starch mixtures to form biodegradable sheets is already known (GB patent 1 524 821). Such mixtures, however, cannot be rolled under acceptable production conditions. In addition, the biodegradability and mechanical properties of the sheets obtained may be insufficient having regard to the nature of the polyurethane used. ... The aim of the present invention is to produce polyurethane-based sheets, films and plates (hereinafter termed "products") having good biodegradability and mechanical properties and which may be obtained by rolling, i.e. calendering, under conditions which are generally utilized for example for producing flexible PVC sheets (comparable machine speed, standard calendering line, etc). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04873270__

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Polyvalent carbohydrate molecules Inventor(s): Krepinsky; Jiri J. (810 Srigley Avenue, Newmarket, Ontario, CA), Lupescu; Niculina (58 Beathdale Road, Toronto, Ontario, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,184,368 Date filed: June 28, 1999

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Abstract: Methods for syntheses of polyvalent carbohydrate molecules by glycosylations of partially protected polysaccharides with a single glycosylating agent or a mixture of glycosylating agents(i.e., a combinatorial library) are disclosed. An alternate method utilizes a glycoside, the aglycon of which carries a halogen which can be under strong alkaline conditions linked with a partially protected polysaccharide by an ether linkage. The product of the latter reaction can be subjected to further glycosylation with a single glycosylating agent or a mixture of such agents (=library). The novel resulting polyvalent carbohydrate molecules may be used as antiinfective agents (antibacterial, antiparasital), both for prevention and treatment of diseases, and as agents either for preventing the formation of, or disrupting, biofilms. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the preparation of novel polyvalent carbohydrate molecules, including polyvalent oligosaccharide molecules by linking a carbohydrate or a combinatorial carbohydrate library to a suitable matrix. Combinatorial carbohydrate libraries may be obtained using polymer-supported as well as classical solution methodologies, which may be further transformed into glycosylating agents. The glycosylating agents are then linked to a high-molecular weight matrix to produce, after deprotection, polyvalent hydrocarbon molecules in excellent yields. The matrices do not elicit any immunologic or allergic reactions in human or animal recipients. Such polyvalent molecules prevent infections caused by bacterial colonization, and hence may be used in foods, for example, in infant formulae and young children's foods to decrease the chance of contracting infectious diseases, in oral hygiene products, and in other products, such as disinfectants, cleansers, soaps, deodorants, ear drops and nasal sprays. ... The polyvalent carbohydrate molecules may be further used in the treatment of bacterial infections, as they are not expected to cause drug resistance. Furthermore, such carbohydrate polyvalent molecules, by virtue of their strong adherence to sites that bind carbohydrates, will disrupt biofilms or prevent biofilm formation and therefore have applications wherever biofilms are involved. ... Oligosaccharides occurring naturally in glycolipids, glycoproteins and proteoglycans have been ascribed a variety of functions in biological systems (see Varki, A. Glycobiology 3, 97(1993)). Although the universality of these functions is unknown at this point in time, there are properties of oligosaccharides which make them of immediate practical importance because oftheir possible use as human therapeutics and, particularly important, as preventive agents of human infections. For prevention purposes, these polyvalent carbohydrate molecules can be used as food additives, dental cleansers, mouthwashes, eardrops, ointments, and similar agents. Infections caused by colonization mediated by adherence to tissues through carbohydrate substrate binding are targets of these preventive agents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06184368__ •

Porphine-carbohydrate-fatty acid complexes as synthetic respiratory pigments Inventor(s): Drabick; Joseph J. (Philadelphia, PA), Shupack; Saul I. (Wayne, PA) Assignee(s): Villanova University (Villanova, PA) Patent Number: 4,307,084 Date filed: November 28, 1980 Abstract: An aqueous, biologically-compatible, reversible, oxygen-carrying system comprising a novel metallated porphine-carbohydrate-fatty acid complex, particularly a novel tetra-(p-carboxyphenyl)porphine-iron(II)-dextran-octanoate complex, useful as a synthetic respiratory pigment, and a method for preparing same. The complexes may be dissolved in a suitable electrolyte and used as a substitute for red blood cells.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel synthetic oxygen carrier system capable of reversibly binding oxygen and useful for storing and transporting oxygen in biological systems and as a substitute for red blood cells, and to a method for preparing the same. ... The process of dissociation can be observed by lowering the ambient partial pressure of O.sub.2, by heating the oxygen-containing complex ([ML-O.sub.2 ]), or by the addition of a ligand capable of replacing the bound O.sub.2. ... Considerable research has been conducted relating to complexes capable of reversibly binding O.sub.2 and having binding characteristics comparable to the natural oxygen carriers of vertebrates, namely, hemoglobin and myoglobin. These natural protein-containing carriers combine reversibly with oxygen in blood and tissues by virtue of a heme (iron(II)-porphyrin) prosthetic group. One O.sub.2 molecule is bound for each ferrous ion which is chelated to the four core nitrogen atoms of the porphyrin complex. In these and other heme proteins of vertebrates the porphyrin is embedded in a polypeptide chain having a molecular weight of from about 16,000 to about 60,000 daltons. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04307084__ •

Preparation of protein enriched yeast products devoid of carbohydrates Inventor(s): Cater; Allen W. (Edina, MN) Assignee(s): CRS Co. (St. Paul, MN) Patent Number: 4,211,798 Date filed: November 25, 1977 Abstract: The present invention concerns methods for producing food products consisting of highly nutritional proteins and yeast which are substantially devoid of objectionable carbohydrates. The process pertains to the addition of proteinaceous materials at appropriate stages of a yeast fermentation so as to enable the yeast to utilize the carbohydrate constituents of the protein material while recovering the protein with the yeast cells. These protein enriched yeast products are low in ash content with essentially no residual carbohydrates and are useful for fortifying foods and feeds. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to an improved technique for the preparation of protein enriched yeast products, and more particularly to a method of producing such products from whey fermentation systems. The process of the present invention provides finished products which are high in protein content, low in ash and essentially free of carbohydrates, especially reducing sugars. ... It is generally acknowledged that the world is entering an era of protein shortage. Accordingly, various techniques have been explored for the protein enrichment of food products both for human and animal consumption. Since the recognition of the fermentation process by Pasteur, considerable effort has been made to develop single cell protein systems to provide protein materials of high nutritional quality. Only modest gains have been made in accomplishing this goal due to the inherent limitations of the amino acid profiles of the various single cell protein. Bacteria are low in cystine and tryptophan, yeast are low in cystine and methionine, while algae are low in cystine, methionine and isoleucine content. ... Of the various processes for producing single cell proteins, yeast is one of the more desirable microorganisms, since in most cases, proteins in the fermentation medium are either not utilized or only modestly utilized as a nutrient by the yeast. Consequently, a yeast fermentation is the process of choice in this invention, although the basic concept could be foreseeably applied with other microbial propagation processes where elimination of an undesirable constituent could be accomplished.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04211798__ •

Procedure for recovering soluble carbohydrates contained in wood Inventor(s): Forss; Kaj (Helsinki, FI), Sten; Matti (Salosaari, FI), Peltonen; Juhani (Imatra, FI), Jokela; Veikko (Tiurinniemi, FI) Assignee(s): Enso-Gutzeit Oy (Helsinki, FI) Patent Number: 4,681,935 Date filed: November 27, 1985 Abstract: The invention concerns a procedure for recovery of soluble carbohydrates present in wood, in connection with the alkaline cellulose digesting process. According to the invention, recovery of carbohydrates takes place at the initial phase of the cellulose digesting process, where the digesting solution contains dissolved polysaccharides in abundance, while the content of polymeric lignin in the solution is low. A situation like this exists at the stage when the digesting solution has not yet reached the temperature at which the digestion process mainly takes place. As taught by the invention, the carbohydrates are recovered by conducting digesting solution to an ultrafilter, which separates the carbohydrates therefrom, and by returning the filtered solution to the cellulose digestion. The carbohydrates that are obtained may be used e.g. in the manufacturing of sugar alcohols, or as raw materials for biotechnical processes. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a procedure for recovering soluble carbohydrates contained in wood, wherein the carbohydrates contained in wood that is to be digested to cellulose and which shall be recovered are brought into a solution from which they are separated, and wherein the processing of the wood continues thereafter as an alkaline cellulose digesting process. ... The object of the invention is to teach a procedure by which it is possible in connection with manufacturing chemical or chemical-mechanical cellulose pulp to separate a remarkable part of those polysaccharides which are dissolved in the digesting liquor and which in conventional sulphate digesting largely undergo cleaving into saccharic acids and other decomposition products during the digesting process, to end up with the waste liquor in combustion in the digesting chemicals recovery process. The carbohydrates which are solved from the wood or other raw material containing lignocellulose are then recovered in such form that they can be used e.g. in manufacturing monosaccharides or sugar derivatives, as cattle fodder, or for manufacturing alcohol and proteins. ... It is previously known that soluble carbohydrates can be manufactured from wood or other lignocellulosic raw materials by hydrolyzing them with a mineral acid, such as dilute or concentrated sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid. However, these processes have proved uneconomical compared with the producing of cellulose from the raw materials mentioned. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04681935__

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Process and apparatus for the fermentation of carbohydrate-containing nutrient substrate Inventor(s): Messing; Theodor (Mulheim, DT), Wamser; Karl H. (Moers, DT) Assignee(s): Standard-Messo Duisburg Gesellschaft Fuer Chemietechnik mit (Duisburg, DT) Patent Number: 4,052,261 Date filed: September 27, 1976 Abstract: A process and apparatus for the preparation of citric acid by fermentation of carbohydrate-containing nutrient substrates carried out in a fermentation chamber and having two separate air supply systems is disclosed wherein highly sterile air is preheated through coarse-fine-absolute filters, UV gate, and overheating to 120.degree. C, and fed into the fermentation chamber during the germination phase of a fermentation of carbohydrate-containing nutrient substrate in a quantity sufficient to maintain the chamber at a slightly positive pressure; the fermentation chamber is heated separately and independently of the air supply during the germination phase; the feeding of the highly sterile air and the heating of the fermentation chamber are discontinued during the fermentation phase, and fresh, normally filtered, unconditioned air is introduced in a quantity sufficient to maintain the fermentation solution at an optimum fermentation temperature. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process and an apparatus for the fermentation of carbohydrate-containing nutrient substrates, particularly of molasses, in the preparation of citric acid. More particulaly, the invention relates to a process and apparatus for the inoculation of a fermentation solution with a fermentation agent in a sterile fermentation chamber, forming in a germination phase, a layer of the fermentation agent covering the entire surface of the fermentation solution, and then converting the sugar into citric acid, with the addition of air, in a fermentation phase. ... Since the discovery of the citric acid forming capability of certain mould fungi; primarily aspergillus types, carbohydrate-containing nutrient substrates have been known to be suitable to undergo a fermentation process for the technical preparation of citric acid. Several substances such as sugar-containing products, starch, and starch-containing raw materials after sachharification are used as the nutrient substrate. Of these nutrient substrates, molasses has been an especially suitable substrate for fermentation. In the conventional processes, the liquid nutrient substrate which is to be fermented is first brought to a sugar content of 12 to 20 percent and is enriched with nutrient salts and possibly with fermentation-promoting additives. The enriched nutrient substrate is then sterilized, following the adjustment to the most favorable pH value. The sterilized fermentation substrate is fed from the cooker, through sterile lines, into flat pans, designated fermenting vessels, which are arranged on top of each other in the so-called fermenting room. Prior to filling, the vessels and the chambers must be sterilized with a disinfectant. All measures which are required for a sterile fermentation must be taken with special care because, otherwise, sensitive disorders through infections, penicillium types, yeasts, or bacteria are unavoidable. This fact represents a considerable disadvantage in the present practice of fermenting carbohydrate-containing nutrient substrates. ... After the filling of the fermentation solution into the vessels, inoculation with spores of the micro-organism takes place. During the germination phase, usually about two days there is no heat development because citric acid is not yet generated during this time. A continuous mould cover is, however, formed during this period. It is widely recognized, therefore, that the vessels must be subjected to an external source of heat during germination. Without the supplemental addition of heat, the fermentation

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solution would be cooled, due to radiation, to the point that the temperature of the fermentation solution would be insufficient to support the germination. A small amount of oxygen is also required during this phase of the procedure. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04052261__ •

Process for biologically removing phosphorus and nitrogen from wastewater by controlling carbohydrate content therein Inventor(s): Liu; Yanhua (Tianjin, CN), Yang; Zaoyan (Tianjin, CN) Assignee(s): Tianjin Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute (Tainjin, CN) Patent Number: 5,833,856 Date filed: July 18, 1997 Abstract: The present invention relates to a process and a treatment system for biologically removing phosphorus and nitrogen from wastewater. In the anaerobic contact and settlement zone 1, wastewater 7 is first mixed with the returned activated sludge 8 to form a mixed liquor which is then allowed to settle in zone 1, and organic matters present in influent are mostly taken up by the sludge. The supernatant from zone 1 is passed through an aerobic reaction zone 2, furnished with packings, for complete nitrification; the settled sludge from zone 1 is hold in an anaerobic zone 3 for a sufficient period of time for controlling the sludge carbohydrate content to low levels in order to enlarge the sludge capacity for phosphorus removal because the extended anaerobic sludge degradation in zone 3 is very effective in controlling the sludge carbohydrate content to low levels. The sludge from zone 3 is then allowed to be remixed with the nitrified supernatant from zone 2 in zone 4, where the products of the extended anaerobic reaction allowed very high denitrification rates and efficiencies. The aerobic zone 5 is supplemented to complete phosphorus uptake by the activated sludge, in which the dissolved oxygen (DO) level is controlled at relatively low levels in order to limit the aerobic synthesis of sludge carbohydrate. The aerated mixed liquor is then transferred into a final clarifier where settled sludge is separated from purified supernatant. At least a portion of the settled sludge is recycled back to zone 1 to be mixed with raw wastewater, while a portion of the settled sludge is wasted. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to a process and a system for microbiologically removing phosphorus and nitrogen nutrients from wastewater and more particularly to a process and a wastewater treatment system having an improved efficience for biologically removing phosphorus and nitrogen from wastewater by using extended anaerobic sludge degradation (EASD) and/or controlling the sludge carbohydrate content therein. ... The presence in the environment of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen, is one of the primary causes of entrophication. Therefore, removing the nutrient from wastewater by a suitable process and a treatment system is an important project in the wastewater treatment for protecting the receiving water from entrophication. It is of great importance to cut down and prevent environmental pollution. ... One approach for accomplishing nutrient removal is biological treatment in a modified activated sludge system without chemical addition. Numerous biological nutrient removal processes have been developed in which the phosphorus removal is achieved by providing the activated sludge an alternating anaerobic/aerobic conditions. It is generally believed that certain polyphosphate accumulating microbes can hydrolyze intracellular polyphosphates into phosphate, the energy thus produced is used for the uptake of organic matters (measured as COD) in the wastewater, in the following aerobic condition, the stored COD are oxidized to supply energy for the

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polyphosphate regeneration. The overall phosphorus removal is achieved by the final wastage of high phosphorus containing microbes (also named as activated sludge). Therefore, it can be summarized that in the processes described above, the role of the anaerobic reaction is regarded as (1) to meet the needs of phosphorus release and the uptake of COD by phosphate accumulating microorganisms (2) to ferment the organic components present in wastewater so as to improve the efficiency of phosphorus removal. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05833856__ •

Process for brewing low carbohydrate near beer Inventor(s): Reuther; Hans (La Crosse, WI) Assignee(s): G. Heileman Brewing Company, Inc. (La Crosse, WI) Patent Number: 5,242,694 Date filed: February 18, 1992 Abstract: A low carbohydrate near beer is produced by a brewing process utilizing brewing materials including 100% brewer's malt with not more than a prescribed amount of dextrin malt and not more than a prescribed amount of caramel malt. The mashing, boiling and fermentation stages are controlled so that carbohydrate and calorie levels are achieved in a near beer having excellent taste and brightness. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the brewing of beer and more particularly relates to a process for brewing low carbohydrate near beer and the near beer product produced by the practice of such process. ... Brewing is the preparation of beer from carbohydrate material, chiefly malted barley, by means of the action of yeast and usually with the addition of hops. Brewing seems to have originated in Babylon, where, as in Egypt, barley grew wild and there is some evidence that beer made from malted grain was being brewed in Mesopotamia by 6000 B.C. ... The principal materials employed are malted barley, hops, water and yeast. In certain countries, e.g., Germany, the use of other materials is forbidden by law, except for export beers, but in most places other materials are employed to give color and flavor and are known as "adjuncts". Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05242694__

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Process for converting carbohydrates to hydrocarbons Inventor(s): Chen; Nai Y. (Titusville, NJ), Koenig; Leonard R. (Trenton, NJ) Assignee(s): Mobil Oil Corporation (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,503,278 Date filed: January 30, 1984 Abstract: A process is provided for the conversion of carbohydrates such as starch, cellulose and sugar into hydrocarbon products of increased carbon content. Solutions of the carbohydrate are contacted with a crystalline silicate zeolite catalyst such as ZSM-5 at a temperature 300.degree. C. to 650.degree. C. to provide hydrocarbon products which are useful as chemicals or fuels. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for the conversion of carbohydrates to hydrocarbons, and more particularly to the conversion of sugars in the presence of a

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specified crystalline silicate zeolite catalyst. ... There is a national interest in finding alternate sources other than petroleum for the production of liquid fuels and chemicals. U.S. Pat. No. 4,313,011, for example, has proposed the recovery of hydrocarbon fuels and chemical feedstocks by thermal conversion of plant biomass in a reducing atmosphere at temperatures of 200.degree. C. to 1000.degree. C. A summary of various processes for conversion of plant materials, including anaerobic digestion, fermentation, gasification and pyrolysis, appears in the publication by Anderson and Tillman entitled "Fuels from Waste", Academic Press, New York, 1977. Catalytic processes also have been developed. U.S. Pat. No. 4,300,009 discloses the conversion of plant or animal anabolites to liquid hydrocarbons in the presence of a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite catalyst. Other catalytic non-hydrocarbon processes include the conversion of alcohols to olefinic hydrocarbons as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,148,835; the conversion of lower alcohols and their ethers, such as methanol and dimethyl ether, to a hydrocarbon mixture of ethylene, propylene and mononuclear aromatics as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,979,472; and the catalytic conversion of mercaptans, sulfides, halides, amines and carbonyl compounds as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,046,825. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,998,898, mixtures of difficult to convert oxygenates with easy to convert oxygenates such as alcohols, ethers, esters, long chain aldehydes and ketones are co-processed over a crystalline zeolite catalyst to provide aromatic products of gasoline boiling range. Among the compounds that are stated to be difficult to convert are included carboxylic acids and anhydrides, carbohydrates such as starch and sugars, lower glycols, glycerin, and other polyols and short chain aldehydes. ... It has been now discovered that carbohydrates such as sugars can be converted into hydrocarbon products by a direct conversion process in which an aqueous solution of sugar is contacted under conversion conditions with a catalyst comprising a crystalline silicate zeolite at temperatures of 300.degree. C. to about 650.degree. C. It has been further discovered that the net hydrocarbon yield of the sugar can be increased by a partially direct conversion in which an aqueous supersaturated solution of the sugar in a lower monohydric alcohol is employed as the charge stock. The conversion process more fully described hereinbelow has been found more economically favorable than other alternative processing schemes for producing gasoline; namely, ethanol fermentation and conversion of ethanol to hydrocarbons (ETG) or gasification, water gas shift, methanol synthesis and conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons (MTG) . Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04503278__ •

Process for fermenting carbohydrate- and phosphate-containing liquid media Inventor(s): Andersch; Wolfram (Hildesheim, DE), Bahl; Hubert (Essen-Oldenburg, DE), Gottschalk; Gerhard (Norten-Hardenberg, DE) Assignee(s): Gesellschaft fur Biotechnologische Forschung mbH (GBF) (BraunschweigStockheim, DE) Patent Number: 4,605,620 Date filed: November 16, 1982 Abstract: The invention relates to a process for fermenting carbohydrate- and phosphate-containing liquid media with limitation of phosphate with bacteria capable of forming butanol, acetone and/or ethanol as fermentation products performed with a total phosphate content in the medium of 1.0 to 0.4 mmoles. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for fermenting carbohydrate- and phosphate-containing liquid media by means of bacteria capable of forming butanol,

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acetone and/or ethanol as fermentation products. ... German Pat. Nos. 612 535, 629 679, 635 572, 659 389, 683 198, 700 493, 824 932, 920 724, 941 184 and 941 185. ... British Pat. Nos. 4845, 15203, 15204, 319 079, 319 642 and 496 137. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04605620__ •

Process for high-load treatment of carbohydrate containing waste water Inventor(s): Chigusa; Kaoru (Tokyo, JP), Matsumaru; Michiyo (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Research Association of Biotechnology for Organic Fertilizer (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,075,008 Date filed: March 20, 1991 Abstract: A process for high-load treatment of carbohydrate-containing waste water comprises the steps of separating a yeast appearing in the waste water, subjecting the separated yeast to large-quantity culture, and treating the waste water by a high-load operation using the cultured yeast as a seed fungus under the conditions of a volume load of 10 to 80 kg-BOD/m.sup.3 .multidot.day and a yeast load of 1.0 to 5.0 kgBOD/kg-yeast.multidot.day, whereby it is possible to treat the high-concentration waste water efficiently with a small volume for treatment. To obviate the conflict between the yeast and bacteria, it is recommendable to add Cl.sub.2 to a reservoir in an amount of 10 to 50 mg/l. Upon the treatment of the waste water, a surplus of yeast is generated, which contains proteins and vitamins in high contents and, therefore, is capable of being taken by a fodder company as fodder or fertilizer; thus, the disposal cost associated with the surplus yeast is saved. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for high-load treatment of carbohydratecontaining waste water by utilizing a yeast appearing in the waste water, with a higher efficiency as compared to conventional methods. ... As an example of conventional methods for waste water treatment, there has been a method of treating an inflow of sewage with an activated sludge in an aerator. ... Since the activated sludge in the aerator is composed mainly of bacteria a large amount of sludge is formed upon the treatment. A surplus of sludge is incinerated in most cases, through it is sometimes converted into fertilizer by composting. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05075008__

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Process for preparing carbohydrates from vegetal juice Inventor(s): Pellegrini; Armando P. (Rua General Dionisio Cerqueira, 307, 30.000 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, BR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,544,558 Date filed: May 23, 1983 Abstract: A process for producing carbohydrates from vegetal juice comprises extracting a vegetal juice from raw vegetal material, filtering the vegetal juice to remove material suspended therein, subjecting the resultant vegetal juice to an enzymatic reaction which consists of four stages in the following sequence. The vegetal juice in a first stage is admixed with a mixture of 3.2.1.4-.beta.-1,4-glucan glucanhydrolase and 3.2.1.15-poly.alpha.-1,4-galacturonic glucanhydrolase, then the vegetal juice is admixed with 3.2.1.20-

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.alpha.-D-glucoside glucohydrolase. In the second stage the vegetal juice is admixed with 3.2.1.20-.alpha.-D-glucoside glucohydrolase; in the third state the vegetal juice is contacted with 3.2.1.21-.beta.-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, 5.3.1.4-L-arabinose-ketolisomerase and 5.3.1.5-D-xylose-ketol-isomerase; and in the fourth stage the vegetal juice is admixed with 3.2.1.1-.alpha.-1,4-glucan-4-glucanhydrolase.Thereafter the enzymatic treated juice is filtered, evaporated under reduced pressure to remove water and crystallized to produce said carbohydrates in a single solid form. Excerpt(s): The present invention refers to an enzymatic process for producing carbohydrates derived from vegetal juice. ... In so far as the process for the production of carbohydrates from vegetal juice is concerned, no substantial modification has been introduced in recent years, except for some mechanical improvements in devices used for their production. Thus, the process continues to be based on the crystallization of sucrose and the simple separation of the resulting solid phase from the liquid phase. ... In its essential form, the utilization of carbohydrates is wide spread throughout the world. On fermentation of carbohydrates, alcohol is produced which would suffice to justify their importance. In the area of esterification, biodegradable detergents are produced whose non-polluting significance need not be elaborated, these detergents representing a large field of use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04544558__ •

Process for preparing citric acid by fermentation of carbohydrates Inventor(s): Rottigni; Claudio (Milan, IT), Cardini; Giuliano (Milan, IT) Assignee(s): Euteco Impianti S.p.A. (Milan, IT) Patent Number: 4,278,764 Date filed: October 25, 1979 Abstract: The commercial process of preparing citric acid by submerged fermentation of hydrolized carbohydrates under aerobic conditions with yeasts of the genus Candida, while maintaining the pH value at 5-7 by addition of calcium hydroxide, is improved by submitting the broth obtained from a first fermentation operation to a first centrifuging to separate calcium citrate and then to a second centrifuging to separate the yeast cells. The cells thus recovered are recycled for use in a further fermentation operation. The use of said recycle cells permits higher yields and outputs of citric acid to be obtained in the further fermentation operation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for preparing citric acid by fermentation of carbohydrates with yeasts as fermentation agents. ... Several processes are described in the technical literature for the preparation of citric acid, especially by fermentation of substrates such as linear paraffins and carbohydrates. In particular in the case of linear paraffins there is generally used the submerged fermentation method, with strains belonging to the genus Candida, and in particular to the species C.fibrae, C.subtropicalis, C.guilliermondii, C.lipolitica, C.oleophila and C.zeylanoides, as described for example in the German Pat. Nos. 2,005,848, 2,050,361, 2,115,514, 2,156,911, 2,212,929 and 2,215,141, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,689,359 and 3,799,840, British Pat. No. 1,203,006 and French Pat. No. 1,571,551. ... carrying out the fermentation, which comprises an initial period of multiplication of the inoculated yeast, followed by a period of production of citric acid until the fermentable sugar present in the medium is exhausted. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04278764__

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Process for preparing conjugates consisting of a specific binding partner and a carbohydrate-containing protein Inventor(s): Pollner; Reinhold (Marburg, DE), Noah; Michael (Marburg, DE), Nau; Gunther (Marburg, DE) Assignee(s): Behringwerke Aktiengesellschaft (Marburg, DE) Patent Number: 5,534,414 Date filed: March 30, 1995 Abstract: The invention relates to a process for preparing conjugates consisting of a specific binding partner and a carbohydrate-containing protein, conjugates which can be prepared by this process and their use in enzyme immunoassays. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process for preparing conjugates consisting of a specific binding partner and a carbohydrate-containing protein, conjugates which can be prepared by this process and their use in enzyme immunoassays. ... After Yalow and Berson (R. S. Yalow, S. A. Berson (1960) J. Clin. Invest. 39, 1157-1175) described the first radioimmunoassay and Engvall and Perlmann (E. Engvall, P. Perlmann (1971) Immunochemistry 8, 871-874) as well as van Weemen and Schuurs (B. K. van Weeman, A. H. W. M. Schuurs (1971) FEBS-Letters 15, 232-236) described the first enzyme immunoassays (EIA), these techniques were employed all over the world for determining a wide variety of analytes. ... Immunological methods of detection are generally distinguished by exceptional specificity and sensitivity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05534414__

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Process for preparing polyvalent and physiologically degradable carbohydratecontaining polymers by enzymatic glycosylation reactions and the use thereof for preparing carbohydrate building blocks Inventor(s): Hoersch; Brigitte (Kriftel, DE), Ahlers; Michael (Mainz, DE), Kretzschmar; Gerhard (Eschborn, DE), Bartnik; Eckart (Wiesbaden, DE), Seiffge; Dick (MainzKostheim, DE) Assignee(s): Glycorex AB (Lund, SE) Patent Number: 6,406,894 Date filed: December 11, 1997 Abstract: A process for preparing polyvalent, physiologically degradable carbohydratecontaining polymers by enzymatic glycosylation reactions is described. The carbohydrate-containing polymers thus prepared may be used for preparing carbohydrate building blocks. The polyvalent carbohydrate-containing polymers of the invention cause no intolerance reactions in vivo, either in their intact form or in the form of degradation products. The carbohydrate side chain of the carbohydrate-containing polymer is assembled by enzymatic glycosylation reactions in homogeneous aqueous buffer systems directly on a biodegradable polymer. The yields of the glycosylation reaction are significantly improved over known processes, and are often quantitative. This also provides a significant increase in the loading densities. A process for preparing free oligosaccharides by means of the carbohydrate-containing polymers of the invention is also described.

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Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to a process for using enzymatic glycosylation reactions to prepare polyvalent carbohydrate-containing polymers. These carbohydratecontaining polymers do not cause intolerance reactions in vivo, either in their intact state, or in the form of metabolites produced by physiological degradation processes. The process may also be used for preparing carbohydrate building blocks. ... The role of carbohydrates as information carriers in physiologically relevant recognition processes has recently been a subject of intense study. The presence of carbohydrates as ligands on cell surfaces allows them to play, via binding to specific carbohydrate receptors, a crucial part in intercellular communication and in intercellular recognition processes. Carbohydrate ligands on cell surfaces act as recognition elements for, for example, viruses, bacteria, toxins and lectins. Carbohydrates therefore play a crucial role part in, inter alia, bacterial and viral infections, and in the initiation of inflammatory processes such as rheumatoid arthritis, allergies, post-infarct syndrome, shock, stroke and sepsis. Recent investigations have shown that during inflammatory processes the interaction between a carbohydrate ligand and a selectin expressed by endothelial cells mediates adhesion of leukocytes to inflammatory foci. Carbohydrate ligands that are particularly important for cell adhesion are sialylated and/or fucosylated carbohydrates such as sialyl-Lewis X and sialyl-Lewis A. ... Therapeutic approaches to treating inflammatory disorders using free oligosaccharides to block the binding of natural ligands to receptors have been largely unsuccessful due to the low affinities observed between the receptor and the oligosaccharide (e.g. the dissociation constant, K.sub.D.about.10.sup.-4 M for the interaction between a monovalent galactoside and the corresponding lectin, D. T. Connolly et al., J. Biol. Chem. 257, 939, (1982)). These low affinities lead to a requirement for administering very high dosages of carbohydrate. Some divalent structures have, however, been show to have somewhat better binding affinities for a particular receptor. See. for example, Wong et al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 115:7549 (1993) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,676. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06406894__ •

Process for preparing thermal carbohydrates Inventor(s): Fox; Sidney W. (707 S. Valley Rd., Carbondale, IL 62901), Bahn; Peter R. (R.R. 1, Box 261, Woodlawn, IL 62898) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,975,534 Date filed: June 30, 1989 Abstract: Glucose, and separately a 1:1 mixture of glucose and fructose, were thermally polymerized in the presence of glutamic acid to yield artificial carbohydrates with chemical linkages different from starch, cellulose, or chitin. Excerpt(s): A saccharide can be defined as a polyhydroxyaldehyde or a polyhydroxyketone usually of the formula (CH.sub.2 O).sub.n where n.gtoreq.3. Saccharides are commonly referred to as sugars. For example common table sugar is a dimer of one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule. Polysaccharides are defined as polymers of monosaccharides and are commonly referred to as carbohydrates. For example, starch is a polysaccharide which is a linear polymer of .alpha.-D-glucose with a (1.fwdarw.4) chemical linkage between monosaccharide units. Cellulose is a polysaccharide which is a linear polymer of .beta.-D-glucose (1.fwdarw.4). Chitin is a polysaccharide which is a homopolymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (chitin is not a pure carbohydrate since it contains nitrogen). ... Polysaccharides serve as nutrients, for

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example the starch found in many foods, and also as building materials, for example the cellulose found in wood and the chitin found in arthropod exoskeletons. ... Previously, Mora and his colleagues (1958, 1960) polymerized various monosaccharides by heating the monosaccharides either with infrared radiation under vacuum conditions with 0.164% phosphorous acid (H.sub.3 PO.sub.3) or with tetramethylene sulfone and 0.164% H.sub.3 PO.sub.3. Mora and his group found that polyglucoses of 8,000 to 30,000 Dalton Molecular weights were formed under such reaction conditions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04975534__ •

Process for producing a low carbohydrate, low calorie beer Inventor(s): Zastrow; Klaus D. (St. Louis County, MO) Assignee(s): Anheuser-Busch, Incorporated (St. Louis, MO) Patent Number: 4,272,552 Date filed: February 7, 1977 Abstract: A low calorie, low carbohydrate beer is produced by carrying out a separate mashing of malt at temperatures which substantially inactivate microorganisms without deactivating enzymes of the malt and adding this mash to wort in a primary and/or secondary fermentor to produce a final beer having a reduced carbohydrate and calorie content. Excerpt(s): Numerous so-called low carbohydrate low calorie or light beers have recently been introduced to the market. It is believed that certain of these may be made by a process similar to the process described in Gablinger U.S. Pat. No. 3,379,534. The Gablinger process involves adding the enzyme, amyloglucosidase, to the materials being brewed during the mash and/or fermentation period, in order to split a portion of the dextrins which would otherwise remain in the final beer. The Gablinger patent states that the alpha and beta amylases, which are the enzymes provided by the barley malt used in brewing, cannot provide any of the features of his invention. ... Manufacture of diabetic or low sugar beer is also known. Distler U.S. Pat. No. 2,223,444 relates to the production of low sugar beer by boiling the mash and the hopped wort in vacuum at a low temperature so as to preserve the enzyme complex of the malt. Temperatures of 64.degree.-66.degree. C. are not exceeded. This process requires special equipment and procedures not normally used in a brewery. Also considerable time (up to three months) is required until the desired degree of fermentation is reached. ... Schimpf U.S. Pat. No. 3,852,495 concerns the manufacture of dietary or diabetic beer of low alcohol and low carbohydrate content and a low calorie value by boiling off alcohol after a first fermentation and then adding additional yeast and a solution of diastase extracted from malt to the partially fermented mixture. This process requires many additional steps not conventionally used in a brewery. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04272552__

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Process for producing carbohydrate or glycoconjugate Inventor(s): Fan; Jian Qiang (Baltimore, MD), Lee; Yuan Chuan (Timonium, MD), Takegawa; Kaoru (Kagawa-ken, JP), Iwahara; Shojiro (Kagawa-ken, JP), Kondo; Akihiro (Akashi, JP), Kato; Ikunoshin (Uji, JP) Assignee(s): Takara Shuzo Co., Ltd. (Kyoto-Fu, JP) Patent Number: 5,955,324 Date filed: August 19, 1997 Abstract: To provide a process for producing a carbohydrate or a glycoconjugate without forming any hydrolytic product of the remodeled sugar chain.A process for producing a carbohydrate or a glycoconjugate by a remodeling reaction in the presence of a glycosidase which performs the remodeling reaction in an aqueous medium containing a water-soluble ketone and/or dioxane. Examples of the glycosidase include endoglycosidases such as Endo-A. Examples of the ketone include acetone. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for producing a remodeled carbohydrate or glycoconjugate by utilizing the transglycosylation activity of a glycosidase. ... Sugar chains of glycoproteins play important roles in various biological phenomenon, such as the immune second-messenger system. Therefore, modification or replacement of sugar chains in glycoproteins is useful for the pharmacological industry. ... This technique can create new types of drugs that can be better delivered to the target cells or can have longer activity. Two approaches can be used for this purpose: chemical and enzymatic. Since chemical reactions usually require organic mediums or other harsh conditions, this approach may cause denaturation of glycoproteins. On the other hand, an enzymatic approach is usually carried out in aqueous solutions such as buffer solutions, etc., and thus are not damaging the proteins. Another advantage of an enzymatic method is that it will react more specifically. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05955324__

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Process for producing carbohydrate-phenol condensation resins Inventor(s): Gibbons; John P. (Western Springs, IL), Wondolowski; Lawrence (Downers Grove, IL) Assignee(s): CPC International Inc. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ) Patent Number: 4,048,126 Date filed: July 22, 1976 Abstract: A process for the production of carbohydrate-phenolic resins wherein a phenolic compound is reacted with a hexose saccharide in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to form a solid fusible resin which is curable with cross linking agents, such as hexamethylenetetramine. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to carbohydrate-based condensation resins, and more particularly to a process for producing carbohydrate-based condensation resins in the presence of an improved catalyst system. ... Condensation resins based upon phenol and aliphatic aldehydes have been used for many years in the plastics industry. As is now well established, the aldehyde, usually formaldehyde, is reacted with phenol in the presence of an acid or basic catalyst to form a condensation resin. The formaldehyde serves as a coupling agent, interconnecting the phenol or urea molecules. ... The basic raw material for condensation resins of the type described above is petroleum. As is

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now well known, supplies of petroleum are becoming increasingly limited, and prices have increased significantly. There is thus a need to replace at least a portion of the petroleum-based components of condensation resins of the type described above with a less expensive, more abundant material. Carbohydrates, readily available from plant sources, are thus one type of renewable resource ideally suited for use in the manufacture of plastics. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04048126__ •

Process for recovering useful products from carbohydrate-containing materials Inventor(s): Rapaport; Robert M. (New Rochelle, NY), Monti; Anthony (Irvington, NY), Moroz; Raymond D. (Staten Island, NY), Broeg; Charles B. (Short Hills, NJ) Assignee(s): Sucrest Corporation (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,101,338 Date filed: April 27, 1976 Abstract: Process for fractionating carbohydrate-containing materials, such as molasses, by contact with an ion exclusion resin wherein a first portion of the material and a second, less dense portion of the material are sequentially fed to the resin. This scheme of adding the carbohydrate-containing material to the column of ion exclusion resin lessens the channeling problem. Also, a process for treating molasses comprising adding ferric ions to the molasses to form a precipitate and passing the so-treated molasses through an ion exclusion resin. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the recovery of the carbohydrate fraction, as well as other useful products, from carbohydrate-containing products, particularly molasses. ... The art has long been aware that a host of carbohydrate-containing products exist from which can be derived all or part of the desirable carbohydrate content thereof. Products such as fruit juices, cane and beet sugar juices, starch hydrolysates, hardwood sulfite liquors, whey and the like present attractive source materials for carbohydrates such as sucrose fructose, glucose, invert, sugar lactose and xylose. In many cases, however, the low efficiency of prior art separation processes has not justified the expense typically encountered in such methods. Compounding this economic disadvantage has been the inability to obtain additional useful products from these source materials, and hence offset the costs of carbohydrate recovery, without the need for still further extensive separation techniques. ... The foregoing problems are particularly acute in the field of sugar refining wherein enormous quantities of "by-products" such as molasses result from the sucrose production process. While molasses is known to contain many useful products, including sucrose, fructose, glucose, invert sugar and inorganic salts, attempts to recover these have been hampered by the inability to achieve any economically significant removal of these valuable products. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04101338__

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Process for reducing carbohydrate losses in the sulfate pulping of wood by pretreating the wood with oxygen and nitrogen oxides Inventor(s): Samuelson; Hans O. (Gothenburg, SE), Hagglund; Erik O. S. (Domsjo, SE) Assignee(s): Mo och Domsjo Aktiebolag (Ornskoldsvik, SE) Patent Number: 4,750,973 Date filed: October 26, 1982 Abstract: A process is provided for reducing carbohydrate losses in the sulphate pulping of wood using sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide, by pretreating the wood in the presence of water with oxygen gas and nitrogen oxide such as NO.sub.2 and/or NO and/or polymeric oxides and double molecules thereof, for example, N.sub.2 O.sub.4 or N.sub.2 O.sub.3, for from about 3 to about 110 minutes at a temperature within the range from about 25.degree. to about 100.degree. C., the amount of nitrogen oxide charged, calculated as monomers, being within the range from about 0.05 to about 1 kilomole per 1000 kg bone-dry wood, resulting in one or several of the following advantages: an improved yield of pulp, an improved viscosity, and a reduced requirement for bleaching chemicals in any subsequent bleaching stages. Excerpt(s): Digestion of wood using the sulphate pulping method produces a yield of wood pulp of about 45% in the case of softwood, and over 50% in the case of hardwood. The ever increasing shortage of wood has led to a search for digestion methods which will result in a cellulose pulp in high yield and with good strength properties. Attempts therefore have been made to increase the yield with additives such as polysulphide and anthraquinone, but the effect of these additives is often small, however, unless very large quantities are used. ... Andersson, Bergstrom and Hartler, Swedish patent No. 309,530, suggest that the pulp yield in the sulfate pulping of softwood can be increased considerably if the digestion is carried out in two stages. First, the wood is subjected to pretreatment with a sodium hydrosulfide solution at elevated temperature, and then the wood is pulped using a pulping liquor containing sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide. However, sodium hydrosulfide solution has a high partial pressure of hydrogen sulfide, especially at elevated temperatures, and consequently, because of the toxicity of hydrogen sulfide, the preparation and handling of sodium hydrosulfide solutions in a pulp mill pose very difficult problems, particularly from the standpoint of safety. Consequently, this process has not been applied on a commercial scale. ... Day and Hoos, Swedish patent No. 167,779, suggest that the yield of cellulose pulp can be increased considerably in a sulfate pulping process if the wood is subjected to pretreatment with hydrogen sulfide gas prior to alkaline digestion with sodium hydroxide in the presence of sodium sulfide. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04750973__

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Process for removal of water-soluble carbohydrates in the production of plant protein products Inventor(s): Hansen; Ole Kaae (Aarhus, DK) Assignee(s): Aarhus Oliefabrik A/S (Aarhus, DK) Patent Number: 4,008,334 Date filed: June 3, 1975

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Abstract: This invention provides a method for removal of all water soluble carbohydrates in the production of plant protein products, including oligosaccharides containing alpha-1,6-galactosidic bonds which are known to cause flatulence in man and animals. In the method an aqueous solution or dispersion of the plant protein material containing 1-60%, and preferably 15-50% of the dry matter is fermented with particular strains of Saccharomyces that have been found to degrade and assimilate flatus-causing carbohydrates. The fermentation is effected at a temperature between 20.degree. and 40.degree. C for from 12 to 48 hours, on which, if desired, the fermented material is dried. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for removal of water-soluble carbohydrates in the production of plant protein products, more specific removal of water-soluble carbohydrates causing flatulence in man and animals. ... The term watersoluble carbohydrates as employed herein includes as well such carbohydrates that are also soluble in aqueous solutions of ethanol such as glucose, galactose, sucrose, raffinose and stachyose. ... The term plant protein products as employed herein refers to all such products as meal, grits, milk concentrates and isolates that are produced from plants rich in protein such as soybean, rapeseed, navy beans, lima beans, cottonseed, peanut etc., and containing protein as a predominant constituent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04008334__ •

Process for separation of carbohydrates Inventor(s): Nagasawa; Kinzo (Tokyo, JP), Ogamo; Akira (Yokohama, JP) Assignee(s): Seikagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 4,421,650 Date filed: January 26, 1983 Abstract: There is provided a process for the separation of carbohydrates by use of hydrophobic interaction chromatography.The process according to the present invention can accomplish effective separation of carbohydrates, particularly mucopolysaccharides including heparin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfates, dermatan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, keratan sulfate and chondroitin-polysulfates. As the hydrophobic ligand in the chromatographic support to be used in the present invention, there may particularly be mentioned and alkyl group; an alkyl group substituted with a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group and/or an amino group; an aryl group; or an aralkyl group. The chromatographic support is selected from cross-linked and non-cross-linked agaroses and polyvinyl alcohols. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for separation of carbohydrates. More particularly, it pertains to a process for separation of carbohydrates by use of hydrophobic interaction chromatography. ... Hydrophobic interaction chromatography is a method for separation of solutions from each other according to the difference in interactions between the hydrophobic sites in solutes and the hydrophobic ligands possessed by the chromatographic support. ... Most substances constituting living bodies exist in an aqueous medium. Some substances, typically proteins, have strongly hydrophobic sites (amino acid residues) on the molecular surface, and hence it is theoretically possible to effect separation by hydrophobic interaction chromatography according to the extent of hydrophobicity. In fact, there have been reported examples of separation of proteins by hydrophobic interaction chromatography based on this principle and a highly effective separation and purification of proteins has been

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performed by using it in combination with an ion-exchange chromatography or an affinity chromatography. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04421650__ •

Process for the acid hydrolysis of carbohydrate polymers and the continuous fermentation of the sugars obtained therefrom to provide ethanol Inventor(s): Muller; Werner C. (Dobbs Ferry, NY), Miller; Franklyn D. (Cincinnati, OH) Assignee(s): National Distillers and Chemical Corp. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,291,124 Date filed: March 12, 1980 Abstract: A carbohydrate polymer such as starch and/or cellulose is converted to ethanol by a process in which an aqueous slurry of the carbohydrate polymer acid hydrolyzed to provide a sterile fermentable sugar solution is thereafter continuously converted by fermentation to dilute aqueous ethanol ("beer") in a series of agitated fermentations vessels which contain progressively more ethanol and less fermentable suger employing at least two strains of yeast for the fermentation, one of which provides a high rate of ethanol production in a fermentation medium containing a relatively low concentration of ethanol and a relatively high concentration of fermentable sugar and the other of which provides a high rate of ethanol production in a fermentation medium containing a relatively high concentration of ethanol and a relatively low concentration of fermentable sugar. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to processes for hydrolyzing carbohydrate polymers such as starch and cellulose and more particularly, to such processes especially adapted to provide substrate sugars for the fermentation of ethanol. ... With the ever-increasing depletion of economically recoverable petroleum reserves, the production of ethanol from vegetative sources as a partial or complete replacement for conventional fossilbased liquid fuels becomes more attractive. In some areas, the economic and technical feasibility of using a 90% unleaded gasoline-10% anhydrous ethanol blend ("gasohol") has shown encouraging results. According to a recent study, gasohol powered automobiles have averaged a 5% reduction in fuel compared to unleaded gasoline powered vehicles and have emitted one-third less carbon monoxide than the latter. In addition to offering promise as a practical and efficient fuel, biomass-derived ethanol in large quantities and at a competitive price has the potential in some areas for replacing certain petroleum-based chemical feedstocks. Thus, for example, ethanol can be catalytically dehydrated to ethylene, one of the most important of all chemical raw materials both in terms of quantity and versatility. ... The various operations in processes for obtaining ethanol from such recurring sources as cellulose, cane sugar, amylaceous grains and tubers, e.g., the separation of starch granules from noncarbobydrate plant matter and other extraneous substances, the acid and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of starch and/or cellulose to fermentable sugar (saccharification), the fermentation of sugar to a dilute solution of ethanol ("beer") and the recovery of anhydrous ethanol by distillation, have been modified in numerous ways to achieve improvements in product yield, production rates and so forth. For ethanol to realize its vast potential as a partial or total substitute for petroleum fuels or as a substitute chemical feedstock, it is necessary that the manufacturing process be as efficient in the use of energy and raw materials as possible so as to maximize the energy return for the amount of ethanol produced and enhance the standing of the ethanol as an economically viable replacement for petroleum-based chemicals. To date, however,

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relatively little concern has been given to the energy requirements for manufacturing ethanol from biomass and consequently, little effort has been made to minimize the thermal expenditure for carrying out any of the discrete operations involved in the manufacture of ethanol from vegetative sources. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04291124__ •

Process for the detection of compounds containing carbohydrate and a suitable reagent therefor Inventor(s): Haselbeck; Anton (Weilheim, DE), Hosel; Wolfgang (Tutzing, DE), von der Eltz; Herbert (Weilheim, DE), Schickaneder; Edith (Munich, DE) Assignee(s): Boehringer Mannheim GmbH (Mannheim, DE) Patent Number: 5,179,004 Date filed: December 21, 1989 Abstract: For the detection of compounds containing carbohydrate the compound to be detected is reacted with a conjugate which contains a group which enables a specific binding to the substance to be detected and contains a hapten with a molecular weight from 300 to 1200, afterwards the complex formed is brought into contact with labelled antibodies directed against the hapten and the label is determined in a known way. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns a process for the detection of compounds containing carbohydrate, as well as a suitable reagent therefor. ... Compounds containing carbohydrate are widespread. Besides derivatives of glycerol such as e.g. monoglycerides, which are e.g. used as emulgators and are present in foods, the sugars are, above all, ubiquitous, in particular the pentoses and hexoses as well as their derivatives. The sugars occur in the organism in many variations in particular also in the form of glycoconjugates such as e.g. glycoproteins. Very many active substances can only be transported in the organism or are only effective when present in a glycosylated form. It is therefore desirable to be able to detect such compounds with great accuracy from sample solutions as well as on tissue sections quantitatively as well as qualitatively. Furthermore, it is important to be able to distinguish the individual sugars or compounds containing OH-groups from one another. ... Many processes are already known by which compounds containing carbohydrate can be detected quantitatively as well as qualitatively with chemical or biochemical methods. Thus it is known for example that a mixture of sugars can be separated chromatographically or electrophoretically and afterwards the individual sugars can be visualized by staining. Suitable, for example, are the reaction with phenol-sulphuric acid, the reaction with periodate and subsequent staining with Schiff's reagent or silver or subsequent dansylfluorimetric determination. A disadvantage of these chemical methods is that they are either not very specific or else they are too insensitive. On the other hand, the more sensitive chemical methods have the disadvantage that they are very complicated to carry out and very susceptible to interference. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05179004__

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Process for the fermentative production of citric acid from carbohydrates Inventor(s): Kirkovits; August (Stronsdorf, AT), Edlauer; Helga (Laa/Thaya, AT) Assignee(s): Jungbunzlauer Aktiengesellschaft (Wein, AT) Patent Number: 5,081,025 Date filed: October 3, 1990 Abstract: Proposed is a process for the fermentative production of citric acid from carbohydrates by means of a microorganism of the species Aspergillus niger in a substrate containing zinc ions and hexacyanoferrate ions wherein carbohydrates not prepurified are employed and the Zn content of the substrate is adjusted to 30 to 250 ppm and the hexacyanoferrate content of the substrate is adjusted to 100 to 500 ppm. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process for the fermentative production of citric acid from carbohydrates by means of a microorganism of the species Aspergillus niger in a substrate containing zinc and hexacyanoferrate. ... In the submersed fermentation of citric acid with use of Aspergillus niger from comparatively impure carbohydrate material, the detrimental influence of iron ions in the substrate has long been known. ... While a content of 2.0 ppm of Fe in the substrate is amply tolerable when using carbohydrates of a high degree of purity, 0.2 ppm of Fe may already be excessive with comparatively impure carbohydrates and cause the formation of large amounts of nonacid-forming Aspergilus niger mycelium, while citric acid formation drops drastically. This fact is attributed to the presence of socalled "iron potentiators", such as amino acids, in the substrate which originate from the impure carbohydrates and multiply the negative effect of the iron by the formation of the non-acid-forming mycelium. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05081025__

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Process for the manufacture of a dry foodstuff powder containing fats, proteins and carbohydrates Inventor(s): Deininger; Rolf (Cologne, DT), Wolf; Erich (Cologne, DT) Assignee(s): Klosterfrau Berlin (Berlin, DT) Patent Number: 3,978,245 Date filed: July 23, 1974 Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the manufacture of a dry foodstuff powder containing fats, proteins and carbohydrates characterised in that a fatfree dispersion is formed of protein originating from foodstuff and of water, which dispersion contains carbohydrates and foodstuff supplements such as mineral substances, vitamins and flavoring materials, and in which protein accounts for at least 60% of the solids content and carbohydrates account for at most 35% of the solids content and into which dispersion is emulsified 1/3 to 1 part by weight of edible oil per 1 part by weight of protein, the emulsion then being dried whilst avoiding heating to above 65.degree.C, and the product being converted to a powder. The foodstuff powder obtained by the inventive process, whilst having a relatively high protein content and low carbohydrate content, is pleasant to consume, without causing revulsion. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process for the manufacture of a dry foodstuff powder containing fats, proteins and carbohydrates. ... Metabolic disturbances and obesity are frequently due to an excess of carbohydrates and a deficiency of proteins in the nutrition provided. This can be counteracted by providing foodstuffs of minimal

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carbohydrate content and high protein content without excessive fat content. Experience has shown that if foodstuff granules of such a composition are taken in amounts which suffice to achieve the desired balance in the case of obesity they cause revulsion if only because on chewing an unpleasant sticky mass is formed is formed in the mouth. ... It is the object of the invention to design a manufacturing process of the initially mentioned type such that a foodstuff powder obtained, whilst having a relatively high protein content and low carbohydrate content, is pleasant to consume, without causing revulsion. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03978245__ •

Process for the preparation of ether carboxylic acids from carbohydrates and derivatives thereof and their use Inventor(s): Schonwalder; Karl-Heinz (Kelkheim/Taunus, DE) Assignee(s): Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft (Frankfurt am Main, DE) Patent Number: 5,223,642 Date filed: March 30, 1992 Abstract: A process for the preparation of ether carboxylic acids by ethoxylation of carbohydrates followed by catalytic oxidation and the use of the products in detergents or cleaning agents. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of ether carboxylic acids by ethoxylation of carbohydrates, followed by catalytic oxidation, and to the use of the products obtained. ... Owing to their eutrophying effect in lakes and rivers, the use of phosphates in detergents and cleaning agents has become restricted by law and in some cases even prohibited in a number of countries. As a result, a large number of substitutes for phosphates, in particular for sodium tripolyphosphate, have been developed and proposed in the meantime as builder. However, the desirable properties of sodium tripolyphosphate in its application as a detergent have hitherto not been achieved entirely by any single substance. Rather, only combinations of builders are capable of achieving in a first approximation the effect of phosphates. Only a relatively small number of phosphate substitutes, or rather partial substitutes, are fully satisfactory with respect to their ecological properties. Although they do not promote eutrophication of lakes and rivers, they have nevertheless in some cases properties which must be regarded as questionable in their effect on the environment, such as remobilization of heavy metals from sediments of the lakes and rivers or insufficient biological degradability; therefore, their effect on the environment is uncertain, even if these substances do not immediately have to be considered toxic according to current knowledge. Accordingly, the search for effective builders for detergents which can be considered safe with respect to their ecological effect continues. ... In JP-A2-58/117,284 so-called viscosity-reducing agents of coal sludges are disclosed, which can be prepared by reaction of polyhydric alcohols, which also include carbohydrates, with alkylene oxides to give polyether compounds, followed, if desired, by conversion of the terminal hydroxyl groups into carboxyl groups; however, more detailed information on the synthesis of these products is not given. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05223642__

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Process for the production of microbial protein and lipid from vegetable carbohydrates by culture of microbes Inventor(s): Nojiri; Michihiko (Takaishi, JP), Kakutani; Kazuo (Nishinomiya, JP), Uedono; Shigezo (Kigawahigashi, JP), Uenakai; Kazuo (Sakai, JP), Matsumoto; Masafumi (Shibatani, JP) Assignee(s): Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 4,230,806 Date filed: June 7, 1977 Abstract: A process for the production of microbial protein and lipid from vegetable carbohydrates including starch by culture of a microbe, which comprises a combination of the steps of liquefying starch with a dextrinogenic enzyme in a liquefaction tank, effecting simultaneous saccharification and culture of the microbe in a fermentation tank by aseptically adding a saccharogenic amylase to the culture medium produced in the liquefying step, and separating the cultured microbial cells and lipid from the culture medium. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the production of microbial protein (referred to hereinafter sometimes as S.C.P.) and lipid from vegetable carbohydrates by culture of a microbe in a culture medium containing such carbohydrates. More particularly, the present invention relates to a process for the production of microbial protein and lipid from vegetable carbohydrates, especially starch, characterized by the two-step operation comprising liquefaction of starch by the action of dextrinogenic enzymes for preparing a culture medium for a microbe and saccharification of the liquified culture medium by aseptically adding a saccharogenic amylase to the culture medium while cultivating the microbe therein. ... In recent years, single cell proteins are produced artificially from vegetable carbohydrates or mineral hydrocarbons by culturing a micro-organism. The proteins thus obtained originate from the cells of the cultivated micro-organism and are generally distinguished from those purely extracted from vegetable sources, such as beans, by a chemical means. These artificially produced proteins are useful as substitute for meat and find a wide variety of applications in food industry as substitute for meat, additives to foods and animal feeds, etc. ... Hitherto, many studies have been reported on the production of S.C.P. from vegetable carbohydrates by culturing a microbe in a culture medium prepared from such carbohydrates. Used in these studies as starting material for fermentation or production of S.C.P. and lipid are carbohydrates represented typically by monosaccharides and oligosaccharides as well as starch, the latter being commercially available in a great quantity. Thus, the use of starch as starting material is desirable from the economical point of view. However, if a microbe used for culture can utilize only monosaccharides or oligosaccharides, starch or the like high molecular material must be previously hydrolyzed (saccharified) by some appropriate means before it is used for culture medium. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04230806__

Patents 341

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Process for the production of oxyacids from carbohydrates Inventor(s): Skibida; Irina P. (Mosca, SU), Sakharov; Andrei M. (Mosca, SU), Sakharov; Aleksej M. (Mosca, SU) Assignee(s): Cerestar Holding B.V. (NL) Patent Number: 5,484,914 Date filed: May 24, 1994 Abstract: A method for the production of oxyacids from carbohydrates by catalytic oxidation with an oxygen containing gas in an alkaline medium, wherein the oxidation is carried out by homogeneous catalysis in the presence of a catalytic amount of an ion of a transition metal selected from the group consisting of Cu, Cr, Co, Ni, Fe, V, Ti, Mn and mixtures thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the production of oxyacids from carbohydrates, by catalytic oxidation with an oxygen containing gas. ... It is known to prepare polyhydroxycarboxylic acids by oxidation of saccharides and/or polysaccharides by means of electrochemical oxidation in the presence of CaBr.sub.2 or by means of chemical oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate, persulphates, sodium hypobromite or hypochlorite, and periodate. Such known processes have drawbacks deriving from the use of expensive and toxic reagents and furthermore deriving from a contamination of the reaction products with the oxidizing chemicals; in this connection, the presence of bromine or chlorine or compounds thereof in the oxidation products adversely effects the biodegradability properties of the obtained oxyacids. ... Also known are methods of catalytic oxidation of carbohydrates with molecular oxygen, which indeed constitutes a very desirable oxidizing agent in view of its low cost and for environmental reasons. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05484914__

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Process for the purification of carbohydrate containing enzymes Inventor(s): Keyes; Melvin H. (Sylvania, OH) Assignee(s): Technicon Instruments Corp. (Tarrytown, NY) Patent Number: 4,194,067 Date filed: July 31, 1978 Abstract: This invention relates to a method for purifying a carbohydrate containing enzyme which is a desired enzyme preferred to be separated from a mixture. The method comprises the steps of mixing a solution containing the carbohydrate containing enzyme with a carbohydrate modifying reagent. The carbohydrate modifying reagent reacts with the carbohydrate attached to the enzyme, thereby modifying its chemical structure. The modified enzyme is then separated from the other undesirable enzymes or proteins in the mixture by a suitable chemical separation method, for example, gel filtration chromatography. The method was used in the separation of glucose oxidase from catalase, a separation which by previous methods was very inefficient. Excerpt(s): 1. Field Of The Invention. ... This invention relates to a method for the chemical purification of enzymatic proteins. Known chemical separation methods for enzymatic proteins are usually based upon differential precipitation of the preferred enzyme from other undesirable enzymes and impurities which contaminate the mixture. Where an enzyme is not separable from other impurities found in the enzyme

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mixture, in many cases this renders it useless in particular applications. For example, the enzyme, glucose oxidase, is usually found in the presence of the enzyme catalase. Glucose oxidase contains a carbohydrate moiety and is thus a carbohydrate containing enzyme. Glucose oxidase catalyzes the reaction of glucose to form gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Catalase catalyzes the degradation of hydrogen peroxide. In many applications glucose oxidase is used to generate hydrogen peroxide to quantify the glucose substrate. When catalase is present the hydrogen peroxide generated by the glucose oxidase is partially destroyed. The method is thus less accurate and in many cases totally ineffective. Other examples are known where one enzyme is extremely difficult to separate from another and this inability to separate the enzymes limits the utility of the preferred enzyme. ... Additionally, presently known methods of separating enzymes are time consuming, possibly on the order of hours, usually require a number of different reagents to complete the separations process, and result in a low yield of the separated preferred enzyme. These drawbacks in the cases where separation is possible as well as the circumstance where separation is not completely possible, or possible only with very undesirable levels of contaminants, are overcome by the present invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04194067__ •

Process for the purification of carbohydrate derivatives with surface-active properties Inventor(s): Heidlas; Jurgen (Trostberg, DE), Cully; Jan (Garching, DE) Assignee(s): SKW Trostberg Aktiengesellschaft (Trostberg, DE) Patent Number: 5,703,228 Date filed: February 8, 1996 Abstract: A process is described for the purification of carbohydrate derivatives with surface-active properties in which an extraction process is used to liberate the solid or liquid starting material from undesired lipophilic by-products by the use of compressed propane or a proportionate mixture thereof with butane at pressures between 8 and 150 bar and a process temperature below 120.degree. C. In this way it is possible to isolate valuable raw materials in a gentle manner either batch-wise or continuously which meet the high purity requirements, for example in the field of cosmetics. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a process for the purification of carbohydrate derivatives with surface-active properties by using compressed gases. ... Carbohydrates have recently gained an increasing importance within the field of well priced renewable raw materials in the chemical industry. Synthetic surface-active carbohydrate compounds, so-called surfactants, in which the hydrophilic carbohydrate structures of monosaccharides, disaccharides or oligosaccharides are connected with the lipophilic structure of hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains e.g. long alkyl or alkylene chains are outstanding examples. Although, there are several possibilities for a chemical linkage between carbohydrates and hydrocarbon chains such as e.g. ester, ether, amide or amino functions, mainly carbohydrate esters (sugar esters) and alkyl glycosides (1-0-sugar ethers) or combinations thereof, e.g. esterified alkyl glycosides, have predominated in industrial production. Apart from the very good surface-active effects, these products are particularly characterized by their straight biodegradability. As a result of their good skin tolerance, they are often used in the field of cosmetics. ... In the production of sugar esters the corresponding carbohydrates, e.g. glucose or sucrose, are reacted with acylating reagents such as fatty acid derivatives (e.g. fatty acid methyl esters or glycerides) by esterification or transesterification until the desired degree of acylation is achieved. However, the acylation does not proceed to a uniform product, but to a

Patents 343

variety of reaction products composed of mono-, di- or multi acylated sugars and varying amounts of the non-reacted starting materials. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05703228__ •

Process of producing an encapsulated emulsifier in a carbohydrate matrix Inventor(s): van Lengerich; Bernhard (Plymouth, MN) Assignee(s): General Mills, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN) Patent Number: 6,004,594 Date filed: August 4, 1999 Abstract: Compositions in the form of a glassy low molecular carbohydrate matrix comprising an emulsifier. The food compositions comprise about 50 to 90% of a low molecular carbohydrate and the balance emulsifier. The food compositions are in powder form (1000 .mu.m>) and are useful as emulsifier ingredients in dry mixes for dough and batters for prepared foods such as layer cakes, muffins, breads and pancakes. Also preparation methods involving heating the low molecular carbohydrate to above its melting point, admixing the emulsifier to form a magma, rapidly cooling the magma sufficiently low enough to form a solid matrix and size reducing to form a powder of the requisite size. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to food products and to methods for the preparation and use thereof. More particularly, the present invention is directed towards glassy dextrin and sugar matrices containing emulsifiers. The emulsifier containing matrices are useful ingredients for dry mixes for prepared foods such as baked goods as well as to the processes for preparing and using such matrices. ... Dry mixes for food products are widely used. Conventionally, the consumer adds liquid ingredients such as water, milk, eggs, oil, shortening, butter, etc. to the dry mix to prepare a batter or dough. The batter or dough is then cooked to form a finished good such as by baking (e.g., for layer cakes, muffins, bread), or pan frying (e.g. crepes, pancakes, griddle cakes, Irish soda bread) or other means (e.g., microwave heating). ... Such mixes generally include emulsifiers as essential ingredients. The emulsifiers are added to control or impart desired end product attributes such as volume, moistness, tenderness, and other eating qualities. Frequently, the emulsifiers are added to influence interaction between one or more added ingredients, such as the water and/or oil added. In other variations, emulsifiers can be added to dry mixes whereby the shortening or added oil constituent is reduced or even eliminated to provide low fat or low calorie finished baked goods. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06004594__

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Process of shaping thermoplastic material containing a carbohydrate additive Inventor(s): Grosbard; Gregory (16353 NW. 57th Ave., Miami, FL 33014) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,752,429 Date filed: September 2, 1986 Abstract: A thermoplastic resin is homogeneously mixed with a carbohydrate additive within a predetermined weight ratio range and then extruded under the usual extrusion

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temperature and pressure conditions to enhance physical properties of the extruded material. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to improvements in the shaping of products from synthetic plastic resin and more particularly to enhancing the physical properties of such products. ... One type of widely used synthetic resin product is extruded, thermoplastic film such as polyethylene. Attempts to improve the properties of such film are disclosed for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,097,915 to Doyle, wherein a conventional film extruder is utilized and the film is treated after it emerges from the slot die portion of the extruder. Other attempts to improve polyethylene film have involved chemical modification of the polyethylene resin before shaping, as disclosed for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,303,571 and 4,489,034 to Jansen et al and Davison, respectively, or in the preparation of polyethylene pellets as disclosed for example in U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,550 to Ho. ... Prior art methods such as those discussed above, although useful in enhancing polyethylene film for various limited purposes, involved costly chemical modification of the thermoplastic material or expensive physical treatment. It is therefore an important object of the present invention to provide a more cost effective method of improving physical properties of thermoplastic products with substantially no alteration of the product shaping process and without any supplemental treatment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04752429__ •

Process to recover oil from crumbs, food particles and carbohydrate matrices Inventor(s): Drown; David C. (818 Vista St., Moscow, ID 83843-9629), Montez; Karen (1010 Deakin #6, Moscow, ID 83843) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,487,907 Date filed: October 14, 1994 Abstract: This invention generally provides a process and apparatus for the separation of oil or fat from food particles, carbohydrate matrices and crumbs in a continuous process, and for the reuse and/or recycling of the separated oil or fat. This invention more particularly provides an apparatus and a process in which the crumbs are mixed with hot water and agitated for a predetermined time, after which the agitated mixture is introduced into a non-turbulent container where the oil/fat, the water and the crumbs are allowed to stratify. Upon stratification, a high quality oil/fat separates and rises based on its relative buoyancy and can then be removed and reused. The water and the crumbs also separate by stratification and can also be similarly removed. Excerpt(s): This invention generally pertains to a process and apparatus for the separation and recovery of oils and animal fats from crumbs, food particles and carbohydrate matrices. ... The manufacture and frying of battered and other food products, can result in the creation of significant quantities of oil-laden and tat-laden crumbs, food particles and/or carbohydrate matrices. Although this invention applies to the separation and removal of oils and animal fats, for ease of reference, the terms oils or oil will be used herein and should be considered to refer to both oils and fats. Also, this invention applies to use for crumbs, carbohydrate matrices and food particles of all kinds, however, for ease of reference, the terms crumb or crumbs will be used generically to refer to all applications. Still further, while the solvent used to separate the oil from the crumb can be water or a solution of water and other compounds, an

Patents 345

aqueous solution, the term water will be used generically to refer to water or an aqueous solution. ... These crumbs can contain up to 75% oil by weight. The disposal of these crumbs, often as waste or low value by-product, results in a significant oil loss from the trying process. Experiments have shown that more than 95% of this oil can be recovered with little change in oil quality. It is this recovery that this invention is directed to. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05487907__ •

Producing protected protein for ruminant feed by combining protein with reducing carbohydrate Inventor(s): Woodroofe; Jonathan Malcolm (7 Noonan Grove, Woodend, VIC 3442, AU), Cockbill; Alan William (Heart Street, Dandenong, VIC 3175, AU) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,221,380 Date filed: February 6, 1997 Abstract: The present invention relates to improving the biological efficiency of utilization of protein in ruminant feeds by protection of such protein from substantial degradation in the rumen without markedly reducing the subsequent absorption of the amino acid constituents of the protein in the lower digestive tract. In one aspect of the invention this is achieved by mixing a protein containing material with a reducing carbohydrate and subjecting the mixture to heat, pressure and shear forces. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to improving the biological efficiency of utilization of protein in ruminant feeds by protection of such protein from substantial degradation in the rumen without markedly reducing the subsequent absorption of the amino acid constituents of the protein in the lower digestive tract. In one aspect of the invention this is achieved by mixing a protein containing material with a reducing carbohydrate and subjecting the mixture to heat, pressure and shear forces. ... True dietary protein consists of amino acids joined together in various combinations. In the field of ruminant livestock nutrition, it is known that under some circumstances protecting dietary protein from extensive degradation in the rumen by microbial enzymes can lead to an increase in the outflow of amino acids from the rumen and/or a change in the balance of amino acids reaching the lower gut. In circumstances where the supply or balance of amino acids reaching the lower gut is metabolically limiting, supplementation of the diet with protein that is partially protected from degradation by rumen microbes can improve productivity in terms of improved efficiency of meat, milk and wool or hair production. Specifically, increased production of these products may be achieved with a given dietary protein content where part of this protein content is protected from ruminal degradation or, alternatively, equivalent levels of production of these products may be achieved with reduced true dietary protein content where part of this protein content is protected from ruminal degradation. ... Various methods have been used for protecting proteins from ruminal degradation including the simple application of heat. In the following discussion, reference is made to the list of publications given at the end of this specification. Chemical agents such as formaldehyde (Reis and Tunks, 1969), alcohol (van de Aar et al,1982), bentonites (Britton et al, 1978), zinc (Britton and Klopfenstein, 1986), tannins (Driedger and Hatfield, 1972), and sodium hydroxide (Mir et al, 1984) have also been used successfully to treat protein as a means of reducing ruminal degradability. All these methods of treatment, including heating, are thought to act either by inhibiting proteolytic activity and/or by modifying

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protein structure in such a way that the number of protease specific bonds that can be cleaved by microbial enzymes is decreased. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06221380__ •

Production of carbohydrates Inventor(s): Blount; David H. (5450 Lea St., San Diego, CA 92105) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,321,360 Date filed: May 21, 1981 Abstract: Cellulose-containing plants are broken down by mixing with an alkali metal hydroxide, then heated to 150.degree. C. to 220.degree. C. while agitating for 5 to 60 minutes, thereby producing a broken-down alkali metal cellulose-containing plant polymer, then mixed with an acid compound until the pH is 5 to 7, thereby producing a lignin-cellulose resinous product and a mixture of carbohydrates. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel and economical process to break down particles of cellulose-containing plants into lignin-cellulose resinous products, CO.sub.2 and carbohydrates. In U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 013,139, filed Feb. 21, 1979, by David H. Blount, M.D., it illustrated the process to break down cellulose-containing plants into water-soluble polymers, but did not include the discovery of carbohydrates' being produced in the process. ... In the process of this invention, the cellulosecontaining plant, such as wood, is broken down into water-soluble alkali metal lignincellulose polymer, carbohydrates and sodium carbonate. The lignin-cellulose bond is not broken in most of the cases, but the molecules of cellulose are broken into CO.sub.2 and carbohydrates. The carbohydrates appear to be a mixture, with glucose being the predominant carbohydrate. ... The alkali metal lignin-cellulose may be separated from the carbohydrate by using an organic solvent such as ketones, alcohols and many other solvents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04321360__

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Production of fucosyl antigens and antibodies for recognizing same determination of cancer associated carbohydrate linkage using same and kit for the determination Inventor(s): Miyauchi; Teruo (Kagoshima, JP), Yonezawa; Suguru (Kagoshima, JP), Ozawa; Masayuki (Kagoshima, JP), Sato; Eiichi (Kagoshima, JP), Muramatsu; Takashi (Kagoshima, JP), Tejima; Setsuzo (Nagoya, JP), Chiba; Taku (Nagoya, JP) Assignee(s): Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (JP) Patent Number: 4,725,557 Date filed: January 19, 1984 Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing a fucosyl antigen charcterized in that an oligosaccharide contaning an .alpha.-fucoyransoyl-(1.fwdarw.3)-, (1.fwdarw.4)- or -(1.fwdarw.6)-galactoyransoyl group and serving as a hapten is reacted wtih a carrier protein to obtain a carbohydrate antigen and to a process for producing from the antigen an antibody having specific reactivity with cells of cancers of the digestive system, especially human colon carcinoma cells, and murine teratocarcinoma cells.The invention also relates to a method of determining a cancer associated

Patents 347

crabohydrate linkage with use of such antibody capable of specifically recognizing specific carbohydrate linkage and to a cancer diagnosing kit containing the antibody. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to techniques for producing fucosyl antigens and antibodies for recognizing the same, and more particularly to a process for producing carbohydrate antigens containing a specific carbohydrate linkage as a hapten and a process for producing from the antigens antibodies having specific reactivity with cells of cancers of the digestive system, especially human colon carcinoma cells, and murine teratocarcinoma cells. The present invention also relates to a technique for determining cancer associated carbohydrate linkages with use of such antibodies capable of specifically recognizing specific carbohydrate linkages. ... At certain stages of cellular differentiation, specific carbohydrate antigens are recently expressed on the surface of mammalian cells. Monoclonal antibodies [Cell, Vol. 14, 775-783 (1978), Proc., Natl., Acad., USA, Vol. 75, No.11, 5565-5569 (1978) and Nature, Vol. 292, 156-158 (1981)] produced by the hybridoma technique using whole cells as the immunogen, and the antibodies present in sera of some patients [Exp. Cell Res., 131, 185-195 (1981)] have been proposed as antibodies which are reactive with such carbohydrate antigens. In the course of our research conducted in connection with the abovementioned reports, we have succeeded in preparing carbohydrate antigens from specific carbohydrate linkages obtained by organic synthesis and used as haptens and also in producing from the carbohydrate antigens antibodies which specifically selectively react with cells of cancers of the digestive system, especially human colon carcinoma cells, and murine teratocarcinoma cells. We have further obtained the novel finding that the antibodies are useful for recognizing and determining carcinoma cells and for diagnosing cancers. The present invention has been accomplished based on these novel findings. ... The present invention provides a process for producing a fucosyl antigen characterized in that an oligosaccharide containing an .alpha.-fucopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.3)-, -(1.fwdarw.4)- or (1.fwdarw.6)-galactopyranosyl group and serving as a hapten is reacted with a carrier protein to obtain a carbohydrate antigen. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04725557__ •

Production of fucosylated carbohydrates by enzymatic fucosylation synthesis of sugar nucleotides; and in situ regeneration of GDP-fucose Inventor(s): Wong; Chi-Huey (Rancho Santa Fe, CA), Ichikawa; Yoshitaka (San Diego, CA), Shen; Gwo-Jenn (Carlsbad, CA), Liu; Kun-Chin (New Haven, CT) Assignee(s): The Scripps Research Insitute (LaJolla, CA) Patent Number: 6,319,695 Date filed: October 14, 1992 Abstract: This invention contemplates improved methods of enzymatic production of carbohydrates especially fucosylated carbohydrates. Improved syntheses of glycosyl 1or 2-phosphates using both chemical and enzymatic means are also contemplated. The phosphorylated glycosides are then used to produce sugar nucleotides that are in turn used as donor sugars for glycosylation of acceptor carbohydrates. Especially preferred herein is the use of a disclosed method for fucosylation. Excerpt(s): This invention provides for improved methods of enzymatic production of carbohydrates especially fucosylated carbohydrates. The invention provides for improved synthesis of glycosyl 1- or 2-phosphates using both chemical and enzymatic means. These phosphorylated glycosides are then used to produce sugar nucleotides

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which are in turn used as donor sugars for glycosylation of acceptor carbohydrates. Especially preferred herein is the use of the disclosed methods for fucosylation. ... This invention provides for a method of producing a fucosylated carbohydrate in a single reaction mixture comprising the steps of: using a fucosyltransferase to form an Oglycosidic bond between a nucleoside 5'-diphospho-fucose and an available hydroxyl group of a carbohydrate acceptor molecule to yield a fucosylated carbohydrate and a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate; and recycling in situ the nucleoside 5'-diphosphate with fucose to form the corresponding nucleoside 5'-diphospho-fucose. Preferred methods of this invention include the use of guanine as a base for the nucleoside, the use of catalytic amounts of nucleosides, the use of N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, Nacetylgalactosamine or N-acetyllactosamine as the carbohydrate acceptor molecule, and the use of a sialylated carbohydrate acceptor molecule. ... This invention further contemplates the above method for producing fucosylated sialylated carbohydrate molecule through enzymatic formation of glycosidic linkages in a single reaction mixture comprising: forming a first glycosidic linkage between an diphosphonucleoside-activated glycosyl donor such as UDP-Gal and an available hydroxyl group of a carbohydrate acceptor molecule such as GlcNAc using a first glycosyltransferase such as .beta.1,4-galactosyltransferase in preparing Gal.beta.1,4GlcNAc; forming a second glycosidic linkage between a monophosphonucleoside-activated sialyl donor such as CMP-NeuAc and an available hydroxyl group of the sugar acceptor molecule such as the 3-position hydroxyl of the Gal of Gal.beta.1,4GlcNAc using a sialyltransferase such as .alpha.2,3sialyltransferase; forming a third glycosidic linkage between a diphosphonucleoside-activated fucosyl donor such as GDP-Fuc and an available hydroxyl group of the sugar acceptor molecule such as the 3-position hydroxyl of the GlcNAc of Gal.beta.1,4GlcNAc using a fucosyltransferase such as .alpha.1,3/4fucosyltransferase wherein at least one of steps (a) (b) or (c) further comprise the in situ formation of the phosphonucleotide-activated glycosyl donor from a catalytic amount of the corresponding monophosphate and diphosphate nucleoside. Especially preferred are methods of this invention wherein the fucosylated sialylated carbohydrate moiety product is a sialylated Lewis ligand such as sialyl Le.sup.x (SLe.sup.x) or sialyl Le.sup.a (SLe.sup.a) and wherein the fucose is transferred from a fucosyl donor to a hydroxyl group of a N-acetylglucosamine or galactose residue of the carbohydrate acceptor molecule. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06319695__ •

Production of levulinic acid from carbohydrate-containing materials Inventor(s): Fitzpatrick; Stephen W. (Framingham, MA) Assignee(s): Biofine Incorporated (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 5,608,105 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: A continuous process for producing levulinic acid from carbohydratecontaining materials in high yields is described. According to the process, a carbohydrate-containing material is supplied continuously to a first reactor and hydrolyzed at between 210.degree. C. and 230.degree. C. for between 13 seconds and 25 seconds in the presence of between 1% and 5% by weight mineral acid. The hydrolysis produces hydroxymethylfurfural, which is removed continuously from the first reactor and supplied continuously to a second reactor. In the second reactor, the hydroxymethylfurfural is hydrolyzed further at between 195.degree. C. and 215.degree.

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C. for between 15 minutes and 30 minutes to produce levulinic acid, which is continuously removed from the second reactor. The levulinic acid preferably is produced in at least 60%, and more preferably at least 70%, of the theoretical yield based on the hexose content of the carbohydrate-containing material. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the production of levulinic acid. ... Many common materials consist partially or fully of carbohydrates. For example, cellulose and starch are polymers made of carbohydrate molecules, predominantly glucose, galactose, or similar hexoses. When subjected to acid treatment, cellulose and starch split into hexose monomers. On continued reaction the hexose monomers then further degrade to hydroxymethylfurfural, and other reaction intermediates, which then further degrade to levulinic acid and formic acid. Levulinic acid can be used to make resins, plasticizers, specialty chemicals, herbicides and a fuel extender, methyltetrahydrofuran. ... Many common waste materials include cellulose or starch. For example, primary sludges from paper manufacture, waste paper, waste wood (e.g., sawdust), as well as agricultural residues such as corn husks, corn cobs, rice hulls, straw, and bagasse, include high percentages of cellulose. Starch can be found in food processing waste derived, for example, from corn, wheat oats, and barley. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05608105__ •

Purfication of blood clotting factors and other blood proteins on non-carbohydrate sulfated matrices Inventor(s): Jordan; Robert E. (Walnut Creek, CA) Assignee(s): Miles Laboratories, Inc. (Elkhart, IN) Patent Number: 4,721,572 Date filed: July 12, 1985 Abstract: There is disclosed a non-carbohydrate sulfated matrix and the use thereof to isolate and purify blood clotting factors and other blood proteins by a procedure involving the adsorption of at least one of such factors and proteins onto the noncarbohydrate sulfated matrix followed by elution of such factors and proteins onto the non-carbohydrate sulfated matrix followed by elution of such factors and proteins from the matrix. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a non-carbohydrate synthetic gel matrix that is useful in a process to isolate and purify blood clotting factors and other blood proteins using affinity chromatographic techniques. ... Many useful blood fractions and proteins may be obtained from blood and blood plasma by known techniques. ... Andersson et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,842,061 and 3,920,625, disclose a cross-linked sulfated polysaccharide gel matrix adsorbing agent and the use thereof to isolate and purify antithrombin and blood coagulation factors, respectively, from animal tissue materials such as blood, blood products or plasma fractions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04721572__

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Quantitation of carbohydrate deficient transferrin in high alcohol consumption by HPLC Inventor(s): Jeppsson; Jan Olof (Malmo, SE) Assignee(s): Biolin Medical AB (Stockholm, SE) Patent Number: 5,788,845 Date filed: June 10, 1997 Abstract: A method for determining the amount of carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) in blood serum involves saturating a sample of the blood serum with iron to provide isoforms of transferrin, separating the isoforms of transferrin from other serum proteins in the sample, and developing a chromatogram which relates the separated isoforms with different pI values. The separation step is preferably carried out in an ion exchange column using a salt gradient and the chromatogram is preferably developed using a high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). The method is particularly useful for identifying heavy alcohol consumption in a person, which is related to isoforms of transferrin having pI values of 5.9 and 5.7. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for separation and quantitation of carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) in order to decide a person's alcohol consumption. ... Alcohol causes extensive damage to its victims and their families and significant costs for society through its associated morbidity and mortality. Early recognition and treatment have shown to be beneficial for the individual and cost effective for society. Sensitive, specific, rapid and inexpensive methods for identifying the individuals at risk of complications to drinking in different populations are needed. Numerous procedures designed to detect heavy drinkers have been developed during the past thirty years. Conventional laboratory tests such as .gamma.-glutamyltransferase (.gamma.-GT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), aspartate or alanine aminotransferases (AST or ALT), .alpha.-lipoproteins and ferritin have been used for many years as biochemical markers of alcohol abuse, but have low diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. A qualitative change in isoforms of transferrin in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients with alcohol related cerebellar tremor has been reported. The isoforms related to alcohol abuse contained less sialic acid than other isoforms and can therefore be distinguished according to charge. Several techniques for separation of isoforms have been introduced but they are generally laborious, non-quantitative and expensive. Chromatofocusing, disposable mini-columns combined with RIA (radioimmunoassay) and electrofocusing followed by immunofixation, Western blotting or zone immunoelectrophoresis are the available techniques. Transferrin, the iron-transporting protein in blood, is a glycoprotein with two bi- or tri-antennary carbohydrate chains, each terminated with two or three sialic acids (N-acetylneuraminic acid), respectively. Iso-electric focusing separates normal transferrin with high resolution into isoforms depending on iron saturation, content of sialic acid (SA) or amino acid substitutions. After complete iron saturation (2 Fe atoms per molecule) transferrin normally separates into 4 isoforms named after their approximate isolectric point (pI) pI 5.2 (5 SA), pI 5.4 (4 SA, major fraction), pI 5.6 (3 SA) and pI 5.7 (2 SA). Small amounts of transferrin with pI 5.6 and 5.7 are present in normal serum. The isoform which markedly increases in serum from alcoholics is pI 5.7. The pI 5.7 fraction is normally less than 0.8% of total transferrin, but may be increased more than tenfold after heavy alcohol consumption. After excessive drinking an additional pI 5.9 fraction (0 SA) may appear. The pI 5.7 and pI 5.9 fractions represent carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT). ... The purpose of this invention is to develop an HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) method suitable for routine use in laboratories to identify subjects at high risk for

Patents 351

alcohol dependence and to evaluate its sensitivity and specificity for detecting heavy alcohol consumption in defined populations. The object is to present a method suitable for clinical standard procedures that specifically measures the concentration of CDT, which is a suitable biochemical marker for heavy alcohol consumption during the preceding weeks. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05788845__ •

Rapid disolution of lignin and other non-carbohydrates from ligno-cellulosic materials impregnated with a reaction product of triethyleneglycol and an organic acid Inventor(s): Burkart; Leonard F. (Nacogdoches, TX) Assignee(s): Le Tourneau College (Longview, TX) Patent Number: 4,826,566 Date filed: January 11, 1988 Abstract: A method of rapidly and efficiently treating ligno-cellulosic material for removal of lignin and other non-carbohydrates as well as non-cellulosic carbohydrates from cellulosic matter. Such material is first impregnated with a liquor which is a reaction product obtained by mixing triethyleneglycol with an arylsulfonic or other organic acid. The impregnated material is then rapidly heated by microwaving or application of rf energy to a temperature between about 119 degrees Centigrade to 130 degrees Centigrade and maintained at that temperature for only two to five minutes to reduce the effects of hydrolysis. Thereafter, conventional filtration and washing techniques are applied to achieve a residue material suitable for further use as a wood pulp or for further hydrolysis for the production of organic chemicals. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method of treating lignocellulosic materials such as ligneous vegetable matter for the removal of lignin and other non-carbohydrates as well as non-cellulosic carbohydrates from cellulosic matter. More specifically the invention relates to the impregnation of such ligno-cellulosic materials with a liquor and the rapid heating of same for the removal of lignin and other noncarbohydrates as well as non-cellulosic carbohydrates from cellulosic matter. The present invention provides for the rapid disolution of lignin and other noncarbohydrates from ligno-cellulosic materials using triethyleneglycol and catalytic amounts of an organic acid for the purpose of producing pulp or as a pre-hydrolysis step for the production of alcohols and other organic chemicals. ... It is known that it is highly advantageous to derive useful products such as furfural compounds from ligneous carbohydrate materials occuring naturally in abundance. It is also highly advanteous to economically and expediently derive lignin from the same material for converting cellulosic materials of such matter, when desired, into pulp useful in the paper-making industry and for converting residual carbohydrate fractions into other commercially useful products. A liquor and a method for doing the above is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,442,753 issued May 6, 1969 to the present inventor. U.S. Pat. No. 3,442,753 and its continuation-in-part, U.S. Pat. No. 3,522,230 issued July 28, 1970 are both herewith incorporated by reference. ... The processing costs of the method taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,442,753 are highly dependent on the amount of liquor used, and the amount of time and energy needed in heating of ligneous vegetable matter. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04826566__

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Rapid synthesis and analysis of carbohydrates Inventor(s): Mazid; M. Abdul (Novato, CA), Klock; John C. (Novato, CA) Assignee(s): Glyko, Incorporated (Novato, CA) Patent Number: 5,308,460 Date filed: October 30, 1992 Abstract: The subject invention provides novel methods and apparatus for synthesizing carbohydrates of a desired structure. The subject synthesis methods include using carbohydrage-modifying enzymes to perform individual synthesis reaction steps and electrophoresis to purify the reaction products for possible further use as substrates in additional synthesis reactions. The subject invention also provides novel methods and apparatus for detecting carbohydrates of interest. The methods and apparatus for synthesizing or detecting carbohydrates involve the use of carbohydrate-modifying enzymes immobilized in a reaction matrix gel and fluorophore labelled substrates that may be removed from the reaction matrix gel by electrophoresis and subsequently analyzed or transferred to another reaction gel matrix.The subject invention also provides methods for detecting and quantitating specific carbohydrate-modifying enzymes that might be present in a sample for analysis. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the field of carbohydrate chemistry. More specifically, the invention concerns enzyme mediated synthesis of carbohydrates, enzyme mediated detection of carbohydrates, and methods for detecting enzymes capable of catalyzing reactions with carbohydrates. ... There is great interest in the study of biologically active oligosaccharides, mainly because of the appreciation of their potential in biology and medicine. This interest has generated a growing need for methods of efficiently and inexpensively preparing oligosaccharides, particularly for the purpose of studying their biochemical function and assessing their potential in therapeutics or as diagnostic tools. Biologically important oligosaccharides are often difficult to obtain from natural sources in sufficient quantities for any systematic biochemical studies. Even when available from natural sources, it is still important to have independently synthesized oligosaccharides to confirm the structure-activity relationships of the molecules. ... Until recently, "glycobiologists" have relied on traditional organic chemical synthesis which remains extremely time consuming, cumbersome, and sometimes prohibitively expensive. The formation of isomeric mixtures in chemical glycosylation reactions, the requirements of multiple protection and deprotection steps, and the tedious task of purification of products have been responsible for their vanishing yields. As an alternative to organic chemical synthesis, the enzymatic synthesis of carbohydrates is a particularly attractive approach because the use of enzymes allows stereospecific synthesis and overcomes some of the other limitations of purely chemical syntheses. Thus the difficult process of oligosaccharide synthesis has been aided by enzymatic catalysis and the combined chemo-enzymatic approach has been increasingly reported in the literature, for example, C. A. Compston, C. Condon, H. R Hanna and M. A. Mazid, Carbohydr. Res., 239: 167-176 (1993). Another recent paper describes an electrophoresis-based assay for glycosyltransferase activity which utilizes fluorophore-labelled carbohydrate substrates K. B. Lee, U. R. Desai, M. M. Palcic, O. Hindsgaul and R. J. Linhardt, Anal. Biochem., 205: 108-114 (1992); however, this method also appears time-consuming, tedious or cumbersome in terms of multiple purification steps and ultimate characterization or quantitation of products by sophisticated analytical techniques such as FAB-MS, NMR and capillary zone electrophoresis. A method of carbohydrate synthesis that would permit the convenient

Patents 353

separation of reaction products from enzyme and substrates would be a significant advance over currently available methods of carbohydrate synthesis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05308460__ •

Rare earth cation exchanged adsorbents for carbohydrate separations Inventor(s): Arena; Blaise J. (Des Plaines, IL) Assignee(s): UOP Inc. (Des Plaines, IL) Patent Number: 4,325,742 Date filed: February 5, 1981 Abstract: This invention comprises a process for separating a carbohydrate from a feed stream comprising a mixture of carbohydrates. The separation is effected by contacting the feed stream with an adsorbent comprising a crystalline aluminosilicate or cation exchange resin, the exchangeable cationic sites of which are exchanged with cations of a rare earth metal. The adsorbed carbohydrate may subsequently be recovered by desorption with a desorbent material. Excerpt(s): The field of art to which this invention pertains is solid bed adsorptive separation. More specifically, the invention relates to a process for separating a carbohydrate from a mixture of carbohydrates using an adsorbent comprising a crystalline aluminosilicate or cationic exchange resin material and having the capability of selectively adsorbing a component from the feed mixture. ... It is known in the separation art that certain crystalline aluminosilicates referred to as zeolites can be used in the separation of a component from an aqueous solution of a mixture of different components. For example, adsorbents comprising crystalline aluminosilicate are used in the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,014,711 to separate fructose from a mixture of sugars in aqueous solution including fructose and glucose. ... It is also known that crystalline aluminosilicates or zeolites are used in adsorption processing in the form of agglomerates having high physical strength and attrition resistance. Methods for forming the crystalline powders into such agglomerates include the addition of an inorganic binder, generally a clay comprising silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide, to the high purity zeolite powder in wet mixture. The blended clay zeolite mixture is extruded into cylindrical type pellets or formed into beads which are subsequently calcined in order to convert the clay to an amorphous binder of considerable mechanical strength. As binders, clays of the kaolin type are generally used. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04325742__

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Reagent for the detection and isolation of carbohydrates or glycan receptors Inventor(s): Watzele; Manfred (Weilheim, DE), Fernholz; Erhard (Weilheim, DE), Von Der Eltz; Herbert (Weilheim, DE) Assignee(s): Roche Diagnostics GmbH (Mannheim, DE) Patent Number: 6,218,546 Date filed: October 18, 1996 Abstract: The invention concerns compounds which have a chromophore and a group capable of binding to streptavidin or/and avidin and which are suitable for binding to molecules containing an aldehyde, ketone, hemiacetal or/and hemiketal group. In

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addition the invention concerns conjugates formed from these compounds as well as a method for the detection or isolation of carbohydrates or glycan receptors by means of such conjugates. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns compounds which have a chromophore and a group capable of binding to streptavidin or/and avidin and are suitable for binding to molecules which contain an aldehyde, ketone, semiacetal or/and semiketal group. In addition the invention concerns conjugates formed from these compounds as well as a method for the detection or isolation of carbohydrates or glycan receptors by means of such conjugates. ... Glycoconjugates are found in many biological areas for example as enzymes, transport proteins, receptor proteins, hormones or structural proteins. The interactions of free saccharides or saccharide moeities of the glycoconjugates with specific receptors play an important role in the biological function of these compounds. ... In order to be able to investigate these interactions the appropriate saccharides have to be obtained in as pure a form as possible. Due to the great diversity of saccharides in natural samples and the structural similarity of many saccharides, it is, however, difficult to isolate pure defined saccharides. In particular the low UV sensitivity of saccharides hinders the detection of small amounts. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06218546__ •

Regio-selective process for resolution of carbohydrate monoesters Inventor(s): Goodhue; Charles T. (Rochester, NY), Paulson; Theresa C. (Rochester, NY), Seemayer; Robert (Rochester, NY) Assignee(s): Genencor International, Inc. (Rochester, NY) Patent Number: 5,418,151 Date filed: August 7, 1992 Abstract: There is provided a regio-selective method for the resolution of carbohydrate monoester mixtures, by treating such mixtures with one or more selective enzymes. The resolution of such mixtures results in monoesters comprising significantly purer isolates of one desired isomer. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the biosynthetic preparation of carbohydrate monoesters, which preparation is selective for the preparation of one or more positional isomers of such monoester. More particularly, this invention relates to the preparation of sucrose monoesters by selective hydrolysis of specific components of mixtures of sucrose monoesters by contacting such mixtures with specific enzymes. In addition, this invention relates to the use of monoesters made by the process of the present invention as excipients in pharmaceuticals, foods, cosmetics or as emulsifiers, coating agents, antiseptic agents and the like. ... Carbohydrate monoesters, and specifically sucrose monoesters, are used commercially as food emulsifying agents, as coating agents and as excipients in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and other products. Commercially available monoesters, typically made by chemical means, comprise mixtures of positional isomers or are often mixed with an amount of di- and tri-esters (usually at about 20% of the mixture). However, there is no commercially feasible synthesis that selectively yields pure monoesters, that is monoesters which substantially comprise one positional isomer of a monoester such as the 6-O, 6'-O or 1'-O monoester. If commercially available mixtures made by chemical means could be resolved such that specific isomers of the monoesters could be isolated, it would be advantageous since by selective isolation of the isomers the monoesters may have unique properties for food and cosmetic uses

Patents 355

compared to the mixtures. ... Therefore, there is a need for a process for the resolution of regio-selective isomers of carbohydrate monoesters, and particularly sucrose monoester. It is an object of this invention to provide a method to resolve a mixture of carbohydrate monoesters obtained by chemical reaction into monoesters of defined structure which comprise substantially the 6-O-ester, the 1'-O-ester or the 6'-O-ester. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05418151__ •

Savory flavored nonsweet compositions using nonsweet carbohydrate bulking agents Inventor(s): Hussein; Mamoun M. (Mountain Lakes, NJ), Militescu; Carolina (Flanders, NJ), Bunick; Frank J. (Budd Lake, NJ), Moskowitz; Alan (Succasunna, NJ) Assignee(s): Warner-Lambert Company (Morris Plains, NJ) Patent Number: 5,084,298 Date filed: April 25, 1991 Abstract: The present invention pertains to a savory flavored nonsweet snack composition comprising a nonsweet carbohydrate bulking agent and a savory flavoring agent.The present invention also pertains to a method for preparing a savory flavored nonsweet composition which comprises heating and mixing a nonsweet carbohydrate bulking agent at elevated temperatures, cooling the bulking agent to a temperature below about 120.degree. C., admixing a savory flavoring agent with the bulking agent and forming the resulting mixture into a desired shape. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to savory flavored nonsweet compositions. The invention also relates to methods by which these savory flavored nonsweet compositions may be prepared. ... The use of sweet carbohydrates in foods as fillers or bulking agents is well established. However, above certain concentration levels, the sweetness of these carbohydrates becomes excessive. This excessive sweetness, which is not taste compatible with savory flavors, can also mask desirable flavors. In addition, consumption of large amounts of certain sweet carbohydrate fillers and bulking agents can result in high caloric intake and can promote dental decay. ... Japanese patent 57,071,366 to Nobel discloses hard confectioneries with low sweetness. The confectioneries contain (1) 0-70% lactose, (2) 0-60% of a sugar selected from the group consisting of glucose, fructose, sorbitol, maltitol, isomerized sugar and honey, and (3) the remainder malt syrup and/or dextrin. Sweetness is said to be controlled by appropriate selection of the sugar or by addition of the nonnutritive sweetener agent stevioside. Nobel further states that savory flavors, not compatible with conventional compositions, may be combined with the low sweetness composition. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05084298__

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Screening for antibodies which bind carbohydrate epitopes of tumor-associated antigens, and uses thereof Inventor(s): Jette; Diane (Edmonton, CA), Van Heel; Anneke (Ardrossan, CA), Suresh; Mavanur (Edmonton, CA) Assignee(s): Biomira, Inc. (Edmonton, CA) Patent Number: 5,075,218 Date filed: May 24, 1988

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Abstract: Cells which produce antibodies which bind carbohydrate epitopes of glycoproteins are identified by screening with mucinous body fluids in raw, or preferably partially purified, form. Fine differences in antibody specificity may be detected by further screening with mucinous body fluids treated to alter the carbohydrate epitope interest, e.g., removal of sialic acid from a sialosyl Lewis-a epitope. The selected antibodies may be used in immunopurification, immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy.By this method, antibodies have been found whose binding to carbohydrate epitopes such as sialosyl Lewis-a is relatively insensitive to pH. Such antibodies are of particular value in immunological methods where pH is a consideration. Excerpt(s): Methods of synthesizing sialosyl Lewis-a and sialosyl Lewis-x oligosaccharides useful in screening of antibodies are described in commonly owned copending applications of Abbas, Diakur and Sugiyama, Ser. No. 07/159,734, filed Feb. 24, 1988 and Ser. No. 07/193,608, filed May 13, 1988. ... This invention relates to a method of screening monoclonal antibody-producing clones to identify those producing antibodies which recognize a desired carbohydrate determinant, such as CA 19-9. Such antibodies are useful in immunopurification, immunodiagnosis, and immunotherapy. By this method, we have identified antibodies suitable for immunodetection at physiological pH of antigens bearing the CA19-9 determinant. ... Tumor-associated antigens are antigens which are present in the serum and tissues of cancer patients. Many such antigens are also expressed in embryonic tissues, and, at low levels, in the tissue and serum of healthy individuals. Many of the tumor-associated antigens are glycoproteins, glycolipids, or mucopolysaccarides. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05075218__ •

Selective asymmetric hydrogenation of dehydroamino acid derivatives using rhodium and iridium diphosphinite carbohydrate catalyst compositions Inventor(s): Ayers; Timothy A. (Wilmington, DE), Rajanbabu; Thaliyil V. (Wilmington, DE) Assignee(s): E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 5,510,507 Date filed: April 24, 1995 Abstract: A process and catalyst composition are provided for the highly efficient enantioselective hydrogenation of dehydroamino acid derivatives. The catalyst composition comprises rhodium or iridium and a diphosphinite carbohydrate ligand, wherein the phosphorous atoms are attached to aromatic groups substituted with electron-donating substituents. Also provided is a means to selectively produce .alpha. amino acids in either the L or the D form, based upon use of a sugar in the ligand with phosphinites attached in an absolute Right-Left or Left-Right configuration, respectively. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process and catalyst composition for the asymmetric hydrogenation of dehydroamino acid derivatives to selectively produce either D or L amino acid compounds. The process utilizes a catalyst composition comprising rhodium or iridium and a diphosphinite carbohydrate ligand, wherein the ordered absolute configuration of the two phosphinite groups on the carbohydrate determines whether the .alpha. amino acids produced will be D or L. Further, the ligands of the invention comprising phosphinite groups which have aromatic groups

Patents 357

substituted with electron-donating substituents, result in catalysts which display very efficient enantioselectivity during the hydrogenation reaction. ... The subject of asymmetric hydrogenation, especially using dehydroamino acid derivatives as substrates, is a commercially important area, particularly in the pharmaceutical field. ... Cullen reported the use of the 2,3-glucopyranose system for asymmetric hydrogenation of dehydroamino acid derivatives in 1978 (Tetrahedron Lett. 1978, 1635). Similar disclosures were made by Thompson (J. Organometal. Chem. 1978, 159, C29; U.K. 41,806,177 Jul. 10, 1977). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05510507__ •

Selective salmonella carbohydrate and medium constructed therefrom Inventor(s): Woods; Leodis V. (St. Louis, MO), Stassi; Paul (Hazelwood, MO), Wilkinson; Ralph A. (Florissant, MO) Assignee(s): McDonnell Douglas Corporation (Long Beach, CA) Patent Number: 4,279,995 Date filed: December 3, 1979 Abstract: 2-Deoxy-D-Ribose is used as a carbohydrate source which selectively differentiates all of the Salmonella spp., Arizona spp., and 60% of the Citrobacter freundii from other members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. By combining the 2Deoxy-D-Ribose with Citrobacter freundii inhibitors and thioglycollic acid, sodium salt to impart semi-anaerobic conditions in the medium as well as suitable nutrients and buffers, a selective Salmonella broth is compounded which lends itself to automated identification or enumeration systems. Excerpt(s): The present invention can be used with the optical detection systems disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,963,355 entitled, "Process and Apparatus for Analyzing Specimens for the Presence of Microorganisms Therein;" U.S. Pat. No. 4,118,280 entitled, "Automated Microbial Analyzer;" U.S. Pat. No. 4,116,775 entitled, "Machine and Process for Reading Cards Containing Medical Specimens;" and U.S. Pat. No. 4,062,876 entitled, "Sensitive PH Indicator." The information therein is incorporated by reference as though fully set forth herein below. ... The patents referenced above describe mechanisms and apparatus suitable for analyzing specimens for specific microorganisms utilizing a plastic tray or card which contains a plurality of dried culture media specific to a single genus or species of organism. The dried media are contained in separate cells in the card which are connected by a network of passageways to a filling port. When a fluid sample is inserted into the card, mixed with media in the cells, and incubated, the organisms present in the specimen interact with the specific culture media. The interaction of the specimen and the specific culture media produces characteristic optical changes in the contents of the cell which are read to indicate presence of the organisms. The optical change in each cell involves a change in light transmitting properties thereof either through a color change or a change in turbidity. The optical change usually is caused by the metabolic activity of the organism which, for example, may produce an acid which changes the color of a pH sensitive indicator in the media. The change and the light transmitting properties of the medium also can be caused by a precipitate forming in the medium due to metabolic activity of the organism or by the mass of growing colonies of the organism. The metabolically caused changes generally yield considerably earlier results than do growth caused changes. The specific media designed for use in the cards of the aforesaid system all are designed to favor growth of one genus or species of microorganism and to inhibit growth of other organisms. The media are capable of

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being freeze dried and they are formulated to function in the low oxygen environment of the cells of the card described in detail in the above referenced patents. ... Salmonella spp. are microorganisms which are pathogenic to the human body. The presence of these microorganisms in the urine, feces, or blood of the human body is a reliable indication of bacterial infection in the body. Salmonella can be introduced into a human body through contaminated food and water. Therefore, it is desirable to detect, identify and enumerate Salmonella in the effluent from sewage treatment plants, in food produced by food processing plants, meat packaging plants and hospitals to insure the wholesomeness of products intended for consumption by humans. The above concerns also apply as well to animals other than humans. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04279995__ •

Sheet containing carbohydrate derivative for removal of E. coli Inventor(s): Forsgren; Arne (Ealsterbo, SE), Lundblad; Arne (Uppsala, SE) Assignee(s): Medscand AB (Malmo, SE) Patent Number: 5,718,909 Date filed: September 15, 1995 Abstract: A sheet of nonwoven material which can be used as cleansing product in the form of a wet tissue for effective removal of bacteria, especially type 1 piliated E. coli, when wiping for example the hands, in connection with personal hygiene, or the like, wherein a carbohydrate derivative is incorporated in the sheet and by interaction with bacteria an effective removal of the bacteria from the cleaning site is achieved by the bacteria being bound to the carbohydrate derivative. Excerpt(s): Swedish priority document No. 9100480-4 is hereby incorporated by reference thereto. Priority from this application, filed Feb. 17, 1992, is claimed. ... The present invention refers to a new sheet of nonwoven material which can be used as a cleansing product in the form of a wet tissue for effective removal of bacteria, especially type 1 piliated E. coli, when wiping for example the hands, in connection with personal hygiene, or the like. ... Urinary tract infections (UTI) rank first among the bacterial diseases of adults that come to attention of the physicians. The majority of patients are women. As many as 20% of all women have an episode of UTI by the age of 30. It is estimated that there are 3 million office visits for this complaint each year in the United States only. Recurrent episodes of urinary tract infections afflict about one of ten women at some time in their lives. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05718909__

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Specific carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) of mammalian tumor cells Inventor(s): Cramer; Friedrich (Goettingen, DE), Gabius; Hans-Joachim (Goettingen, DE) Assignee(s): Max-Planck Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Wissenschaften e.V. (Goettingen, DE) Patent Number: 5,225,542 Date filed: January 15, 1991 Abstract: Carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) of mammalian tumor cells and processes for their preparation. These lectins, the corresponding carbohydrates and the

Patents 359

corresponding monoclonal antibodies are suitable for rapid, reliable and precise differential diagnosis of tumors and for the product of pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of tumors. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) of mammalian tumor cells which specifically recognize and bind to carbohydrate molecules and to methods of isolating these lectins from mammalian tumor cells. ... The designation "lectin" is derived from the property of certain proteins to "select" (i.e. recognize) specific carbohydrate structures and to form a lectin-carbohydrate complex. ... From this definition of lectins it can be taken that for the clear identification of a protein as a lectin, the properties of the protein have to fulfil all the above-mentioned prerequisites. Otherwise the protein in question could, for instance, also be an antibody or an enzyme. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05225542__ •

Spray-dried fixed flavorants in a carbohydrate substrate and process Inventor(s): Boskovic; Marijan A. (Ridgefield, CT), Vidal; Susan M. (Patterson, NY), Saleeb; Fouad Z. (Pleasantville, NY) Assignee(s): Kraft General Foods, Inc. (Northfield, IL) Patent Number: 5,124,162 Date filed: November 26, 1991 Abstract: An antioxidant free, stable, fixed flavor is prepared from a mixture of flavor, maltose, malto-dextrin and a carbohydrate film former by spray-drying the mixture to form a dense product of at least 0.5 g/cc bulk free flow density and less than 20% voids, which is stable against oxidation for one year at 70.degree. F. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for fixing volatile substances, and more particularly to a method for fixing a volatile substance in an amorphous substrate and the products derived therefrom. ... In efforts to give the consumer a fresher tasting reconstitutable beverage mix, it has been found that certain natural or synthetic volatile compounds improve the consumer's taste perception thereof. Unlike liquid systems which usually retain flavorants without adverse stability problems, dry comestible beverage mixes, are often lacking in flavor or have off-flavors due to poor storage stability. A fresh tasting, reconstituted, dry beverage would increase the consumer's perception of freshness which is of paramount importance. ... Such compounds as coffee aroma, esters, acetaldehyde, various essential oils, and sulphur compounds, augment or enhance the taste perception of convenience foods. Dry comestible mix systems present special problems when one tries to introduce volatile or aromatic flavorants therein. For example, such materials escape through and from the mix, or react so as to degrade or oxidize into compounds which are recognized to be less desirable. Therefore, there has been a longstanding need to fix by encapsulation, and prevent the escape of volatiles within a "powdered-mix" comestible. Moreover, the method for fixing a volatile must produce a product which is easily reconstitutable and is capable of holding the fix over prolonged periods and under adverse storage conditions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05124162__

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Synthesis and utilization of carbohydrate-binding polymer-lectin conjugates Inventor(s): Allen, Jr.; Howard J. (Tonawanda, NY) Assignee(s): Health Research Inc. (Buffalo, NY) Patent Number: 5,284,934 Date filed: September 4, 1992 Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing a carbohydratebinding lectin derivative for use as immune modulators or immunoconjugates. The polymer-lectin conjugate produced in accordance with the process is polyethylene glycol Ricinus communis agglutinin I (PEG-RCAI). The lectin is coupled to the polymer by activating the polymer with a coupling agent such as 1,1-carbonyldiimidazole. The polymer-lectin conjugate is biologically active, biocompatible and is expected to be substantially non-immunogenic. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the use of lectins as therapeutic and diagnostic reagents and, more particularly, to polymer-lectin conjugates for use as immune modulators or targeting agents. ... Lectins are proteins derived from plant, animal, or microbial sources which have specific carbohydrate-binding activity. Because of their binding specificity for sugars and oligosaccharides, lectins have become useful reagents in the study of the biology and biochemistry of glycoconjugates in vitro (Rhodes et al., 1988, Digest. Dis. Sci., 33:1359-1363; and Green and Baenziger, 1989, Trends Biochem Sci., 14:168-171), and for the analysis of cellular components of the mammalian immune system (Smith, 1972, Transplant Rev., 11:179-216; and MacDonald and Natoholz, 1986, Ann. Rev. Cell. Biol., 2:231-254). The interaction of lectins with surface g1Ycoproteins of various cells of the immune system induce or inhibit a variety of responses in vitro which are indicative of cellular functions in vivo. For example, lectins can induce mitogenesis of T-lymphocytes (Favero et al., 1988, Cell. Immunol., 142:4401-4406) and induce synthesis and secretion of a variety of cytokines which are proteins involved in the regulation of immune responses (Miyajima et al., 1988, FASEB J., 2:2462-2473; and Taniguchi, 1988, Ann. Rev. Immunol. 6:439-464). ... Many lectins have the potential for being powerful therapeutic and diagnostic reagents in vivo due to their carbohydrate-binding activity and specificity. Numerous lectins have been identified which could be screened for these purposes (Sharon and Lis, 1987, Tends Biochem. Sci. 12:488-491). However, principal factors which limit the development of lectins for in vivo use include their inherent toxicity, their potential to elicit an immunogenic response, and the short half-life of these substances in the circulatory system. In particular, an immune response against the lectins would enhance the destruction and clearance of subsequent introductions of the lectin, in addition to the possibility of causing an allergic reaction. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05284934__

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Therapeutic carbohydrate blends for treating and aiding premenstrual syndrome Inventor(s): Wurtman; Judith J. (Boston, MA), Shear; Jeff L. (St. Louis, MO), Kershman; Alvin (St. Louis, MO) Assignee(s): Internutria, Inc. (Framingham, MA) Patent Number: 5,612,320 Date filed: December 20, 1994

Patents 361

Abstract: A composition is disclosed for alleviating or managing symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome "PMS" comprising an effective amount of an aqueous mixture of water and a rapidly digestible carbohydrate blend. The aqueous mixture is essentially free of protein and is characterized by a certain pH and ratio of water to carbohydrate blend. Methods of use of the composition for alleviating or managing symptoms associated with PMS are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to novel therapeutic compositions comprising carbohydrate blends and to methods of using the foregoing for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). ... Each month, for a few days prior to the onset of menstruation, many millions of otherwise-healthy American women develop symptoms of disturbed mood and appetite that can be strikingly similar to those reported by patients with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), carbohydrate-craving obesity, or the non-anorexia variants of bulimia. This syndrome was first termed "premenstrual tension" by R. T. Frank in 1931 and is a very common phenomenon. According to Guy Abraham of UCLA, " . . . of every ten patients to walk into a gynecologist's office, three or four will suffer from premenstrual tension . . . ", and in some the symptoms will be of such severity as to include attempts at suicide. Current Progress in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 3:5-39 (1980). ... Initial descriptions of the Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) focused on its association with "nervous tension", headache and weight gain The weight gain observed initially was attributed to excessive retention of salt and water, which does indeed occur in some PMS patients. However, it soon became evident that it was also a consequence of the widespread tendency of PMS individuals to crave and over-consume carbohydrates, particularly foods with a sweet taste. PMS is also now referred to as late luteal phase syndrome. D.N.S. III, Revised, American Psychiatric Association (1987). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05612320__ •

Therapeutic carbohydrate blends useful for aiding premenstrual syndrome Inventor(s): Wurtman; Judith J. (Boston, MA), Shear; Jeff L. (St. Louis, MO), Kershman; Alvin (St. Louis, MO) Assignee(s): Internutria, Inc. (Framingham, MA) Patent Number: 5,760,014 Date filed: October 17, 1996 Abstract: A method of managing or alleviating carbohydrate craving, binge eating, anxiety, or depression entails administering an aqueous carbohydrate blend containing dextrose, dextrin, maltodextrin or a mixture thereof, and starch, pregelatinized starch, or a mixture thereof. The aquous mixture is essentially free of protein, has a pH of less than 6 and has a ratio of water to carbohydrate blend of about 3-12 mL water to 1 g of carbohydrate blend. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to novel therapeutic compositions comprising carbohydrate blends and to methods of using the foregoing for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). ... Each month, for a few days prior to the onset of menstruation, many millions of otherwise-healthy American women develop symptoms of disturbed mood and appetite that can be strikingly similar to those reported by patients with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), carbohydrate-craving obesity, or the non-anorexia variants of bulimia. This syndrome was first termed "premenstrual tension" by R. T. Frank in 1931 and is a very common phenomenon.

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According to Guy Abraham of UCLA, ". . . of every ten patients to walk into a gynecologist's office, three or four will suffer from premenstrual tension . . . ", and in some the symptoms will be of such severity as to include attempts at suicide. Current Progress in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 3:5-39 (1980). ... Initial descriptions of the Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) focused on its association with "nervous tension", headache, and weight gain. The weight gain observed initially was attributed to excessive retention of salt and water, which does indeed occur in some PMS patients. However, it soon became evident that it was also a consequence of the widespread tendency of PMS individuals to crave and over-consume carbohydrates, particularly foods with a sweet taste. PMS is also now referred to as late luteal phase syndrome. D.N.S. III, Revised, American Psychiatric Association (1987). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05760014__ •

Treatment and after-treatment of metal with carbohydrate-modified polyphenol compounds Inventor(s): Lindert; Andreas (Troy, MI), Pierce; John R. (Huntington Woods, MI), McCormick; David R. (Madison Heights, MI), Zimmermann; William D. (Farmington Hills, MI) Assignee(s): Henkel Corporation (Ambler, PA) Patent Number: 4,963,596 Date filed: December 4, 1987 Abstract: A metal treatment solution comprising an effective amount of a soluble or dispersible compound which is a derivative of a polyphenol. Novel derivatives of polyphenol compounds useful in the treatment of the surface of metal articles is provided. Novel surface treatment solutions or dispersions, and methods for using these solutions is provided. Carbohydrate-modified polyphenol compounds are utilized in the present invention. The molecular weight of the polyphenols used in the preparation of derivatives of the present invention are in the range of about 360 to about 30,000 or greater. The resulting derivatives will typically have a molecular weight of up to about 2,000,000 with molecular weights within the range of about 700 to about 70,000 being preferred. Excerpt(s): The present relates to the field of protective and/or decorative surface treatment of articles, particularly metals, plastics, and the like. ... The present invention comprises novel derivatives of polyphenol compounds useful in the treatment of the surface of metal articles. The present invention also encompasses novel surface treatment solutions or dispersions, and methods of using these solutions or dispersions. ... In accordance with the present invention, novel compositions, solutions and dispersions, and methods are provided for use in providing a protective or decorative metal surface treatment; these include the treatment of previously untreated bare metal surfaces, the post-treatment of phosphatized or conversion coated metal surfaces, the application of a paint or other decorative coating or film, and the like. The present invention additionally includes compositions and methods that are particularly useful for treating various metal surfaces including aluminum, steel and zinc metal surfaces. The compositions, solutions and dispersions, and methods of the present invention provide a coating on the metal surface which is effective in enhancing the corrosion resistance and paint adhesion characteristics of the metal surface whether previously conversion coated or not. A further and more detailed understanding of this invention

Patents 363

can be obtained from the following disclosure. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04963596__ •

Two stage hydrogenolysis of carbohydrate to glycols using sulfide modified ruthenium catalyst in second stage Inventor(s): Dubeck; Michael (Birmingham, MI), Knapp; Gordon G. (Southfield, MI) Assignee(s): Ethyl Corporation (Richmond, VA) Patent Number: 4,476,331 Date filed: September 6, 1983 Abstract: A process for the production of a lower polyhydric alcohol or a mixture thereof by the hydrogenation and hydrolysis of a carbohydrate. The first stage hydrogenation produces higher polyhydric alcohols, such as sorbitol. In the second stage these higher polyhydric alcohols are selectively converted under the appropriate reaction conditions to lower polyhydric alcohols, such as ethylene glycol and 1,2propylene glycol, using a sulfide-modified ruthenium catalyst. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the catalytic hydrogenation of sugars. This invention further relates to the conversion of carbohydrates to lower polyhydric alcohols by a two stage process. More particularly, this invention relates to the production of lower polyhydric alcohols from sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol and the like, by hydrogenolysis in the presence of a sulfide-modified ruthenium catalyst. ... Generally, the prior art methods of producing glycerin and short chain polyols from a starting material of reducible sugar and related carbohydrates require at least two separate stages or steps. Usually in the first stage, the starting material, commonly a hexose, is hydrogenated to produce a polyol corresponding the carbon chain length of the starting material. This polyol is referred to as a higher polyhydric alcohol. In the second stage the higher polyhydric alcohol is cracked, that is, a carbon to carbon linkage in the molecule is broken, and hydrogenated further to produce a polyol product of a shorter carbon chain length than the higher polyhydric alcohol fed into the second step. These polyol products of a shorter chain length are called lower polyhydric alcohols. The two stage operation may be carried out in separate reactors or may be accomplished in a single reactor by varying the reaction conditions. Generally, the first stage is carried out under neutral conditions, at a relatively low temperature, at relatively low pressure, and in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst. The second stage is carried out in the presence of a catalyst, hydrogen and a base such as calcium oxide, at a relatively high temperature and relatively high pressure. The second stage process is a hydrogenolysis. Hydrogenolysis involves the cracking of a carbon to carbon linkage in a molecule with the simultaneous addition of hydrogen to each of the fragments produced by the cracking. ... The term "carbohydrate" as used throughout the specification includes monosaccharides and polysaccharides. This term includes both pure compounds, such as glucose, sucrose and cellulose and mixtures such as corn starch hydrolyzate, which is a hydrolysis product of corn starch containing glucose (dextrose) and oligomers thereof or hydrolyzates of cellulose and hemicellulose containing hexoses and pentoses and oligomers thereof. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04476331__

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Two-dimensional electrophoretic separation of carbohydrates Inventor(s): Brandley; Brian K. (Alameda, CA), Stack; Robert J. (Alameda, CA) Assignee(s): Glycomed, Inc. (Alameda, CA) Patent Number: 5,094,740 Date filed: September 27, 1990 Abstract: Separation methodology is disclosed which allows for the separation of mixtures of carbohydrates into highly resolved detectable bands of carbohydrates. The method involves first reacting a mixture of carbohydrates with charge generating moieties which are capable of fluorescing such as 1-amino-4-naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANSA) to form carbohydrate conjugates. The conjugates are subjected to a firstdimensional gel electrophoresis in a first direction to provide separate bands of carbohydrates in the gel. A band in the gel is removed and subjected to seconddimensional electrophoresis in a second direction which is substantially perpendicular to the first direction. More specific bands of more highly resolved carbohydrates are then formed in the second-dimensional gel. The more specific bands within the seconddimensional gel are then electro-blotted onto a substrate surface and can be viewed in extremely small amounts due to the fluorescent capability of the ANSA when viewed under ultraviolet light. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to methods of separating various carbohydrates utilizing electrophoresis and electro-blotting techniques. More particularly, the invention relates to a two-dimensional electrophoresis procedure wherein saccharides are attached to charged molecules (which fluoresce on exposure to ultraviolet light) and separated first in one dimension and then in a second dimension followed by electro-blotting to obtain highly resolved groups of separated carbohydrates. ... Electrophoresis is a well known technique for the separation of a charged species by utilizing their differences in rate of migration under the influence of an electrical field. The procedure has proved invaluable for the resolution and isolation of complex biological substances such as enzymes, serums, carbohydrates, proteins, DNA and RNA. Most analytical electrophoresis methods are based on zoneelectrophoresis in which a thin zone of a sample material is applied to the electrophoretic medium. The electrophoretic migration of the sample components results in the formation of fractional zones. These zones can be examined and studied by applications of standard electrophoretic practice such as fixing, staining and washing to remove buffers. Desirably, the electrophoretic media is a thin gel film coated on a suitable support, commonly glass or plastic. Such an arrangement permits the electrophoretic separation to be achieved in a minimum of time with a maximum degree of resolution. ... Various hydrophilic colloids, for example, starch, agarose and cellulose derivatives have been used in forming electrophoretic gel films, but polyacrylamide is preferred. One reason for preferring polyacrylamide is that gels can be prepared from it having a wide range of pore size. This is accomplished primarily by varying the ratio of acrylamide polymer to the N, N', methylenebisacrylamide cross-linking reagent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05094740__

Patents 365

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Use of carbohydrate compounds as auxiliaries for dyeing and printing fiber materials Inventor(s): Schumacher; Christian (Kelkheim, DE), Horsch; Brigitte (Kriftel, DE), Von Der Eltz; Andreas (Frankfurt am Main, DE), Bredereck; Karl (Stuttgart, DE), Strauss; Markus (Leutenbach, DE) Assignee(s): Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft (DE) Patent Number: 5,766,267 Date filed: May 15, 1996 Abstract: Use of carbohydrate compounds as auxiliaries for dyeing and printing fiber materialsUse of carbohydrate compounds of the formula (1)Z--G--T--R.sup.1.sub.n (1)in whichZ is the radical of a carbohydrate from the series consisting of mono-, di- or oligosaccharides or of a sugar alcohol, the free valency being on a carbon atom;G is a bridge member from the series consisting of --O--, --NR.sup.5 --, --O--CO--, --NR.sup.5 -CO-- and --NR.sup.5 --SO.sub.2 --, in which R.sup.5 is hydrogen or C.sub.1 ---C.sub.4 alkyl, which can be substituted by 1 to 4 radicals from the series consisting of hydroxyl, sulfo, sulfato or carboxyl;T is a C.sub.4 -C.sub.30 -aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or oiefinic hydrocarbon radical, or is C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 -aryl or is C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 -aryl-C.sub.1 C.sub.4 alkylene;R.sup.1 is hydroxyl, carboxyl, cyano, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, C.sub.1 C.sub.4 -alkoxy, sulfo, C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 -alkylsulfonyl, aminosulfonyl, C.sub.1 C.sub.10 -alkylaminosulfonyl or C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 -arylaminosulfonyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 -alkylcarbonyl, ureido, C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 -alkylcarbonylamino, C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkoxycarbonyl or aminocarbonyl, where the alkyl or aryl radicals can be substituted by 1 or more of the radicals OH, NH.sub.2, NO.sub.2, CN, OCH.sub.3, SO.sub.3 H and COOH;n is a number from 0 to 3, where, in the case where n is greater than 1, the radicals R.sup.1 can also have meanings which differ from one another,as auxiliaries for dyeing or printing fiber materials with fiber-reactive dyestuffs. Excerpt(s): The technology of dyeing and printing with fiber-reactive dyestuffs on fiber materials uses highly concentrated dyestuff solutions and printing pastes. The solubility of the dyestuffs often presents problems, so that auxiliaries must be used for improving the solubility. ... In pad-dyeing processes and textile printing in particular, large quantities of urea are often employed as auxiliary, and this usually passes into the waste water after the application, which is ecologically unacceptable. In cold pad-batch processes and in single-phase printing, for many dyestuffs the stability of alkaline padding liquors and printing pastes leaves something to be desired, which, for example, leads to tailing and thus limits the process reliability and reproducibility of the shades. In the case of ink-jet inks, there is the risk of the ink solution drying up. ... The present invention was based on the object of replacing urea, as an auxiliary in the dyeing and printing of textiles, by an ecologically acceptable auxiliary without coloristic disadvantages resulting during dyeing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05766267__

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Use of Xanthomonas liquid carbohydrate fermentation product in foods Inventor(s): Hoppe; Craig Alan (Plainsboro, NJ), Lawrence; Jeanette (Dayton, NJ), Shaheed; Amr (Manalapan, NJ) Assignee(s): Rhodia Inc. (Cransbury, NJ) Patent Number: 6,251,446 Date filed: April 17, 2000

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Abstract: A food or pharmaceutical composition including a liquid composition comprising the liquid fermentation broth product of a biologically active substance, in a carbohydrate medium other than dairy whey wherein said liquid fermentation broth product has not been subject to any concentrating or drying steps prior to introduction of the broth product into said food or pharmaceutical composition is provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to carbohydrate fermentation products which may be used in food or pharmaceutical applications and requires minimal processing steps. More specifically, the invention comprises the use of a xanthan gum broth in liquid food or pharmaceutical compositions wherein the broth medium is a carbohydrate other than whey and wherein the broth is used directly without the need for filtration and purification processing steps. ... Carbohydrate fermentation products, such as xanthan gum, are commonly used as additives, such as thickening agents for food and pharmaceutical ingredients. The fermentation of carbohydrates to produce biosynthetic water-soluble gums by the action of Xanthomonas bacteria is well known. The earliest work in this field was conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,000,790. Particularly well known is the action of Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 on a glucose substrate. ... Xanthomonas hydrophilic colloid (i.e., xanthan gum) is produced by transferring Xanthomonas campestris bacteria to a suitable medium and conditioning it to growth through two steps before allowing it to grow in a final medium containing 3 percent glucose. After 96 hours at 30.degree. C. with suitable aeration and stirring, Xanthomonas hydrophilic colloid is produced in approximately 1% concentration. Modified fermentation processes are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,391,060; 3,391,061; 3,427,226; 3,455,786; 3,565,763; and the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06251446__ •

Variant-type carbohydrate hydrolase, variant gene of the enzyme and method for producing oligosaccharide using the enzyme Inventor(s): Matsui; Ikuo (Tsukuba, JP), Ishikawa; Kazuhiko (Ottawa, CA), Miyairi; Sachio (Tsukuba, JP), Honda; Koichi (Tsukuba, JP) Assignee(s): Director-General Of Agency of Industrial Science and Technology (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,631,149 Date filed: June 6, 1995 Abstract: There is disclosed a variant-type carbohydrate hydrolase that has been increased transglycosylation activity by substituting another amino acid residue for the tyrosine residue that is present in the active center of the hydrolase, which hydrolase is an amylase or an enzyme analogous to amylase; a gene or a DNA sequence of the carbohydrate hydrolase with mutation introduced into the base sequence that encodes the tyrosine residue; and a vector or a transformant which comprises the DNA sequence. There is also disclosed a method for producing a variety of oligosaccharides and the like by using the variant-type carbohydrate hydrolase. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a variant-type carbohydrate hydrolase that has been increased in transglycosylation activity. In particular this invention relates to an amylase or another carbohydrate hydrolase analogous to amylase, wherein the tyrosine residue is substituted with another amino acid residue, which tyrosine residue constitutes the active center of the enzyme. Furthermore, the present invention relates to

Patents 367

a gene or a DNA sequence with a mutation introduced into the base sequence that encodes the tyrosine residue of the carbohydrate hydrolase; it relates to a variant enzyme in which the tyrosine residue of the carbohydrate hydrolase is substituted; it relates to a vector or a transformant which comprises the DNA sequence; and it relates to a method for producing a variety of oligosaccharides and the like by using the variant enzyme. ... In recent years, as artificial sweeteners that can replace sugar without causing tooth decay and as materials for functional foods, a variety of oligosaccharides of various polymerization degrees have drawn attention and have been put to practical use. ... The present inventors have already reported that transglycosylation activity is elevated in a variant-type .alpha.-amylase (SfamyW84L), in which a leucine residue is substituted for the tryptophan residue at position 84 of the amino acid sequence of the .alpha.-amylase (Sfamy) which is obtained from the yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuligera; and that a method for producing a malto-oligosaccharide of a polymerization degree of 7 or more, using the said variant-type .alpha.-amylase (unexamined Japanese Patent Publication No. 108386/1992). However, it has not yet been made clear the mechanism by which the transglycosylation activity of the enzyme Sfamy W84L is elevated. Thus, no method has yet been found for elevating the transglycosylation activity of Sfamy and other carbohydrate hydrolases in a rational manner. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05631149__ •

Water dispersible and water soluble carbohydrate polymer compositions for parenteral administration of growth hormone Inventor(s): Cady; Susan M. (Yardley, PA), Cady; Susan M. (Yardley, PA), Fishbein; Richard (Skillman, NJ), Fishbein; Richard (Skillman, NJ), Schroder; Ulf (Lund, SE), Schroder; Ulf (Lund, SE), Eriksson; Hakan (Lund, SE), Eriksson; Hakan (Lund, SE), Probasco; Brenda L. (New Egypt, NJ), Probasco; Brenda L. (New Egypt, NJ) Assignee(s): American Cyanamid Company (Wayne, NJ), American Cyanamid Company (Wayne, NJ) Patent Number: 5,456,922 Date filed: August 18, 1993 Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions of water dispersible and water soluble carbohydrate polymers and biologically active macromolecules of growth hormones, somatomedins, growth factors, and other biologically active fragments which are suitable for parenteral administration. The present invention also relates to a method for increasing and for maintaining increased levels of growth hormone in the blood of treated animals for extended periods of time, increasing weight gains in animals, and increasing milk production of lactating animals by the administration of the compositions of the invention. Excerpt(s): The desirability of providing dosage forms of biologically active substances which release the substance in a controlled manner and thus reduce the frequency of administration is well established. ... The desirability of providing dosage forms of biologically active substances which release the substance in a controlled manner and thus reduce the frequency of administration is well established. ... Recent developments in the area of controlling the release of drugs include those disclosed in European Patent Application 81305426.9 and European Patent Application 82300416.3 which describe methods for controlling the release of drugs by microencapsulation and containment within a biodegradable matrix, respectively. U. Schroder J. Immunological Methods 70,127-132 (1984) and Biomaterials 5(2) 100-104 (1984) describes the fabrication and use

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of carbohydrate spheres as a crystalline slow release matrix for biologically active substances, where controlled release is obtained by erosion of the matrix. S. L. Davies et al, in The Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 66 No. 9, pp 1980-1981 (1983) describes a beeswax implant for administering growth hormone (oGH), while U.S. Pat. No. 4,452,775 describes a cholesterol matrix delivery system for sustained release of macromolecules including a variety of growth hormones. ... Recent developments in the area of controlling the release of drugs include those disclosed in European Patent Application 81305426.9 and European Patent Application 82300416.3 which describe methods for controlling the release of drugs by microencapsulation and containment within a biodegradable matrix, respectively. U. Schroder J. Immunological Methods 70,127-132 (1984) and Biomaterials 5(2) 100-104 (1984) describes the fabrication and use of carbohydrate spheres as a crystalline slow release matrix for biologically active substances, where controlled release is obtained by erosion of the matrix. S. L. Davies et al, in The Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 66 No. 9, pp 1980-1981 (1983) describes a beeswax implant for administering growth hormone (oGH), while U.S. Pat. No. 4,452,775 describes a cholesterol matrix delivery system for sustained release of macromolecules including a variety of growth hormones. ... The above references disclose a variety of solid matrix systems for the administration of biologically active substances. It is an object of the present invention to provide aqueous compositions of water dispersible and soluble polymers, and growth hormones, which are water soluble and are suitable for parenteral administration in aqueous medium. It is another object of this invention to provide a method for increasing and maintaining increased levels of growth hormones in the blood of treated animals and humans for extended periods of time and obtaining beneficial effects such as increasing weight gains and increasing milk production in lactating animals, by parenteral administration of the aqueous compositions of the invention. ... The above references disclose a variety of solid matrix systems for the administration of biologically active substances. It is an object of the present invention to provide aqueous compositions of water dispersible and soluble polymers, and growth hormones, which are water soluble and are suitable for parenteral administration in aqueous medium. It is another object of this invention to provide a method for increasing and maintaining increased levels of growth hormones in the blood of treated animals and humans for extended periods of time and obtaining beneficial effects such as increasing weight gains and increasing milk production in lactating animals, by parenteral administration of the aqueous compositions of the invention. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05456922__

Patent Applications on Carbohydrates As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to carbohydrates:

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 369

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Active-site engineering of nucleotidylyltransferases and general enzymatic methods for the synthesis of natural and "unnatural" UDP- and TDP-nucleotide sugars Inventor(s): Thorson, Jon ; (Madison, NY), Nikilov, Dimitar B. ; (New York, NY) Correspondence: KENYON & KENYON; 1500 K STREET, N.W., SUITE 700; WASHINGTON; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030055235 Date filed: December 13, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides mutant nucleotidylyl-transferases, such as E.sub.p, having altered substrate specificity; methods for their production; and methods of producing nucleotide sugars, which utilize these nucleotidylyl-transferases. The present invention also provides methods of synthesizing desired nucleotide sugars using natural and/or modified Ep or other nucleotidyltransferases; and nucleotide sugars sythesized by the present methods. The present invention further provides new glycosyl phosphates, and methods for making them. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 60/254,927, filed Dec. 13, 2000. ... The present invention is directed to nucleotidylyl-transferases and mutant nucleotidylyltransferases having altered substrate specificity and methods for their production. ... The present invention is also directed to methods of synthesizing desired nucleotide sugars using natural and/or mutant E.sub.p or other nucleotidyltransferases, preferably E.sub.p or other nucleotidylyltransferases modified by the present methods. Additionally, the present invention is directed to nucleotide sugars sythesized by the present methods. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Affinity matrix bearing tumor-associated carbohydrate-or glycopeptide-based antigens and uses thereof Inventor(s): Wang, Zhi-Guang ; (Dresher, PA), Lloyd, Kenneth O. ; (Bronx, NY), Danishefsky, Samuel J. ; (Englewood, NJ), Williams, Lawrence J. ; (New York, NY) Correspondence: Choate, Hall & Stewart; Exchange Place; 53 State Street; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20020006629 Date filed: February 27, 2001 Abstract: An affinity matrix having a tumor-associated carbohydrate- or glycopeptidebased antigen bound to the matrix is provided. The affinity matrix is used to isolate, characterize, and quantitate functional antibodies or antigen-binding molecules to the tumor-associated carbohydrate- or glycopeptide-based antigen. The invention also provides a method of preparing the affinity matrix. In addition the invention provides for diagnostic and therapeutic uses of the isolated antibodies or antigen-binding molecules. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 119(e) to copending provisional patent application No. 60/185,887, filed Feb. 29, 2000, entitled "Affinity Matrix Bearing Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate- or Glycopeptide-Based Antigens for the Detection, Isolation, and Characterization of Antibodies and AntigenBinding Molecules", the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. ... Oncogenesis is often associated with changes in the expression of cell surface

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carbohydrates. Among the many structural and functional transformations that attend oncogenesis, this altered expression of cell surface carbohydrates has recently emerged as a focal point for the development of vaccine strategies, Pardoll, D. M., Nature Med. 4,525-531 (1998); Ragupathi, G. & Livingston, P. O., Cancer Immunol. Immunother, 45,10-19 (1997). In some instances, the carbohydrate pattern displayed on the cell surface may be specific to the disease type. In others, the carbohydrate expression level may be markedly enhanced by the onset of disease. Many carbohydrates with potential clinical importance have been identified as either specific to the surface of a certain tumor cell or grossly over-expressed on the tumor cell surface, Lloyd, K. O, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 87, 129-139 (1987): Hakomori, S., Cancer Res. 56, 5309-5318 (1996). Several of these tumorassociated carbohydrate- or glycopeptide-based antigens including globo-H, Lewis Y ("Le.sup.y"), GM2, GD2, GD3, fucosyl GM1, S-Tn, Tn, TF and glycosylated segments of muc1 and muc 2, obtained by total synthesis and/or isolated from natural sources have been purified and conjugated to a protein carrier such as keyhole limpet hemacyanin ("KLH") and administered with the immunologic adjuvant QS-21 as a carbohydratebased cancer vaccine. See, for example, Livingston, P. O., Natoli, E. J., Calves, M. J., Socket, E., Oettgen, H. F., & Old, L. J., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84,2911-2915 (1987); Livingston, P. O., Wong, G. Y. C., Adler, S., Tao, Y., Padavan, M., Parente, R., Hanlon, C., Calves, M. J., Helling, F. Ritter, G., Octtgen, H. F. & Old, L. J., J Clin. Oncol. 12, 10361044 (1994); Ragupathi, G., Slovin, S. F., Adler, S., Sames, D., Kim, I. J., Kim, H. M., Spassova, M., Bommann, W. G., Lloyd, K. O., Scher, H. I., Livingston, P. O. & Danishefsky, S. J., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38,563-566 (1999); Solvin, S. F., Ragupathi, G., Adler, S., Ungers, G., Terry, K., Kim, S., Spassova, M., Bornmann, W. G., Fazzari, M., Dantis, L., Olkiewicz, K., Lloyd, K. O., Livingston, P. O., Danishefsky, S. J. & Scher, H. I., Proc., Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96,5710-5715 (1999); Kudryashov, V., Kim, H. M., Ragupatihi, G., Danisliefsky, S. J., Livingston, P. O. & Lloyd, K. O., Cancer Immunnol. Immunother, 45,281-286 (1998). ... Conceptually, the goals of a tumor-associated carbohydrate or glycopeptide-based vaccine initiative are to educate the immune system to identify certain glyco-patterns as pathenogenic. Livingston, P. O., Zhang, S., and Lloyd, K. O., Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 45, 1-9 (1997). In this way an immune response is stimulated that is directed against cells bearing the tumor-associated carbohydrate or glycopeptide, and thus an effective policing mechanism against circulating cancer cells and micrometastases results. Once access to an antigen is achieved, and a viable vaccine is formulated, immunological characterization in animal models can be followed by clinical evaluation. In the best case, the immune response stimulated in humans would be subject to quantitative characterization. This in turn would provide a firm immunological base, as well as insights into therapeutic efficacy and identify potential modalities of vaccine optimization. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Animal tissue with carbohydrate antigens compatible for human transplantation and a carbohydrate determinant selection system for homologous recombination Inventor(s): Clark, A. John ; (Midlothian, GB), Denning, Chris ; (Loughborough, GB), Schiff, J. Michael ; (Menlo Park, CA) Correspondence: GERON CORPORATION; 230 CONSTITUTION DRIVE; MENLO PARK; CA; 94025 Patent Application Number: 20030068818 Date filed: March 21, 2002

Patents 371

Abstract: This disclosure provides a system for generating animal tissue with carbohydrate antigens that are compatible for transplantation into human patients. The tissue is inactivated homozygously for expression of .alpha.(1,3)galactosyltransferase, and comprises a transgene for .alpha.(1,2)fucosyltransferase. As a result, cell-surface Nacetyl lactosamine is not converted to the Gal.alpha.(1,3)Gal xenoantigen. Instead, it is converted to Fuc.alpha.(1,2)Gal, which is H substance, a self-antigen in humans. The tissue may also contain A or B-transferase, which will cause H substance to be converted into other ABO blood group antigens for compatibility with patients of the same blood type. This invention improves transplant compatibility of the xenograft tissue by lessening the risk of reactions resulting from xenoantigen and unconverted N-acetyl lactosamine acceptor determinants. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/277, 811, filed Mar. 21,2001, pending. The priority application is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, as are U.S. Ser. No. 60/277, 749 and issued U.S. Pat. Nos. 6, 147, 276, 6, 252, 133, and 6, 261, 836. ... This invention relates generally to the fields of carbohydrate chemistry and animals engineered with a genetic knockout. It describes non-human mammals in which the enzyme .alpha.(1,3) galactosyl-transferase has been replaced with .alpha.(1,2)fucosyltransferase. ... The acute shortage of human organs for transplantation provides a compelling need for the development of new sources of suitable tissue. An idea of considerable promise is to transplant patents with organs from non-human animals. The main challenge to overcome is rendering foreign tissue immunologically compatible with the patient being treated. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Antiadhesive carbohydrates Inventor(s): Stahl, Bernd ; (Rosbach, DE), Boehm, Gunther ; (Echzell, DE) Correspondence: BACON & THOMAS, PLLC; 625 SLATERS LANE; FOURTH FLOOR; ALEXANDRIA; VA; 22314 Patent Application Number: 20030022863 Date filed: August 14, 2002 Abstract: Provided is a pharmaceutical or dietetic product, which serves for reducing and/or blocking the adhesion of pathogenic substances and organisms to eucaryontic cells, in particular mammal cells. Said preparation contains at least one carbohydrate having an uronic acid unit on one of the ends thereof. 10 to 100% of the present, terminal uronic acid units pertaining to the carbohydrates are provided with a double bond that is especially situated between the C.sub.4 and C.sub.5 atom. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a pharmaceutical or dietetic preparation for reducing and/or blocking the adhesion of pathogenic substances and organisms to eucaryontic cells, in particular mammal cells, which contains at least one antiadhesive carbohydrate having an uronic acid on one of the ends thereof, and the use of said preparation and the therein contained carbohydrates for the mentioned purposes. ... The adhesion of pathogenic organisms, as well as of cell-damaging substances to the surface of mammal cells, is the first step and an indispensable prerequisite for an infection or a damage of the cell. The interaction between the pathogens and the cells is formed by a ligandreceptor relationship, which is thus an important virulence or toxicity factor of the pathogens. As pathogens, at least bacteria, viruses, fungi, monocellular or multicellular

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parasites, toxins and heavy-metal cations have thereby to be understood. In this ligandreceptor relationship, glycostructures play an important role. ... One possibility of at least reducing or completely preventing this ligand-receptor relationship consists in blocking the respective receptors on the cell surface or on the ligand. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Antibodies having modified carbohydrate content and methods of preparation and use Inventor(s): Oi, Vernon T. ; (Mountain View, CA), Morrison, Sherie L. ; (Los Angeles, CA), Hinton, Paul R. ; (Mountain View, CA) Correspondence: John P. White; Cooper & Dunham LLP; 1185 Avenue of the Americas; New York; NY; 10036; US Patent Application Number: 20020028486 Date filed: April 16, 2001 Abstract: This invention provides a method of altering the affinity of an antibody for the antigen to which it is directed which comprises introducing into the variable region of the antibody a carbohydrate recognition site under conditions such that a carbohydrate binds to the site and thus attaches to the antibody. This invention also provides a method of modifying the carbohydrate content of an antibody which comprises deleting from a constant region of the antibody a carbohydrate recognition site which naturally occurs in such constant region of such antibody. Antibodies, e.g., monoclonal antibodies and human monoclonal antibodies, diagnostic test kits, DNA encoding antibodies, therapeutic agents, and methods for detecting the presence of a substance in a sample, and for recovering and purifying a substance from a sample are also provided. Excerpt(s): Throughout this application, various publications are referenced by Arabic numerals. Full citations for these references may be found at the end of the specification immediately preceding the claims. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application to describe more fully the state of the art to which this invention pertains. ... Immunochemical characterization of antibodies to alpha (1.fwdarw.6) dextran has given insights into the size and shape of the antibody combining site and the nature of the interaction between antibodies and antigen. In this regard, it would be useful to correlate the immunochemical properties of the anti-dextran antibodies with their primary structure. In the course of these studies, cDNAs from three monoclonal anti-alpha (1.fwdarw.6) dextran hybridoma cell lines, 14.6b.1, 5.54.4.24.1, and 19.22.1, were cloned (1) and the nucleotide sequences of the variable regions of the heavy chain (V.sub.H) and of the light chain (V.sub.L) determined (2) (see Table I on page 22 of this application). All synthesize an identical kappa light chain with the V.sub.kappa-OX1 germline gene (3) rearranged to the J.sub.kappa2 segment and the heavy chains differ by only one or two amino acids in their complementarity-determining regions (CDRs). When compared to 14.6b.1, 5.54.4.24.1 and 19.22.1 have an identical Thr.fwdarw.Asn amino acid change at position 60 in the variable region of the heavy chain (V.sub.H); 5.54.4.24.1 has an additional change (Ser.fwdarw.Gly) at position 31 in complementarity-determining region 1 (CDR1). The changes in heavy chain sequence result in 5.54.4.24.1 and 19.22.1 having a (ten) 10 fold or greater reduction in their binding constant for both polymeric dextran and isomaltoheptaose (IM7) when compared to 14.6b.1 (Table I). ... The Thr.fwdarw.Asn change in 5.54.4.24 and 19.22.1 leads to the loss of a potential N-linked glycosylation site (Asn 58-Tyr 59-Thr 60) present in 14.6b.1. One of the purposes of this

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study and the present invention was to determine whether this potential N-linked glycosylation site is glycosylated, and if so, whether the addition of carbohydrate to complementarity-determining region 2 (CDR2) affects the binding constant for dextran. It is difficult to demonstrate glycosylation of V.sub.H directly since both Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) isotypes are glycosylated within their C.sub.H1 domains and carbohydrate present in Fd could be linked to either V.sub.H or constant region of the heavy chain (C.sub.H). Fd is the product resulting from the chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the antibody and comprises the heavy chain of the variable region and the heavy chain of the constant region of the antibody. Therefore, the three V.sub.H regions have been transferred to the human IgG.sub.4 constant region which is devoid of carbohydrate in its C.sub.H1 domain. In this invention, the presence of carbohydrate is demonstrated to be within the V.sub.H of 14.6b.1. Comparison of the association constants for aglycosylated, tunicamycin treated and untreated antibodies shows that the presence of carbohydrate increases the apparent association constant (aKa) of 14.6b.1 for dextran. The effect on binding is unique to the carbohydrate present in V.sub.H since absence of carbohydrate from C.sub.H2 does not change the aKa for dextran. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Anti-inflammatory, tolerogenic and immunoinhibiting properties of carbohydrate binding-peptides Inventor(s): Armstrong, Glen D. ; (Edmonton, CA), Heerze, Louis D. ; (Edmonton, CA), Smith, Richard ; (Edmonton, CA) Correspondence: Gerald F. Swiss, Esq.; BURNS, DOANE, SWECKER & MATHIS, L.L.P.; P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20020054880 Date filed: April 18, 2001 Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods of suppressing inflammatory responses, inducing tolerance to an antigen, and suppressing cell adhesion, e.g., involved in metastasis, by the administration of lectin derived carbohydrate binding peptides or derivatives thereof, in particular, peptides capable of binding terminally linked .alpha.-sialic acid(2.fwdarw.6).beta.Galand/or .alpha.-sialic acid(2.fwdarw.3).beta.Ga- l-groups on structures or molecules comprising such groups. Pharmaceutical compositions containing such lectin derived carbohydrate binding peptides or derivatives thereof are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to methods for inhibiting immune responses or cellular interactions in mammals by the administration thereto of one or more lectin derived carbohydrate binding peptides. In particular, this invention is directed to methods for the suppression of inflammatory responses, induction of tolerance to antigens, modulation of the induction of immune responses to antigens, and the inhibition of cell adhesion in mammals by the administration of one or more carbohydrate binding peptides. The lectin derived carbohydrate binding peptides employed herein are preferably fragments of the S2 or S3 subunits of the pertussis toxin expressed by Bordetella pertussis or functionally equivalent variants thereof. ... 1. Brandley, et al., J. Leukocyte Biol., 40:97-111 (1986). ... 2. Jacobson, Developmental Neurobiology, New York, Plenum Press p. 5-25, (1978). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Carbohydrate Aborption Inhibitor and Method for Manufacturing the Same Inventor(s): Murai, Hiromichi ; (Aichi, JP), Arimuba, Tsutomi ; (Osaka, JP), Yamaguchi, Hiroshi ; (Aichi, JP), Aitani, Michio ; (Hyogo, JP), Konishi, Yotaro ; (Osaka, JP), Okada, Tadashi ; (Aichi, JP) Correspondence: Clark & Brody; Suite 600; 1750 K Street NW; Washington; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20030161903 Date filed: January 31, 2003 Abstract: This invention provides carbohydrate absorption inhibitor derived from evening primrose seed which is significantly effective to prevent and cure diabetes mellitus and prevent obesity, and the manufacturing method of the same.Carbohydrate absorption inhibitor in this invention is characterized that the effective component is an alcohol extract of evening primrose seed. The aforementioned evening primrose seed is preferably a defatted evening primrose seed. Extracting solvent of the aforementioned evening primrose seed is preferably ethanol, or preferably a 70 to 85% (v/v) aqueous ethanol. Also, this invention is characterized that the carbohydrate absorption inhibitor is an effective component of polyphenol derived from evening primrose seed. The polyphenol is preferably one or more substances selected from among gallic acid, ellagic acid, catechin, pentagalloylglucose, procyanidin, and proantocyanidin. The manufacturing method of the carbohydrate absorption inhibitor in this invention is characterized to be composed of the following processes A to C. Process A: evening primrose is compressed, oil is separated then the compressed cake is obtained. Process B: The aforementioned compressed cake is defatted in fat-soluble organic solvent, and defatted substance is obtained. Process C: The aforementioned defatted substance is extracted by alcohol, and then this extracted liquid is concentrated or evaporated. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to carbohydrate absorption inhibitor and method for manufacturing the same effective against e.g. diabetes prevention, diet, and so forth. ... Polysaccharide (starch, glycogen or the like) contained in food is hydrolyzed by .alpha.amylase in saliva and pancreas and converted into oligosaccharide such as maltose, isomaltose or the like, then decomposed to glucose by disaccharide degrading enzyme such as .alpha.-glucosidase or the like in the small intestine and absorbed. ... Thus, .alpha.-amylase and .alpha.-glucosidase perform an important role as a digestive enzyme for carbohydrate in the body. These enzyme activities affect the blood glucose level. Therefore, it is important to control these enzyme activities for the preventions and medical treatments of diabetes mellitus and obesity. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals Inventor(s): Uotila, Sinikka S. ; (Espoo, FI), Govardhan, Chandrika P. ; (Lexington, MA), Margolin, Alexey L. ; (Newton, MA), Visuri, Kalevi J. ; (Kirkkonummi, FI) Correspondence: FISH & NEAVE; 1251 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS; 50TH FLOOR; NEW YORK; NY; 10020-1105; US Patent Application Number: 20030170843 Date filed: December 23, 2002

Patents 375

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals. Advantageously, such crosslinked glycoprotein crystals display stability to harsh environmental conditions, while maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the glycoprotein backbone. According to one embodiment, this invention relates to methods for concentrating proteins that have been modified by carbohydrates and for releasing their activity at controlled rates. This invention also provides methods for producing carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals and methods for using them in pharmaceutical formulations, vaccines, immunotherapeutics, personal care compositions, including cosmetics, veterinary pharmaceutical compositions and vaccines, foods, feeds, diagnostics, cleaning agents, including detergents and decontamination formulations. The physical and chemical characteristics of carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals render them particularly useful as sorbents for separations, such as chiral chromatography, or affinity chromatography-which are based on specific interactions between the active binding site of the glycoprotein component of the crystals and the substance or molecule of interest. Such characteristics also render carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals useful as catalytic and binding components for the production of biosensing devices. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals. Advantageously, such crosslinked glycoprotein crystals display stability to harsh environmental conditions, while maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the glycoprotein backbone. According to one embodiment, this invention relates to methods for concentrating proteins that have been modified by carbohydrates and for releasing their activity at controlled rates. This invention also provides methods for producing carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals and methods for using them in pharmaceutical formulations, vaccines, immunotherapeutics, personal care compositions, including cosmetics, veterinary pharmaceutical compositions and vaccines, foods, feeds, diagnostics, cleaning agents, including detergents and decontamination formulations. The physical and chemical characteristics of carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals render them particularly useful as sorbents for separations, such as chiral chromatography, or affinity chromatography-which are based on specific interactions between the active binding site of the glycoprotein component of the crystals and the substance or molecule of interest. Such characteristics also render carbohydrate crosslinked glycoprotein crystals useful as catalytic and binding components for the production of biosensing devices. ... Many proteins associated with the external surfaces of cell membranes or actively secreted from cells are commonly modified by the addition of one or more carbohydrate units to the side chains of particular amino acids [R. D. Marshall, Ann. Rev. Biochem., 41, pp. 673-702 (1972)]. Such proteins, known as glycoproteins, display the properties of proteins in general, as well as properties typical of the attached carbohydrate. The carbohydrate monomers typically attached to glycoproteins include galactose, mannose, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose, xylose, sialic acid and others. The carbohydrate units are usually attached through the hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine side chains, or the amide nitrogen atom of asparagine side chains. The carbohydrate side chains are arranged in a variety of chain lengths and branching patterns [P. V. Wagh and O. P. Bahl, Crit. Rev. Biochem., 10, pp. 307-77 (1981)]. ... Glycoproteins exhibit a range of protein functions, including catalysis of chemical transformations, proteolysis of proteins, binding of ligands and transport of ligands to and across membranes. Additionally, glycoproteins frequently perform functions associated with cellular communication, including protein-protein recognition, proteincarbohydrate recognition, protein-DNA recognition, pathogen recognition by

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antibodies, antigen presentation by CD4 and CD8 membrane glycoproteins, and targeting of proteins to specific locations. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Carbohydrate epitope mimic compounds and uses thereof Inventor(s): Neuberger, Timothy J. ; (Dobbs Ferry, NY), Herzberg, Uri ; (Yorktown Heights, NY), Schachner, Melitta ; (Hamburg, DE), Simon, Maryline ; (Baar, CH) Correspondence: KLAUBER & JACKSON; 411 HACKENSACK AVENUE; HACKENSACK; NJ; 07601 Patent Application Number: 20030100508 Date filed: July 1, 2002 Abstract: This invention provides carbohydrate epitope mimic compounds, particularly peptides, and analogs and variants thereof. In particular, the compounds and peptides of the present invention mimic the carbohydrate epitope GlcA.beta.1.fwdarw.3Gal.beta.1.fwdarw.4GlcNAc or sulfate 3GlcA.beta.1.fwdarw.3Gal.beta.1.fwdarw.4GlcNAc, or the L2/HNK1 carbohydrate epitope. This invention provides an isolated peptide comprising an amino acid sequence of a carbohydrate epitope mimic peptide in which the amino acid sequence is set forth in any of SEQ ID NOS: 1-8, 27-38, 39, 40 and 41, including variants, analogs and active fragments thereof. The invention further provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence of a carbohydrate epitope mimic peptide. This invention provides pharmaceutical compositions and diagnostic and therapeutic methods of use of the isolated polypeptides and nucleic acids, particularly in modulating or mediating cell-cell adhesion and viral infection and the processes and events mediated thereby. Assays for compounds which mimic, alter or inactivate the polypeptides of the present invention for use in therapy are also provided. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part of copending application Serial No. 60/121,327 filed Feb. 24, 1999, of copending application Serial No. 60/155,492 filed Sep. 23, 1999, of which the instant application claims the benefit of the filing date pursuant to 35 U.S.C. .sctn.119, and which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. ... The present invention relates generally to carbohydrate epitope mimic compounds, particularly peptides, to variants, analogs and active fragments thereof and to nucleic acids encoding such peptides, variants, analogs and active fragments. In particular, the peptides of the invention mimic the carbohydrate epitope GlcA.beta.1.fwdarw.3Gal.beta.1.fwdarw.4GlcNAc or sulfate 3GlcA.beta.1.fwdarw.3Gal.beta.1.fwdarw.4GlcNAc, or the L2/HNK1 carbohydrate epitope. The invention also relates to diagnostic, therapeutic and pharmaceutical compositions and uses of such compounds, particularly peptides, variants, analogs and active fragments thereof, and nucleic acids encoding such peptides, variants, analogs and active fragments, in modulating or mediating cell-cell adhesion and the processes and events mediated thereby. ... In 1981, Abo and Balch isolated a monoclonal IgM antibody directed against a membrane antigen from a cultured human T cell line (Abo and Balch, (1981) J. Immunology 127:1024-1029). This antibody was shown to react with 10% of blood lymphocytes and to recognize an antigen specific to human natural killer (NK) and killer (K) cells, thus the name HNK-1. NK and K cells are specialized lymphocytes that serve important roles in the surveillance of tumors and virus-infected cells. In the same study it was mentioned that the HNK-1 epitope was resistant to

Patents 377

proteolysis, suggesting that the epitope was of non-proteinaceous nature. It was later shown that the antigen is a carbohydrate (Kruse et al, 1984). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Carbohydrate ligands specific for MHC molecules Inventor(s): Rothenberg, Barry E. ; (Del Mar, CA) Correspondence: MINTZ, LEVIN, COHN, FERRIS, GLOVSKY; AND POPEO, P.C.; ONE FINANCIAL CENTER; BOSTON; MA; 02111; US Patent Application Number: 20030143620 Date filed: January 28, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides a substantially purified carbohydrate ligand that specifically binds to a leczyme. The invention also provides methods to identify a carbohydrate ligand that specifically binds to a leczyme or a leczyme that specifically binds to a carbohydrate ligand. The invention further provides methods to identify a peptide that binds to the carbohydrate ligand binding site of a leczyme.The present invention provides methods to isolate a carbohydrate ligand or a leczyme and to identify a carbohydrate ligand or a leczyme that modifies the function of a cell and to obtain such functionally modified cells. The invention further provides methods to modify a cell to express a carbohydrate ligand by introducing an expression vector encoding a leczyme into the cell. The invention also provides methods to modulate the immune response to an antigen by administering the antigen and a carbohydrate ligand. In addition, the invention further provides methods to treat a disease state involving a leczyme by administering a carbohydrate ligand that binds the leczyme or by administering a leczyme that has a similar binding specificity to the leczyme involved in the disease state. The invention further provides methods to diagnose a genetic basis for hemochromatosis by detecting a mutation in a class I MHC molecule that reduces it's ability to associate with .beta..sub.2 microglobulin. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the field of immunological disorders and, more specifically, to major histocompatibility complex transplantation molecules. ... The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) codes for a variety of gene products, many of which play a central role in the body's defense against pathogenic organisms. Such molecules include the classical transplantation antigens and structurally related molecules, proteins for transport of foreign peptides within cells, serum complement proteins, the lymphokines tumor necrosis .alpha. and tumor necrosis .beta., cytochromes and heat shock proteins. ... The classical transplantation antigens, encoded for by genes in the MHC, are a highly polymorphic group of molecules that were originally discovered for their role in determining rejection of foreign transplanted cells and tissue. An extensive body of experimental work has since supported a role for the classical transplantation antigens in self-recognition. In the current paradigm, transplantation antigens serve to present peptides derived from both self and foreign proteins, for recognition by cells of the immune system. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Carbohydrate medical solution and sulphite stabilisator in a multiple compartment container and use thereof Inventor(s): Wieslander, Anders ; (Lund, SE), Olsson, Lars-Fride ; (Lund, SE), Linden, Torbjorn ; (Linderod, SE) Correspondence: FINNEGAN, HENDERSON, FARABOW, GARRETT & DUNNER; LLP; 1300 I STREET, NW; WASHINGTON; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030159953 Date filed: March 3, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to a multiple compartment container for sterile medical solutions, particularly solutions for peritoneal dialysis containing a carbohydrate stabilisation compound, a carbohydrate medical solution containing said carbohydrate stabilisation compound and a method for the preparation thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to multiple compartment containers including sterile medical solutions, in which at least one solution contains carbohydrate compounds. The invention further relates to stabilising carbohydrates in a sterile medical solution. ... Sterilisation of medical solutions such as, for example, peritoneal dialyses (PD) solutions, is commonly performed through the addition of energy, either in the form of radiation or heat. WO-A-9705852 discloses a multiple compartment container including sterile peritoneal dialyses solutions, which is heat-sterilised in an autoclave. ... In recent years scientists have become aware of the toxicity of decomposition compounds of carbohydrates in PD solutions. Wieslander et al., reported that all major brands of commercial PD solutions were toxic in contrast to PD solutions sterilised by filtration (Wieslander et al., 1991, Kidney Int, 40:77-79). The PD solutions were tested after dilution with cell growth media on cultured fibroblasts. Furthermore, Wieslander et al. have reported that the glucose degradation products also affect the functional responses involved in host defence (Wieslander et al., 1995, Peritoneal Dialysis Int, 15 (suppl). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Carbohydrate response element binding protein and uses thereof Inventor(s): Uyeda, Kosaku ; (Dallas, TX) Correspondence: BAKER & BOTTS; 30 ROCKEFELLER PLAZA; NEW YORK; NY; 10112 Patent Application Number: 20030124590 Date filed: October 16, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of transcriptional regulation. More specifically, it relates to a novel transcription factor, Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein (ChREBP). ChREBP is associated with carbohydrate metabolism and the conversion of dietary excess carbohydrate to body fat. The present invention relates to activation and inhibition of ChREBP transcriptional activity and uses thereof. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/329,834, filed Oct. 16, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. ... The present invention relates to the field of transcriptional regulation. More specifically, it relates to a novel transcription factor, Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein (ChREBP). ChREBP is associated with carbohydrate metabolism and the

Patents 379

conversion of dietary excess carbohydrate to body fat. The present invention relates to activation and inhibition of ChREBP transcriptional activity and uses thereof. ... A diet high in excess carbohydrate stimulates conversion of carbohydrate into storage fat in the mammalian liver. Accumulation of an abundance of simple carbohydrates, such as glucose, are efficiently stored as fat. Evolutionary pressures have favored the emergence of "thrifty genes" in humans to safeguard against periodic famine (Neel, J. N. (1999) Nutr. Rev. 57, S2-S9). However, the phenomenon of an abundance of food and food rich in carbohydrate, in conjunction with modem lifestyles, has contributed to health defects, such as a diabetes, obesity, heart disease etc. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Carbohydrate-based enzyme granulates Inventor(s): Harz, Hans-Peter ; (Dudenhofen, DE), Meesters, Gabriel Marinus Henricus ; (TJ Delft, NL), Barendse, Rudolph Carolus Maria ; (CM Delft, NL) Correspondence: McDonnell Boehnen Hulbert & Berghoff; 32nd Floor; 300 S. Wacker Drive; Chicago; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20030049811 Date filed: October 25, 2002 Abstract: A process for the preparation of an enzyme-containing granulate is disclosed where an aqueous enzyme-containing liquid is mixed with an edible carbohydratebased solid carrier, such as starch, mechanically processed into granules, and subsequently dried. This enzyme granulate is suitable for the manufacture of animal feed compositions by mixing feed ingredients with the granulate, treating with steam and pelleting. The compositions optimally show improved enzyme stability during the pelleting process. Excerpt(s): This application claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/048,611 filed Jun. 4, 1997, now abandoned, and European Patent Application No. 97201641.4 filed in the Netherlands on Jun. 4, 1997. These applications hereby are incorporated in their entireties by reference. ... The present invention relates to the formulation of enzymes, preferably feed-enzymes, into carbohydrate (e.g., starch-) containing granulates, and to processes for the preparation of such enzyme-containing granulates. These (edible) granulates can then be used in animal feeds. ... The use of various enzymes in animal, e.g., livestock, feed has become almost common practice. These enzymes are usually produced by culturing microorganisms in large scale fermenters operated by industrial enzyme producers. At the end of the fermentation the resulting "broth" is usually subjected to a series of filtration steps to separate the biomass (the microorganisms) from the desired enzyme (in solution). The enzyme solution is either then sold as a liquid (often after addition of various stabilizers) or processed to a dry formulation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Catalytic process for the modification of carbohydrates, alcohols, aldehydes or polyhydroxy compounds Inventor(s): Prusse, Ulf ; (Braunschweig, DE), Vorlop, Klaus-Dieter ; (Braunschweig, DE), Hahnlein, Marc Sascha ; (Mannheim, DE), Capan, Emine ; (Braunschweig, DE), Begli, Alireza Haji ; (Ramsen, DE) Correspondence: OSTROLENK, FABER, GERB & SOFFEN, LLP; Attorneys at Law; 1180 Avenue of the Americas; New York; NY; 10036-8403; US Patent Application Number: 20030139594 Date filed: January 10, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to the industrial conversion of carbohydrates, alcohols, aldehydes or polyhydroxy compounds in aqueous phase. According to the invention a catalytic method is used for the conversion, using a metal catalyst consisting of polymer-stabilized nanoparticles. A catalyst of this type is not deactivated by the conversion reaction as long as the stabilizing interaction between the polymer and the nanoparticles is maintained. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process for the industrial conversion of carbohydrates, alcohols, aldehydes or polyhydroxy compounds in aqueous phase. ... In many industrial processes, the conversion, e.g. the oxidation, of carbohydrates, alcohols, aldehydes or polyhydroxy compounds in aqueous phase plays a decisive role and often forms the critical stage of synthesis processes. ... Thus, for example, the D-gluconic acid required for many industrial applications is prepared by an oxidation of D-glucose, which is carried out as a microbial oxidation using Aspergillus niger. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Colorimetric and Fluorimetric analysis of carbohydrates Inventor(s): Lewis, Patrick T. ; (Chattanooga, TN), Davis, Claude Joseph ; (Wheeling, IL), St. Luce, Nadia ; (Baton Rouge, LA), Cabell, Larry Allen ; (Houston, TX), Strongin, Robert M. ; (Baton Rouge, LA), He, Ming ; (Baton Rouge, LA), Cordova, Jorge O. Escobedo ; (Baton Rouge, LA) Correspondence: PATENT DEPARTMENT; TAYLOR, PORTER, BROOKS & PHILLIPS, L.L.P; P.O. BOX 2471; BATON ROUGE; LA; 70821-2471; US Patent Application Number: 20020142475 Date filed: February 5, 2001 Abstract: Methods are disclosed for the simple, rapid, and selective colorimetric detection of carbohydrates, including fructose, glucose, sialic acid, and oligosaccharides. There is no need for any prior hydrolysis or other chemical modification or of the analytes. Resorcinarenes, xanthene dyes, and related compounds, formally produced by the reaction of 2 equivalents of resorcinol and a suitable electrophilic condensation partner, are used as chromophores or fluorophores for the detection of sugars and other carbohydrates. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to the detection of carbohydrates, and to synthetic compounds that exhibit colorimetric or fluorimetric responses in the presence of sugars and other carbohydrates. ... Several efficient methods are available for analyzing amino acids or nucleic acids. By contrast, no single method is available that is suitable for the quantitative or qualitative analysis of saccharides generally. The high degree of

Patents 381

structural similarity between different sugars hinders their selective detection. The direct visible detection of sugars is especially challenging, since unmodified saccharides generally do not absorb light in the visible region. See generally M. Chaplin, "Monosaccharides," pp. 1-41 in M. Chaplin et al. (Eds.), Carbohydrate Analysis. A Practical Approach (Oxford University Press 1994); and J. Kennedy et al., "Oligosaccharides," pp. 43-67 in M. Chaplin et al. (Eds.), Carbohydrate Analysis. A Practical Approach (Oxford University Press 1994). ... Color assays for saccharides have been reported, including those based on certain synthetic molecules and those based on certain enzymes. Color assays based on synthetic molecules are typically less expensive than enzymatic methods, and their reagents are generally more resistant to degradation. Enzymatic assays can offer greater specificity than the non-enzymatic color tests, but they are generally more expensive, and their reagents are less stable. The inherently unstable enzymes must be protected from extreme conditions during manufacture, storage, and use. An ideal detection technique for sugars would be highly specific, and would employ relatively inexpensive and stable, non-enzymatic reagents. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Combinatorial complex carbohydrate libraries and methods for the manufacture and uses thereof Inventor(s): Dukler, Avinoam ; (Modi'in, IL), Dotan, Nir ; (Shoham, IL) Correspondence: G.E. EHRLICH (1995) LTD.; c/o ANTHONY CASTORINA; SUITE 207; 2001 JEFFERSON DAVIS HIGHWAY; ARLINGTON; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20020094541 Date filed: May 21, 2001 Abstract: A combinatorial complex carbohydrate library is provided and including a plurality of addressable complex carbohydrate structures. Excerpt(s): This is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/783,083, filed Feb. 15, 2001, which is a continuation-in-part of PCT/IL00/00099, filed Feb. 17, 2000, which claims priority from U.S. Patent Application No. 09/251,298, filed Feb. 17, 1999, now abandoned. ... The present invention relates to combinatorial complex carbohydrate libraries and methods for the manufacture and use thereof and, more particularly, to such libraries prepared on a solid support via stepwise enzymatic synthesis, to thereby provide a combinatorial array of complex carbohydrate structures. The combinatorial complex carbohydrate libraries synthesized according to the present invention can be exploited in a variety of ways, including, but not limited to, (i) identification of complex carbohydrate drugs; (ii) identification of complex carbohydrate associated receptors or proteins as potential new carbohydrate related targets for drug therapy; (iii) identification of biologically-active complex carbohydrates; (iv) identification of specific complex structural carbohydrate elements as potential new targets for drug therapy; (v) identification of the active sites of known complex carbohydrate structures; (vi) identification of new glyco-markers in complex carbohydrate structures; and (vii) detection of antibodies formed against a cancerrelated glyco-epitope or other disease related glyco-antigens. ... Modern pharmaceutical research and development was instated with the transition from folklore based medicine to the discovery and isolation of medicaments using modern chemistry. Since the 1950s drug discovery focused on testing large numbers of candidate compounds on a variety of animal models in an effort to identify pharmaceutical active compounds. As such, discovery of new drug candidates necessitated screening of diverse sources of

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compounds for potential therapeutic activities. These sources included, for example, known chemicals and drugs for which novel therapeutic activities were searched, fermentation broths and compounds excreted and/or extracted from plant or marine organisms, etc. (Granellin, 1992). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Combinatorial complex carbohydrate libraries and methods for the manufacture and uses thereof Inventor(s): Dotan, Nir ; (Shoham, IL), Dukler, Avinoam ; (Modi'in, IL) Correspondence: G.E. EHRLICH (1995) LTD.; c/o ANTHONY CASTORINA; SUITE 207; 2001 JEFFERSON DAVIS HIGHWAY; ARLINGTON; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20020098513 Date filed: May 21, 2001 Abstract: A combinatorial complex carbohydrate library is provided and including a plurality of addressable complex carbohydrate structures. Excerpt(s): This is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/783,083, filed Feb. 15, 2001, which is a continuation-in-part of PCT/IL00/00099, filed Feb. 17, 2000, which claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/251,298, filed Feb. 17, 1999, now abandoned. ... The present invention relates to combinatorial complex carbohydrate libraries and methods for the manufacture and use thereof and, more particularly, to such libraries prepared on a solid support via stepwise enzymatic synthesis, to thereby provide a combinatorial array of complex carbohydrate structures. The combinatorial complex carbohydrate libraries synthesized according to the present invention can be exploited in a variety of ways, including, but not limited to, (i) identification of complex carbohydrate drugs; (ii) identification of complex carbohydrate associated receptors or proteins as potential new carbohydrate related targets for drug therapy; (iii) identification of biologically-active complex carbohydrates; (iv) identification of specific complex structural carbohydrate elements as potential new targets for drug therapy; (v) identification of the active sites of known complex carbohydrate structures; (vi) identification of new glyco-markers in complex carbohydrate structures; and (vii) detection of antibodies formed against a cancerrelated glyco-epitope or other disease related glyco-antigens. ... Modern pharmaceutical research and development was instated with the transition from folklore based medicine to the discovery and isolation of medicaments using modem chemistry. Since the 1950s drug discovery focused on testing large numbers of candidate compounds on a variety of animal models in an effort to identify pharmaceutical active compounds. As such, discovery of new drug candidates necessitated screening of diverse sources of compounds for potential therapeutic activities. These sources included, for example, known chemicals and drugs for which novel therapeutic activities were searched, fermentation broths and compounds excreted and/or extracted from plant or marine organisms, etc. (Granellin, 1992). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 383

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Composition comprising carbohydrate and peptide material and its use as an energy supplement after or during physical exercise or as a metabolic nutrient for oral consumption Inventor(s): Kunst, Anthonie ; (Huizen, NL), Hakkaart, Marcellinus J.J. ; (Hilversum, NL), Siemensma, Andries D. ; (Leeuwarden, NL), Wagenmakers, Antonius A.J. ; (Valkenburg, NL), Van Loon, Lucas J.C. ; (Maastricht, NL), Saris, Wilhelmus H.M. ; (Meerssen, NL) Correspondence: FITCH EVEN TABIN AND FLANNERY; 120 SOUTH LA SALLE STREET; SUITE 1600; CHICAGO; IL; 606033406 Patent Application Number: 20010031729 Date filed: December 29, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to a composition comprising carbohydrate and peptide material as well as an amount of at least one additional free amino acid selected from the group consisting of leucine and phenylalanine. This composition will enhance the blood insulin response after oral intake by humans and is intended for an enhanced recovery air physical exercise or to delay exhaustion during physical exercise. Excerpt(s): Composition comprising carbohydrate and peptide material and its use as an energy supplement after or during physical exercise or as a metabolic nutrient for oral consumption. ... The invention relates to a composition comprising carbohydrate and peptide material, which enhance the blood insulin response after oral intake and intended for an enhanced recovery after physical exercise or to delay exhaustion during physical exercise. Further the invention relates to a metabolic nutrient for oral consumption. ... WO 97/39641 discloses an energy supplementation product in the form of a beverage or other nutrient for athletes or other persons in need of an increased glycogen level. This product is characterized by on the one hand a protein hydrolysate having a degree of hydrolysis (DH) of 1-50, preferably 15-30 and most preferably about 25 and on the other hand a carbohydrate like glucose, sucrose, maltose or a maltodextrine. In said WO 97/39641 it is stated that the intake of the energy supplementation product causes an increased insulin secretion enhancing the resynthesis of muscle glycogen. The rate of resynthesis of muscle glycogen after exercise is an important factor determining the time needed for recovery of the athlete. This is especially important for athletes involved in intensive exercise on a daily basis. However, it appeared that after exercise of the athlete to exhaustion a protein hydrolysate will not enhance significantly the plasma insulin response upon a carbohydrate load. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Compositions and methods of carbohydrate dosing Inventor(s): Peroutka, Stephen J. ; (Burlingame, CA) Correspondence: MILLEN, WHITE, ZELANO & BRANIGAN, P.C.; 2200 CLARENDON BLVD.; SUITE 1400; ARLINGTON; VA; 22201; US Patent Application Number: 20020122815 Date filed: September 7, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions and methods for dosing the brain and body with adequate and steady glucose supplies, and functional foods to

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achieve these effects. Carbohydrate dosing can be used, for example, to maintain optimal serum glucose levels, to provide steady energy to the brain, to manage weight, and to treat and prevent chronic conditions. The present invention also relates to modulating the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, for treating and preventing disorders and conditions associated with disturbances of the sympathetic nervous system, such as migraine, headaches, and associated conditions, for treating and/or preventing headaches, and for treating and/or preventing migraines and/or associated symptoms. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/259,569, filed Jan. 4, 2001, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. ... Although eating is necessary to maintain the biological processes of every organism, it has profound adverse effects on an organism's health and homeostasis. ... The present invention relates to functional foods and drugs, and methods of their administration, that provide controlled doses of glucose to meet an organism's energy requirements. These compositions supply adequate amounts of glucose to the brain, while minimizing, e.g., caloric intake, insulin release, serum glucose fluctuation, and/or sympathetic nervous system activation. As a result, many of the adverse consequences associated with improper carbohydrate dosing can be prevented and treated. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Compositions comprising fat soluble substances in a glassy carbohydrate matrix Inventor(s): Zedi, Ernst ; (Basle, CH), Leuenberger, Bruno ; (Allschwil, CH), Chen, Chyi-Cheng ; (Binningen, CH) Correspondence: Stephen M. Haracz, Esq.; BRYAN CAVE LLP; 245 Park Avenue; New York; NY; 10167-0034; US Patent Application Number: 20020127303 Date filed: March 8, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to compositions containing a fat soluble substance in a glassy carbohydrate matrix having maltose or a mixture of low-molecular weight carbohydrates, and, optionally, a high-molecular weight carbohydrate. The compositions can be used for multivitamin tablets, hard gelatin capsules, dry food and feed compositions and for enriching sugar. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions comprising fat soluble substances in a glassy carbohydrate matrix, to a process for their manufacture and to their use to enrich food and feed. ... Water soluble compositions of fat soluble vitamins play an important role in the field of human and animal nutrition. Such compositions are usually marketed in the form of emulsions or dry powders. It is a common feature in such compositions that the fat soluble vitamins are usually protected with a matrix component, e.g., a gelatin matrix. ... Stable vitamin compositions have also been conventionally obtained by a method wherein the vitamins are encapsulated in matrixes in the form of a powder. Products on the market are, e.g., vitamin A palmitate encapsulated in a CAPSUL.RTM. matrix, available under the name Vitamin A Palmitate 250 SD by F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, and vitamin A palmitate encapsulated in a gelatin matrix, available under the name Vitamin A Palmitate 250 CWS by F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 385

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Compositions of plant carbohydrates as dietary supplements Inventor(s): Vennum, Eileen P. ; (Grand Prairie, TX), Moore, D. Eric ; (Richardson, TX), McDaniel, H. Reginald ; (Mansfield, TX), McAnalley, Bill H. ; (Grand Prairie, TX), Fioretti, William C. ; (Grapevine, TX) Correspondence: HAYNES AND BOONE, LLP; 901 MAIN STREET, SUITE 3100; DALLAS; TX; 75202; US Patent Application Number: 20030072770 Date filed: November 14, 2002 Abstract: Compositions of plant carbohydrates for dietary supplements and nutritional support for promotion and maintenance of good health. Defined nutritionally effective amounts of one to eleven essential saccharides, glyconutrients, are used in various inventive compositions as dietary supplements. The dietary composition herein can include phytonutrients, vitamins, minerals, herbal extracts, and other non-toxic nutrients. The glyconutritional dietary supplement herein provides essential saccharides which are the building blocks of glycoproteins. These compositions, when administered orally or topically, have been found to improve the well being of mammals suffering from a variety of disorders. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to the field of dietary supplements and nutritional support for promotion and maintenance of good health. More specifically, the invention relates to compositions of carbohydrates a dietary supplements that are essential for the production of correctly structured and, therefore, properly functioning glycoproteins. ... The term mucus was first used in the 1700s. By 1805, Bostok realized that mucus was composed of protein that differed from albumin and gelatin. In 1865, Eichwald showed that mucins contained carbohydrate moieties. In 1877, Hoppe-Seyler discovered that mucins were high in sialic acid content. In 1882, Landwehr showed that plant gums, a type of mucin, contain more than one monosaccharide. With the advent of more modern methods, these monosaccharides were isolated and characterized. In 1888. Harmarsten showed that the saccharides in mucins were joined by a covalent bond; Harmarsten was the first to use the term "glykoproteide" (or glycoprotein in English). Fischer and Leuchs discovered high concentrations of mannose in mucus in 1902. Hayworth, in 1939, discovered N-acetylglucosamine and Bierry discovered galactose in 1930. Meyer discovered fucose in 1958 (Gottschalk, Glycoproteins, 1972). ... Proteins were originally thought to be the primary "communication" molecules of the body. The biotechnology revolution began as an attempt to create new drugs based upon proteins which are made up of various combinations of amino acids. However, since amino acids can only bind to each other through an amide bond, the number of secondary configurations possible with proteins is limited. Indeed, only one secondary configuration is possible per dipeptide. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Confectionery product made of protein and carbohydrate materials present in a relative weight ratio higher than 1 Inventor(s): Jones, Dennis ; (Shelburne, VT) Correspondence: HELLER EHRMAN WHITE & MCAULIFFE LLP; 1666 K STREET,NW; SUITE 300; WASHINGTON; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20030054088 Date filed: April 8, 2002 Abstract: The invention provides a confectionery bar comprising a proteinaceous material and a carbohydrate material in a relative weight ratio higher than 1 (from 1:0 to about 1:0.999). The bar produced is very palatable and chewy and has good organoleptic properties. It may be coated (enrobed) or not as desired. The product of the invention provides a meal replacement for very low calorie diets, diet supplement or protein supplement, and may optionally comprise a carbohydrate material of, low digestibility or indigestible nature. Excerpt(s): (a) Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a confectionery product having a protein to carbohydrate relative weight ratio higher than 1. In particular, the invention relates to a diet bar for use as part of a low calorie diet, especially a very low calorie diet. ... Very low calorie formula diet containing the minimum daily requirements of each of the minerals, proteins and digestible carbohydrates required by man have achieved remarkable commercial success. Such diets are usually formulated as a dry powder for use when mixed with water, either to produce a savory flavour drink resembling a soup, or a sweet flavour drink resembling a milk shake. The diets are designed for use as a sole source of nutrition over a lengthy period of time and their use can lead to significant weight losses. ... However, since the diet is consumed in liquid form any desire on the part of the dieter to chew what is consumed as the daily diet is frustrated unless the dieter consumes something other than the formula diet itself. On the other hand, if the dieter does consume something other than the formula diet itself out of a desire to chew something, that can negate the effect of the diet and lead to a smaller than expected weight loss, with consequent disappointment, and/or to the breaking of the diet altogether. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Converting sugars to sugar alcohols by aqueous phase catalytic hydrogenation Inventor(s): Wang, Yong ; (Richland, WA), Frye, John G. JR. ; (Richland, WA), Werpy, Todd A. ; (West Richland, WA), Elliott, Douglas C. ; (Richland, WA) Correspondence: Intellectual Property Services,; Battelle Memorial Institute,; Pacific Northwest Divison; P.O. Box 999; Richland; WA; 99352; US Patent Application Number: 20020133048 Date filed: April 27, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a method of converting sugars to their corresponding sugar alcohols by catalytic hydrogenation in the aqueous phase. It has been found that surprisingly superior results can be obtained by utilizing a relatively low temperature (less than 120.degree. C.), selected hydrogenation conditions, and a hydrothermally stable catalyst. These results include excellent sugar conversion to the desired sugar alcohol, in combination with long life under hydrothermal conditions.

Patents 387

Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/389,389, filed Sep. 3, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No._______, which is incorporated herein as if reproduced in full below. ... The present invention relates to methods of converting sugars to sugar alcohols using aqueous phase catalytic hydrogenation. ... Conventional heterogeneous catalysis has usually involved petroleum processing; however, in recent years there has been an increased emphasis on aqueous systems. As opposed to petroleum- or hydrocarbon-based systems, water-based systems have less toxicity and fewer environmental problems. Additionally, aqueous systems are well-suited for biologically-produced feedstocks. For example, sugars from biological sources can be extracted with or produced in water. Then, to prepare sugar alcohols from these sugar solutions, it is economically necessary to conduct catalytic hydrogenation in the aqueous phase. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Co-processed carbohydrate system as a quick-dissolve matrix for solid dosage forms Inventor(s): Amin, Arun F. ; (Wilmington, DE), Chandar, Sarath ; (Moorestown, NJ), Nuguru, Kalyan S. ; (Mantua, NJ), Norman, Gary Telfer ; (Middletown, DE) Correspondence: MORGAN, LEWIS & BOCKIUS LLP; 1701 MARKET STREET; PHILADELPHIA; PA; 19103-2921; US Patent Application Number: 20030118642 Date filed: October 18, 2002 Abstract: The present invention comprises a co-processed carbohydrate system, and formulations produced therefrom, which formulations are directly compressible into solid dosage forms, some of which rapidly and completely dissolve or disintegrate in the oral cavity within 60 seconds. The invention also comprises the solid dosage forms produced by directly compressing the co-processed carbohydrate system, some of which, when placed in the oral cavity, shall dissolve or disintegrate, preferably within about 60 seconds. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/341,366, filed Dec. 17, 2001. ... The present invention relates to co-processed carbohydrate systems that produce formulations that are directly compressible into solid dosage forms, some of which rapidly and completely dissolve and/or disintegrate in the oral cavity, preferably within about 60 seconds. The invention also relates to solid dosage forms produced by directly compressing a co-processed carbohydrate system, along with other ingredients, some of which when placed in the oral cavity, dissolves or disintegrates, preferably within about 60 seconds. ... The present invention also relates to co-processed carbohydrates that produce formulations that are directly compressible into solid dosage forms, which formulations, when co-processed, form particles having a non-filamentous microstructure. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Derivatized carbohydrates, compositions comprised thereof and methods of use thereof Inventor(s): Blair, Julian A. ; (St. Ives, GB) Correspondence: Madeline I. Johnston; Morrison & Foerster LLP; 755 Page Mill Road; Palo Alto; CA; 94304; US Patent Application Number: 20020058067 Date filed: November 1, 2001 Abstract: Derivatized carbohydrates are provided which can be used to form a variety of materials including solid delivery systems. The derivatized carbohydrates are generally carbohydrates, wherein at least a portion of the hydroxyl groups on the carbohydrate are substituted with a branched hydrophobic chain, such as a hydrocarbon chain, via, for example, an ether or ester linkage. The solid delivery systems can be used for delivery and release of a variety of substances, and are, for example, in the form of tablets for oral administration, or in the form of powders, microspheres or implants for intravenous, intradermal, transdermal, pulmonary or other route of administration. The derivatized carbohydrates can be processed to form a solid matrix having a substance, such as a therapeutic agent, incorporated therein. In one embodiment, the solid matrix is provided in a solid dose form which is capable of releasing a therapeutic substance in situ at various controlled rates. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/068,754, filed Dec. 23, 1997. ... Not applicable. ... This invention relates to derivatized carbohydrates, compositions comprised thereof and methods for their use. The derivatized carbohydrates can be used to form solid delivery systems useful for the dissolution, encapsulation, storage and delivery of a variety of therapeutic and diagnostic molecules. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Dietetic preparation and method for inhibiting intestinal carbohydrate absorption Inventor(s): Raggers, Rene John ; (Amsterdam, NL), Van Laere, Katrien Maria Jozefa ; (Heteren, NL) Correspondence: YOUNG & THOMPSON; 745 SOUTH 23RD STREET 2ND FLOOR; ARLINGTON; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20030004215 Date filed: June 15, 2001 Abstract: This invention relates to a method of inhibiting intestinal carbohydrate absorption in mammals and a dietetic preparation for use in such a method. More particularly the present invention is concerned with a method of inhibiting intestinal absorption of carbohydrates in a mammal, which method comprises orally administering a dietetic preparation to such mammal, said preparation containing .alpha.-hydroxy carboxylic acid component, whose intestinal absorption is sodium dependent, in an amount equivalent to at least 1 wt. % citric acid, so as to provide .alpha.-hydroxy carboxylic acid component in an amount which is therapeutically effective to achieve inhibition of intestinal absorption of carbohydrate. Citric acid is an example of an .alpha.-hydroxy carboxylic acid which may suitably employed.The invention also encompasses a dietetic preparation in the form of an oral dosage unit of

Patents 389

between 0.1 and 100 grams, said preparation containing between 2 and 90 wt % of .alpha.-hydroxy carboxylic acid component whose intestinal absorption is sodium dependent, between 1 and 80 wt. % of a carbohydrate absorption inhibitor selected from the group consisting of polyphenols, gymnemic acid and mixtures thereof and between 97 and 9 wt. % of pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of inhibiting intestinal carbohydrate absorption in mammals and a dietetic preparation for use in such a method. More particularly the present invention is concerned with the administration of .alpha.hydroxy carboxylic acid component, whose intestinal absorption is sodium dependent, in an amount effective to achieve inhibition of intestinal carbohydrate absorption. The .alpha.-hydroxy carboxylic acids used in accordance with the invention can be represented by the general formula R--C(OH)COOH--R. Citric acid is an example of an .alpha.-hydroxy carboxylic acid which may suitably be employed in the present method. ... The present invention also concerns a dietetic preparation in the form of an oral dosage unit of between 0.1 and 100 grams, said preparation containing between 2 and 90 wt. % of .alpha.-hydroxy carboxylic acid component, whose intestinal absorption is sodium dependent, between 1 and 80 wt. % of a carbohydrate absorption inhibitor selected from the group consisting of polyphenols, gymnemic acid and mixtures thereof, and pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. ... Reduction of carbohydrate absorption in the intestine of animals, especially humans, is nutritionally and medically of great importance. Reduction of absorption can for example facilitate body weight management, e.g. as part of a method of treating obesity, and can be advantageous for subjects suffering form diabetes or hypoglycaemic state. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Early diagnosis of cancerous and precancerous conditions by leakage of signature peptides and carbohydrates into the bloodstream Inventor(s): Thorton, James ; (Villanova, PA), Mullin, James ; (Drexel Hill, PA) Correspondence: THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DIVISION; 1020 WALNUT STREET; SUITE 620; PHILADELPHIA; PA; 19107; US Patent Application Number: 20010053534 Date filed: May 10, 2001 Abstract: The present invention involves the early diagnosis of cancerous or precancerous conditions in the gastrointestinal tract by detection of a backleak of signature proteins or carbohydrates in a biological sample obtained from the gastrointestinal tract. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. .sctn. 119 based upon U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/203,271 filed May 10, 2000. ... The present invention generally relates to the fields of oncology, biochemistry, and immunology and to methods of early diagnosis of precancerous or cancerous conditions in a mammal and, more particularly, to a method of diagnosing precancerous or cancerous conditions in a mammal, wherein a biological sample is obtained from said a gastrointestinal site of said mammal to detect the presence of a backleak of signature proteins or carbohydrates indicating tight junctional leakiness at an early stage of a cancerous precancerous condition. ... Research has indicated that the tight junctional seal surrounding each epithelial cell in an epithelial tissue is compromised in the process of tumor formation. This has been shown by: 1) the ability of the tumor promoter class of secondary

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carcinogens to engender tight junctional leakiness through activation of protein kinase C (Mullin and O'Brien, 1986; Mullin et al., 1997); 2) the existence of leaky tight junctions between epithelia of human gastrointestinal tumors (Peralta Soler et al., 1999); and 3) the induction of tight junction leakiness in precancerous rat colon being exposed to primary carcinogens (Peralta Soler et al., 1999). The physiological implication of this leakiness is that it will compromise the barrier function of the entire epithelial tissue. This has in turn very important medical implications for the generation and progression of inflammatory and cancerous states (Mullin, 1998), particularly since proteins such as insulin have been demonstrated to cross these junctions intact (Mullin et al., 1998). Thus, precancerous and cancerous epithelial tight junctions will allow for diffusion of proteins and sugars from the lumen of the upper GI tract (esophagus and stomach) into the bloodstream. In addition however, the intrinsic compartmental physiology of epithelial tissues allows one to take advantage of a naturally occurring diagnostic indicator of leakiness in these tissues, an indicator which can provide a non-invasive early warning to cancerous and precancerous inflammatory states in epithelial tissues. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Formula to manipulate blood glucose via the calculated ingestion of carbohydrate Inventor(s): Hockersmith, Linda ; (Scottsdale, AZ) Correspondence: GLENN PATENT GROUP; 3475 EDISON WAY; SUITE L; MENLO PARK; CA; 94025; US Patent Application Number: 20020132279 Date filed: January 18, 2001 Abstract: A formula for calculating the amount of carbohydrate necessary to achieve a target blood glucose excursion in a diabetic test subject is based on a baseline blood glucose level, a target level to be achieved and an index of the subject's sensitivity to carbohydrate. Initially, the index value is an exemplary value based on typical carbohydrate sensitivities displayed by various types of diabetics. However, the index may be individualized to a test subject based on an actual glucose excursion.A method of effecting a shift in blood glucose level in a diabetic subject incorporates the formula presented above. Furthermore, a method for dietary management of a diabetic individual's glycemic profile, wherein an optimal glycemic profile is achieved and maintained, also incorporates the formula. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/208,027, filed on May 30, 2000. ... The invention relates to measurement of blood glucose levels. More particularly, the invention relates to a formula and method for achieving a targeted response in test subjects' blood glucose levels from the ingestion of a quantified amount of carbohydrate, thereby enabling a non-significant risk approach to obtaining a variety of glycemic profiles. ... http://www.medstudents.com/ginob/ginob4t1.htm. In the case of Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, a blood glucose level exceeding 200 mg/dl is indicative of an impaired insulin response. While the blood glucose excursion may fall back to normal over a period of time, the Oral glucose tolerance test is concerned only with the peak blood level of glucose. It does not concern itself with the rate of change in glucose levels or the amount of time it takes for glucose levels to fluctuate from a high point to a low point. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 391

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Hair Treatment Composition Comprising a Sugar or Carbohydrate for the Purposes of Participating in Oxygen Consumption of a Hair Method and Use Inventor(s): PARMAR, PREYESH ; (BEDFORD, GB), SLUSAREWICZ, PAUL ; (BEDFORD, GB), DAVIS, MICHAEL ARTHUR ; (BEDFORD, GB), BECK, JONATHAN SAMUEL ; (BEBINGTON, GB), WESTGATE, GILLIAN ELIZABETH ; (BEDFORD, GB) Correspondence: UNILEVER; PATENT DEPARTMENT; 45 RIVER ROAD; EDGEWATER; NJ; 07020; US Patent Application Number: 20020031483 Date filed: September 21, 1999 Abstract: Use in a topical hair composition of a compound selected from a TCA cycle intermediate, an amino acid which is catabolized to be consumed in the TCA cycle, a fatty acid, a glycolysis product, a sugar or a carbohydrate, for the purposes of participating in the oxygen consumption of a hair follicle. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to hair treatment compositions containing essential components for hair follicle respiration, and to the use of such components and compositions for continued well being and healthy growth of the hair follicle. ... It is known from British patent application number 9704050.5 that cultured hair follicles can synthesise branched and straight chain fatty acids such as 18-MEA and palmitic, stearic and myristic acid if supplied with specific nutrients which are carbon donors for fatty acid chain elongation. These specific nutrients are selected from particular amino acids, sugars, and organic carboxylic acids and their salts, and the associated methods and compositions involve the biosynthesis of hair integral lipid fatty acids in hair follicles. However, this teaching is silent on the mechanisms of respiration in human hair follicles. ... We have found that certain groups of compounds can be advantageously applied to the hair in topical compositions, and can participate in the oxygen uptake of the hair follicle. In some circumstances, these compounds can be used to feed and stimulate the central metabolic processes of the follicle, such as respiration of the hair follicle. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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High protein, low carbohydrate dough and bread products, and method for making same Inventor(s): Anfinsen, Jon Robert ; (Alachua, FL) Correspondence: HASSE GUTTAG & NESBITT, LLC; 7577 CENTRAL PARK BLVD.; SUITE 316; MASON; OH; 45040; US Patent Application Number: 20030134023 Date filed: December 13, 2002 Abstract: A dough composition for making a high protein, low carbohydrate bread, the dough containing at least 5% vital wheat gluten, a hydrolyzed wheat protein having a degree of hydrolysis from about 0.5% to 50%, a moisture-managing agent, a fungal protease enzyme, a carbohydrate component consisting of digestible carbohydrate material and non-digestible carbohydrate material, and water. A milk protein or soy protein hydrocolloid can be used as the moisture-managing agent to improve the shelf life of the resulting bread. A dough conditioner is used to improve the machinability of the dough composition, especially at less intense mixing conditions. The invention also

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includes a process for making the dough composition using high shear mixing equipment. The invention includes also the bread made from the dough composition, and from the dough making process. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to low carbohydrate, high protein dough and bread products for use in standard and special diets designed to limit and control the intake of digestible carbohydrates, as well as to methods for making such doughs and breads. ... Diabetes or diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder of glucose (sugar) metabolism caused by the body's inability to adequately produce or utilize insulin, a hormone produced and released from the pancreas, when blood sugar levels increase as a result of ingesting digestible carbohydrates. The diabetic condition is characterized by elevated blood sugar levels (normal blood sugar levels are between 70 and 100 mg/dL). There are two types of diabetic conditions: juvenile-onset diabetes (Type I) and the mature-onset diabetes (Type II). In Type I diabetes, the body does not produce insulin. The administration of insulin is necessary to lower blood glucose to normal levels. In Type II diabetes, either the body doesn't produce enough insulin or cells lose their ability to efficiently use insulin (insulin resistance) to facilitate the transport of glucose into cells. High levels of insulin from self administration or from over production by the body can cause obesity as well as the deterioration of general health. Excessive consumption of digestible carbohydrates over an extended period of time can lead to Type II diabetic conditions, while reducing digestible carbohydrate intake can often control Type II diabetic conditions without administering medications. ... There are over 16 million Americans afflicted by diabetes. The American Diabetes Association predicts that a million more persons will be diagnosed with diabetes every year. Type II diabetes accounts for 90 to 95 percent of the cases. Type II diabetes has been known as matureonset diabetes, and has been associated primarily with persons over 40. However, there has been a dramatic rise in Type II diabetes among people in their 30s, where the incidence of Type II diabetes has increased by 70 percent in the past decade. Children are now being diagnosed with Type II diabetes. This was unheard of a few years ago. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Human Carbohydrate Metabolism Enzymes Inventor(s): CORLEY, NEIL C. ; (MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA), PATTERSON, CHANDRA ; (MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA), GUEGLER, KARL J. ; (MENLO PARK, CA), LAL, PREETI ; (SANTA CLARA, CA), HILLMAN, JENNIFER L. ; (MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA), BANDMAN, OLGA ; (MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA), BAUGHN, MARIAH R. ; (SAN JOSE, CA), GORGONE, GINA ; (PALO ALTO, CA) Correspondence: LEGAL DEPARTMENT; INCYTE PHARMACEUTICALS INC; 3174 PORTER DRIVE; PALO ALTO; CA; 94304 Patent Application Number: 20020061301 Date filed: May 15, 1998 Abstract: The invention provides human carbohydrate metabolism enzymes (CARM) and polynucleotides which identify and encode CARM. The invention also provides expression vectors, host cells, antibodies, agonists, and antagonists. The invention also provides methods for diagnosing, treating or preventing disorders associated with expression of CARM. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of human carbohydrate metabolism enzymes and to the use of these sequences in the diagnosis,

Patents 393

treatment, and prevention of carbohydrate metabolism disorders, autoimmune/inflammatory disorders, and cancer. ... The discovery of new human carbohydrate metabolism enzymes and the polynucleotides encoding them satisfies a need in the art by providing new compositions which are useful in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of carbohydrate metabolism disorders, autoimmune/inflammatory disorders, and cancer. ... The invention features substantially purified polypeptides, human carbohydrate metabolism enzymes, referred to collectively as "CARM" and individually as "CARM-1", "CARM-2", and "CARM-3." In one aspect, the invention provides a substantially purified polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:1, a fragment of SEQ ID NO:2, and a fragment of SEQ ID NO:3. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Hypochlorite free method for preparation of stable carboxylated carbohydrate products Inventor(s): Jewell, Richard A. ; (Bellevue, WA), Weerawarna, S. Ananda ; (Seattle, WA), Komen, Joseph Lincoln ; (Bothell, WA) Correspondence: Keith D. Gehr; Patent Department, CH 2J29; Weyerhaeuser Company; P.O. Box 9777; Federal Way; WA; 98063-9777; US Patent Application Number: 20030083491 Date filed: June 6, 2001 Abstract: A method of making a carboxylated carbohydrate is disclosed, cellulose being a preferred carbohydrate material. Carboxylated cellulose fibers can be produced whose fiber strength and degree of polymerization is not significantly sacrificed. The method involves the use of a catalytic amount of a hindered cyclic oxammonium compounds as a primary oxidant and chlorine dioxide as a secondary oxidant in an aqueous environment. The oxammonium compounds may be formed in situ from their corresponding amine, hydroxylamine, or nitroxyl compounds. The oxidized cellulose may be stabilized against D.P. loss and color reversion by further treatment with an oxidant such as sodium chlorite or a chlorine dioxide/hydrogen peroxide mixture. Alternatively it may be treated with a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride. In the case of cellulose the method results in a high percentage of carboxyl groups located at the fiber surface. The product is especially useful as a papermaking fiber where it contributes strength and has a higher attraction for cationic additives. The product is also useful as an additive to recycled fiber to increase strength. The method can be used to improve properties of either virgin or recycled fiber. It does not require high .alpha.cellulose fiber but is suitable for regular market pulps. Excerpt(s): The present invention is a process for preparation of carboxylated carbohydrates having available primary hydroxyl groups. It is particularly applicable for preparation of a heat and light stable fibrous carboxylated cellulose suitable for papermaking and related applications. The cellulose product of the invention is one in which fiber strength and degree of polymerization are not significantly sacrificed. The process is particularly environmentally advantageous since no chlorine or hypochlorite compounds are required. ... Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone compounds or substances that yield these compounds on hydrolysis. They frequently occur in nature as long chain polymers of simple sugars. As the term is used in the present invention it is intended to be inclusive of any monomeric, oligomeric, and

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polymeric carbohydrate compound which has a primary hydroxyl group available for reaction. ... Chemical derivatives of cellulose have been commercially important for almost a century and a half. Nitrocellulose plasticized with camphor was the first synthetic plastic and has been in use since 1868. A number of cellulose ether and ester derivatives are presently commercially available and find wide use in many fields of commerce. Virtually all cellulose derivatives take advantage of the reactivity of the three available hydroxyl groups. Substitution at these groups can vary from very low; e.g. about 0.01 to a maximum 3.0. Among important cellulose derivatives are cellulose acetate, used in fibers and transparent films; nitrocellulose, widely used in lacquers and gun powder; ethyl cellulose, widely used in impact resistant tool handles; methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, water soluble ethers widely used in detergents, as thickeners in foodstuffs, and in papermaking. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Immobilized carbohydrate biosensor Inventor(s): Nilsson, Kurt ; (Lund, SE), Mandenius, Carl-Fredrik ; (Huddinge, SE) Correspondence: SMITH GAMBRELL & RUSSELL, L.L.P.; Suite 800; 1850 M Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20010017270 Date filed: January 23, 2001 Abstract: The present invention refers to a biosensor in which an immobolized carbohydrate or a derivative thereof is used to generate a detectable signal when a protein, a virus or a cell is bound to the carbohydrate surface. The sensor is an optical sensor, a piezoelectric sensor, an electrochemical electrode or a thermistor. A method of binding carbohydrates to a gold surface is also described. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a biosensor in which a carbohydrate or a derivative thereof is used to generate a detectable signal via the specific binding of a protein, a virus or a cell. ... Biosensors are characterised by a physical or chemical signal transducer, which response is activated by a specific interaction between a biochemical structure (which directly or indirectly has been bound to the transducer) and one or several analytes. ... Biosensors are used to detect the analyte/analytes and in certain cases also for quantification of the analyte/analytes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Low carbohydrate compositions, kits thereof, and methods of use Inventor(s): Kern, Kenneth Norman ; (Cincinnati, OH), Heisey, Matthew Thomas ; (Wyoming, OH), Spence, Kris Eugene ; (Madeira, OH) Correspondence: THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DIVISION; WINTON HILL TECHNICAL CENTER - BOX 161; 6110 CENTER HILL AVENUE; CINCINNATI; OH; 45224; US Patent Application Number: 20020132780 Date filed: January 12, 2001

Patents 395

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions, kits, and methods utilized for the treatment of joint dysfunction, bone dysfunction, and/or inflammation. The composition utilized herein are useful for those mammals experiencing painful or debilitating joint, bone, or inflammatory conditions, and are particularly suited for mammals which are diabetic or at risk for diabetes, as well as those desiring or requiring conveniently dosed chondroprotective compositions having low carbohydrate content, low caloric value and/or having a low glycemic index.In particular, the present compositions comprise:a) a chondroprotective agent selected from gelatin, cartilage, aminosugars, glycosaminoglycans, methylsulfonylmethane, precursors of methylsulfonylmethane, S-adenosylmethionine, and mixtures thereof;b) a sweetening agent other than glucose, dextrose, sucrose, and fructose; andc) at least about 10% water, by weight of the composition.In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the present compositions comprise:a) a chondroprotective agent selected from gelatin, cartilage, aminosugars, glycosaminoglycans, methylsulfonylmethane, precursors of methylsulfonylmethane, S-adenosylmethionine, salts thereof, and mixtures thereof; andb) a sweetening agent other than glucose, dextrose, sucrose, and fructose;wherein the composition is substantially free of aspartame.Other compositions of the present invention comprise a chondroprotective agent selected from gelatin, cartilage, aminosugars, glycosaminoglycans, methylsulfonylmethane, precursors of methylsulfonylmethane, S-adenosylmethionine, and mixtures thereof, and have a low carbohydrate content, as defined herein. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to compositions which are useful for promoting one or more health benefits including, for example, joint health, bone health, and/or anti-inflammation. The present invention is further directed to kits comprising the compositions and methods of using the compositions and kits. ... Osteoarthritis is a widespread, degenerative disease of the joints, cartilage, and other articular components. Osteoarthritis affects all ethnic groups worldwide. In addition to humans, osteoarthritis affects nearly all mammals, for example, horses and cows, as well as domestic cats and dogs. Many treatments for osteoarthritis have been proposed, all resulting in varying degrees of success. ... One osteoarthritis treatment which has been recently proposed is oral administration of chondroprotective agents such as glucosamine and/or chondroitin. See e.g., Henderson, U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,845, assigned to Nutramax Laboratories, issued Nov. 15, 1994. Indeed, various commercial products are available in the marketplace, including nutritional supplements containing such agents and powders which may be formulated into beverage compositions immediately prior to use. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Low-carbohydrate potato products and process Inventor(s): Blaun, Randall S. ; (New York, NY) Correspondence: WARE FRESSOLA VAN DER SLUYS &; ADOLPHSON, LLP; BRADFORD GREEN BUILDING 5; 755 MAIN STREET, P O BOX 224; MONROE; CT; 06468; US Patent Application Number: 20030108654 Date filed: December 12, 2002 Abstract: Low-carbohydrate potato products include potato and cauliflower. Preferably, they are mixed together dry with a suitable water-dispersible or water-soluble binder. The dry mix can be prepared by mixing dried potato and dried cauliflower. A preferred

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form of the mix can be prepared for serving by mixing with water to provide a suitable consistency for final preparation, e.g., by simply heating or frying or baking. Potato products, especially those prepared from the dry mix and the above process are also described. Products that do not require shelf-stable storage do not require dry ingredients for their preparation and can be made from the indicated ingredients without drying by simply mixing the ingredients, e.g., potatoes and cauliflower, in their natural or cooked state. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to potato products of modified formulation, which are especially suitable for people restrained to or desiring low-carbohydrate diets. ... Nutrition and dietary factors play important roles in health promotion and chronic disease prevention. See, for example: 1) McGinnis J M, Foege W H. Actual causes of death in the United States. JAMA. 1993;270:2207-2212; 2) Committee on Diet and Health, Food and Nutrition Board, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council. Diet and Health: Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 1989; and 3) The Surgeon General's Report on Nutrition and Health. Washington, D.C.: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1988 and DHHS (PHS) publication No. 88-50210. The Surgeon General's report states, "For two out of three adult Americans who do not smoke and do not drink excessively, one personal choice seems to influence long-term health prospects more than any other: what we eat." (p 1). ... People process foods differently and are faced with choices for health and selfimage. Low-carbohydrate diets are available for many people who either cannot or choose not to consume large amounts of foods containing refined carbohydrates, such as sugars and carbohydrates. These diets are premised on the principal that excess carbohydrates are important factors for many for creating and storing large amounts of body fat. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Manufacture of five-carbon sugars and sugar alcohols Inventor(s): Penttila, Merja ; (Helsinki, FI), Plazanet-Menut, Claire ; (Paris, FR), Deutscher, Josef ; (Fontenay Le Fleury, FR), Aristidou, Aristos ; (Espoo, FI), Ojamo, Heikki ; (Kirkkonummi, FI), Londesborough, John ; (Helsinki, FI), Miasnikov, Andrei ; (Kantvik, FI), Povelainen, Mira ; (Espoo, FI), Gros, Hakan ; (Kantvik, FI), Toivari, Mervi ; (Espoo, FI), Richard, Peter ; (Helsinki, FI), Ruohonen, Laura ; (Helsinki, FI), Koivuranta, Kari ; (Helsinki, FI) Correspondence: STERNE, KESSLER, GOLDSTEIN & FOX PLLC; 1100 NEW YORK AVENUE, N.W., SUITE 600; WASHINGTON; DC; 20005-3934; US Patent Application Number: 20030068791 Date filed: July 20, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to the methods of manufacturing five-carbon sugars and sugar alcohols as well as other compounds derived from pentose-phosphate pathway from readily available substrates such a hexoses using metabolically engineered microbial hosts. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the methods of manufacturing five-carbon aldo- and keto-sugars and sugar alcohols by fermentation in recombinant hosts. Especially, the invention is directed to recombinant hosts that have been engineered to enhance the production of the pentose phosphate pathway intermediates, or the production of one or more of xylitol, D-arabitol, D-arabinose, D-lyxose, ribitol, D-ribose,

Patents 397

D-ribulose, D-xylose, and/or D-xylulose, and to methods of manufacturing the same using such hosts. ... Five-carbon sugars and five-carbon sugar alcohols have numerous uses as sweeteners. For example, xylitol is widely used as a non-cariogenic alternative sweetener. D-ribulose and D-xylulose, as well as sugar alcohols other than xylitol, also have potential as sweeteners in the form of free monosaccharides or as components of oligosaccharides. In that regard, glucosyl-xylulose, a close structural analog of sucrose, can be easily synthesized from sucrose and D-xylulose (Kitaoka, K., et al., Oyo Toshitsu Kagaku 41(2):165-72 (1994)). ... Five-carbon sugars and five-carbon sugar alcohols are also useful for the organic and enzymatic synthesis of pharmaceuticals, functional food ingredients, etc. D-arabinose and D-lyxose are both structurally very close to D-ribose (the natural sugar constituent of nucleosides/nucleotides) and are components of many drugs and drug formulations. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for dry-weight basis quantitative analysis of carbohydrates utilizing proton NMR Inventor(s): Lowman, Douglas Wayne ; (Telford, TN) Correspondence: Mark L. Davis; P.O. Box 9293; Gray; TN; 37615-9293; US Patent Application Number: 20020142476 Date filed: February 13, 2001 Abstract: A method for quantifying, on a dry-weight basis, an amount of carbohydrate, and preferably, (1.fwdarw.3)-.beta.-D-glucan, contained in a sample. The method includes the steps of subjecting the carbohydrate-containing sample material to proton NMR analysis to produce a sample spectrum and quantifying the amount of carbohydrates present in the sample using an internal assay after compensating for the weight of solvent, such as water, present in the glucan-containing sample. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for quantitative determination of carbohydrates using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Particularly, the present invention relates to an improved method for the quantitative determination, on a dry-weight basis, of an amount of carbohydrates in a complex matrix using proton NMR. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for the quantitative determination, on a dry-weight basis, of an amount of (13)-p-Dglucan using proton NMR. ... Carbohydrates and sugars play an important role in today's society. They are included in the production of many food stuffs, such as cereals and sweetened drinks. Recently carbohydrates and sugars and derivatives thereof are finding use in the production of natural food supplements as well as pharmacological and dermatological medicants. ... Carbohydrates are compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that contain the saccharide unit or its reaction product. Carbohydrates and their derivatives which can be utilized in the present invention include monosaccharides, such as fructose and glucose, disaccharides, such as sucrose, maltose, cellobiose and lactose; and polysaccharides, such as, starch and cellulose. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method for transforming cariogenic food sugars into acariogenic or cariostatic neutral products and composition therefor Inventor(s): Dana, Jean-Dominique ; (Vallauris, FR), Garnier, Joseph ; (Nice, FR) Correspondence: YOUNG & THOMPSON; 745 SOUTH 23RD STREET 2ND FLOOR; ARLINGTON; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20030012745 Date filed: July 1, 2002 Abstract: The invention concerns a method for transforming food sugars, which acts in two ways: directly and indirectly. Said method is characterised in that the main direct action consists in inhibiting glycolysis by transforming the cariogenic polyoses into noncariogenic polyols (for example, sorbitol); the indirect action consists in the use of products derived from the polyose degradation as substrates by the inventive enzymatic system so as to reinforce prevention of plaque formation, through five mechanisms: stimulating saliva flux with the polyols; reinforcing the saliva antibacterial power by activating the physiological lactoperoxidase/hypothiocyanate system with hydrogen peroxide; decreasing the number and pathogenicity of the bacterial environment stabilising .delta.-lactones, which are not bacterial substrates for plaque formation; remineralizing the enamel by stabilising the calcium phosphate solution with sorbitol. The invention is applicable to bucco-dental hygiene. Excerpt(s): The invention has for its object a process for transformation of food sugars into acariogenic or cariostatic neutral products and the composition for practicing said process. ... The invention is applicable to bucco-dental hygiene. ... This enzymatic composition can be used in the form of dentrifice, gel, paste, spray, pills, tablets, pastilles, chewing gum, solution or any other form used in bucco-dental hygiene. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method of isolating a peptide which immunologically mimics microbial carbohydrates including group B streptococcal carbohydrates and the use thereof in a vaccine Inventor(s): Pincus, Seth H. ; (Bozeman, MT) Correspondence: MORGAN LEWIS & BOCKIUS LLP; 1111 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE NW; WASHINGTON; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20030082524 Date filed: June 14, 2002 Abstract: This invention relates to new vaccines against microorganisms based on antigenically mimetic peptides. The invention also relates to methods of discovering such mimetic peptides by first screening peptide-display phage libraries with antibodies against the microbial carbohydrates(s) of interest to locate antigenically mimetic peptides. Vaccines against Group B Streptococcus, or Streptococcus Agalactiae, are preferably produced using this method. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/070,118, filed Dec. 31, 1997, which is hereby incorporated by reference. ... This invention relates to new vaccines against microorganisms based on antigenically mimetic peptides. The invention also relates to methods of discovering such mimetic peptides by screening peptide-display phage libraries with antibodies against the

Patents 399

microbial carbohydrates(s) of interest to locate antigenically mimetic peptides. Vaccines against Group B Streptococcus, or Streptococcus Agalactiae, can be produced using this method. Vaccines against other microbial pathogens may also be produced using this method. ... Vaccines protect against disease by harnessing the body's innate ability to protect itself against foreign invading agents. During vaccination, the patient is injected with antigens, or DNA encoding antigens, which generate protective antibodies but which typically cannot cause severe disease themselves. For example, vaccination for bacterial diseases such as typhoid fever consists of injecting a patient with the bacterial agents of these diseases, after they have been disabled in some fashion to prevent them from causing disease. The patient's body recognizes these bacteria nonetheless and generates an antibody response against them. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method of making regenerated carbohydrate foam compositions Inventor(s): Chen, Li-fu ; (West Lafayette, IN), Reeves, William G. ; (Appleton, WI) Correspondence: JOHN S. PRATT, ESQ; KILPATRICK STOCKTON, LLP; 1100 PEACHTREE STREET; SUITE 2800; ATLANTA; GA; 30309; US Patent Application Number: 20030155679 Date filed: December 31, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a method of making a carbohydrate foam composition. The method produces a foam composition is highly wettable, resilient and has a uniform pore structure suitable for use in products such as absorbent personal products, health care products, and products suitable for fluid distribution and transfer. The foam of the present invention may also be made into sheets suitable for products such as tissue and paper towels. In one embodiment the foam is made from a carbohydrate and zinc chloride. In a further embodiment the carbohydrate is cellulose, and in a further embodiment the carbohydrate is chitin. The method of the present invention allows control over various properties of the foam carbohydrate composition. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel methods of making and using absorbent foam compositions. Specifically, the invention relates to methods of making foam compositions useful for fluid absorption and transport and suitable for use in a variety of personal care products such as facial tissue, paper towels, bandages, feminine care products, and diapers. ... Many foam products exist today, and different processes are used to create an assortment of foam materials. Various foam compositions comprise a range of products such as sponges, insulation, packing materials, and personal care and medical products. Highly absorbent foams are needed for use in cleaning, personal care, and health care products. It is known in the art to use carbohydrates, such as cellulose and chitin, to make absorbent foams. ... Cellulose, the most abundant polymer on earth, is a straight-chain polymer of anhydroglucose with beta 1-4 linkages. It is the structural polymer for all plant life. Cellulose fiber in its natural form comprises such materials as cotton, wood and hemp, while processed cellulose fibers make up products such as paper, paper-products, and textiles. Cellulose has also been chemically processed to form materials such as rayon and cellulose acetate. Cellulose can also be used to manufacture foam products. Applications of porous cellulose include cellulose sponges, foam cellulose sheets and other foam materials. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method of producing glycoproteins having reduced complex carbohydrates in mammalian cells Inventor(s): Canfield, William M. ; (Oklahoma City, OK) Correspondence: OBLON, SPIVAK, MCCLELLAND, MAIER & NEUSTADT, P.C.; 1940 DUKE STREET; ALEXANDRIA; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030124653 Date filed: December 21, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a method of producing glycoproteins having reduced complex carbohydrates in a mammalian cell, glycoproteins produced by the method and cells that produce the glycoproteins. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides a method for producing glycoproteins having reduced complex carbohydrates in a mammalian cell, glycoproteins produced by the method and the cells that produce the glycoproteins. ... In the area of enzyme replacement therapy many proteins are produced in recombinant mammalian cells to facilitate proper processing to better provide for specificity and activity. Following or concurrently with translation of the messenger RNA into proteins, the protein is guided through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus where they undergo various modifications, including the attachment of complex oligosaccharides (e.g., those containing galactose). The specific post translational modifications may vary depending on the species of the host cell and accordingly non-native protein expression typically suffers from non-native glycosylation patterns. ... The enzymes that are modified with such complex oligosaccharides are cleared rapidly by the liver due to the presence of the carbohydrate and particularly high affinity Gal-GalNac specific lectin, i.e., asialoglycoproteins receptor (Breitfield et al (1985) Int. Rev. Cytol. 97:47-95). The net result of the liver clearance is a significant reduction in the bio-availability of the administered protein. Terminal galactose residues are responsible for the clearance by the liver, which bind to asialoglycoprotein receptors on the surface of liver cells. Additionally, Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, which are commonly used to produce recombinant glycoproteins, utilize N-glycolylneuraminic acid. Preformed antibodies to N-glycolylneuraminic acid are believed to be responsible for serum sickness in humans following administration of heterologous serum. Thus, elimination of the complex type oligosaccharides from the glycoprotein can provide a safer and more effective starting material for the manufacture of highly phosphorylated GAA for use in a replacement therapy. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Methods and compositions for modulating carbohydrate metabolism Inventor(s): Chen, Hubert C. ; (San Francisco, CA), Farese, Robert V. JR. ; (San Francisco, CA) Correspondence: BOZICEVIC, FIELD & FRANCIS LLP; 200 MIDDLEFIELD RD; SUITE 200; MENLO PARK; CA; 94025; US Patent Application Number: 20030154504 Date filed: November 5, 2002 Abstract: Methods and compositions for modulating carbohydrate metabolism in a host are provided. In the subject methods, diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activity

Patents 401

(specifically DGAT1 activity) is modulated, e.g., reduced or enhanced, to achieve a desired insulin and/or leptin sensitivity, thereby modulating carbohydrate metabolism, e.g., increasing or decreasing blood glucose levels, glucose uptake into cells and assimilation into glycogen. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions for practicing the subject methods. The subject methods and compositions find use in a variety of applications, including the treatment of hosts suffering conditions associated with abnormal carbohydrate metabolism, such as obesity or diabetes. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 10/040,315 filed Oct. 29, 2001; which application is: (a) a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/339,472 filed on Jun. 23, 1999, which application claims priority to the filing date of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/107,771 filed Nov. 9, 1998; and (b) a continuation-in-part of PCT application Ser. No. PCT/US98/17883, filed Aug. 28, 1998, which application is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 09/103,754, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,344,548, filed Jun. 24, 1998; the disclosures of which applications are herein incorporated by reference. ... The invention relates generally to methods of treating conditions associated with abnormal carbohydrate metabolism, such as obesity and diabetes. Specifically, the invention relates to methods of modulating insulin and/or leptin sensitivity in a host. ... A human that weighs greater than about 20% more than an ideal weight is considered obese, and, as such, is highly susceptible the health problems including coronary artery disease, stroke, and certain cancers. Within the United States about 24% of men and 27% of women are considered mildly to severely obese. While partially effective treatments for obesity based on diet, lifestyle and surgery have been developed, no effective drug-based treatment for human obesity is currently available. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Methods of producing high mannose glycoproteins in complex carbohydrate deficient cells Inventor(s): Canfield, William M. ; (Oklahoma City, OK) Correspondence: OBLON, SPIVAK, MCCLELLAND, MAIER & NEUSTADT, P.C.; 1940 DUKE STREET; ALEXANDRIA; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030124652 Date filed: December 21, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing high mannose glycoproteins in complex carbohydrate deficient cells and the glycoproteins obtained therein. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides a method for producing high mannose glycoproteins in complex carbohydrate deficient cells and the glycoproteins obtained therein. ... In the area of enzyme replacement therapy many proteins are produced in recombinant mammalian cells to facilitate proper processing to better provide for specificity and activity. Following or concurrently with translation of the messenger RNA into proteins, the protein is guided through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus where they undergo various modifications, including the attachment of complex oligosaccharides (e.g., those containing galactose). The specific post translational modifications may vary depending on the species of the host cell and accordingly non-native protein expression typically suffers from non-native glycosylation patterns. ... The enzymes that are modified with such complex oligosaccharides are cleared rapidly by the liver due to the presence of the carbohydrate

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and particularly high affinity Gal-GalNac specific lectin, i.e., asialoglycoproteins receptor (Breitfield et al (1985) Int. Rev. Cytol. 97:47-95). The net result of the liver clearance is a significant reduction in the bio-availability of the administered protein. Terminal galactose residues are responsible for the clearance by the liver, which bind to asialoglycoprotein receptors on the surface of liver cells. Additionally, Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, which are commonly used to produce recombinant glycoproteins, utilize Nglycolylneuraminic acid. Preformed antibodies to N-glycolylneuraminic acid are believed to be responsible for serum sickness in humans following administration of heterologous serum. Thus, elimination of the complex type oligosaccharides from the glycoprotein can provide a safer and more effective starting material for the manufacture of highly phosphorylated GAA for use in a replacement therapy. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Multiple Antigen Glycopeptide Carbohydrate Vaccine Comprising the Same and Use Thereof Inventor(s): CANTACUZENE, DANIELE ; (PARIS, FR), LECLERC, CLAUDE ; (PARIS, FR), BAY, SYLVIE ; (PARIS, FR), LO-MAN, RICHARD ; (PARIS, FR), VICHERGUERRE, SOPHIE ; (LA CELLE SAINT CLOUD, FR) Correspondence: MUSERLIAN AND LUCAS AND MERCANTI, LLP; 600 THIRD AVENUE; NEW YORK; NY; 10016; US Patent Application Number: 20030157115 Date filed: September 27, 1999 Abstract: A carbohydrate peptide conjugate comprising:a carrier comprising a dendrimeric poly-Lysine enabling multiple epitopes to be covalently attached thereto,at least one peptide comprising one T epitope or several identical or different T epitopes,at least one carbohydrate moiety, or a derivative thereof, containing B epitope, provided it is not a sialoside, or several identical or different epitopes.Use of this conjugate for inducing immune response. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to the field of immunotherapy and more particularly to a glycoconjugate, a composition and vaccine comprising the same and to the use thereof for enhancing the immune response and notably in cancer therapy and in therapeutic of infection caused by pathogenic agent against whom a humoral or a cellular immune response is necessary. The invention relates also to a diagnosis kit and a method for diagnosis of cancer. ... As a result of aberrant glycosylation, cancerassociated carbohydrate antigens are exposed at the surface of tumor cells whereas they are hidden in normal cells (Bhavananda, et al. (1991)). Recent advances in immunology and in the identification of tumor specific antigens have renewed the interest for the development of cancer vaccines, and these exposed glycosidic B-cell epitopes have been considered as attractive targets for immunotherapy named "Active Specific Immunotherapy" (ASI) by Longenecker (MacLean et al; (1994)). This approach involves immunization with a defined antigen to elicit a specific immune response to that antigen and could represent an alternative to the conventional cancer therapies. ... Among the large number of known tumor markers, the Tn (.alpha.-GalNAc-Ser/Thr), the T* (.beta.Cal-(1.fwdarw.3)-.alpha.-GalNAc Ser/Thr) and the sialosyl-Tn (.alpha.-NeuAc(2.fwdarw.6)-.alpha.-GalNAc-S- er/Thr) antigens have been extensively studied since they are expressed on mucin-type glycoproteins by the majority of adenocarcinomas (Springer et al. (1984). Indeed, several studies have shown some protection against tumors after immunization with these glycosidic antigens, in experimental or clinical

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studies. These tumour associated carbohydrates are relevant markers for cancer diagnostic and prognosis (Itzkowitz et al. (1990)). Using desialylated red blood cells, which are rich in T and Tn determinants, Springer observed a long-term effective protection against recurrence of human breast carcinoma (Springer et al. (1995), Springer et al. (1994). An other group investigated the potential of ASI with desialylated ovine submaxillary mucin (d-OSM), which contains high density of the Tn epitope; their studies showed that this antigen provided a good protection and a long-term survival in mice with mammary carcinoma (Singhal et al. (1991)). Partially d-OSM also gave efficient protection against human colon carcinoma (O'Boyle et al. (1992)). Ratcliffe et al. were the first to use a synthetic tumor-associated antigen, a T antigen-protein conjugate, to stimulate an efficient immune response in rabbits (Ratcliff et al. (1981)). Thereafter Longenecker extensively studied similar synthetic carbohydrate hapten conjugates and found that they induce an increased survival of mice grafted with mammary carcinoma cells (Fung et al. (1990)), and of patients with ovarian cancers (MacLean et al. (1992)). Similar studies of the same group have further shown an increased protection of patients suffering from breast cancer (Longenecker et al. 1993)) or melanoma (Helling et al. (1995)) after respective administration of sialosyl Tn- or the GM2 ganglioside-protein conjugates. On the other hand, Toyokuni et al. generated an anti-tumor antibody response in mice after immunization with a Tn antigen coupled either to OSA (Ovine Serum Albumin) or to a synthetic lipopeptide (Toyokuni et al. (1994)). This last result was interesting since it was the first example of a small synthetic carbohydrate antigen that generates an Immune response against a tumor associated carbohydrate antigen, without the use of a macromolecular carrier or adjuvants. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Novel carbohydrate esters and polyol esters as plasticizers for polymers, compositions and articles including such plasticizers and methods of using the same Inventor(s): Lambert, Juanelle L. ; (Gray, TN), Edgar, Kevin J. ; (Kingsport, TN), Buchanan, Charles M. ; (Kingsport, TN), Buchanan, Norma L. ; (Kingsport, TN) Correspondence: NEEDLE & ROSENBERG P C; 127 PEACHTREE STREET N E; ATLANTA; GA; 30303-1811; US Patent Application Number: 20030171458 Date filed: January 10, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to methods of making carbohydrate and polyol esters suitable for use as plasticizers for polymer compositions. The invention also relates to plasticized polymer compositions comprising such carbohydrate and polyol esters. The invention also relates to articles prepared from such plasticized polymer compositions. The invention further relates to methods of using these compositions. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application No. 60/349,063, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference. ... The invention relates to methods of making carbohydrate and polyol esters suitable for use as plasticizers for polymer compositions. The invention also relates to plasticized polymer compositions comprising such carbohydrate and polyol esters. The invention also relates to articles prepared from such plasticized polymer compositions. The invention further relates to methods of using these compositions. ... Cellulose esters are known to be excellent thermoplastic materials and, accordingly, cellulose esters are utilized in a broad range of applications. The most widely used cellulose esters having good thermoplastic properties are generally cellulose acetate (CA), cellulose acetate

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propionate (CAP) and cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB). However, other types of cellulose esters can be useful for certain applications. Each of these materials has relatively high melting temperatures (i.e., 150 to 250.degree. C.) and relatively high melt viscosities. Because of this combination of high melting temperature and high melt viscosities, the temperatures needed to melt process these cellulose esters may, in some cases, approach or exceed the decomposition temperature of the cellulose ester. As a result, cellulose esters can degrade during processing which can minimize their usefulness in certain applications. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Peptide mimotopes of carbohydrate antigens Inventor(s): Monzavi-Karbassi, Behjatolah ; (Philadelphia, PA), Weiner, David B. ; (Merion Station, PA), Kieber-Emmons, Thomas ; (Newtown Square, PA) Correspondence: Mark DeLuca Esq.; Woodcock Washburn Kurtz; Mackiewicz & Norris LLP; One Liberty Place - 46th Floor; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20030017497 Date filed: June 28, 2001 Abstract: Methods of preparing a peptide and antigenic antibodies which mimic an antigenic carbohydrate are disclosed. Methods of generating an immune response against a pathogen or tumor cell in an individual using such peptides, recombinant antibodies comprising such peptide, or DNA vaccines live attenuated vaccines, or recombinant vaccines that encode such peptides are disclosed. Methods of enhancing binding of anti-antigenic carbohydrate antibodies to the antigenic carbohydrate in an individual and methods of inhibiting binding of a ligand to a receptor which is an antigenic carbohydrate are disclosed. Methods of identifying peptide sequences which can induce an immune response against two or more different pathogens are disclosed. Novel compositions are disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compounds that mimic carbohydrate antigens, nucleic acid molecules that encode peptides that mimic carbohydrate antigens, to methods of identifying peptide sequences that mimic carbohydrate antigens, and to uses of compounds that mimic carbohydrate antigens and nucleic acid molecules that encode peptides that mimic carbohydrate antigens. ... Carbohydrates play an essential role in cell biology being involved in cell-cell communication, cell proliferation and differentiation (cell growth). Aberrant glycosylation is a basis for uncontrolled cell growth, invasiveness and increased metastatic potential. Carbohydrates that influence the metastatic potential of tumor cells are ubiquitous in nature. Glycoconjugates found on tumor cells mediate the adhesion of pathogens and toxins to host cell. Immunochemical studies of sialylated lipo-oligosaccharides (LOS) of the Gram-negative bacteria Neisseria gonorrhea and Neisseria meningitides indicate that they are antigenically and/or chemically identical to lactoneoseries glycosphingolipids (GSL). The core oligosaccharides of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Campylobacter jejuni serotypes exhibit mimicry of gangliosides. The O-chain of a number of Helicobacter pylori strains exhibit mimicry of Lewis X (LeX) and Lewis Y (LeY) blood group related antigens. The use of related antigens as a means to induce immune responses have recently been shown for the ganglioside tumor associated antigen GM2 in which LPS containing "GM2-like" GalNAcbetal-4Gal(2-3NeuAc)-Hex oligosaccharides were prepared from Campylobacter jejuni serotypes. These latter studies showed that the bacterial preparation displayed significantly enhanced immune responses to GM2 over

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purified GM2 preparations. ... Most carbohydrate antigens belong to the category of T cell independent antigens that reflect their inability to stimulate MHC class II dependent T cell help. As a consequence, carbohydrates are not capable of induction of a sufficient anamnestic or secondary immune response. Furthermore, antibodies (Ab) produced in response to carbohydrate antigens usually are not of high affinity compared to those produced by responses to peptide or protein antigens. C. neoformans has been identified as a pathogen to which a polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine can target. The vaccine elicits protective antibodies in mice, and the goal is to provide vaccination which will result in the production of effective anti-cryptococcal antibodies to prevent disease in patients at risk. The conjugate vaccine against C. neoformans is intended to elicit protective antibody immunity, even though the role of natural antibody immunity in protection against cryptococcosis is uncertain. Newer vaccines against common pathogens could help limit the spread of drug-resistant microorganisms. Dissemination of penicillin-resistant pneumococci has been associated with infection and carriage by young children among whom the current 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is ineffective in inducing protective immunity. However, the effectiveness of polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine to H. influenzae type b (Hib) suggests that a similar conjugate vaccine to S. pneumoniae, if available, could effectively abort childhood infection with antibiotic-resistant pneumococci and thereby limit the spread of these strains. Opportunities for the development of antibody-based strategies include 1) pathogens for which there is no available antimicrobial therapy (e.g., C. parvum and vancomycin-resistant enterococci); 2) pathogens that affect primarily immunocompromised patients in whom antimicrobial therapy is not very effective (e.g., invasive fungal infections); 3) pathogens for which drug-resistant variants are rapidly spreading (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and 4) highly virulent pathogens for which few effective antimicrobial agents are available (e.g., methicillin-resistant S. aureus). Nevertheless, limitations observed for some carbohydrates include: difficulty in antigen purification or synthesis, the utility of carbohydrate carrier-protein coupling strategies that might prove to be impractical for broad application, the possible lack of tumor reactive Abs and the general lack of persistent high titer cytotoxic antibodies in many patients. Consequently, new carbohydrate immunogens, formulations, and alternative vaccination strategies are needed and constantly being evaluated. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Pharmaceutical composition of complex carbohydrates and essential oils and methods of using the same Inventor(s): Brown, Karen K. ; (Parkville, MO), Brown, Harold G. ; (Parkville, MO) Correspondence: BIRCH STEWART KOLASCH & BIRCH; PO BOX 747; FALLS CHURCH; VA; 22040-0747; US Patent Application Number: 20020037312 Date filed: June 15, 2001 Abstract: The invention discloses the discovery that a pharmaceutical composition containing complex carbohydrates and natural or synthetic essential oils can work effectively as a topical pharmaceutical composition. Such pharmaceutical compositions reduce inflammation, assist in wound healing, protect against bruising, relieve itching, relieve pain and swelling and treat topical bacterial infections such as acne and decubitus ulcers. Such pharmaceutical compositions can be administered to mammals including humans. Also included in this invention are methods to deliver topically

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applied macromolecules into the tissue of mammals and methods of blocking the adhesion cascade. Excerpt(s): Complex carbohydrates, for purposes of this invention are defined as any polymer comprising more than two sugar moieties and would thus include such classes of compounds as polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. Polysaccharides include glycosaminoglycans and mannans whereas oligosaccharides are comprised of branched polysaccharides such as sialylated sugars including milk sugars. ... Glycosaminoglycans are mucopolysaccharides which can be obtained from numerous sources {e.g. rooster combs, trachea, umbilical cords, skin, articular fluids and certain bacteria such as Streptococci spp). Most glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfates A, B, and C, heparin sulfate, heparin, keratan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, etc.) are composed of repeating sugars such as non-sulfated n-acetylglucosamine, glucuronic acid and n-acetyl galactosamine (these are known as non-sulfated glycosaminoglycans) or polysulfated sugars (sulfated glycosaminoglycans). ... Mannans are mannose-based polysaccharides which are normally extracted from plants. The most noteworthy is acemannan which is a beta 1,4-linked acetylated mannan extracted from the Aloe Vera, plant (Aloe barbadensis Miller). This plant has been thought for centuries to have certain healing powers. Not until the 1980s was the active ingredient isolated and proven to have an effect on the immune system (see J. Pharm. Sci., 73 (1), January, 1984). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Preparation and use of carbohydrate-based bicyclic ring structures with antimicrobial and cytostatic activity Inventor(s): Ruttens, Bart ; (Gent, BE), Vandenkerckhove, Jan ; (ScherpenheuvelZichem, BE), Van hemel, Johan ; (Antwerpen, BE), Eycken, Johan Van der ; (Ninove, BE), Sas, Benedikt ; (Gent, BE), Blom, Petra ; (Sint-Amandsberg, BE) Correspondence: Kent A. Herink, Esq.; The Financial Center; Suite 2500; 666 Walnut Street; Des Moines; IA; 50309-3993; US Patent Application Number: 20030158243 Date filed: October 15, 2001 Abstract: Novel carbohydrate-based compounds with an attached ring system that have antimicrobial or cytostatic activity. The compounds are administered to humans and animals for the treatment or amelioration of bacterial, fungal, viral or protozoal infections or tumors. The compounds are of the general formula: 1 Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to the synthesis and use of molecules that contain a carbohydrate scaffold and an attached ring structure with various functional groups that are designed to meet some currently unmet medical needs and, more specifically to such molecules that are designed to have anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, antiviral, anti-protozoal, or cytostatic or anti-tumor activities. ... The medical community is constantly seeking new drugs with which to treat a variety of diseases, infections, and other health issues. Principal areas of focus include products which have anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-protozoal, or anti-tumor activities. Each of these areas face challenges that could be met or alleviated by the new class of drugs that is the subject of the present application. ... Although the anti-bacterial market includes many marketed products that are efficacious, increasing bacterial drug-resistance is driving a greater focus on the resistance profiles of new products under development. Resistant strains of serious infections are emerging that cannot be satisfactorily eradicated by currently

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marketed antibiotics. As early as half a century ago--just a few years after penicillin was put on the market--scientists began noticing the emergence of a penicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus, a common bacterium that claims membership among the human body's normal bacterial flora. Resistant strains of gonorrhea, dysenterycausing shigella (a major cause of premature death in developing countries) and salmonella followed in the wake of staphylococcus 20 to 25 years later. Since then, the problem of antimicrobial resistance has become a serious public health concern with economic, social and political implications that are global in scope and cross all environmental and ethnic boundaries. Multi drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is no longer confined to any one country or to those co-infected with HIV, but has appeared in locations as diverse as eastern Europe, Africa and Asia among health care workers and in the general population. Penicillin-resistant pneumococci are likewise spreading rapidly, while resistant malaria is on the rise, disabling and killing millions of children and adults each year. In 1990, almost all cholera isolates gathered around New Delhi (India) were sensitive to cheap, first-line drugs furazolidone, ampicillin, co-trimoxazole and nalidixic acid. Now, 10 years later, formerly effective drugs are largely useless in the battle to contain cholera epidemics. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Process for producing sugars and acids-rich juice and phytochemical-rich juice Inventor(s): Mantius, Harold L. ; (North Kingstown, RI), Rose, Lawrence ; (N. Dighton, MA) Correspondence: ANITA L. MEIKLEJOHN, PH.D.; Fish & Richardson P.C.; 225 Franklin Street; Boston; MA; 02110-2804; US Patent Application Number: 20020197380 Date filed: June 26, 2001 Abstract: A method is described for processing fruit or vegetables, e.g., cranberries, into two different juices. One of the two juices has a relatively high level of phytochemicals and a relatively low level of sugars and acids. The other of the two juices has a relatively low level of phytochemicals and a relatively high level of sugars and acids. The method of the invention entails providing three juice streams. The first juice stream is passed through an ultrafiltration apparatus or some other apparatus that is capable of preferentially separating the relatively lower molecular weight compounds, e.g., sugars and acids, from the relatively higher molecular weight compounds, e.g., phytochemicals. This process creates two juice fractions: a juice fraction that is relatively enriched in sugars and acids and a juice fraction that is relatively enriched in phytochemicals. The second juice stream is combined with the juice fraction that is relatively enriched in sugars and acids to create a juice that has a relatively high level of sugars and acids and a relatively low level of phytochemicals. The third juice stream is combined with the juice fraction that is relatively enriched in phytochemicals to create a juice that has a relatively high level of phytochemicals and a relatively low level of sugars and acids. Excerpt(s): Fruits and vegetables contain a wide variety of compounds including sugars, acids, and phytochemical compounds. Depending on the product desired, it can be beneficial to have a relatively high level or a relatively low level of each of these compounds. ... A method is described for processing fruits or vegetables, e.g., cranberries, into two different juices. One of the two juices has a relatively high level of phytochemicals and a relatively low level of sugars and acids. The other of the two

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juices has a relatively low level of phytochemicals and a relatively high level of sugars and acids. The method of the invention entails providing three juice streams. The first juice stream is passed through an ultrafiltration apparatus or some other apparatus that is capable of preferentially separating the relatively lower molecular weight compounds, including sugars and acids, from the relatively higher molecular weight compounds, including phytochemicals. This process creates two juice fractions: a juice fraction that is enriched in sugars and acids ("a sugars and acids-rich juice fraction") and a juice fraction that is enriched in phytochemicals ("a phytochemical-rich juice fraction"). The second juice stream is combined with the juice fraction that is enriched in sugars and acids to create a juice that has a relatively high level of sugars and acids and a relatively low level of phytochemicals. The third juice stream is combined with the juice fraction that is enriched in phytochemicals to create a juice that has a relatively high level of phytochemicals and a relatively low level of sugars and acids. ... Fruit or vegetable juice that has a relatively high level of phytochemicals and a relatively low level of sugars and acids can be used for a variety of purposes. For example, because many phytochemicals are believed to confer health benefits, juice that has a relatively high level of phytochemicals and a relatively low level of sugars and acids can be used in its pure form or combined with other juices to provide a health benefit enriched juice or blended juice product. In addition, juice that has a relatively high level of phytochemicals and a relatively low level of sugars and acids can be used in its pure form or combined with other juices to provide a juice or blended juice product of reduced caloric content. In addition, because such juices contain a relatively high level of pigments they can be used to enhance the color of blended juice products. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Process for the production of soybean sugars and the product produced thereof Inventor(s): Cegla, Uriel G. ; (Tel Aviv, IL), Shuster, Moshe ; (Petha Tikva, IL) Correspondence: BLANK ROME COMISKY & MCCAULEY, LLP; 900 17TH STREET, N.W., SUITE 1000; WASHINGTON; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20030130501 Date filed: April 1, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for utilizing soy molasses as a source for soy sugars which are of high oligosaccharaide content. The invention provides a method for purifying soy molasses comprising the following steps: (i) contacting the soy molasses with alcohol and hydrocarbon solvent mixture, thereby two layers comprising a lower aqueous-alcohol layer and an upper hydrocarbon layer are formed; (ii) collecting the lower aqueous-alcohol layer; (iii) removing coloring, off-flavor and odorous substances; and (iv) removing minerals, thereby a purified soy molasses of more than 90 wt. % sugars, on dry matter basis, is obtained. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to soybean processing and utilization and more specifically to a process for utilizing soy molasses, a by-product in the soy protein concentrate production, for producing purified soy sugars rich in oligosaccharaides. ... Recently there is an increasing interest in oligosaccharaides as food supplements or food additives in health foods. The present invention relates to a process for producing soy sugars of high oligosaccharaide content, from soy molasses, a low cost by-product in the soy protein concentrate production. ... Soy is one of the main vegetable sources for both edible oil and high protein foods throughout the world. Whole soybeans contain about 40% protein, 20% fat, 5% ash and 35% carbohydrates on

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dry matter basis. In the Far East, soy was used as a source for human protein requirement for thousands of years. In the West, by contrast, the majority of soybeans are processed into oil while the high-protein soybean meal is used mainly for various high-protein animal feeds and only to a small extent for as a resource for human protein requierment. However, over the last decades, the importance of soy as a source for human protein requierment has been increasingly recognized in the Western market as well, and various human food products based on soy protein are now available for western customers. Some of these products are based on soy protein concentrates for use as protein sources for human requierment and also as milk powder substitute for calves. The present invention relates to a process for utilizing a by-product of the soy protein concentrate production. Soy protein concentrates (SPC) is prepared either by aqueous extraction of whole soybeans or by aqueous ethanol extraction of defatted soybeans flakes. The present invention relates to soy molasses which is obtained as a byproduct of the latter process. According to this method, the starting material for the production of SPC is dehulled, defatted soybean flakes with high protein solubility, known as white flakes. The concentration of protein is increased by removing most of the soluble non-protein constituents by extraction with aqueous ethanol. Soy molasses is the aqueous alcoholic extract so obtained after the removal of the alcohol and part of the water. The soluble constituents include primarily soluble carbohydrates in the form of mono, di, and oligosaccharadies, and also to a much lesser extent proteins of low molecular weight, lipids and minerals. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Process for the selective modification of carbohydrates by peroxidase catalyzed oxidation Inventor(s): Shi, Yong-Cheng ; (Hillsborough, NJ), Cimecioglu, A. Levent ; (Princeton, NJ), Cui, Xiaoyuan ; (Belle Mead, NJ) Correspondence: Laurelee A. Duncan; National Starch & Chemical Company; 10 Finderne Avenue; Bridgewater; NJ; 08807-0500; US Patent Application Number: 20030029588 Date filed: May 8, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to an environmentally friendly process for the selective oxidation of carbohydrates. The process comprises the addition of a hydroperoxide, including hydrogen peroxide, to a carbohydrate having primary alcohol groups, particularly including polysaccharides, wherein said carbohydrate is contact with a nitroxyl radical mediator and the process is catalyzed by a peroxidase enzyme in the presence of halide ions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an environmentally friendly process for the selective oxidation of carbohydrates. The process comprises the addition of a hydroperoxide, including hydrogen peroxide, to a carbohydrate having primary alcohol groups, particularly including polysaccharides, wherein said carbohydrate is contact with a nitroxyl radical mediator and the process is catalyzed by a peroxidase enzyme in the presence of halide ions. ... The oxidation of carbohydrates by various nitroxidemediating reagents are known in the art. ... The use of nitroxyl radicals and nitrosonium salts to produce aldehydes and carboxylic acids particularly applied to the selective oxidation of primary alcohols in various carbohydrates to carbonyl and/or carboxylic acids has been reported. See "Selective Oxidation of Primary Alcohols Mediated by Nitroxyl Radical in Aqueous Solution. Kinetics and Mechanism" by A. E. J. de Nooy and

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A. C. Bessemer, in Tetrahedron, Vol. 51, No. 29, 1995, pp. 8023-8032; WO 95/07303 dated Mar. 16, 1995 to Bessemer et al.; and "Oxidation of Primary Alcohol Groups of Naturally Occurring Polysaccharides with 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-piperidine Oxoammonium Ion" by P. S. Chang and J. F. Robyt in J. Carbohydrate Chemistry, 15(7), 1996, pp. 819-830. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Production of fucosylated carbohydrates by enzymatic fucosylation synthesis of sugar nucleotides; and in situ regeneration of GDP-fucose Inventor(s): Wong, Chi-Huey ; (Rancho Santa Fe, CA), Liu, Kun-Chin ; (New Haven, CT), Ichikawa, Yoshitaka ; (San Diego, CA), Shen, Gwo-Jenn ; (Carlsbad, CA) Correspondence: WELSH & KATZ, LTD.; 120 South Riverside Plaza, 22nd Floor; Chicago; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20020068331 Date filed: November 19, 2001 Abstract: This invention contemplates improved methods of enzymatic production of carbohydrates especially fucosylated carbohydrates. Improved syntheses of glycosyl 1or 2-phosphates using both chemical and enzymatic means are also contemplated. The phosphorylated glycosides are then used to produce sugar nucleotides that are in turn used as donor sugars for glycosylation of acceptor carbohydrates. Especially preferred herein is the use of a disclosed method for fucosylation. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/910,612, filed Jul. 8, 1992, that is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/901,260, filed Jun. 19, 1992, that is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/777,662, filed Oct. 15, 1991, now abandoned, whose disclosures are incorporated herein by reference. ... This invention provides for improved methods of enzymatic production of carbohydrates especially fucosylated carbohydrates. The invention provides for improved synthesis of glycosyl 1- or 2-phosphates using both chemical and enzymatic means. These phosphorylated glycosides are then used to produce sugar nucleotides which are in turn used as donor sugars for glycosylation of acceptor carbohydrates. Especially preferred herein is the use of the disclosed methods for fucosylation. ... This invention provides for a method of producing a fucosylated carbohydrate in a single reaction mixture comprising the steps of: using a fucosyltransferase to form an O-glycosidic bond between a nucleoside 5'-diphosphofucose and an available hydroxyl group of a carbohydrate acceptor molecule to yield a fucosylated carbohydrate and a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate; and recycling in situ the nucleoside 5'-diphosphate with fucose to form the corresponding nucleoside 5'diphospho-fucose. Preferred methods of this invention include the use of guanine as a base for the nucleoside, the use of catalytic amounts of nucleosides, the use of Nacetylglucosamine, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine or N-acetyllactosamine as the carbohydrate acceptor molecule, and the use of a sialylated carbohydrate acceptor molecule. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Regenerated carbohydrate foam composition Inventor(s): Reeves, William G. ; (Appleton, WI), Chen, Li-fu ; (West Lafayette, IN) Correspondence: JOHN S. PRATT, ESQ; KILPATRICK STOCKTON, LLP; 1100 PEACHTREE STREET; SUITE 2800; ATLANTA; GA; 30309; US Patent Application Number: 20030143388 Date filed: December 31, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a carbohydrate foam composition. The foam composition is highly wettable, resilient and has a uniform pore structure suitable for use in products such as absorbent personal products, health care products, and products suitable for fluid distribution and transfer. The foam of the present invention may also be made into sheets suitable for products such as tissue and paper towels. In one embodiment the foam is made from a carbohydrate and zinc chloride. In a further embodiment the carbohydrate is cellulose, and in a further embodiment the carbohydrate is chitin. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to absorbent foam compositions. Specifically, the invention relates to foam compositions useful for fluid absorption and transport and suitable for use in a variety of personal care products such as facial tissue, paper towels, bandages, feminine care products, and diapers. ... Many foam products exist today, and different processes are used to create an assortment of foam materials. Various foam compositions comprise a range of products such as sponges, insulation, packing materials, and personal care and medical products. Highly absorbent foams are needed for use in cleaning, personal care, and health care products. It is known in the art to use carbohydrates, such as cellulose and chitin, to make absorbent foams. ... Cellulose, the most abundant polymer on earth, is a straight-chain polymer of anhydroglucose with beta 1-4 linkages. It is the structural polymer for all plant life. Cellulose fiber in its natural form comprises such materials as cotton, wood and hemp, while processed cellulose fibers make up products such as paper, paper-products, and textiles. Cellulose has also been chemically processed to form materials such as rayon and cellulose acetate. Cellulose can also be used to manufacture foam products. Applications of porous cellulose include cellulose sponges, foam cellulose sheets and other foam materials. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Renewable, carbohydrate based CO2-philes Inventor(s): Wallen, Scott L. ; (Chapel Hill, NC), Poovathinthodiyil, Raveendran ; (Durham, NC) Correspondence: JENKINS & WILSON, PA; 3100 TOWER BLVD; SUITE 1400; DURHAM; NC; 27707; US Patent Application Number: 20030072716 Date filed: June 21, 2002 Abstract: A composition is disclosed comprising a carbohydrate-based material a dispersed in carbon dioxide. A general method for synthesizing inexpensive, renewable, non-toxic, non-fluorous, carbohydrate based CO.sub.2-philes is disclosed. These CO.sub.2-philes are soluble in carbon dioxide. Methods of making the composition are also disclosed. The methods and composition are useful in a variety of applications and

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can utilize gaseous, liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide. The methods and compositions are useful in the synthesis of surfactants and metal chelates for CO.sub.2, as a sizing substrate, in CO.sub.2-based coating processes, for impregnation and plasticizing cellulosic and non-cellulosic materials, in pharmaceutical applications, such as crystallization, dispersion and encapsulation of bioactive molecules in solid systems, in the densification of CO.sub.2, in the synthesis of biodegradable polymers in CO.sub.2, and for carbon dioxide removal, to name just a few. Excerpt(s): The present patent application is based on and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/300,219, entitled "RENEWABLE, CARBOHYDRATE BASED CO.sub.2-PHILES", which was filed Jun. 22, 2001 and is incorporated herein by reference. ... The present invention generally relates to CO.sub.2philic materials, and compositions comprising carbohydrates and carbohydrate-based materials adapted to interact with carbon dioxide in gaseous, liquid and supercritical forms. The invention also relates to methods of producing the same and applications in which the compositions and the CO.sub.2-philic moieties can be employed. ... Carbon dioxide, e.g., liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO.sub.2), is playing an increasingly significant role as a successful green replacement solvent(s) for organic liquids. Carbon dioxide offers economical and environmental benefits, due to its favorable physical and chemical properties. Recyclability, non-toxicity, ease of solvent removal, and readily tunable solvent parameters make CO.sub.2 a desirable potential alternative over many conventional solvents. The relatively low solubility of polar and non-volatile compounds in scCO.sub.2, however, has been a sizable drawback and thus potentially limits the application of CO.sub.2 in a number of chemical and industrial processes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Separation of sugars derived from a biomass Inventor(s): Lightner, Gene E. ; (Federal Way, WA) Correspondence: Gene E. Lightner; 706 S.W. 296th St.; Federal Way; WA; 98023; US Patent Application Number: 20030154975 Date filed: September 17, 2001 Abstract: By providing a biomass and an aqueous acidic solution to a hydrolysis vessel, hydrolysis within the hydrolysis vessel, forms sugars. The aqueous acidic solution, containing sugars, is withdrawn from the hydrolysis vessel and transferred to a phase forming vessel to form two phases; a sugar phase and an aqueous acidic solution phase. The sugar phase, upon withdrawing from the phase forming vessel, is subjected to additional processing outside the hydrolysis vessel. Residue, containing lignins remaining from the biomass, is withdrawn from the hydrolysis vessel and subjected to filtration resulting in a filtrate for recycle to the hydrolysis vessel and ffiltered residue for subsequent processing. Thereby, sugars are derived from a biomass, and residue, remaining from the biomass, is withdrawn from the hydrolysis vessel. Excerpt(s): Present day interest in hydrolysis of biomass is to provide an alternative fuel source to avoid dependence on unreliable imported petroleum crude oil for liquid fuels. Cellulose and hemicellulose within a biomass may be converted to sugars of glucose and pentose sugars. ... A means of removal of concentrated sulfuric acid from the acid hydrolysis of a biomass to produce sugars is described by Gaddy, et al, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,608,245, wherein a high molecular weight alcohol is employed to dissolve sulfuric acid

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from a hydrolysate to produce an aqueous solution containing sugars. Division of alcohol containing sulfuric acid is achieved by distillation. ... A single step method of converting lignocellulosic materials employing concentrated sulfuric acid to produce sugars is contributed by Clausen, et al, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,188,673, The resulting hydrolysate is then separated from the reaction. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Synthesis of complex carbohydrates Inventor(s): Zou, Wei ; (Gloucester, CA), Jennings, Harold J ; (Gloucester, CA) Correspondence: W Charles Kent; Ridout & Maybee; 150 Metcalfe Street 19th Floor; Ottawa; ON; K2P 1P1; CA Patent Application Number: 20030170828 Date filed: February 19, 2003 Abstract: A tailor-assembly approach is employed for synthesis of complex carbohydrates wherein a polysaccharide is degraded and the shorter product obtained from the degradation is subjected to enzymatic modification to add a sugar moiety. The products may be useful in the preparation of a cancer vaccine. In one example, oligosaccharides of the type Ia group B Streptococcus (GBSIa) capsular polysaccharide and multivalent sialyl Le.sup.x antigens are specifically described. GBSIa polysaccharide was depolymerized by partial Smith degradation to fragments representing asialo core repeating units. Enzymatic sialylation of these oligomers furnished GBSIa repeating units (from monomer to pentamer). Fucosylation on GlcNAc residues of GBSIa oligomers afforded oligosaccharides that carry multiple sialyl Le.sup.x epitopes. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the field of synthesis of complex carbohydrates. ... The development of carbohydrate-based anticancer and antibacterial vaccines has lead to a need for more efficient methods for the synthesis of complex carbohydrate antigens. Although notable progress has been made in chemical and chemo-enzymatic synthesis (e.g. Zou, Carbohydr.Res, 1998, 309,297), solid-phase synthesis (e.g. Zheng, Angew.Chem., (Int. Ed. Engl.), 1998, 37, 786-788) and programmed robotic synthesis (e.g. Zhang, J.Am.Chem.Soc., 1999, 121, 734.), complex carbohydrates of biological significance are still very difficult to make. This difficulty is compounded by the fact that most biological interactions between carbohydrates and proteins are multivalent, thus requiring for maximum efficiency the synthesis and presentation of multiple carbohydrate epitopes with defined structures. ... Multivalent carbohydrate epitopes can be chemically or chemo-enzymatically synthesised. However, the methods widely used for the synthesis of oligosaccharides are time consuming, difficult, and expensive. Current methods share a common strategy wherein the oligosaccharide is built up step by step from monosaccharides and/or other small building blocks. The multiple steps involved in obtaining various monovalent carbohydrate epitopes limits their efficient synthesis, and obtaining them in a multivalent form adds a further degree of difficulty. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Trans-acidolysis process for the preparation of carbohydrate fatty-acid esters Inventor(s): Obaje, Olobo Jonathan ; (Singapore, SG) Correspondence: Oppenheimer Wolff & Donnelly LLP; 2029 Century Park East, Suite 3800; Los Angeles; CA; 90067; US Patent Application Number: 20020120133 Date filed: January 15, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a low temperature, solvent-free transacidolysis process for preparing surface-active carbohydrate fatty-acid esters comprising the steps of:(e) reacting acylated carbohydrate with free fatty acid in the presence of acid catalyst, under reduced pressure, and without adding any solvent;(f) decolorizing and separating the reaction mixture obtained in step (a) into unreacted fatty acid layer and a carbohydrate fatty-ester layer;(g) precipitating out the unreacted acylated carbohydrate;(h) librating the hydroxyl groups by partial hydrolysis in the presence of an acid catalyst;(i) removing the unreacted free fatty acids and unreacted carbohydrate esters of low molecular-weight carboxylic acids during purification, and recycling the removed unreacted free fatty acids and carbohydrate esters to the starting reactant mixture. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to process for production of surface-active carbohydrate fatty-acid esters, in particular, a low temperature, solvent-free transacidolysis reaction between carbohydrate ester of low molecular-weight carboxylic acid and free fatty acid under reduced pressure and in the present of acid catalyst. ... Carbohydrate fatty-acid esters are non-irritant, nonionic surfactants with excellent biodegradability properties. They are used to solubilize membrane proteins and to formulate many grades of detergents, pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic products. Carbohydrate fatty-acid esters are also used as therapeutic agents. U.S. Pat. No. 5,739,117, Yokoyama and Yoneda, issued April 1998, describe the use of glucose esters as cerebral metabolism improving agent. Carbohydrate esters can also be used for treating gallstones (U.S. Pat. No. 4,264,583), colonic disorders (U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,860) and hypercholesterolemia (U.S. Pat. No. 4,241,054). They are also known to exhibit antimicrobial and insecticidal activities. But the synthetic methods for carbohydrates fattyacid esters are faced with many limitations. ... (2) Finding mutual solvent with good safety credentials. Mutual solvents, such as pyridine, N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMA), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), chloroform, benzene and toluene, are required to solubilize the substrates. These mutual solvents are toxic and cannot be removed to the level compatible with current regulations, thus limiting product applications. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Transgenic plants containing ligninase and cellulase which degrade lignin and cellulose to fermentable sugars Inventor(s): Maqbool, Shahina B. ; (East Lansing, MI), Dale, Bruce E. ; (Mason, MI), Sticklen, Masomeh B. ; (East Lansing, MI) Correspondence: MCLEOD & MOYNE; 2190 COMMONS PARKWAY; OKEMOS; MI; 48864 Patent Application Number: 20020138878 Date filed: October 18, 2001

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Abstract: The present invention provides transgenic plants which after harvest degrade the lignin and cellulose therein to fermentable sugars which can further be fermented to ethanol or other products. In particular, the transgenic plants comprise ligninase and cellulase genes from microbes operably linked to a DNA encoding a signal peptide which targets the fusion polypeptide produced therefrom to an organelle of the plant, in particular the chloroplasts. When the transgenic plants are harvested, the plants are ground to release the ligninase and cellulase which then degrade the lignin and cellulose of the transgenic plants to produce the fermentable sugars. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to provisional application Serial No. 60/242,408, filed Oct. 20, 2000. ... None. ... The application contains nucleotide and amino acid sequences which are identified with SEQ ID NOs. A compact disc is provided which contains the Sequence Listings for the sequences. The Sequence Listing on the compact disc and is identical to the paper copy of the Sequence Listing provided with the application. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Use of liquid carbohydrate fermentation product in foods Inventor(s): Lawrence, Jeanette ; (Dayton, NJ), Shaheed, Amr ; (Manalapan, NJ), Hoppe, Craig Alan ; (Plainsboro, NJ) Correspondence: Charles N. J. Ruggiero, Esq.; Ohlandt, Greeley, Ruggiero & Perle, L.L.P.; 10th Floor; One Landmark Square; Stamford; CT; 06901-2682; US Patent Application Number: 20020015757 Date filed: April 13, 2001 Abstract: A food or pharmaceutical composition including a liquid composition comprising the liquid fermentation broth product of a biologically active substance, in a carbohydrate medium other than dairy whey wherein said liquid fermentation broth product has not been subject to any concentrating or drying steps prior to introduction of the broth product into said food or pharmaceutical composition is provided. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional application of allowed application Ser. No.09/550,130, filed Apr. 17, 2000 which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/971,067, filed Nov. 14, 1997, now abandoned. ... The present invention relates to carbohydrate fermentation products which may be used in food or pharmaceutical applications and requires minimal processing steps. More specifically, the invention comprises the use of a xanthan gum broth in liquid food or pharmaceutical compositions wherein the broth medium is a carbohydrate other than whey and wherein the broth is used directly without the need for filtration and purification processing steps. ... Carbohydrate fermentation products, such as xanthan gum, are commonly used as additives, such as thickening agents for food and pharmaceutical ingredients. The fermentation of carbohydrates to produce biosynthetic water-soluble gums by the action of Xanthomonas bacteria is well known. The earliest work in this field was conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,000,790. Particularly well known is the action of Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 on a glucose substrate. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Vaccines directed to cancer-associated carbohydrate antigens Inventor(s): Hakomori, Sen-Itiroh ; (Mercer Island, WA), Handa, Kazuko ; (Bellevue, WA) Correspondence: ROYLANCE, ABRAMS, BERDO & GOODMAN, L.L.P.; 1300 19TH STREET, N.W.; SUITE 600; WASHINGTON,; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20030170249 Date filed: January 9, 2002 Abstract: A vaccine and method to prevent or to retard the growth and replication of cancer cells that express a carbohydrate wherein the vaccine comprises: (a) a pharmaceutically effective amount of a carbohydrate antigen found on said cancer cells, or a mimetic thereof; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The carbohydrate antigen can be Tn or sialyl-Tn. Excerpt(s): The instant invention relates to materials and methods of active immunization to cancer cell carbohydrate epitopes. Various synthetic antigens can be used to elicit an immune response to cancer cells expressing those antigens. ... Synthesis of sugar chains of glycoproteins and glycolipids often is blocked in oncogenic transformation (Hakomori & Murakami, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 59:254-261, 1968 and Hakomori, Cancer Res., 45:2405-2414, 1985). Thus a number of cell surface molecules with short carbohydrate chains and without peripheral structures, i.e., without modification of the core structure, are found in cancer and precancer states. For example, common core structures of mucin-type glycoproteins present in normal tissues in a cryptic form (Springer, Science, 224:1198-1206, 1984 and Hirohashi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82:7039-7043, 1985) are revealed in cancer and precancer states, such as the Tn and sialyl-Tn antigens. ... Accordingly, it is an object of the instant invention to provide materials and methods of vaccine development, i.e., of preventing or retarding growth and replication of cancer cells by administering antigens that can induce antibodies or other immune responses specific for carbohydrate antigens expressed by the cancer cells. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with carbohydrates, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/main/patents.htm. Under “Services,” click on “Search Patents.” You will see two broad options: (1) Patent Grants, and (2) Patent Applications. To see a list of granted patents, perform the following steps: Under “Patent Grants,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “carbohydrates” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on carbohydrates. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning carbohydrates. Simply go back to the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/main/patents.htm. Under “Services,” click on “Search Patents.” Select “Quick Search” under “Patent Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON CARBOHYDRATES Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to carbohydrates. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on carbohydrates include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “carbohydrates” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on carbohydrates: •

NutriBase Guide to Carbohydrates, Calories and Fat in Your Food Source: Garden City Park, NY: Avery Publishing Group. 1995. 682 p. Contact: Available from Avery Publishing Group. 120 Old Broadway, Garden City Park, NY 11040. (800) 548-5757, ext. 123. Fax (516) 742-1892. PRICE: $5.95. ISBN: 0895296322. Summary: This reference book lists over 30,000 food items by name and brand. Provided for each item are the amount of carbohydrate and fat grams, as well as the total calorie count. An introductory section provides a brief overview of nutrition and healthy eating. The information provided in the book was gleaned from a number of government agencies, from hundreds of manufacturers, and from food trade associations. All of the foods are listed alphabetically. For convenience, similar foods have been grouped together in categories such as Baby Foods, Breads, Candies, Cereals,

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Cheese, Cookies, Pasta, and Sauces. The book includes cross references. A list of codes and abbreviations is also provided. •

Do Carbohydrates Make You Fat? Source: Health. p.44,46,48. October 1998. Summary: Mason examines the weight loss hypothesis of Leighton Steward in his book `Sugar Busters.' According to Steward, eating too many carbohydrates stimulates the body to produce insulin, which in turn stimulates the liver to produce blood fats. Steward says this is what causes individuals to gain weight. The answer, Steward claims, is to consume few carbohydrates. Mason spoke with several nutrition experts, all of whom explain the fallacies behind Steward's thinking. The healthy body produces very small amounts of insulin, according to Gerald Reaven of Stanford University. Even if there is a relationship between insulin production and weight gain (which is controversial in nutritional circles), says Reaven, the tiny amount of insulin the body produces could not cause large changes. In addition, switching kinds of carbohydrates, as Steward suggests, does not change insulin levels, according to Reaven. Mason says that the Sugar Busters diet is not healthy because it relies on meat and dairy products, which are high in saturated fats, and because it reduces the amount of fruits and vegetables, and therefore the amounts of vitamins and minerals.

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Carbohydrates and Weight Management Source: Washington, DC: International Life Sciences Institute, Technical Committee on Carbohydrates, 61p., 1998. Contact: ILSI Press, International Life Sciences Institute, 1126 Sixteenth St., NW, Washington, DC 20036-4810. (202) 659-0074. Fax (202) 659- 3859. Summary: Rolls and Hill discuss the role of carbohydrates in weight gain and obesity. They review the areas of carbohydrate effects on hunger, satiety and food intake; diet composition and body weight regulation; and carbohydrate effect on nutrient metabolism. They suggest that total fat consumption has not declined since 1971, but Americans have become less physically active and many have quit smoking. Smoking cessation, according to Rolls and Hill, is associated with weight gain. They suggest that weight gain is best prevented, and weight loss is best promoted, by consuming a diet high in carbohydrates and fiber. Low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets are most effective at maintaining weight loss and preventing obesity. They recommend a diet high in carbohydrates for weight control.

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Practical Carbohydrate Counting: A How-to-Teach Guide for Health Professionals Source: Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. 59 p. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $12.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580401236. Summary: This handbook helps health care providers teach patients with diabetes how to use carbohydrate counting as one part of their diabetes management plan. In basic carbohydrate counting, goals are to draw attention to the foods that contain carbohydrate, and to encourage people to eat consistent amounts of carbohydrate at meals and snacks (if necessary or desired) at similar times each day. Advanced carbohydrate counting is appropriate for people who use multiple daily injections

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(MDI) of insulin or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) via an insulin pump. Their goal is to learn to match the amount of rapid (lispro or aspart) or short acting (regular) insulin they take with or before eating to the amount of carbohydrate they choose to eat. This handbook includes five chapters: the case for carbohydrate counting, including educator skills and time, and helpful carbohydrate counting teaching tools; basic carbohydrate counting, including case studies; advanced carbohydrate counting, including case studies; and special considerations and situations, including high protein and high fat meals, adjusting insulin for fiber content, glycemic index, weight gain, restaurant meals, special food situations, alcohol, activity and exercise, and sick day management and stress. The handbook also lists resource organizations through which readers can gain access to diabetes educators and registered dietitians. Appendices include a chart of glycemic control target goals for people with diabetes; a meal planning form, a list of carbohydrate counting resources, a recordkeeping form for carbohydrate counting, a teaching checklist, a chart of recommended amounts of carbohydrates for different weight loss programs and different patients by age and gender. The handbook concludes with a brief subject index and basic information about the American Diabetes Association. 23 references. •

Diabetes Carbohydrate and Fat Gram Guide: Quick, Easy Meal Planning Using Carbohydrate and Fat Gram Counts. 2nd ed Source: Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2000. 478 p. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400507. Summary: This newly revised and updated book provides people who have diabetes with information on meal planning approaches and the fat and carbohydrate content of both generic and brand name foods. The book consists of charts that list foods, serving sizes, exchanges, and nutrient data for both generic and packaged products. Foods are listed alphabetically by food category and manufacturer. Nutrient data include calories, carbohydrates, fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, fiber, and protein. Nutrient values will depend on the meal planning approach the reader uses. Values have been rounded to the nearest calorie, gram, or milligram per serving. Exchange values of foods have been calculated using the rounding off method. Chapters focus on appetizers and dips; beverages; bread products and baked goods; candy; cereals; cheese and cheese products; combination foods and frozen entrees; desserts; eggs and egg dishes; ethnic foods; fast foods; fats, oils, and salad dressings; fruit and fruit juices; grains, noodles, and rice; legumes; meats, fish, and poultry; milk and yogurt; nuts, seeds, and nut/seed products; sauces, condiments, and gravies; snack foods; soups and stews; vegetables and vegetable juices; and vegetarian foods.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “carbohydrates” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may

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discover non-medical books that use the generic term “carbohydrates” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “carbohydrates” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

An introduction to the chemistry of carbohydrates by John Honeyman; ISBN: 0198551231; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0198551231/icongroupinterna

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Analysis of Carbohydrates by GLC and MS by Christopher J. Biermann, et al; ISBN: 0849368510; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849368510/icongroupinterna

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Analytical Chemistry of Carbohydrates by Heimo Scherz (Author), Günther Bonn (Author) (2002); ISBN: 3527308946; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527308946/icongroupinterna

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Association between Lignin and Carbohydrates in Wood by T. Koshijima, et al; ISBN: 354043805X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/354043805X/icongroupinterna

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Bioactive Carbohydrates: In Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biology by John F. Kennedy, Charles A. White (1982); ISBN: 0130843105; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0130843105/icongroupinterna

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Biochemistry Made Very Easy: Book One Energy Metabolism, Carbohydrates and Lipids by Paul M. Byrne (1999); ISBN: 1581128045; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1581128045/icongroupinterna

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Biochemistry of Carbohydrates by London : Butterworths; Baltimo; ISBN: 0839110448; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0839110448/icongroupinterna

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Biochemistry of Storage Carbohydrates in Green Plants by R.A. Dixon (Editor), P. M. Dey; ISBN: 0122146808; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0122146808/icongroupinterna

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Biological Functions of Carbohydrates by David John, Candy; ISBN: 0470270381; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0470270381/icongroupinterna

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Biological Magnetic Resonance: Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids by Lawrence J. Berliner (Editor), Jacques Reuben (Editor) (1992); ISBN: 0306440601; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306440601/icongroupinterna

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Biology of Carbohydrates by Victor Ginsberg (Editor), Victor Ginsburg; ISBN: 0471039055; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471039055/icongroupinterna

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Biology of Carbohydrates by Victor Ginsburg (Editor), Phillips Robbins (Editor); ISBN: 0471039063; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471039063/icongroupinterna

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Biology of Carbohydrates, Volume 3 by Victor Ginsburg, Phillips W. Robbins (Editor); ISBN: 1559380144; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1559380144/icongroupinterna

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Bioorganic Chemistry: Carbohydrates (Topics in Bioorganic and Biological Chemistry) by Sidney M. Hecht (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 0195084691; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195084691/icongroupinterna

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Bound Carbohydrates in Nature by Leonard Warren (Author) (1994); ISBN: 0521442311; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521442311/icongroupinterna

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Brand Name Guide to Calories & Carbohydrates by William I. Kaufman (1985); ISBN: 0515082627; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0515082627/icongroupinterna

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Brand-Name Handbook of Protein, Calories, and Carbohydrates by Carlson Wade; ISBN: 0130813079; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0130813079/icongroupinterna

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Calories and Carbohydrates (Calories and Carbohydrates, 15th Ed) by Barbara Kraus, Marie Reilly-Pardo; ISBN: 0451207734; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0451207734/icongroupinterna

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Calories Carbohydrates and Sodium by Harry Friend, Louise Chapman; ISBN: 0681400935; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0681400935/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates by Gerald O. Aspinall; ISBN: 0408706198; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0408706198/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates by A.F. Bochkov, et al; ISBN: 9067641189; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9067641189/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates (Best Synthetic Methods) by H.M.I. Osborn, et al (2003); ISBN: 0123120853; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0123120853/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates (Chemistry Sourcebook Series) by P.M. Collins (Editor); ISBN: 0412269600; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412269600/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates (Food Power!) by Alvin, Dr. Silverstein, et al; ISBN: 1562942077; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1562942077/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates : Structure and Biology by Jochen Lehmann (Author), Alan H. Haines (Author); ISBN: 3527308911; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527308911/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates and Carbohydrate Polymers: Analysis, Biotechnology, Conformation, Modification, Antiviral and Other Commercial Applications (Frontiers in Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Vol. 1) by Symposium on Industrial Polysaccharides, et al (1993); ISBN: 1882360400; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1882360400/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates and Energy Metabolism (Neuromethods, Vol 11) by Alan A. Boulton, et al (1989); ISBN: 0896031438; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896031438/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates and Health by Lamartine F. Hood, E. K. Wardrip; ISBN: 0870552236; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870552236/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates and Weight Management by Barbara J. Rolls (1998); ISBN: 1578810132; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1578810132/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates as organic raw materials; ISBN: 3527282807; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527282807/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates As Organic Raw Materials by Frieder W. Lichtenthaler (Editor); ISBN: 1560811315; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560811315/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates As Organic Raw Materials II: Developed from an International Workshop Sponsored by Eridania Beghin-Say at Lyon July 2-3, 1992 by Gerard Descotes (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 1560817038; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560817038/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates as Organic Raw Materials III by Herman Van Bekkum (Editor), et al; ISBN: 3527300791; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527300791/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates for a Healthy Body (Body Needs) by Hazel King (2003); ISBN: 1403407568; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1403407568/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates from Hell, Carbohydrates from Heaven by James D. Krystosik; ISBN: 0966741323; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966741323/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates in Chemistry and Biology 4 Volume Set by Beat Ernst (Editor), et al; ISBN: 3527295119; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527295119/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates in Drug Design by Zbigniew J. Witczak (Editor), Karl A. Nieforth (Editor); ISBN: 0824799828; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824799828/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates in Food by Ann-Charlotte Eliasson (Editor); ISBN: 0824795423; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824795423/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates in Grain Legume Seeds: Improving Nutritional Quality and Agronomic Characteristics by C. L. Hedley (Editor); ISBN: 0851994679; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851994679/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates in human nutrition : report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation, Rome, 14-18 April 1997; ISBN: 9251041148; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9251041148/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates in Human Nutrition: Report of an Expert Meeting, Geneva, 17-26 September 1979 (Fao Food and Nutrition Paper, 15) by Joint Fao, Who Meeting on Carbohydrates in Human Nutrition (1980); ISBN: 9251009031; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9251009031/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates in Solution (Advances in Chemistry Series: No 117) by Horace S. Isbell (Editor); ISBN: 0841201781; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841201781/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Accessory Growth Factors by T. D. Luckey (1976); ISBN: 3805522681; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805522681/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates: Structures, Syntheses and Dynamics by Paul Finch (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 0751402354; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0751402354/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates: Subvolume A (1997); ISBN: 3540560866; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540560866/icongroupinterna

Books 423

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Carbohydrates: The Sweet Molecules of Life by Robert V. Stick; ISBN: 0126709602; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0126709602/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates: What You Need to Know by American Dietetic Association (Author); ISBN: 0471346705; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471346705/icongroupinterna

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Carbohydrates-Synthetic Methods and Applications in Medicinal Chemistry by Haruo Ogura, et al; ISBN: 1560817011; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560817011/icongroupinterna

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Cell Surface Carbohydrates and Cell Development by Minoru Fukuda; ISBN: 0849364353; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849364353/icongroupinterna

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Check Your Carbohydrates (Handbag Books) by Leslie Keating; ISBN: 0859370844; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859370844/icongroupinterna

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Complex Carbohydrates (Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 28, Part B) by Colowick, Victor Ginsburg (Editor) (1973); ISBN: 0121818918; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121818918/icongroupinterna

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Complex Carbohydrates (Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 50, Part C) by Sidney P. Colowick (Editor), Nathan O. Kaplan (Editor) (1978); ISBN: 0121819507; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121819507/icongroupinterna

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Complex Carbohydrates (Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 8) by E.F. Neufeld, et al (1966); ISBN: 012181808X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/012181808X/icongroupinterna

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Complex Carbohydrates in Drug Research: Structural and Functional Aspects by Klaus Bock, et al; ISBN: 8716112296; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8716112296/icongroupinterna

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Complex Carbohydrates in Food (1990); ISBN: 0442312881; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0442312881/icongroupinterna

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Complex Carbohydrates in Food: The Report of the British Nutrition Foundation's Task Force by British Nutrition Foundation; ISBN: 0412391805; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412391805/icongroupinterna

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Complex Carbohydrates in Foods (Food Science and Technology, 93) by Sungsoo Cho (Editor), et al (1999); ISBN: 0824701879; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824701879/icongroupinterna

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Complex carbohydrates of nervous tissue; ISBN: 0306401355; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306401355/icongroupinterna

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Complex Carbohydrates, Their Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Functions: A Set of Lecture Notes by Nathan Sharon; ISBN: 0201073234; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0201073234/icongroupinterna

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Comprehensive Natural Products Chemistry : Carbohydrates and Their Derivatives Including Tannins, Cellulose and Related Lignins by Derek Barton (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0080431550; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080431550/icongroupinterna

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Conformation of Carbohydrates by V. S. Raghvendra Rao, et al (1998); ISBN: 9057023156; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9057023156/icongroupinterna

424 Carbohydrates

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Control Diabetes the Easy Way : Counting Carbohydrates by Ronald A. Preston, et al; ISBN: 0970428219; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0970428219/icongroupinterna

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Counting Carbohydrates: Control of Phase II Diabetes - A Patient's Point of View by Winton N. Petersen (2001); ISBN: 0759616698; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0759616698/icongroupinterna

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CRC Handbook of Chromatography: Carbohydrates, Volume II by Shirley C. Churms, Joseph Sherma; ISBN: 0849330629; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849330629/icongroupinterna

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Determination of Food Carbohydrates by D. A. T. Southgate (1976); ISBN: 0853346933; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0853346933/icongroupinterna

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Developments in Food Carbohydrates by C. K. Lee (Editor) (1982); ISBN: 0853349967; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0853349967/icongroupinterna

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Dictionary of Carbohydrates by Peter M. Collins (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0412386704; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412386704/icongroupinterna

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Dictionary of Carbohydrates on CD-ROM; ISBN: 041280350X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/041280350X/icongroupinterna

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Dismantling a Myth: The Role of Fat and Carbohydrates in Our Diet by Wolfgang Lutz; ISBN: 0398053561; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398053561/icongroupinterna

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Eat Carbohydrates That Grow (Why Should I) by Cindy Devine Dalton; ISBN: 1559163038; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1559163038/icongroupinterna

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Effect of Carbohydrates on Lipid Metabolism, by Ian MacDonald (1973); ISBN: 3805516002; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805516002/icongroupinterna

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Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology: Plant Carbohydrates Extracellular Carbohydrates (1981); ISBN: 3540110070; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540110070/icongroupinterna

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Enzymatic Degradation of Insoluble Carbohydrates: Developed from a Symposium Sponsored by the Division of Agricultural and Food Chemistry at the 207th National Meeting of the American Chemical society (Acs Symposium Series, No 618) by John N. Saddler (Editor), et al (1996); ISBN: 0841233411; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841233411/icongroupinterna

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Euro-carbohydrates 1985 : abstracts of the Third European Symposium on Carbohydrates : chemistry, biochemistry, technology : Grenoble, France, September 16-20, 1985 = Troisième Symposium européen sur les glucides : chimie, biochimie, technologie : resumés; ISBN: 2903094004; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2903094004/icongroupinterna

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Extreme Lo-Carb Cuisine: 250 Recipes with Virtually No Carbohydrates by Sharron Long (2003); ISBN: 1593370075; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1593370075/icongroupinterna

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Fluorinated Carbohydrates: Chemical and Biochemical Aspects (Acs Symposium Series 374) by N.F. Taylor (Editor); ISBN: 0841214921; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841214921/icongroupinterna

Books 425

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Food Carbohydrates by David R. Lineback (Editor); ISBN: 087055400X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/087055400X/icongroupinterna

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Food Values: Carbohydrates (Food Value Series) by Leah Wallach; ISBN: 0060962208; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060962208/icongroupinterna

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Glycoscience: Epimerisation, Isomerisation and Rearrangement Reactions of Carbohydrates (Topics in Current Chemistry, 215) by A. E. Stutz (Editor), et al (2001); ISBN: 3540413839; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540413839/icongroupinterna

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GPI-Anchored Membrane Proteins and Carbohydrates by Daniel, MD Hoessli (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1570595577; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570595577/icongroupinterna

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Handbook of Biochemistry: Section C Lipids Carbohydrates & Steroids, Volume l by Gerald D. Fasman (Editor); ISBN: 0878195084; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878195084/icongroupinterna

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Hepatic Encephalopathy: Management With Lactulose and Related Carbohydrates by Harold O. Conn, Johannes Bircher (Editor) (1988); ISBN: 0936741023; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0936741023/icongroupinterna

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Hydrothermal Conversion of Carbohydrates and Related Compounds by G.C.A. Luijkx (1994); ISBN: 999498019X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/999498019X/icongroupinterna

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Linear Carbohydrates as Chiral Selectors in Capillary Electrophoresis by Annick D'Hulst, Annick D' Hulst (1996); ISBN: 9061867606; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9061867606/icongroupinterna

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Low Digestibility Carbohydrates: Proceedings of the 1986 TNO-CIVO Workshop, Zeist, Netherlands, 27-28 November 1986 by D.C. Leegwater, et al; ISBN: 9022009203; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9022009203/icongroupinterna

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Metabolic adaptation to extrauterine life : the antenatal role of carbohydrates and energy metabolism : proceedings of a workshop held in Brussels, December 19-21, 1979, sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities, as advised by the Committee on Medical and Public Health Research; ISBN: 9024724848; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9024724848/icongroupinterna

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Metabolic Effects of Dietary Carbohydrates (Progress in Biochemical Pharmacology, Vol 21) by I. MacDonald (Editor), A. Vrana (Editor) (1986); ISBN: 3805542291; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805542291/icongroupinterna

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Metabolic Effects of Utilizable Dietary Carbohydrates by Sheldon Reiser (Editor) (1982); ISBN: 0824717104; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824717104/icongroupinterna

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Methods in Enzymology: Complex Carbohydrates, Part D by Victor Ginsburg (Editor), Sidney P. Colowick (Editor) (1982); ISBN: 0121819833; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121819833/icongroupinterna

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Methods in Enzymology: Complex Carbohydrates, Part E by Victor Ginsburg (Editor), et al (1987); ISBN: 0121820386; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121820386/icongroupinterna

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Methods in Enzymology: Complex Carbohydrates/Part F (Methods in Enzymology, Vol 179) by Victor Ginsburg (Editor), et al (1990); ISBN: 0121820807; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121820807/icongroupinterna

426 Carbohydrates

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Methods in Plant Biochemistry: Carbohydrates by P.M. Dey (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 0124610129; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0124610129/icongroupinterna

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Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, 3.eE, Vol. 6, Metabolites 1: Carbohydrates by H.U. Bergmeyer (Editor), J. Bermeyer (Editor) (1984); ISBN: 3527260463; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527260463/icongroupinterna

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Nature and origin of carbohydrates in soils by M. V. Cheshire; ISBN: 0121712508; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121712508/icongroupinterna

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Neurochemistry of aminosugars : neurochemistry and neuropathology of the complex carbohydrates by Eric G. Brunngraber; ISBN: 0398038430; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398038430/icongroupinterna

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New 13C NMR Approaches to the Structural Analysis of Carbohydrates (Soviet Scientific Reviews Series, Section B) by N. K. Kochetkov (1989); ISBN: 3718649381; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3718649381/icongroupinterna

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New Approaches to Research on Cereal Carbohydrates (Progress in Biotechnology, 1) by Robert D. Hill (Editor); ISBN: 0444424342; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444424342/icongroupinterna

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Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Carbohydrates by New York :; ISBN: 012460711X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/012460711X/icongroupinterna

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Organic Synthesis with Carbohydrates by Geert-Jan Boons, Karl J. Hale; ISBN: 1850759138; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1850759138/icongroupinterna

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Physiological chemistry of carbohydrates in mammals by Walton W. Shreeve; ISBN: 0721682650; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721682650/icongroupinterna

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Physiological effects of food carbohydrates : a symposium co-sponsored by the Division of Carbohydrate Chemistry and the Division of Agricultural and Food Chemistry at the 168th meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, N.J., Sept. 11-12, 1974; ISBN: 084120246X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/084120246X/icongroupinterna

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Pierre Thibault, Susumu Honda Capillary Electroperesis of Carbohydrates by Pierre Thibault, Susumu Honda (2003); ISBN: 0896038262; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896038262/icongroupinterna

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Plant Carbohydrates I: Intracellular Carbohydrates (Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, New Series, Vol 13 A) by F. A. Loewus (Editor) (1982); ISBN: 0387110607; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387110607/icongroupinterna

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Radiation chemistry of carbohydrates by N. K. Kochetkov; ISBN: 008022962X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/008022962X/icongroupinterna

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ROBBINS CELL SURFACE CARBOHYDRATES AND BIOLOGICAL RECOGNITION by VT ROBBINS; ISBN: 0471564575; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471564575/icongroupinterna

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Society for Experimental Biology, Seminar Series: Volume 19, Storage Carbohydrates in Vascular Plants by D. H. Lewis (Editor); ISBN: 0521281660; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521281660/icongroupinterna

Books 427

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Stereochemistry of Carbohydrates by J. F. Stoddart; ISBN: 0471826502; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471826502/icongroupinterna

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Storage Carbohydrates in Vascular Plants by D. H. Lewis (Editor); ISBN: 0521236983; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521236983/icongroupinterna

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Structural Carbohydrates in the Liver by Hans Popper (1983); ISBN: 0852007116; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852007116/icongroupinterna

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Surface carbohydrates of the eukaryotic cell by G. M. W. Cook; ISBN: 0121868508; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121868508/icongroupinterna

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Surface carbohydrates of the prokaryotic cell; ISBN: 0126778507; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0126778507/icongroupinterna

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Symposium on Foods: Carbohydrates and their Roles; [papers]; ISBN: 0870550624; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870550624/icongroupinterna

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Synthetic methods for carbohydrates : a symposium; ISBN: 0841203652; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841203652/icongroupinterna

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The Balanced Diet Cookbook: Easy Menus and Recipes for Combining Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats by Bill Taylor (1997); ISBN: 0895948745; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895948745/icongroupinterna

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The Biochemistry of Plants: A Comprehensive Treatise: Carbohydrates by Jack Preiss (Editor), et al (1988); ISBN: 0126754144; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0126754144/icongroupinterna

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The carbohydrates in frog retinal rod outer segments by Joseph M. Corless; ISBN: 0895740842; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895740842/icongroupinterna

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The Carbohydrates: Chemistry and Biochemistry (Volume 1 Part A) by Pigman; ISBN: 0125563019; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0125563019/icongroupinterna

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The Dieter's Complete Guide To-- Calories, Carbohydrates, Sodium, Fats & Cholesterol by Consumer Guide (1981); ISBN: 0449900509; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0449900509/icongroupinterna

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The Fibre & Calorie Counter: (Including Carbohydrates) by Leslie Keating; ISBN: 0859372901; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859372901/icongroupinterna

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The Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry of Carbohydrates: Chemical Introduction to the Glycosciences by Serge David, Rosemary Green Beau (Translator) (1998); ISBN: 0198500467; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0198500467/icongroupinterna

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The Molecular Immunology of Complex Carbohydrates 2 (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 491) by Albert M. Wu (Editor), Japan) International Symposium on Glycoconjugates 1999 Tokyo (2001); ISBN: 0306465329; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306465329/icongroupinterna

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The Nutribase Guide to Carbohydrates Calories & Fat in Your Food by Art Ulene (Introduction); ISBN: 0895296322; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895296322/icongroupinterna

428 Carbohydrates

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The NutriBase Guide to Carbohydrates, Calories & Fat in Your Food by Art Nutribase (2001); ISBN: 1583331093; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583331093/icongroupinterna

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The Nutribase Guide to Protein, Carbohydrates & Fat in Your Food by Cybersoft (2001); ISBN: 1583331174; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583331174/icongroupinterna

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The Pocket Carbohydrate Counter: A Complete Guide to Simple and Complex Carbohydrates by Susan Kagen Podell (1996); ISBN: 0385476817; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385476817/icongroupinterna

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The saccharine disease : conditions caused by the taking of refined carbohydrates, such as sugar and white flour by T. L. Cleave; ISBN: 0723603685; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0723603685/icongroupinterna

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Thermal uses and properties of carbohydrates and lignins; ISBN: 0126377502; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0126377502/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “carbohydrates” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

An introduction to the chemistry of carbohydrates, by R. D. Guthrie and John Honeyman. Author: Guthrie, R. D. (Roy David); Year: 1967; Oxford, Clarendon, 1968

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Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of the human fetus. Author: Sabata, Vladimír.; Year: 1966; Praha, Academia, 1973

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Carbohydrate chemistry [by] J. S. Brimacombe [et al.]. Author: Brimacombe, J. S.; Year: 1967; Berlin, New York, Springer-Verlag [1970]

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Carbohydrate chemistry. Author: Davidson, Eugene A. (Eugene Abraham),; Year: 1963; New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston [c1967]

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Carbohydrate metabolism and its disorders, edited by F. Dickens, P. J. Randle and W. J. Whelan. Author: Dickens, Frank.; Year: 1965; London, New York, Academic Press, 1968-

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Carbohydrates. Edited by G. O. Aspinall. Author: Aspinall, Gerald O.; Year: 1968; London, Butterworth; Baltimore, University Park Press [1973]; ISBN: 0839110353

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Determination of available carbohydrates in plant and animal foods, by Theodore E. Friedemann [et al. Author: Friedemann, Theodore E.; Year: 1964; Philadelphia, Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, 1967]

11 In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

Books 429

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Effects of carbohydrates on lipid metabolism of man; a review of the literature, 19351966, by Robert E. Hodges and Willard A. Krehl. Author: Hodges, Robert E. (Robert Edgar),; Year: 1966; Chicago [1966]

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Introduction to carbohydrate chemistry. Author: Guthrie, R. D. (Roy David); Year: 1969; Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1974; ISBN: 0198551428 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0198551428/icongroupinterna

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Radiation chemistry of carbohydrates; fourth periodical Seminar in Biophysics of the Laboratorio per lo studio delle proprietà fisiche di biomolecole e cellule del CNR, Pisa [1969]. Author: Phillips, Glyn O.; Year: 1964; Roma, Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche, 1970

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Symposium on Foods: carbohydrates and their roles; the fifth in a series of symposia on foods held at Oregon State University. Editor: H. W. Schultz. Associate editors: R. F. Cain [and] R. W. Wrolstad. Author: Cain, R. F.; Year: 1968; Westport, Conn., AVI Pub. Co., 1969; ISBN: 870550624

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The carbohydrates; chemistry and biochemistry. Edited by Ward Pigman [and] Derek Horton; assistant editor: Anthony Herp. Author: Pigman, William Ward,; Year: 1967; New York, Academic Press, 1970-

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The low carbohydrate diet; the widely circulated diet usually called "The Air Force Diet" - now for the first time with complete list of carbohydrate and calorie content of all common foods. Author: Fiore, Evelyn L.,; Year: 1961; New York, Nelson [c1965]

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The shapes of molecules: carbohydrate polymers. Author: Rees, David A.; Year: 1965; Edinburgh, Oliver; Boyd [1967]

Chapters on Carbohydrates In order to find chapters that specifically relate to carbohydrates, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and carbohydrates using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “carbohydrates” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on carbohydrates: •

Carbohydrates and Diabetes Source: in Franz, M.J. and Bantle, J.P., eds. American Diabetes Association Guide to Medical Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 1999. p. 85-106. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $39.95 for members; $49.95 for nonmembers; plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040006X. Order number 561601. Summary: This chapter discusses the structure, digestion, metabolism, and blood glucose response to the ingestion of digestible and nondigestible carbohydrates in people eating a weight maintenance, typical Western European or American diet. The focus is primarily on data from people who do not have diabetes or who have type 2 diabetes. Starchy foods raise the blood glucose concentration because starch is

430 Carbohydrates

composed exclusively of glucose molecules. This increase will usually be greater when sucrose, fruit, or milk is also consumed. Nevertheless, the increase in blood glucose will depend on the rate and completeness of digestion of the starch in the food. In normal people and people with type 2 diabetes, fructose and galactose have only a minimal effect on blood glucose. The response may be greater in people who have severe insulin deficiency. Although the nondigestible carbohydrate content of a meal has little effect on plasma glucose response, it may result in a decrease in low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Overall, the amount of glucose absorbed from a meal largely determines the blood glucose response; however, this response will be modified by the gastric emptying rate, intestinal motility, and factors that affect glucose removal from the circulation. In considering the plasma glucose response to a meal, these generalizations are useful, but more research needs to be conducted. Therefore, until more information becomes available, there is little reason to advise people who have diabetes that their diet should be different from that of other family members or their cultural group, unless the diet is nutritionally inadequate or contributes to the development of atherosclerosis or other complications. 1 table. 85 references. •

Complex and Simple Carbohydrates in Diabetes Therapy Source: in Powers, M.A., ed. Handbook of Diabetes Medical Nutrition Therapy. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc. 1996. p. 303-319. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers. P.O. Box 990, Frederick, MD 21705-9727. (800) 638-8437. Fax (301) 695-7931. PRICE: $89.00. ISBN: 0834206315. Summary: This chapter, from a handbook on diabetes medical nutrition therapy (MNT), discusses the complex and simple carbohydrates in diabetes therapy. The author provides dietitians with an update of research and practice trends relating to the role of carbohydrate in the diabetes meal plan, with an emphasis on translating scientific information into clinically practical applications. Topics include the different types of carbohydrates, the glycemic response to carbohydrate-containing foods, the amount of carbohydrate, and high-carbohydrate versus high-monounsaturated fat diets. Potential areas of future concern relating to carbohydrate are also reviewed. 1 appendix. 1 figure. 3 tables. 79 references.

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Carbohydrates: Sugar, Starch, and Fiber Source: in Boyle, M.A. and Zyla, G. Personal Nutrition. 3rd ed. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company. 1996. p. 59-110. Contact: Available from West Publishing. 620 Opperman Drive, P.O. Box 64779, St. Paul, MN 55164. (800) 340-9378 or (612) 687-7000. PRICE: $49.25. ISBN: 0314190015. Summary: This chapter, from a detailed handbook of nutrition, invites readers to learn to distinguish between certain carbohydrates, such as starch and fiber, and others, such as concentrated sugars. Topics include simple sugars (monosaccharides), double sugars (disaccharides), carbohydrate consumption, the complex carbohydrates and health, adding whole foods to the diet, the health effects of adding fiber to the diet, maintaining the blood glucose level and the metabolism of carbohydrates, hypoglycemia, and diabetes. The chapter includes a section of consumer tips on choosing healthful international cuisines, as well as two sections under the heading Nutrition Action: avoiding problems with dental decay, and the use of alternative sweeteners. Numerous charts and figures illustrate the concepts and provide practical guidelines for readers. 10 figures. 12 tables.

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•

Case for Carbohydrate Counting Source: in Warshaw, H.S. and Bolderman, K.M. Practical Carbohydrate Counting: A How-to-Teach Guide for Health Professionals. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 1-5. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $12.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580401236. Summary: This chapter is from a handbook that helps health care providers teach patients with diabetes how to use carbohydrate counting as one part of their diabetes management plan. The author reviews the rationale for this management strategy. In basic carbohydrate counting, goals are to draw attention to the foods that contain carbohydrate, and to encourage people to eat consistent amounts of carbohydrate at meals and snacks (if necessary or desired) at similar times each day. Advanced carbohydrate counting is appropriate for people who use multiple daily injections (MDI) of insulin or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) via an insulin pump. Their goal is to learn to match the amount of rapid (lispro or aspart) or short acting (regular) insulin they take with or before eating to the amount of carbohydrate they choose to eat. Topics include determining who should use carbohydrate counting, educator skills and time, and helpful carbohydrate counting teaching tools. The author stresses that carbohydrate counting is appropriate for people of all ages and all types of diabetes. Beyond considerations of the type of diabetes and management regimen the person follows, as with any meal planning approach, success will be based on the person's individual ability and willingness to follow guidelines and level of motivation to achieve glycemic control. Educators are counseled to use a four step model of diabetes medical nutrition therapy: assessment of the person's metabolic, nutrition, and lifestyle parameters; identification and negotiation of nutrition goals; intervention designed to achieve individualized goals; and evaluation of knowledge, application of intervention, and clinical and behavioral outcomes.

•

Basic Carbohydrate Counting Source: in Warshaw, H.S. and Bolderman, K.M. Practical Carbohydrate Counting: A How-to-Teach Guide for Health Professionals. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 6-20. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $12.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580401236. Summary: In basic carbohydrate counting, goals are to draw attention to the foods that contain carbohydrate, and to encourage people to eat consistent amounts of carbohydrate at meals and snacks (if necessary or desired) at similar times each day. This chapter on basic carbohydrate counting is from a handbook that helps health care providers teach patients with diabetes how to use carbohydrate counting as one part of their diabetes management plan. The author reviews the rationale for this management strategy and stresses that carbohydrate counting is appropriate for people of all ages and all types of diabetes. The author reviews the basics of carbohydrate counting, foods that contain carbohydrate, how to teach accurate recognition of serving sizes, how to determine caloric and carbohydrate daily needs, how to distribute carbohydrate into meals and snacks, servings versus grams of carbohydrate, portion control, and the

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metabolism of carbohydrate versus that of protein and fats. Calorie and carbohydrate needs depend on height, weight and weight history, usual food habits and daily schedule, level of physical activity, blood glucose control, and blood lipid (fats) levels. The chapter concludes with representative case studies, including recommended treatment plans, goal setting, and follow up care for the patients described in the studies. 2 figures. 1 table. •

Advanced Carbohydrate Counting: Using an Insulin Pump Source: in Warshaw, H.S. and Bolderman, K.M. Practical Carbohydrate Counting: A How-to-Teach Guide for Health Professionals. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 37-41. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $12.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580401236. Summary: Advanced carbohydrate counting is appropriate for people who use multiple daily injections (MDI) of insulin or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) via an insulin pump. Their goal is to learn to match the amount of rapid (lispro or aspart) or short acting (regular) insulin they take with or before eating to the amount of carbohydrate they choose to eat. This chapter on advanced carbohydrate counting for patients using an insulin pump is from a handbook that helps health care providers teach patients with diabetes how to use carbohydrate counting as one part of their diabetes management plan. The author reviews the rationale for this management strategy and reminds readers that their patients must learn and use advanced carbohydrate counting for several weeks or months before beginning pump therapy. Specific topics covered include insulin regimens, basal rates, and bolus doses. The chapter concludes with representative case studies, including the situation, diabetes medications, food habits and daily schedule, and action plans for patients described in the studies.

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Carbohydrate Metabolism in Renal Failure Source: in Kopple, J.D. and Massry, S.G. Nutritional Management of Renal Disease. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. 1997. p. 63-76. Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. 351 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-2436. (800) 638-0672 or (410) 528-4223. Fax (800) 447-8438 or (410) 528-8550. PRICE: $99.00. ISBN: 068304740X. Summary: This chapter on carbohydrate metabolism is from a medical textbook on nutrition and metabolism of individuals with renal disease or renal failure. The authors note that many aspects of carbohydrate metabolism are impaired in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). These derangements lead to glucose intolerance in these patients. The two major defects that underlie glucose intolerance in uremia are resistance to the peripheral action of insulin and impaired insulin secretion. When these two abnormalities are present in a particular patient, glucose intolerance ensues. Despite impaired insulin secretion, the increase in the blood levels of insulin in response to hyperglycemia may be decreased, normal, or increased. These variations are most likely due to differences in the degree of the impairment in insulin secretion or its metabolic clearance rate. The authors caution that these disturbances and the secondary hyperparathyroidism may all contribute to the increased risk for atherogenesis in patients with CRF. Postprandial (after meals) hyperglycemia in the glucose intolerant

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uremic patient may, by itself, be a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In addition, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistant state may be associated with hypertension, which is an important risk factor for cardiac disease in uremia. 2 figures. 1 table. 88 references. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON CARBOHYDRATES Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on carbohydrates. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on carbohydrates is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “carbohydrates” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “carbohydrates” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on carbohydrates: •

Putting Carbohydrate Counting into Practice Source: Timonium, MD: Milner-Fenwick. 2000. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Milner-Fenwick, Inc. 2125 Greenspring Drive, Timonium, MD 21093-3100. (800) 432-8433. Fax (410) 252-6316. PRICE: $175.00; plus shipping and handling. Order number: DB-42. Summary: This videotape provides people who have diabetes with information on using carbohydrate counting. The video begins with a review of basic information about carbohydrates and carbohydrate counting. This is followed by a description of the methods of carbohydrate counting. These methods are counting carbohydrate choices or counting carbohydrate grams. The tape explains how each method is learned and demonstrates how to put carbohydrate counting into practice. The tape then identifies common obstacles to success, including dining out, consuming too much protein and fat, and determining the amount of carbohydrates in combination foods. Other topics include the use of pattern management to identify problems in a treatment plan.

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Introduction to Carbohydrate Counting Source: Timonium, MD: Milner-Fenwick, Inc. 200x. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Milner-Fenwick, Inc. 2125 Greenspring Drive, Timonium, MD 21093-3100. (800) 432-8433. Fax (410) 252-6316. Website: www.milner-fenwick.com. PRICE: First 15 days free of charge to healthcare professionals; plus shipping and handling. Order number: DB-37. Summary: This video provides an introduction to carbohydrate counting by explaining the physiological action of carbohydrate absorption and discussing the importance of limiting intake as it relates to blood sugar levels. The video then describes the process of counting carbohydrates. The first step in this meal planning method involves working with a dietitian specializing in diabetes management to design a plan based on activity levels, medication usage, and body needs. Putting the carbohydrate counting method into action is discussed in terms of learning how many grams of carbohydrates are in foods, learning portion sizes, monitoring blood sugar levels, and keeping a food diary. Examples of 15-gram portions of various foods are provided. The video also includes comments about the advantages of carbohydrate counting from people using the method.

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Carbohydrate Counting for Persons With Diabetes Source: Los Angeles, CA: National Health Video. 1996. Contact: Available from National Health Video. 12021 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 550, Los Angeles, CA 90025. (800) 543-6803. Fax (310) 477-8198. E-mail [email protected]. PRICE: $79.95. Item Number 195. Summary: This videotape explains the carbohydrate counting system of meal planning. The tape includes a revised version of the exchange system focusing on carbohydrates. Topics include why total carbohydrate intake is more important than type of carbohydrate; how to figure carbohydrate values; meal planning; protein and fat intake; the importance of patient input in meal planning; and insulin adjustment. The videotape comes with a teaching resource package that includes a reproducible list of learning objectives; activity suggestions; and a pretest/posttest with an explanatory answer sheet. (AA-M).

Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “carbohydrates” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on carbohydrates: •

Bernstein Plan: Type I Source: Van Nuys, CA: Prana Publications. 1995. (audiocassettes). Contact: Available from Prana Publications. 5623 Matilija Avenue, Van Nuys, CA 91401. (800) 735-7726 or (818) 780-1308. Fax (818) 786-7359. E-Mail [email protected]. PRICE: $22.95 plus $3.25 shipping and handling (as of 1995). Order Number A04.

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Summary: These audiocassette tapes familiarize listeners with Dr. R.K. Bernstein's method of diabetes control. Dr. Bernstein, who has had insulin-dependent diabetes for 49 years, believes high blood sugar causes diabetes complications and that complications can be prevented and at times reversed by normalizing blood sugar. He keeps his patients' blood glucose levels between 85 and 105 by severely limiting carbohydrates in the diet. Topics on the tapes include the low carbohydrate diet; muscle building; multiple blood glucose tests; multiple small doses of insulin; preventing hypoglycemia; managing sick days; and gastroparesis. (AA-M). •

Bernstein Plan: Type II Source: Van Nuys, CA: Prana Publications. 1995. (audiocassettes). Contact: Available from Prana Publications. 5623 Matilija Avenue, Van Nuys, CA 91401. (800) 735-7726 or (818) 780-1308. Fax (818) 786-7359. E-Mail [email protected]. PRICE: $22.95 plus $3.25 shipping and handling (as of 1995). Order Number A05. Summary: These audiocassette tapes familiarize listeners with Dr. R.K. Bernstein's method of diabetes control for noninsulin-dependent diabetes. Dr. Bernstein, who has had insulin-dependent diabetes for 49 years, believes high blood sugar causes diabetes complications and that complications can be prevented and at times reversed by normalizing blood sugar. Topics on the tapes include the low carbohydrate diet; muscle building; blood glucose tests; the use of metformin and/or insulin; and how to break the obesity cycle by cutting carbohydrates to reduce hunger, blood sugar, and weight. (AAM).

Bibliography: Multimedia on Carbohydrates The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in carbohydrates (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on carbohydrates (for more information, follow the hyperlink indicated): •

Carbohydrate metabolism and energy production in microorganisms [slide] Source: written by Albert G. Moat, Wayne Morges, and Jay M. Hammel; Year: 1980; Format: Slide; [Washington]: American Society for Microbiology, c1980

•

Carbohydrates [videorecording] Source: produced for the Division of Biological Health, the College of Human Development; developed and produced at the University, Division of Instructional Services, Pennsylvania State University; Year: 1977; Format: Videorecording; [University Park, Pa.]: The University, c1977

•

Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates [slide] Source: Thomas Trainer, Ronald Picoff, David Duffell; produced at the ASCP Educational Center; Year: 1972; Format: Slide; [Chicago: American Society of Clinical Pathologists, 1972]

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Membrane carbohydrates [slide] Source: National Library of Medicine, National Medical Audiovisual Center; Year: 1978; Format: Slide; Atlanta: The Center, 1978

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Putting carbohydrate counting into practice [videorecording] Source: produced in cooperation with the American Association of Diabetes Educators; produced by MilnerFenwick; Year: 2000; Format: Videorecording; Timonium, MD: Milner-Fenwick, c2000

•

The Chemistry of carbohydrates and lipids [slide] Source: Robert M. Thornton; Year: 1979; Format: Slide; Berkeley, CA: Biology Media, c1979

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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS CARBOHYDRATES

AND

NEWS

ON

Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover carbohydrates.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on carbohydrates is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “carbohydrates” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to carbohydrates. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “carbohydrates” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for carbohydrates: •

Carbohydrate-induced memory impairment observed in type 2 diabetic patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 09, 2003 http://www.reutershealth.com/archive/2003/07/09/professional/links/20030709clin 021.html

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High intake of refined carbohydrates not associated with myocardial infarction risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 26, 2003

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High intake of carbohydrates does not increase colorectal cancer risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 24, 2003

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Very low carbohydrate diet safe and effective for short-term weight loss Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 28, 2003

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Dietary carbohydrates slow tumor growth in mice Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 23, 2002

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New US diet recs: Cut saturated fat, skip sugars Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 05, 2002

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Carbohydrates may be cause of rheumatoid arthritis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 22, 2002

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Carbohydrate attack may be arthritis culprit Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 21, 2002

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Low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet delivers a marked acid load to the kidney Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 13, 2002

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Infantile colic linked to malabsorption of carbohydrates in certain fruit juices Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 31, 2002

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Carcinogen contained in fried or baked carbohydrate-rich foods Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 24, 2002

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Simple sugars may cut 'good' cholesterol levels Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 09, 2002

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Defective germ-cell carbohydrate causes infertility in male mice Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 03, 2002

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New diabetes nutrition guidelines play down importance of carbohydrate source Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 27, 2001

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Metformin and carbohydrate-modified diet effective for obesity treatment Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 02, 2001

•

Synthon gains RD rights to MSU carbohydrate technologies Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 06, 2001 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “carbohydrates” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or

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you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “carbohydrates” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to carbohydrates, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “carbohydrates” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “carbohydrates” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on carbohydrates: •

Protein Versus Carbohydrates: A Weight-loss Choice? Source: American Institute for Cancer Research Newsletter. p. 1,3. Issue 79. Spring 2003. Contact: American Institute for Cancer Research. 1759 R Street, NW, Washington, DC 20009. 202/328-7744. Summary: Many people wonder whether eliminating high fat or high carbohydrate foods from their eating plans will help them lose weight. Dr. Ritva Butrum, vice president for research at the American Institute for Cancer Prevention (AICR), notes that to lose weight and stay healthy, 'you have to eat fewer calories and exercise more, not simply cut whole categories of foods from your diet.' The article discusses choosing healthful fats and carbohydrates and provides tips for weight loss. The suggestions include reducing portion sizes, increasing physical activity, and composing meals of two-thirds or more plant-based foods and one-third or less animal-based foods.

•

Should You Be Eating More Fat and Fewer Carbohydrates? Source: Tufts University Health and Nutrition Letter. 16(12):1,4,5. February 1999. Contact: Tufts University Health and Nutrition Letter, 53 Park Place, New York, NY 10007. Summary: This article discusses a condition called syndrome X, or hyperinsulinemia, a condition in which the pancreas secretes too much insulin. Therefore, consumption of carbohydrates actually increases the levels of triglycerides, lowers HDL cholesterol, and increases the risk of high blood pressure and blood clots. It is more common in individuals who are overweight, according to the authors. For this reason, the authors stress that individuals should not increase their fat intake. On the contrary, according to

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experts cited in the article, Americans should reduce their total fat intake, not only saturated fat. The authors list the normal readings for several indicators such as blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood sugar. For those whose readings are not within that normal range, options are suggested. For those with Syndrome X, suggestions are also made for controlling their insulin levels. •

Influence of Carbohydrate Counting on Blood Glucose Pattern in Intensive Insulin Therapy in IDDM Source: On the Cutting Edge: Diabetes Care and Education. 17(4): 13-15. Summer 1996. Contact: Available from American Dietetic Association. 216 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL 60606-6995. (312) 899-0040. Summary: This newsletter article addresses the influence of carbohydrate counting on blood glucose pattern in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, or Type I) intensive therapy. The authors note that the quantification of carbohydrates, now known as CHO (carbohydrate) counting, provides a precise meal planning method with increased dietary flexibility. Topics include the three levels of carbohydrate counting, variables influencing blood glucose, prerequisites to establishing CHO, and predicting peak insulin activity. Detailed food, blood glucose (BG), physical activity, and medication records allow the clinician and the client to recognize BG patterns for safe insulin dose adjustments. The authors remind readers that it is particularly important to control for variables which include insulin action, premeal delays, injection site, physical activity, stress, intercurrent illness, and CHO counting. The article includes three case studies. 2 tables. 9 references. (AA-M).

•

Whether Pyramid, Plate, or Pagoda, All Countries Recommend Less Protein and More Carbohydrate Source: Tufts University Health and Diet Letter. 20(4):6. June 2002. Contact: P.O. Box 420235, Palm Coast, FL 32142-0235. 800/274-7581. www.healthletter.tufts.edu. Summary: The recommendation to eat a greater proportion of calories from highcarbohydrate foods such as grains, fruits, and vegetables, and a smaller proportion of calories from high-protein foods such as meat and dairy, is consistent among several countries. Researchers at the University of Illinois highlighted this unanimous dietary recommendation when they examined the nutrition-guide pictorials of 12 countries. The United States uses a pyramid, Great Britain and Mexico use plates, China and Korea use pagodas, and Canada uses a rainbow. Subtle differences in the details of the pictorials were identified, but the underlying message to eat a majority of calories from carbohydrates was evident in all guides. None of the nations recommended a highprotein diet as a healthy eating pattern for its population.

Academic Periodicals covering Carbohydrates Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to carbohydrates. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering carbohydrates that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go

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to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

447

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html. 13

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “carbohydrates” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “carbohydrates” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Food for Life: A Guide for People With HIV Contact: Impact AIDS, 1069 Dutton Ave, Santa Rosa, CA, 95407, (707) 542-6297, http://www.journeyhome.com/impactaids. Summary: This manual contains information on diet, nutrition, and food consumption for people with HIV. Eating a balanced and nutritious diet that included a variety of foods will help an HIV-positive person strengthen his or her immune system and maintain body weight at an optimal level. The manual is designed to help patients build nutritious meals and select and prepare food safely and easily. The basics of balanced nutrition are discussed, and the benefits of eating a diet high in protein and calories are underscored. Foods high in complete proteins, which are essential for forming antibodies, are listed. Fruits and vegetables are important sources of vitamins and minerals, and breads/grains are good sources of carbohydrates, fiber, B vitamins, and certain minerals. Dairy foods provide calcium, protein, vitamins, and fat. Fats and sugars add calories, which can be important for people with HIV. The potential problems associated with vegetarian diets for HIV patients are examined. The manual stresses the importance of planning meals in advance. An entire section is devoted to modifying the diet should the HIV patient experience symptoms that interfere with the desire or ability to eat.

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Nutritional Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease: Report of the Cardiovascular Review Group, Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy Source: London, England, HMSO, Report on Health and Social Subjects 46, 186 p., 1994. Contact: HMSO Publications Centre, P.O. Box 276, London SW8 5DT, England. 0171-873 9090. Summary: Nutritional Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease: Report of the Cardiovascular Review Group, Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy presents recommendations derived from a wide body of evidence that are given as targets for populations in Great Britain. The Review Group met 13 times and conducted its review in the following two parts: Assessing expert opinion on the current status of a 1984 report and discussion meetings with invited experts. In 1990, coronary heart disease

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(CHD) accounted for 27 percent of all deaths in Great Britain while stroke accounted for 12 percent. Hospital episodes for patients being treated for CHD and stroke show that rates are higher for men than for women for both diseases. For stroke, the episode rate increases sharply with age, whereas for CHD the rate for males aged 85 years and over is below that at ages 75-84 years. The authors provide rates for risk factors, including obesity, smoking, alcohol use, and physical activity level and show variations in rates for ethnic origin and social class. The average daily intake of fat was approximately 40 percent of food energy. Intake of cholesterol was approximately 40 percent higher in men than in women. The authors provide intake rates for vitamins, sodium and potassium, alcohol, and fiber by region and social class and compare the British diet to those of the United States and Australia. The authors discuss (1) the pathology of clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD); (2) atherosclerosis and thrombosis and their role in CVD; (3) stroke causes, risk factors, and pathology; (4) the biochemistry of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates; (5) nutritional or dietary factors affecting risk of CHD, including low density lipoproteins, obesity, diabetes mellitus, blood lipids and blood pressure; (6) dietary recommendations for sodium and potassium; (7) other aspects of the diet, including alcohol, coffee, and tea; and (8) the origin of CVD in childhood and its relationship to diet. CHD and stroke rates for persons aged 65 years and older are the leading causes of death and serious illness among this group. The committee also makes several nutritional, food, research, and general recommendations. •

Report of the Expert Panel on Population Strategies for Blood Cholesterol Reduction: Executive Summary Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 41 p., March 1993. Contact: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, P.O. Box 30105, Bethesda, MD 20824-0105. (301) 251-1222. FAX: (301) 251-1223. NIH Publication No. 93-3047. Summary: Report of the Expert Panel on Population Strategies for Blood Cholesterol Reduction: Executive Summary presents data on the importance and effects of blood cholesterol reduction on coronary health. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major public health problem in the United States, killing more than 500,000 people annually and costing the economy over $50 billion annually. CHD results from atherosclerosis, in which deposits of cholesterol and other lipids, as well as cellular reactions, thicken artery walls. The process gradually reduces the caliber of the artery and restricts blood flow, which may cause injury or death of tissues beyond the site of reduced flow (which in the coronary arteries can lead to myocardial infarction or sudden death). Many factors influence whether a person will develop CHD and how rapidly atherosclerosis progresses (including genetics, gender, advancing age, and high blood cholesterol). Research has indicated that high blood cholesterol levels play a causal role in CHD. Two kinds of strategies are needed: (1) Patient-based strategies for those with the highest blood cholesterol levels and (2) population-based strategies to reach all Americans. Two types of research provide reason for optimism that CHD mortality rates can be reduced and trends toward reduced CHD death rates will continue or accelerate: (1) Studies indicate that reducing blood cholesterol can reduce the likelihood of developing or dying from CHD, and (2) many effective strategies exist for helping Americans develop more healthful lifestyles and eating patterns. The Population Panel of the National Cholesterol Education Program offers recommendations to help healthy Americans lower their blood cholesterol levels through changes in eating patterns. Each recommendation is intended to be achieved by an individual as an average of nutrient intake over several days. The recommendations are appropriate for the general

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population. As healthy children join in the eating patterns of others, they should follow the recommended nutrient intake and eating patterns. The panel recommends eating foods with lower amounts of saturated fatty acids, total fat, and cholesterol; choosing a variety of foods to ensure recommended intakes of protein, carbohydrates, and other nutrients; and eating only enough calories to maintain desirable weight. The group also makes recommendations for (1) special populations, (2) health professionals, (3) the food industry, (4) government agencies, (5) the mass media, (6) educational programs, (7) measurement of blood cholesterol, and (8) research and surveillance. Implementation of these recommendations will result in an approximate reduction of 10 percent or more in the average blood cholesterol level of the American population, which will lead to a reduction of 20 percent or more in CHD. •

Diet, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases: Report of a WHO Study Group Source: World Health Organization Technical Report Series 797, 203 p., 1990. Contact: World Health Organization, Publications Center USA, 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, NY 12210. (518) 436-9686. FAX: (518) 436 7433. INTERNET/EMAIL: http://www.who.org; [email protected]. Summary: Diet, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases: Report of a WHO Study Group is a report of the World Health Organization (WHO) Study Group on Diet, Nutrition and Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases. The study group, which met in Geneva, Switzerland, from March 6 to 13, 1989, was charged with (1) describing recent changes in dietary and health patterns of countries, (2) defining the relationship between the affluent diet that typically accompanies economic development and the subsequent emergence of chronic diseases, and (3) exploring the need for national food and nutrition policies to prevent or minimize costly health problems in both developing and developed countries. The report (1) describes changes in patterns of disease in relation to changes in diet; (2) discusses the relationship between diet and chronic diseases; (3) integrates information on nutritional and dietary relationships to disease; (4) presents a summary of quantitative nutritional goals, how they can be derived, and how they can be interpreted; and (5) discusses the past experience with programs establishing nutrition and food policies and their implications for current action. The report notes that dietary factors are now known to influence the development of a wide range of chronic diseases, such as coronary heart disease, various cancers, hypertension, and diabetes. These conditions are the commonest cause of premature death in developed countries. Based on current projections, cardiovascular diseases and cancer will emerge or be established as major health problems in virtually every country in the world by the year 2000. The affluent type of diet that often accompanies economic development is energy dense, that is, it contains large amounts of fat (especially saturated fat) and free sugars and relatively small amounts of complex carbohydrates (from starchy, fiber-containing foods). Such diets are well-established in developed countries and are becoming more common in developing countries. These dietary changes can now be linked to the increasing incidence of chronic diseases and of premature death. Evidence suggests that many of these premature deaths and disabilities should be preventable by changes in diet and other aspects of lifestyle. A rational public health policy should seek to influence national diets in the direction of population nutrient goals, consuming a diet that is high in carbohydrates, low in fat, rich in starchy foods, and which includes a substantial intake of vegetables and fruits. Although the protein content of most national diets is already adequate, continuing attention must be paid to the problems of maldistribution of protein-containing foods

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within some countries and to the protein needs of young children in developing countries. In many developing countries, authorities must continue to deal with a range of nutritional deficiencies occurring in some segments of their population. Governments and other agencies in developing countries should act now to prevent increases in the incidence of chronic diseases that will accompany an inappropriate diet. The report presents specific recommendations to WHO and national governments for developing health-based nutrition policies. The report also contains six appendices: (1) recommended dietary allowances, (2) dietary guidelines for diabetes mellitus, (3) golden rules for safe food preparation, (4) a review of dietary recommendations in developed and developing countries, (5) technical considerations concerning implementation of recommendations at the national level, and (6) a nutritional approach to food labeling. •

Surgeon General's Report on Nutrition and Health: Summary and Recommendations Source: Washington, DC, US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 78 p., 1988. Contact: US Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, Washington, DC, 20402. DHHS Publication 88-50211. Summary: The Surgeon General's Report on Nutrition and Health addresses the substantial impact of daily dietary patterns on the health of Americans. Good health is a product of complex interactions among environmental, behavioral, social, and genetic factors. Scientific investigations have produced abundant information on the way personal behavior affects health. The first Surgeon General's report on nutrition and health offers comprehensive documentation of the scientific basis for the recommended dietary changes. The report examines in detail current knowledge about the relationships among specific dietary practices and specific disease conditions and summarizes the implications of this information for individual food choices, public health policy initiatives, and further research. Evidence presented in the report's comprehensive scientific review substantiates an association between dietary factors and rates of chronic disease. In particular, the evidence suggests that a dietary pattern that contains excessive intake of foods high in calories, fat, cholesterol, and sodium, but that is low in complex carbohydrates and fiber, is one that contributes significantly to the high rates of major chronic diseases among Americans. Evidence further suggests that reversing dietary patterns should lead to a reduced incidence of these chronic diseases. Report topics include (1) the magnitude of the problem, (2) the nature of the evidence, (3) key findings and recommendations, and (4) policy implications. Appendixes include selected events in the history of nutritional science to 1950; selected Federal Domestic Nutrition Policy milestones, 1862-1988; Federal dietary recommendations for the general public, 1917-1988; and implications for public health policy.

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Diet and Cardiovascular Disease: Report of the Panel on Diet in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease Source: London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office (Report on Health and Social Subjects, 28), 32 p., 1984. Contact: HMSO, 49 High Holborn, London, WC1V 6HB, England. Summary: This report examines the relationships between nutrition and cardiovascular disease and makes recommendations for the British public. The Panel of the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy took more than 600 papers into consideration in its preparation. Recommendations are mainly concerned with dietary changes to decrease

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the incidence of coronary heart disease. Recommendations for the general public are (1) decreasing consumption of saturated fatty acids and of fat in the United Kingdom to recommended levels, (2) not increasing intake of simple sugars, (3) finding ways to decrease dietary intake of salt, (4) compensating for a reduced fat diet with increased fiber-rich carbohydrates, (5) avoidance of obesity by a combination of appropriate food intake and regular exercise, and (6) not smoking. Recommendations for physicians primarily involve educating the public about coronary heart disease risks. Those responsible for health education should inform the public of the recommendations and how to implement them, with attention to diet and physical activity to minimize the risk of cardiovascular disease and avoid obesity. People who are to change their diets must learn how to implement change. Other recommendations are listed for producers, manufacturers, and distributors of food and drink and for the government. Reviews of current deaths and disease attributable to coronary heart disease and average diet in the United Kingdom indicate the scope of the problems facing health educators. The basis for the recommendations and some guidance about their implementation are included. 24 references. •

Heading for a health crisis: Eating patterns of America's school children Source: Washington, DC: Public Voice for Food and Health Policy. 1991. 44 pp. Contact: Available from Public Voice for Food and Health Policy, 1012 14th Street, N.W., Suite 800, Washington, DC 20005. Telephone: (202) 347- 6200 / fax: (202) 347-6261 / email: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.publicvoicedc.com. $10.00 plus $2.00 shipping and handling. Summary: This report highlights analyses using the 1987-88 National Food Consumption Survey (NFCS) data examining the nutritional adequacy of the children 6 to 11 years of age. The 1990 U.S. Dietary Guidelines and the Recommended Dietary Allowances were used as measures of adequacy. The report concludes that generally all elementary school-age children, of all income groups, consume too much fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium and too few carbohydrates, especially fiber. The report includes a detailed discussion of methods, results, conclusions, and recommendations. The NLM Gateway15

The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “carbohydrates” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 16

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Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 812746 867 109 50 0 813772

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “carbohydrates” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov. Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 19 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 20 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 21 The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 17 18

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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

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Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on carbohydrates can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to carbohydrates. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to carbohydrates. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “carbohydrates”:

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Other guides Diabetes http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetes.html Diabetic Diet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticdiet.html Hypoglycemia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hypoglycemia.html Juvenile Diabetes http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/juvenilediabetes.html Sports Fitness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sportsfitness.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on carbohydrates. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Counting Carbohydrates Source: South Deerfield, MA: Channing L. Bete Co., Inc. 2000. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Channing L. Bete, Co., Inc. 200 State Road, South Deerfield, MA 01373-0200. (800) 628-7733. Fax (800) 499-6464. PRICE: $14.90 per pad of 50 sheets; plus shipping and handling; quantity discounts available. Order number 97702. Summary: This fact sheet provides people who have diabetes with information on carbohydrate counting. Carbohydrates are found in starchy foods, fruit, milk, and milk products. Eating a set amount of carbohydrate at each meal and snack is important in diabetes management. The fact sheet explains how people who have diabetes can accomplish this goal by deciding how much carbohydrate they need, learn the carbohydrate content of foods, and count carbohydrates when choosing what to eat. In addition, the fact sheet offers additional meal planning tips.

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Carbohydrate Counting: Getting Started (Level 1) Source: Alexandria, VA, and Chicago, IL: American Diabetes Association and The American Dietetic Association. 1995. 32 p.

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Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (404) 442-9742. PRICE: $15 (members) or $18 (nonmembers) for package of 10 booklets plus accompanying professional information (2 pages). Order Number CCCL1. Also available from American Dietetic Association. 216 W. Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL 60606-6995. (800) 877-1600, ext. 5000. Summary: This booklet, the most basic in a series of three, introduces the concepts of carbohydrate counting. Patients learn which foods contain carbohydrates and how to consume consistent amounts of carbohydrate on a daily basis. Topics include meal planning suggestions; determining how much protein and fat to eat; meal planning tips for eating protein; reading food labels; exchange lists and how to incorporate them into the carbohydrate counting system; and free foods. The booklet includes blank spaces for readers to record food intake, as well as step-by-step directions for finding portion sizes and figuring carbohydrates for the meal plan. The booklet concludes with lists of foods and their grams of carbohydrate. The series is designed for people with IDDM, NIDDM, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). 9 references. •

Carbohydrate Counting: Adding Flexibility to Your Food Choices Source: Minneapolis, MN: International Diabetes Center. 1994. 15 p. Contact: Available from International Diabetes Center. Attention: IDC Publishing, 3800 Park Nicollet Boulevard, Minneapolis, MN 55416. (612) 993-3874. PRICE: $1.95. ISBN: 1885115067. Summary: This booklet outlines the use of carbohydrate counting as a meal planning option for people with diabetes. The authors stress that carbohydrate counting is a great way to add variety to food choices and flexibility to the meal plan. Topics in the booklet include how to count carbohydrates, carbohydrate counting and exchange lists, flexibility and control, protein and fats, the role of sugar, counting carbohydrates within the meal plan, and using food labels. The booklet uses mini-quizzes throughout the text to test readers' comprehension of the material presented. The brochure concludes with a blank form for readers and/or their dietitians to individualize the amount of carbohydrate recommended. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to carbohydrates. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

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Additional Web Sources

A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Associations and Carbohydrates The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to carbohydrates: •

Associazione Italiana Mucopolisaccaridosi Address: Telephone: (045) 840-1390 Toll-free: Fax: (045) 840-1390 Email: [email protected] Background: The Associazione Italiana Mucopolisaccaridosi is a not-for-profit self-help organization dedicated to providing support and information on Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) and related diseases to Italian families and professionals. Mucopolysaccharidoses, mucolipidoses (ML), and other related disorders are rare inherited diseases in which the body is deficient in certain enzymes. As a result, progressive damage occurs as complex sugars and/or fats accumulate in various tissues of the body. Established in 1991, the organization hosts conferences, funds research, and provides educational materials.

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Diabetes UK Address: Telephone: 020 7424 1000 Toll-free: Fax: 020 7424 1001 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.diabetes.org.uk Background: Diabetes UK is a voluntary organization in the United Kingdom that was founded in 1934. Diabetes UK is dedicated to helping and caring for individuals with diabetes and family members, representing and campaigning for their interests, and funding research. There are different forms of diabetes, including diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus. Diabetes insipidus is a condition in which deficient production or

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secretion of antidiuretic hormone results in excessive thirst (polydipsia) and excessive excretion of urine (polyuria). Diabetes mellitus is characterized by impaired fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism due to deficient secretion of insulin. Diabetes UK has five regional offices across the United Kingdom and a network of over 450 local groups and branches that are run by people living with diabetes. Diabetes UK offers a confidential service that provides information and support on all aspects of diabetes to affected individuals and family members. The service handles inquiries concerning such issues as employment, pregnancy, insurance, driving, diet, and many other areas. The Youth and Family Services department provides services and support to children and young people affected by diabetes, parents, teachers, career officers, and others. The department provides Youth Packs and School Packs; distributes a quarterly newsletter; offers a wide range of holiday events in the UK for affected children and adolescents from six to 18 years of age; holds regional days and annual family weekends; and conducts the Youth Diabetes Project to provide a strong voice for affected individuals from 18 to 30 years of age. In addition, the Tadpole Club is for all children with diabetes and their siblings and friends. Diabetes UK also typically funds approximately 140 to 160 ongoing research projects to investigate the causes, prevention, and treatment of diabetes; provides educational materials for affected individuals and family members; and maintains a web site on the Internet. •

International Diabetes Federation Address: Telephone: 32-2-538-5511 Toll-free: Fax: 32-2-538-51144 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.idf.org/ Background: The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) is a federation dedicated to working with its member associations to enhance the lives of people affected by diabetes mellitus, a condition characterized by impaired carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism due to deficient production or action of insulin. In type I diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, little or no insulin is produced, resulting in an abrupt onset of such symptoms as abnormal thirst, excessive urination, extreme fatigue, constant hunger, blurred vision, irritability, and additional symptoms and findings. This condition, which usually becomes apparent during childhood or adolescence, requires administration of insulin. Type II diabetes, also known as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, is characterized by insufficient production of insulin, causing a gradual onset of fatigue, blurred vision, unusual thirst, frequent urination, and other abnormalities. This condition typically becomes apparent during adulthood and may often be controlled through diet, routine exercise, and oral medications. The International Diabetes Federation was established in 1950 and has evolved into an umbrella organization consisting of 147 national associations in 122 countries. The Federation has established several programs to develop the IDF member associations and regions; supports fellowships and programs for the improvement of diabetes knowledge, research, and science; conducts an international congress for the global diabetes community known as the 'IDF Triennial Congress'; and sponsors an annual World Diabetes Day to raise awareness of the causes, symptoms, treatment, and complications of diabetes. Health care professionals who join the International Diabetes Federation may apply for grants for conducting research, participating in educational courses, or training in another country and have the opportunity to network with other

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health care professionals. In addition, all members of the Federation may network with other individuals concerned about diabetes; exchange information with others through the 'IDF Newsletter'; receive the 'IDF Bulletin,' which contains current information about diabetes issues, clinical research, and other diabetes-related news; and attend the Triennial Congress at discounted rates. •

Juvenile Diabetes Foundation Australia Address: Telephone: 61 2 9966 0400 Toll-free: Fax: 61 2 9966 0172 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.jdfa.org.au Background: The Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Australia is a not-for-profit organization affiliated with the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International in the United States. Established in 1982, the Foundation is dedicated to funding basic and applied medical research to help discover a cure for diabetes and prevent its complications. Juvenile diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes or type I diabetes mellitus, is characterized by impaired carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism due to deficient production of insulin. This form of diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas are destroyed due to an abnormal immune response. Associated symptoms have an abrupt onset and typically include excessive thirst and urination, weight loss and blurred vision. The Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Australia is committed to promoting and supporting scientific research; providing educational resources that are specific to the needs of children, young adults, and family members affected by juvenile diabetes; engaging in advocacy and lobbying efforts; and providing networking opportunities that enable those affected by juvenile diabetes to exchange information, resources, and mutual support.

•

National MPS (Mucopolysaccharidoses/Mucolipidoses) Society, Inc Address: Telephone: (207) 947-1445 Toll-free: Fax: (207) 990-3074 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://mpssociety.org Background: The National MPS Society is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to acting as a support group for families affected by mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) and other related disorders; increasing professional and public awareness; and raising funds to further research into such disorders. Mucopolysaccharidoses, mucolipidoses (ML), and other related disorders are rare inherited diseases in which the body is deficient in certain enzymes. As a result, progressive damage occurs as complex sugars and/or fats accumulate in various tissues of the body. Established in 1974, the National MPS Society promotes patient advocacy, provides referrals to genetic counseling and other services, and has established regional contact families to assist new families and conduct local support meetings. It produces a variety of educational and support materials including a membership directory, books, reports, brochures, videos of conferences, and a quarterly newsletter entitled 'Courage.' The Society also has a series of booklets on MPS

Patient Resources 463

and ML disorders that are designed to be daily living guides for families as well as tools for professionals who work with affected individuals. •

Society for Mucopolysaccharide (MPS) Diseases Address: Telephone: (149) 443-4156 Toll-free: Fax: (149) 443-4252 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.vois.org.uk/mps Background: The Society for Mucopolysaccharide (MPS) Diseases is a voluntary international organization in the United Kingdom dedicated to providing information, support, and advocacy services to individuals affected by mucopolysaccharide and related diseases and their family members. The Society was founded in 1982 by a group of parents with children affected by MPS disorders and currently consists of approximately 1,000 members and 12 regional family support networks. The mucopolysaccharide diseases (mucopolysaccharidoses) belong to a group of rare metabolic disorders known as lysosomal storage disorders. Lysosomes are particles bound in membranes within cells that break down certain fats and carbohydrates. The mucopolysaccharidoses are characterized by an abnormal accumulation of certain fatty substances (mucolipids) and/or complex carbohydrates (mucopolysaccharides) within cells of particular tissues of the body. The different forms of MPS disease, such as Hurler syndrome (MPS I), Hunter syndrome (MPS II), etc., are often characterized by multiple abnormalities of the skull and face, growth delays, mental retardation, and/or, depending upon the specific form of MPS, additional symptoms and findings that may vary in range and severity. In many of the mucopolysaccharidoses, life-threatening complications may result during childhood. The Society for Mucopolysaccharide Diseases is committed to promoting and supporting research to further the understanding and improve the treatment of MPS disorders, offering networking services to affected families, and providing practical assistance in areas of health, welfare, education, adaptations, and respite care. In addition, the Society provides referrals to help affected children receive appropriate specialist care and treatment, has a 24-hour help line, holds an annual conference where affected families and medical professionals may share knowledge, and conducts family holidays and adventure holidays where families may get to know one another in a relaxing, supportive atmosphere. The Society also has a web site on the Internet and provides a variety of educational materials including brochures, booklets, and a regular newsletter.

•

United Leukodystrophy Foundation Address: Telephone: (815) 895-3211 Toll-free: (800) 728-5483 Fax: (815) 895-2432 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.ulf.org/ Background: The United Leukodystrophy Foundation (ULF) is a voluntary not-forprofit organization dedicated to helping children and adults with leukodystrophy and assisting the family members, caregivers, and professionals who serve them. Leukodystrophy is a group of rare, progressive diseases that affect the white matter of

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the brain. Established in 1982, the United Leukodystrophy Foundation is committed to the identification, treatment, and cure of all leukodystrophies through programs of education, advocacy, research, and service. The Foundation also provides appropriate referrals, including to support groups; promotes professional and patient education; and offers a variety of educational and support materials. These include a regular newsletter, brochures, and audiovisual aids.

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to carbohydrates. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with carbohydrates. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about carbohydrates. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “carbohydrates” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “carbohydrates”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop

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boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “carbohydrates” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “carbohydrates” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for carbohydrates. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with carbohydrates. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

468 Carbohydrates

following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to carbohydrates: Antidiabetic Agents, Sulfonylurea •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amaryl; DiaBeta; Diabinese; Dymelor; Glucotrol; Glucotrol XL; Glynase PresTab; Micronase; Orinase; Tolinase http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202742.html

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ascorbicap; Cecon; Cee-500; Cemill; Cenolate; Cetane; Cevi-Bid; Flavorcee; Ortho/CS; Sunkist http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202071.html

Beta-Carotene •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lumitene; Max-Caro http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202623.html

Carbohydrates and Electrolytes •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Infalyte; Kao Lectrolyte; Naturalyte; Oralyte; Pedialyte; Pedialyte Freezer Pops; Rehydralyte; Resol$ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202112.html

Cholestyramine •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Questran http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202137.html

Difenoxin and Atropine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Motofen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202193.html

Diphenoxylate and Atropine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lofene; Logen; Lomocot; Lomotil; Lonox; Vi-Atro http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202200.html

Folic Acid (Vitamin B 9 ) •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Folvite http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202250.html

Laxatives •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Afko-Lube; Afko-Lube Lax 40; Agoral Marshmallow; Agoral Raspberry; Alaxin; Alophen; Alphamul; Alramucil Orange; Alramucil Regular; Bilagog; Bilax; Bisac-Evac; Black-Draught; Black-Draught Lax-Senna; Carter's Little Pills; Cholac; Chronulac; Cillium; Cit http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202319.html

Miglitol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Glyset http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500231.html

Researching Medications 469

Niacin (Vitamin B 3 ) •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Endur-Acin; Nia-Bid; Niac; Niacels; Niacor; Nico-400; Nicobid Tempules; Nicolar; Nicotinex Elixir; Slo-Niacin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202405.html

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B 6 ) •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Beesix; Doxine; Nestrex; Pyri; Rodex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202493.html

Thiamine (Vitamin B 1 ) •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Biamine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202560.html

Vitamin B 12 •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alphamin; Cobex; Cobolin-M; Crystamine; Crysti-12; Cyanoject; Cyomin; Hydrobexan; Hydro-Cobex; Hydro-Crysti-12; HydroxyCobal; LA-12; Nascobal; Neuroforte-R; Primabalt; Rubramin PC; Shovite; Vibal; Vibal LA; Vitabee 12 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202596.html

Vitamin D and Related Compounds •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Calciferol; Calciferol Drops; Calcijex; Calderol; DHT; DHT Intensol; Drisdol; Drisdol Drops; Hectorol; Hytakerol; Rocaltrol; Zemplar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202597.html

Vitamin E •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amino-Opti-E; E-Complex-600; Liqui-E; Pheryl-E http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202598.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by

470 Carbohydrates

brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDIX D. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

23

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

24

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 473

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 475

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

477

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on carbohydrates: •

Basic Guidelines for Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002469.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Carbohydrates Obesity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003101.htm

•

Nutrition for Carbohydrates Coffee Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm Fat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002468.htm

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Fats Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002468.htm Fiber Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002470.htm Low-fat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002468.htm Protein Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm Vitamins Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002399.htm •

Background Topics for Carbohydrates Food guide pyramid Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002093.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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CARBOHYDRATES DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 1-phosphate: A drug that halts cell suicide in human white blood cells. [NIH] Abacavir: A nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NARTIs) developed by Glaxo Wellcome. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acanthosis Nigricans: A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acclimation: Adaptation of animals or plants to new climate. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine. [NIH] Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine. [NIH] Achievement: Success in bringing an effort to the desired end; the degree or level of success attained in some specified area (esp. scholastic) or in general. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acrosome: Cap-like structure covering the nucleus and anterior part of the sperm head. [NIH]

Acrosome Reaction: Changes that occur to liberate the enzymes of the acrosome of spermatozoa that allow the entry of a spermatozoon into the ovum. [NIH] Acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH]

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Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent

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chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Affinity Chromatography: In affinity chromatography, a ligand attached to a column binds specifically to the molecule to be purified. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo. [NIH] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allografts: A graft of tissue obtained from the body of another animal of the same species but with genotype differing from that of the recipient; tissue graft from a donor of one

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genotype to a host of another genotype with host and donor being members of the same species. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Cell: A type of cell in the pancreas (in areas called the islets of Langerhans). Alpha cells make and release a hormone called glucagon, which raises the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ameloblastoma: An epithelial tumor of the jaw originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the developing period of the enamel. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH]

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Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]

Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angiogram: An x-ray of blood vessels; the person receives an injection of dye to outline the vessels on the x-ray. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antecedent: Existing or occurring before in time or order often with consequential effects. [EU]

Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU]

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Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]

Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH]

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Aortic Valve: The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthralgia: Pain in the joint. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Asialoglycoproteins: Endogenous glycoproteins from which sialic acid has been removed by the action of sialidases. They bind tightly to their cell surface receptor which is located on hepatocyte plasma membranes. After internalization by adsorptive endocytosis they are delivered to lysosomes for degradation. Therefore receptor-mediated clearance of asialoglycoproteins is an important aspect of the turnover of plasma glycoproteins. They are elevated in serum of patients with hepatic cirrhosis or hepatitis. [NIH]

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Aspartame: Flavoring agent sweeter than sugar, metabolized as phenylalanine and aspartic acid. [NIH] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-aminoacids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoclave: Apparatus using superheated steam under pressure. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is

Dictionary 487

digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH]

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Basophil: A type of white blood cell. Basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Beta-Galactosidase: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, nonreducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause gangliodisosis GM1. EC 3.2.1.23. [NIH] Beta-glucans: Polysaccharides made by several types of mushrooms. Beta-glucans have been used to treat patients with gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. They may be able to stimulate the immune system. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop. [NIH] Biomolecular:

A scientific field at the interface between advanced computing and

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biotechnology. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Biuret: Used as feed supplement for sheep and cattle since it is a good non-protein nitrogen source. In strongly alkaline solution biuret gives a violet color with copper sulfate. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Groups: The classification systems (or schemes) of the different antigens located on erythrocytes.The antigens are the phenotypic expression of the genetic differences characteristic of specific blood groups. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is

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most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Boronic Acids: Inorganic or organic compounds that contain the basic structure RB(OH)2. [NIH]

Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breast Feeding: The nursing of an infant at the mother's breast. [NIH] Breath Tests: Any tests done on exhaled air. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU]

Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]

Caecum: The blind pouch in which the large intestine begins and into which the ileum opens from one side. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases,

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antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Caloric intake: Refers to the number of calories (energy content) consumed. [NIH] Camphor: A bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plant (primarily the camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora). Natural camphor is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent. [NIH] Cancer vaccine: A vaccine designed to prevent or treat cancer. [NIH] Candy: Sweet food products combining cane or beet sugars with other carbohydrates and chocolate, milk, eggs, and various flavorings. In the United States, candy refers to both sugar- and cocoa-based confections and is differentiated from sweetened baked goods; elsewhere the terms sugar confectionary, chocolate confectionary, and flour confectionary are used. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Capsular: Cataract which is initiated by an opacification at the surface of the lens. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbohydrate-Deficient Glycoprotein Syndrome: An inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism manifesting as a genetic multisystem disorder of autosomal recessive inheritance. A predominant feature is severe central and peripheral nervous system involvement resulting in psychomotor retardation, seizures, cerebellar ataxia, and other symptoms which include growth retardation, retinitis pigmentosa, hypothyroidism, and fatty liver. The notable biochemical feature is the deficiency of a large number of blood glycoproteins and decreased activities of various blood coagulation factors. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce

492 Carbohydrates

neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Catalyse: To speed up a chemical reaction. [EU] Cataracts: In medicine, an opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye obstructing partially or totally its transmission of light. [NIH] Catechin: Extracted from Uncaria gambier, Acacia catechu and other plants; it stabilizes collagen and is therefore used in tanning and dyeing; it prevents capillary fragility and abnormal permeability, but was formerly used as an antidiarrheal. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Communication: Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and

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leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Lineage: The developmental history of cells as traced from the first division of the original cell or cells in the embryo. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Movement: The movement of cells from one location to another. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulase: An enzyme isolated from fungi and bacteria. It catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans. EC 3.2.1.4. [NIH] Cellule: In biology, a unit from which living organisms and tissues are built. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Ceramide: A type of fat produced in the body. It may cause some types of cells to die, and is being studied in cancer treatment. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Aqueduct: Narrow channel in the mesencephalon that connects the third and fourth ventricles. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH]

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Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemical Warfare: Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases. [NIH] Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during war. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chewing Gum: A preparation of chicle, sometimes mixed with other plastic substances, sweetened and flavored. It is masticated usually for pleasure as a candy substitute but it sometimes acts as a vehicle for the administration of medication. [NIH] Child Nutrition: Nutrition of children aged 2-12 years. [NIH] Chimeras: Organism that contains a mixture of genetically different cells. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenecity. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chloroplasts: Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, which is associated with the membrane of thylakoids. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of higher plants. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chondroitin sulfate: The major glycosaminoglycan (a type of sugar molecule) in cartilage. [NIH]

Choriocarcinoma: A malignant tumor of trophoblastic epithelium characterized by secretion of large amounts of chorionic gonadotropin. It usually originates from chorionic products of conception (i.e., hydatidiform mole, normal pregnancy, or following abortion), but can originate in a teratoma of the testis, mediastinum, or pineal gland. [NIH]

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Chorioretinitis: Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Choroideremia: An X-chromosome-linked abnormality characterized by atrophy of the choroid and degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium causing night blindness. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH]

Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment.

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[NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colic: Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Combinatorial: A cut-and-paste process that churns out thousands of potentially valuable compounds at once. [NIH] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body,

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taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Condiments: Aromatic substances added to food before or after cooking to enhance its flavor. These are usually of vegetable origin. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU]

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Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coronary Vessels: The veins and arteries of the heart. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Corpuscle: A small mass or body; a sensory nerve end bulb; a cell, especially that of the blood or the lymph. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU]

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Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: A neuropeptide released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary gland. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Co-trimoxazole: A combination of two anti-infection drugs, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. It is used to fight bacterial and protozoal infections. [NIH] Critical Illness: A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cryptococcosis: Infection with a fungus of the species Cryptococcus neoformans. [NIH] Cryptorchidism: A condition in which one or both testicles fail to move from the abdomen, where they develop before birth, into the scrotum. Cryptorchidism may increase the risk for development of testicular cancer. Also called undescended testicles. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytostatic: An agent that suppresses cell growth and multiplication. [EU] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks.

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The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decontamination: The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or chemical warfare agents, from a person or object. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delusion: A false belief, not susceptible to argument or reason, and determined, pathologically, by some form of mental disorder. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Dental Plaque: A film that attaches to teeth, often causing dental caries and gingivitis. It is composed of mucins, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms. [NIH] Dentigerous Cyst: Most common follicular odontogenic cyst. Occurs in relation to a partially erupted or unerupted tooth with at least the crown of the tooth to which the cyst is attached protruding into the cystic cavity. May give rise to an ameloblastoma and, in rare instances, undergo malignant transformation. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleases: Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolases of ester bonds within DNA. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may

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also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of fenfluramine. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]

Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Dietary Proteins: Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the essential amino acids. [NIH] Dietetics: The study and regulation of the diet. [NIH] Dietitian: An expert in nutrition who helps people plan what and how much food to eat. [NIH]

Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH]

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Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disaccharides: Sugars composed of two monosaccharides linked by glycoside bonds. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Disulphides: A covalent bridge formed by the oxidation of two cysteine residues to a cystine residue. The-S-S-bond is very strong and its presence confers additional stability. [NIH]

Dithiothreitol: A reagent commonly used in biochemical studies as a protective agent to prevent the oxidation of SH (thiol) groups and for reducing disulphides to dithiols. [NIH] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dolichol: Eicosamethyl octacontanonadecasen-1-o1. Polyprenol found in animal tissues that contains about 20 isoprene residues, the one carrying the alcohol group being saturated. [NIH]

Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed

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doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Drip: The continuous slow introduction of a fluid containing nutrients or drugs. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNAbinding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]

Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysostosis: Defective bone formation. [NIH] Dystrophin: A muscle protein localized in surface membranes which is the product of the Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy gene. Individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually lack dystrophin completely while those with Becker muscular dystrophy have dystrophin of an altered size. It shares features with other cytoskeletal proteins such as spectrin and alpha-actinin but the precise function of dystrophin is not clear. One possible role might be to preserve the integrity and alignment of the plasma membrane to the myofibrils during muscle contraction and relaxation. MW 400 kDa. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU]

504 Carbohydrates

Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrocardiogram: Measurement of electrical activity during heartbeats. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Electroretinogram: The electrical effect recorded from the surface of the eyeball and originated by a pulse of light. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endolymphatic Duct: labyrinth. [NIH]

Duct connecting the endolymphatic sac with the membranous

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Endolymphatic Sac: The blind pouch at the end of the endolymphatic duct. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Energy Intake: Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes. [NIH] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Stability: The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Ependymal: It lines the cavities of the brain's ventricles and the spinal cord and slowly divides to create a stem cell. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU]

Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH]

506 Carbohydrates

Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Erythrocyte Membrane: The semipermeable outer portion of the red corpuscle. It is known as a 'ghost' after hemolysis. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethanolamine: A viscous, hygroscopic amino alcohol with an ammoniacal odor. It is widely distributed in biological tissue and is a component of lecithin. It is used as a surfactant, fluorimetric reagent, and to remove CO2 and H2S from natural gas and other gases. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU]

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Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fat Substitutes: Compounds used in food or in food preparation to replace dietary fats. They may be carbohydrate-, protein-, or fat-based. Fat substitutes are usually lower in calories but provide the same texture as fats. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH]

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Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Ferritin: An iron-containing protein complex that is formed by a combination of ferric iron with the protein apoferritin. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibril: Most bacterial viruses have a hollow tail with specialized fibrils at its tip. The tail fibers attach to the cell wall of the host. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibronectin: An adhesive glycoprotein. One form circulates in plasma, acting as an opsonin; another is a cell-surface protein which mediates cellular adhesive interactions. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filariasis: Infections with nematodes of the superfamily Filarioidea. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischaemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of

Dictionary 509

interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluid Therapy: Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to water-electrolyte balance. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by hypodermoclysis. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Foetal: Of or pertaining to a fetus; pertaining to in utero development after the embryonic period. [EU] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Follicular Cyst: Cyst due to the occlusion of the duct of a follicle or small gland. [NIH] Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, antiinfective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH] Food Coloring Agents: Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods. [NIH] Food Habits: Acquired or learned food preferences. [NIH] Food Labeling: Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a food or its container or wrapper. The concept includes ingredients, nutritional value, directions, warnings, and other relevant information. [NIH] Food Preferences: The selection of one food over another. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention

510 Carbohydrates

of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fucose: Deoxysugar. [NIH] Fucosyltransferases: Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of fucose from a nucleoside diphosphate fucose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate, a glycoprotein, or a glycolipid molecule. Elevated activity of some fucosyltransferases in human serum may serve as an indicator of malignancy. The class includes EC 2.4.1.65; EC 2.4.1.68; EC 2.4.1.69; EC 2.4.1.89. [NIH] Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Galactosides: Glycosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of galactose with an alcohol to form an acetal. They include both alpha- and beta-galactosides. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallic Acid: A colorless or slightly yellow crystalline compound obtained from nutgalls. It is used in photography, pharmaceuticals, and as an analytical reagent. [NIH] Gallstones: The solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglioside: Protein kinase C's inhibitor which reduces ischemia-related brain damage. [NIH]

Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastrectomy: An operation to remove all or part of the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid.

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[NIH]

Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal Hormones: Hormones secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa that affect the timing or the quality of secretion of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor activity of the digestive system organs. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastroparesis: Nerve or muscle damage in the stomach. Causes slow digestion and emptying, vomiting, nausea, or bloating. Also called delayed gastric emptying. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Counseling: Advising families of the risks involved pertaining to birth defects, in order that they may make an informed decision on current or future pregnancies. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH]

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Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Germ cell tumors: Tumors that begin in the cells that give rise to sperm or eggs. They can occur virtually anywhere in the body and can be either benign or malignant. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. [EU] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH]

Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Clamp Technique: Maintenance of a constant blood glucose level by perfusion or infusion with glucose or insulin. It is used for the study of metabolic rates (e.g., in glucose, lipid, amino acid metabolism) at constant glucose concentration. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glucose-6-Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of D-glucose 6phosphate and water to D-glucose and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.9. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid:

Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal

Dictionary 513

kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glucuronides: Glycosides of glucuronic acid formed by the reaction of uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid with certain endogenous and exogenous substances. Their formation is important for the detoxification of drugs, steroid excretion and bilirubin metabolism to a more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in the urine and bile. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycopeptides: Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Glycosyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glycosyl groups to an acceptor. Most often another carbohydrate molecule acts as an acceptor, but inorganic phosphate can also act as an acceptor, such as in the case of phosphorylases. Some of the enzymes in this group also catalyze hydrolysis, which can be regarded as transfer of a glycosyl group from the donor to water. Subclasses include the hexosyltransferases, pentosyltransferases, sialyltransferases, and those transferring other glycosyl groups. EC 2.4. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH]

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Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Government Agencies: Administrative units of government responsible for policy making and management of governmental activities in the U.S. and abroad. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]

GP41: 41-kD HIV transmembrane envelope glycoprotein which mediates the fusion of the viral membrane with the membrane of the target cell. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanine: One of the four DNA bases. [NIH] Gum Arabic: Powdered exudate from various Acacia species, especially A. senegal (Leguminosae). It forms mucilage or syrup in water. Gum arabic is used as a suspending agent, excipient, and emulsifier in foods and pharmaceuticals. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH]

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Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Policy: Decisions, usually developed by government policymakers, for determining present and future objectives pertaining to the health care system. [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemicellulose: A general term to describe those polysaccharides other than cellulose which are constituents of vegetable cell walls. [NIH] Hemochromatosis: A disease that occurs when the body absorbs too much iron. The body stores the excess iron in the liver, pancreas, and other organs. May cause cirrhosis of the liver. Also called iron overload disease. [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies:

A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural

516 Carbohydrates

alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemolysins: Substances, usually of biological origin, that destroy blood cells; they may be antibodies or other immunologic factors, toxins, enzymes, etc.; hemotoxins are toxic to blood in general, including the clotting mechanism; hematotoxins may refer to the hematopoietic system. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan: A substance released by astrocytes, which is critical in stopping nervous fibers in their tracks. [NIH] Heparin-binding: Protein that stimulates the proliferation of endothelial cells. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hepatologist: A doctor who specializes in liver diseases. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hexosyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of hexose groups. EC 2.4.1.-. [NIH] High blood cholesterol: Cholesterol is the most abundant steroid in animal tissues, especially in bile and gallstones. The relationship between the intake of cholesterol and its manufacture by the body to its utilization, sequestration, or excretion from the body is called the cholesterol balance. When cholesterol accumulates, the balance is positive; when it declines, the balance is negative. In 1993, the NHLBI National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults issued an updated set of recommendations for monitoring and treatment of blood cholesterol levels. The NCEP guidelines recommended that total cholesterol levels and subfractions of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol be measured beginning at age 20 in all adults, with subsequent periodic screenings as needed. Even in the group of patients at lowest risk for coronary heart disease (total cholesterol 200 mg/dL and HDL 35 mg/dL), the NCEP recommended that rescreening take place at least once every 5 years or upon physical examination. [NIH] High-density lipoproteins: Lipoproteins that contain a small amount of cholesterol and carry cholesterol away from body cells and tissues to the liver for excretion from the body. Low-level HDL increases the risk of heart disease, so the higher the HDL level, the better. The HDL component normally contains 20 to 30 percent of total cholesterol, and HDL levels are inversely correlated with coronary heart disease risk. [NIH]

Dictionary 517

Hirsutism: Excess hair in females and children with an adult male pattern of distribution. The concept does not include hypertrichosis, which is localized or generalized excess hair. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histamine Release: The secretion of histamine from mast cell and basophil granules by exocytosis. This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's Fc receptors. Once released, histamine binds to a number of different target cell receptors and exerts a wide variety of effects. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histocompatibility: The degree of antigenic similarity between the tissues of different individuals, which determines the acceptance or rejection of allografts. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridoma: A hybrid cell resulting from the fusion of a specific antibody-producing spleen cell with a myeloma cell. [NIH] Hydatidiform Mole: A trophoblastic disease characterized by hydrops of the mesenchymal portion of the villus. Its karyotype is paternal and usually homozygotic. The tumor is indistinguishable from chorioadenoma destruens or invasive mole ( = hydatidiform mole, invasive) except by karyotype. There is no apparent relation by karyotype to choriocarcinoma. Hydatidiform refers to the presence of the hydropic state of some or all of the villi (Greek hydatis, a drop of water). [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolases: Any member of the class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of the substrate

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and the addition of water to the resulting molecules, e.g., esterases, glycosidases (glycoside hydrolases), lipases, nucleotidases, peptidases (peptide hydrolases), and phosphatases (phosphoric monoester hydrolases). EC 3. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylamine: A colorless inorganic compound (HONH2) used in organic synthesis and as a reducing agent, due to its ability to donate nitric oxide. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperandrogenism: A state characterized or caused by an excessive secretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex, ovaries, or testes. The clinical significance in males is negligible, so the term is used most commonly with reference to the female. The common manifestations in women are hirsutism and virilism. It is often caused by ovarian disease (particularly the polycystic ovary syndrome) and by adrenal diseases (particularly adrenal gland hyperfunction). [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperglycaemia: Abnormally increased content of sugar in the blood. [EU] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperlipoproteinemia: Metabolic disease characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels. The inherited form is attributed to a single gene mechanism. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]

Hypoglycemic Agents: Agents which lower the blood glucose level. [NIH] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally

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low blood pressure. [EU] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: (antigens). [NIH]

The activity of the immune system against foreign substances

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunogen: A substance that is capable of causing antibody formation. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunologic Factors: Biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system. [NIH]

520 Carbohydrates

Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunophilins: Members of a family of highly conserved proteins which are all cis-trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (peptidylprolyl isomerase). They bind the immunosuppressant drugs cyclosporine; tacrolimus and sirolimus. They possess rotomase activity, which is inhibited by the immunosuppressant drugs that bind to them. EC 5.2.1.- [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impregnation: 1. The act of fecundation or of rendering pregnant. 2. The process or act of saturation; a saturated condition. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Incubator: Consists of a transparent plastic cubicle, electrical heating equipment, safety and warning devices, and oxygen and air filtering and regulating apparatus; an enclosed transparent boxlike apparatus for housing prematurely born babies under optimum conditions. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU]

Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate

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agents. [EU] Infant Food: Food processed and manufactured for the nutritional health of children in their first year of life. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infuse: To pour (a liquid) into something. [EU] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Infusion Pumps: Fluid propulsion systems driven mechanically, electrically, or osmotically that are used to inject (or infuse) over time agents into a patient or experimental animal; used routinely in hospitals to maintain a patent intravenous line, to administer antineoplastic agents and other drugs in thromboembolism, heart disease, diabetes mellitus (insulin infusion systems is also available), and other disorders. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin Infusion Systems: Portable or implantable devices for infusion of insulin. Includes open-loop systems which may be patient-operated or controlled by a pre-set program and are designed for constant delivery of small quantities of insulin, increased during food ingestion, and closed-loop systems which deliver quantities of insulin automatically based on an electronic glucose sensor. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH]

522 Carbohydrates

Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the

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passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Isomaltose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage. [NIH] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratan Sulfate: A sulfated mucopolysaccharide initially isolated from bovine cornea. At least two types are known. Type I, found mostly in the cornea, contains D-galactose and Dglucosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit; type II, found in skeletal tissues, contains Dgalactose and D-galactosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Ketoacidosis: Acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies (ketosis) in the body tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis. [EU] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a

524 Carbohydrates

fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketosis: A condition of having ketone bodies build up in body tissues and fluids. The signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis. [NIH] Keyhole: A carrier molecule. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Killer Cells: Lymphocyte-like effector cells which mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. They kill antibody-coated target cells which they bind with their Fc receptors. [NIH]

Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Kinetoplastida: An order of flagellate protozoa. Characteristics include the presence of one or two flagella arising from a depression in the cell body and a single mitochondrion that extends the length of the body. [NIH] Labetalol: Blocker of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors that is used as an antihypertensive. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lactobacillus: A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare. [NIH] Lactoperoxidase: An enzyme derived from cow's milk. It catalyzes the radioiodination of tyrosine and its derivatives and of peptides containing tyrosine. [NIH] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Lamivudine: A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and zalcitabine analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease. [NIH] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the

Dictionary 525

outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH]

Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warmblooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Library Services: circulation. [NIH]

Services offered to the library user. They include reference and

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipodystrophy: A collection of rare conditions resulting from defective fat metabolism and characterized by atrophy of the subcutaneous fat. They include total, congenital or acquired, partial, abdominal infantile, and localized lipodystrophy. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the

526 Carbohydrates

blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoprotein Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34. [NIH] Liposomes: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Regeneration: Repair or renewal of hepatic tissue. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lucida: An instrument, invented by Wollaton, consisting essentially of a prism or a mirror through which an object can be viewed so as to appear on a plane surface seen in direct view and on which the outline of the object may be traced. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumbar puncture: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a spinal tap. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Luteal Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with ovulation and ends with menstruation. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH]

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Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Depletion: Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphocytosis: Excess of normal lymphocytes in the blood or in any effusion. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokines: Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lysosomal Storage Diseases: Inborn errors of metabolism characterized by defects in specific lysosomal hydrolases and resulting in intracellular accumulation of unmetabolized substrates. [NIH] Macrolides: A group of organic compounds that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnesium Hydroxide: Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is

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endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Mannosides: Glycosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of mannose with an alcohol to form an acetal. They include both alpha- and beta-mannosides. [NIH] Mannosidosis: Inborn error of metabolism marked by a defect in alpha-mannosidase activity that results in lysosomal accumulation of mannose-rich substrates. Virtually all patients have psychomotor retardation, facial coarsening, and some degree of dysostosis multiplex. It is thought to be an autosomal recessive disorder. [NIH] Marital Status: A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc. [NIH] Mass Media: Instruments or technological means of communication that reach large numbers of people with a common message: press, radio, television, etc. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple). [NIH] Mediastinum: The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen

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with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Melanosis: Disorders of increased melanin pigmentation that develop without preceding inflammatory disease. [NIH] Melibiose: A disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose moiety in an alpha (1-6) glycosidic linkage. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies

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(usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolic Clearance Rate: Volume of biological fluid completely cleared of drug metabolites as measured in unit time. Elimination occurs as a result of metabolic processes in the kidney, liver, saliva, sweat, intestine, heart, brain, or other site. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently labeled with radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH] Microwaves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum lying between UHF (ultrahigh frequency) radio waves and heat (infrared) waves. Microwaves are used to generate heat, especially in some types of diathermy. They may cause heat damage to tissues. [NIH] Milligram: A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000-times smaller than a pound and 28,000-times smaller than an ounce. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mistletoe lectin: A substance that comes from the mistletoe plant, and that is being studied as a treatment for cancer. A lectin is a complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH]

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Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molasses: The syrup remaining after sugar is crystallized out of sugar cane or sugar beet juice. It is also used in animal feed, and in a fermented form, is used to make industrial ethyl alcohol and alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular mass: The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule, based on a scale in which the atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 1, 12, 14, and 16, respectively. For example, the molecular mass of water, which has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, is 18 (i.e., 2 + 16). [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Monounsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat that is found primarily in plant foods, including olive and canola oils. [NIH] Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]

Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of

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the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucopolysaccharidoses: Group of lysosomal storage diseases each caused by an inherited deficiency of an enzyme involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). The diseases are progressive and often display a wide spectrum of clinical severity within one enzyme deficiency. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multivalent: Pertaining to a group of 5 or more homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphasis in meiosis. [NIH] Muscle Proteins: The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSIN. More than a dozen accessary proteins exist including troponin, tropomyosin, and dystrophin. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoclonus: Involuntary shock-like contractions, irregular in rhythm and amplitude, followed by relaxation, of a muscle or a group of muscles. This condition may be a feature of some central nervous systems diseases (e.g., epilepsy, myoclonic). Nocturnal myoclonus may represent a normal physiologic event or occur as the principal feature of the nocturnal myoclonus syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp102-3). [NIH] N-acetyl: Analgesic agent. [NIH] Nalidixic Acid: Synthetic antimicrobial agent used in urinary tract infections. It is active against gram-negative bacteria but has little activity against gram-positive organisms or Pseudomonas. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Natural killer cells: NK cells. A type of white blood cell that contains granules with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or microbial cells. Also called large granular lymphocytes (LGL). [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH]

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Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH]

Nerve Regeneration: Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuraminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.2.1.18. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU]

Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neuropsychological Tests: Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury. [NIH] Neuroretinitis: Inflammation of the optic nerve head and adjacent retina. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal,

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and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Night Blindness: Anomaly of vision in which there is a pronounced inadequacy or complete absence of dark-adaptation. [NIH] Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleoproteins: Proteins conjugated with nucleic acids. [NIH] Nucleotidyltransferases: A class of enzymes that transfers nucleotidyl residues. EC 2.7.7. [NIH]

Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Support: The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include fluid therapy which normalizes body fluids to restore water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Octreotide: A potent, long-acting somatostatin octapeptide analog which has a wide range of physiological actions. It inhibits growth hormone secretion, is effective in the treatment of hormone-secreting tumors from various organs, and has beneficial effects in the management of many pathological states including diabetes mellitus, orthostatic hypertension, hyperinsulinism, hypergastrinemia, and small bowel fistula. [NIH] Odontogenic Cysts: Cysts found in the jaws and arising from epithelium involved in tooth

Dictionary 535

formation. They include follicular cysts (e.g., primordial cyst, dentigerous cyst, multilocular cyst), lateral periodontal cysts, and radicular cysts. They may become keratinized (odontogenic keratocysts). Follicular cysts may give rise to ameloblastomas and, in rare cases, undergo malignant transformation. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH]

Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmoscope: A lighted instrument used to examine the inside of the eye, including the retina and the optic nerve. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]

Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. [NIH] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of

536 Carbohydrates

hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovarian Cysts: General term for cysts and cystic diseases of the ovary. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Hormones: Peptide hormones secreted into the blood by cells in the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. The alpha cells secrete glucagon; the beta cells secrete insulin; the delta cells secrete somatostatin; and the PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. [NIH] Pancreatic Polypeptide: A 36-amino acid polypeptide with physiological regulatory functions. It is secreted by pancreatic tissue. Plasma pancreatic polypeptide increases after ingestion of food, with age, and in disease states. A lack of pancreatic polypeptide in the islets of Langerhans has been associated with the obese syndrome in rats and mice. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own

Dictionary 537

enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Advocacy: Promotion and protection of the rights of patients, frequently through a legal process. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Patient Selection: Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols. [NIH] Peanut Agglutinin: Lectin purified from peanuts (Arachis hypogaea). It binds to poorly differentiated cells and terminally differentiated cells and is used in cell separation techniques. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pentosyltransferases:

Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a

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pentose group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.4.2. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Perch: A common name for fish belonging to the order Perciformes with many genera and species. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Periodic Acid: Periodic acid (H5IO6). A strong oxidizing agent. [NIH] Periodontal Cyst: An epithelium-lined sac containing fluid; usually found at the apex of a pulp-involved tooth. The lateral type occurs less frequently along the side of the root. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral vision: Side vision; ability to see objects and movement outside of the direct line of vision. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to

Dictionary 539

spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic:

Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase

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"physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Piloerection: Involuntary erection or bristling of hairs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pineal gland: A tiny organ located in the cerebrum that produces melatonin. Also called pineal body or pineal organ. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasticizers: Materials incorporated mechanically in plastics (usually PVC) to increase flexibility, workability or distensibility; due to the non-chemical inclusion, plasticizers leach out from the plastic and are found in body fluids and the general environment. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment

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for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Policy Making: The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polyose: A general term to describe those polysaccharides other than cellulose which are constituents of vegetable cell walls. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis,

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therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed

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over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycan: A molecule that contains both protein and glycosaminoglycans, which are a type of polysaccharide. Proteoglycans are found in cartilage and other connective tissues. [NIH]

Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU]

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Proteome: The protein complement of an organism coded for by its genome. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH]

Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts.

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[NIH]

Purgative: 1. Cathartic (def. 1); causing evacuation of the bowels. 2. A cathartic, particularly one that stimulates peristaltic action. [EU] Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radicular: Having the character of or relating to a radicle or root. [NIH] Radio Waves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwaves, with wavelengths as high as 30 KM. They are used in communications, including television. Short Wave or HF (high frequency), UHF (ultrahigh frequency) and VHF (very high frequency) waves are used in citizen's band communication. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH]

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Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Reticulin: A scleroprotein fibril consisting mostly of type III collagen. Reticulin fibrils are extremely thin, with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 um. They are involved in maintaining the structural integrity in a variety of organs. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinitis: Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months. [NIH] Retinitis Pigmentosa: Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs

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called retinoids. [NIH] Retroperitoneal: Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Ribitol: A sugar alcohol formed by the reduction of ribose. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rod Outer Segments: The portion of the retinal rod cell between the inner segment and the pigment epithelium layer of the retina. [NIH] Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for platinum and palladium. [NIH] Ruthenium Red: An inorganic dye used in microscopy for differential staining and as a diagnostic reagent. In research this compound is used to study changes in cytoplasmic concentrations of calcium. Ruthenium red inhibits calcium transport through membrane channels. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the

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mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Schizogony: Reproduction by fission. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, hallucinations, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures:

Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden,

Dictionary 549

abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self Administration: Administration of a drug or chemical by the individual under the direction of a physician. It includes administration clinically or experimentally, by human or animal. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Serum Sickness: Immune complex disease caused by the administration of foreign serum or serum proteins and characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and urticaria. When they are complexed to protein carriers, some drugs can also cause serum sickness when they act as haptens inducing antibody responses. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sharpness: The apparent blurring of the border between two adjacent areas of a radiograph having different optical densities. [NIH] Shigella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that ferments sugar without gas production. Its organisms are intestinal pathogens of man and other primates and cause bacillary dysentery. [NIH]

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Shivering: Involuntary contraction or twitching of the muscles. It is a physiologic method of heat production in man and other mammals. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Sialyltransferases: A group of enzymes with the general formula CMP-Nacetylneuraminate:acceptor N-acetylneuraminyl transferase. They catalyze the transfer of Nacetylneuraminic acid from CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid to an acceptor, which is usually the terminal sugar residue of an oligosaccharide, a glycoprotein, or a glycolipid. EC 2.4.99.-. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to immunophilins. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin test: A test for an immune response to a compound by placing it on or under the skin. [NIH]

Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smoking Cessation: Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Social Class:

A stratum of people with similar position and prestige; includes social

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stratification. Social class is measured by criteria such as education, occupation, and income. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrin: A high molecular weight (220-250 kDa) water-soluble protein which can be extracted from erythrocyte ghosts in low ionic strength buffers. The protein contains no lipids or carbohydrates, is the predominant species of peripheral erythrocyte membrane proteins, and exists as a fibrous coating on the inner, cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. [NIH]

Spectrometer: An apparatus for determining spectra; measures quantities such as wavelengths and relative amplitudes of components. [NIH]

552 Carbohydrates

Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sperm Head: The anterior, usually ovoid, nucleus-containing part of spermatozoa. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spermatozoon: The mature male germ cell. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal tap: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a lumbar puncture. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporozoite: In the sporozoa the product of schizogony of the zygote. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid:

A

group

name

for

lipids

that

contain

a

hydrogenated

Dictionary 553

cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]

Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH]

Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcommissural Organ: An ependymal derivative located at the junction of the third ventricle and the cerebral aqueduct, secreting somatostatin. [NIH] Submandibular: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions

554 Carbohydrates

of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sudden death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. The term "death" is somewhat misleading, because some patients survive. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Surface Plasmon Resonance: A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH]

Dictionary 555

Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Tenesmus: Straining, especially ineffectual and painful straining at stool or in urination. [EU]

Teratoma: A type of germ cell tumor that may contain several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, and bone. Teratomas occur most often in the ovaries in women, the testicles in men, and the tailbone in children. Not all teratomas are malignant. [NIH] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermogenesis: The generation of heat in order to maintain body temperature. The uncoupled oxidation of fatty acids contained within brown adipose tissue and shivering are examples of thermogenesis in mammals. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH]

556 Carbohydrates

Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thromboembolism: Obstruction of a vessel by a blood clot that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thylakoids: Membranous cisternae of the chloroplast containing photosynthetic pigments, reaction centers, and the electron-transport chain. Each thylakoid consists of a flattened sac of membrane enclosing a narrow intra-thylakoid space (Lackie and Dow, Dictionary of Cell Biology, 2nd ed). Individual thylakoids are interconnected and tend to stack to form aggregates called grana. They are found in cyanobacteria and all plants. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic

Dictionary 557

microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transaminase: Aminotransferase (= a subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyse the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxal-phosphate-proteins. [EU]

Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Translating: Conversion from one language to another language. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH]

558 Carbohydrates

Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Tropocollagen: The molecular unit of collagen fibrils that consist of repeating threestranded polypeptide units arranged head to tail in parallel bundles. It is a right-handed triple helix composed of 2 polypeptide chains. It is rich in glycine, proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine. [NIH] Tropomyosin: A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by troponin. [NIH] Troponin: One of the minor protein components of skeletal muscle. Its function is to serve as the calcium-binding component in the troponin-tropomyosin B-actin-myosin complex by conferring calcium sensitivity to the cross-linked actin and myosin filaments. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Tunicamycin: An N-acetylglycosamine containing antiviral antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lysosuperificus. It is also active against some bacteria and fungi, because it inhibits the glucosylation of proteins. Tunicamycin is used as tool in the study of microbial biosynthetic mechanisms. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] TYPHI: The bacterium that gives rise to typhoid fever. [NIH] Typhoid Fever: An acute systemic febrile infection caused by Salmonella typhi. [NIH] Typhoid Fever: An acute systemic febrile infection caused by Salmonella typhi. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is

Dictionary 559

also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Umbilical Arteries: Either of a pair of arteries originating from the internal iliac artery and passing through the umbilical cord to carry blood from the fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilical Cord: The flexible structure, giving passage to the umbilical arteries and vein, which connects the embryo or fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urolithiasis: Stones in the urinary system. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy,

560 Carbohydrates

infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venom: That produced by the poison glands of the mouth and injected by the fangs of poisonous snakes. [NIH] Venter: Belly. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU]

Dictionary 561

Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Video Recording: The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs (videodisc recording). [NIH] Videodisc Recording: The storing of visual and usually sound signals on discs for later reproduction on a television screen or monitor. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virilism: Development of masculine traits in the female. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Void: To urinate, empty the bladder. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH]

562 Carbohydrates

Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Xylulose: A 5-carbon keto sugar. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chainterminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy. [NIH] Zona Pellucida: The transport non-cellular envelope surrounding the mammalian ovum. [NIH]

Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

563

INDEX 1 1-phosphate, 25, 26, 489 A Abacavir, 209, 489 Abdominal, 71, 489, 490, 509, 527, 545, 558, 560, 570 Aberrant, 489 Acanthosis Nigricans, 205, 489 Acceptor, 16, 489, 526, 531, 545, 558, 574, 582, 583 Acclimation, 21, 489 Acetaminophen, 201, 489 Acetylcholine, 489, 555 Acetylgalactosamine, 489 Acetylglucosamine, 489 Achievement, 193, 489, 515 Acne, 181, 489, 570 Acrosome, 40, 489, 490 Acrosome Reaction, 40, 490 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 53, 490 Acute myeloid leukemia, 490 Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 490 Acute renal, 490, 533 Adaptation, 435, 489, 490, 555 Adenocarcinoma, 46, 77, 490 Adenosine, 490, 503, 562 Adhesives, 91, 490 Adipocytes, 490, 511, 544 Adipose Tissue, 59, 490, 545, 580 Adjustment, 5, 193, 446, 490 Adjuvant, 490, 527 Adrenal Cortex, 491, 513, 536, 565 Adrenal Glands, 215, 491 Adrenal Medulla, 101, 491, 505, 521, 555 Adrenergic, 491, 518, 521, 543, 580 Adsorptive, 491, 497 Adverse Effect, 491, 574 Aerobic, 77, 491 Afferent, 491, 523, 544 Affinity, 16, 18, 19, 89, 99, 123, 491, 497, 575 Affinity Chromatography, 89, 99, 491 Agar, 491, 562 Age of Onset, 491, 584 Ageing, 109, 112, 491 Agonist, 491, 516, 518 Airway, 69, 492 Albumin, 492, 563

Alcian Blue, 52, 492 Aldehydes, 112, 492 Alertness, 492, 503 Algorithms, 492, 501 Alkaline, 24, 85, 133, 492, 493, 501, 503 Alkaline Phosphatase, 24, 85, 133, 492 Allergen, 50, 122, 492, 515 Allografts, 492, 535 Allylamine, 492, 493 Alpha Cell, 492, 558 Alpha Particles, 492, 568 Alternative medicine, 179, 192, 451, 492 Ameloblastoma, 92, 493, 515, 556 Amine, 493, 534 Amino Acid Sequence, 12, 13, 493, 495, 528 Ammonia, 493, 579, 585 Ampicillin, 70, 187, 493 Amplification, 102, 493 Ampulla, 76, 493 Amylase, 28, 67, 493 Amyloid, 144, 493 Anaerobic, 77, 493, 571, 574, 577 Anaesthesia, 493, 539 Analgesic, 489, 494, 553 Analog, 489, 494, 525, 543, 556 Analogous, 18, 494, 518, 563, 583 Analytes, 494, 579 Anatomical, 494, 498, 502, 507, 516, 520, 539 Androgens, 491, 494, 513, 536 Anemia, 494, 548 Anesthesia, 210, 492, 494 Anesthetics, 494, 521 Aneurysm, 494, 586 Angiogram, 211, 494 Animal model, 17, 494 Anionic, 144, 494 Anions, 197, 492, 494, 542, 573 Anomalies, 54, 494 Antagonism, 494, 503 Antecedent, 21, 50, 494 Antiallergic, 494, 513 Antibacterial, 495, 576, 586 Antibiotic, 12, 201, 493, 494, 495, 502, 560, 571, 576, 584 Anticoagulant, 495, 566 Anticonvulsant, 208, 495

564 Carbohydrates

Antiepileptic, 5, 495 Antifungal, 495, 575 Antihypertensive, 495, 543 Anti-infective, 495, 503, 525, 535 Anti-Infective Agents, 495, 525 Anti-inflammatory, 489, 495, 497, 513, 529 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 495, 497, 513 Antimetabolite, 495, 525 Antimicrobial, 495, 515, 553 Antineoplastic, 495, 513, 525, 540, 575 Antineoplastic Agents, 495, 540 Antioxidant, 149, 496, 497, 558 Antipruritic, 496, 503 Antipyretic, 489, 496 Antiviral, 431, 496, 541, 560, 584 Anus, 496, 502, 510 Aorta, 12, 207, 496, 587 Aortic Valve, 207, 496 Apolipoproteins, 70, 180, 496, 545 Apoptosis, 52, 496 Approximate, 7, 462, 496 Arachidonic Acid, 496, 565 Arginine, 201, 496, 557, 584 Aromatic, 16, 155, 496, 504, 510, 561 Arterial, 492, 496, 508, 512, 529, 536, 566, 580 Arteries, 461, 496, 501, 502, 512, 546, 550, 553, 568, 585 Arterioles, 496, 497, 502, 503 Arteriosclerosis, 496, 536 Artery, 461, 494, 496, 497, 512, 559, 568, 585 Arthralgia, 497, 573 Articular, 497, 545, 557 Ascorbic Acid, 478, 497, 536 Aseptic, 497, 577 Asialoglycoproteins, 497 Aspartame, 95, 108, 497 Aspartic, 497 Aspartic Acid, 497 Asphyxia, 88, 497 Aspirin, 203, 497 Assay, 123, 497, 555, 568, 571 Astrocytes, 497, 533 Asymptomatic, 497, 524, 558 Ataxia, 498, 504 Atrial, 498, 512, 583 Atrioventricular, 498, 512 Atrium, 498, 512, 583, 587 Atrophy, 202, 210, 498, 508, 545 Attenuated, 498, 517 Atypical, 123, 498

Autoantibodies, 107, 498 Autoantigens, 498 Autoclave, 498 Autodigestion, 498, 558 Autoimmune disease, 200, 498 Autonomic, 489, 498, 555, 560, 579 Autonomic Nervous System, 498, 560, 579 B Bacteremia, 498, 572 Bacterial Infections, 499 Bacterial Physiology, 490, 499 Bactericidal, 499, 522 Bacteriophage, 499, 562, 572, 583, 587 Bacterium, 499, 511, 533, 584 Bacteriuria, 499, 585 Basal Ganglia, 498, 499 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 498, 499 Base, 17, 499, 514, 528, 542, 585 Basement Membrane, 499, 523, 543 Basophil, 32, 40, 93, 499, 534 Benign, 45, 499, 528, 532, 554 Benzene, 499 Beta-Galactosidase, 149, 500 Beta-glucans, 500, 506 Beta-pleated, 493, 500 Bilateral, 500, 570 Bile, 70, 500, 527, 530, 534, 545, 577 Bile Acids and Salts, 500 Bile duct, 500, 527 Biliary, 32, 500, 558 Biliary Tract, 500, 558 Bilirubin, 134, 492, 500, 527, 530 Binding Sites, 16, 20, 41, 44, 121, 500 Bioavailability, 32, 108, 500 Biological response modifier, 500, 540 Biological therapy, 500, 532 Biological Transport, 500, 516 Biomass, 501 Biomolecular, 29, 501, 579 Biopsy, 16, 202, 204, 207, 210, 213, 501 Biosynthesis, 14, 48, 141, 433, 496, 501, 573 Biotechnology, 20, 22, 23, 34, 38, 84, 108, 112, 130, 431, 436, 438, 451, 459, 501 Biotransformation, 501 Biuret, 197, 501 Bladder, 501, 526, 566, 585, 586, 588 Blastocyst, 501, 562 Bloating, 501, 527 Blood Coagulation, 501, 503, 504, 571, 581 Blood Coagulation Factors, 501, 504 Blood Groups, 101, 501 Body Composition, 18, 211, 502

Index 565

Body Fluids, 25, 116, 197, 502, 518, 525, 556, 563, 575, 584 Body Mass Index, 203, 209, 502, 558 Body Regions, 502, 509 Bone Density, 211, 502 Bone Marrow, 99, 490, 500, 502, 528, 537, 546, 547, 552, 553, 575, 578 Bone scan, 502, 572 Boronic Acids, 148, 502 Bowel, 48, 49, 112, 183, 184, 502, 516, 541, 544, 556, 560, 578 Bowel Movement, 502, 516, 578 Bradykinin, 502, 563 Branch, 22, 485, 502, 546, 559, 567, 576, 580 Breakdown, 502, 516, 527, 557 Breast Feeding, 502 Breath Tests, 88, 502 Broad-spectrum, 493, 502 Bronchi, 503, 521, 549, 582 Bronchial, 503, 534 Bronchiseptica, 503, 561 Buccal, 34, 91, 93, 503 Buffers, 503, 576 C Caecum, 72, 139, 503 Caffeine, 54, 503, 568 Calcium, 31, 65, 69, 109, 120, 126, 132, 142, 205, 208, 460, 503, 509, 571, 574, 584 Caloric intake, 113, 204, 209, 214, 503 Camphor, 503 Cancer vaccine, 11, 503 Candy, 429, 430, 503, 507 Capillary, 15, 25, 29, 34, 55, 56, 72, 122, 144, 149, 435, 436, 502, 503, 504, 505, 545, 571, 587 Capillary Fragility, 504, 505, 571 Capsular, 504 Capsules, 504, 518, 528 Carbohydrate-Deficient Glycoprotein Syndrome, 26, 504 Carbon Dioxide, 69, 197, 504, 514, 562, 569, 585 Carboxy, 504 Carboxylic Acids, 504 Carcinogenic, 500, 504, 540, 556, 565, 577 Carcinogens, 504, 508 Carcinoma, 16, 84, 106, 118, 123, 124, 140, 504 Cardiac, 42, 443, 492, 503, 504, 512, 519, 521, 522, 533, 553, 577, 579 Cardiovascular, 75, 90, 96, 142, 180, 203, 214, 215, 443, 460, 461, 463, 464, 504, 573

Cardiovascular disease, 90, 96, 142, 203, 215, 443, 461, 463, 464, 504 Carotene, 478, 504, 570 Carrier Proteins, 505, 563, 568 Catabolism, 19, 92, 150, 505 Catalyse, 505, 582 Cataracts, 202, 505 Catechin, 505 Catecholamine, 505, 516, 517 Catheter, 201, 210, 505, 541 Catheterization, 97, 505, 541 Cathode, 505, 519 Cations, 505, 542 Causal, 461, 505, 573 Cell, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 27, 28, 30, 32, 34, 37, 38, 41, 44, 45, 50, 52, 53, 54, 65, 69, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78, 81, 86, 92, 93, 96, 102, 104, 106, 110, 115, 116, 118, 119, 122, 123, 125, 128, 129, 131, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 200, 202, 206, 433, 437, 451, 489, 491, 492, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 505, 506, 507, 508, 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 528, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 537, 538, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 547, 549, 551, 552, 554, 555, 558, 559, 562, 563, 564, 565, 566, 567, 569, 571, 572, 574, 576, 578, 580, 581, 583, 586, 588 Cell Adhesion, 13, 37, 44, 76, 505 Cell Communication, 505 Cell Death, 496, 505, 554 Cell Differentiation, 20, 505, 574 Cell Division, 499, 505, 506, 532, 549, 551, 562, 565, 572 Cell Lineage, 17, 505 Cell membrane, 13, 16, 44, 500, 505, 515, 523, 562 Cell Movement, 13, 506 Cell proliferation, 81, 497, 506, 541, 574 Cell Respiration, 506, 569 Cell Size, 506, 525 Cell Survival, 506, 532 Cellobiose, 506 Cellulase, 506 Cellule, 439, 506 Cellulose, 129, 433, 506, 526, 532, 562, 564 Ceramide, 19, 85, 506 Cerebellar, 498, 504, 506 Cerebral, 37, 498, 499, 506, 512, 521, 525, 548, 567, 578, 581 Cerebral Aqueduct, 506, 578, 581

566 Carbohydrates

Cerebrospinal, 80, 116, 212, 506, 546, 576 Cerebrospinal fluid, 80, 116, 212, 506, 546, 576 Cerebrovascular, 499, 504, 506 Cerebrum, 506, 562 Cervical, 46, 507 Cervix, 99, 507 Character, 15, 507, 514, 530, 568 Chemical Warfare, 507, 514 Chemical Warfare Agents, 507, 514 Chemotherapeutic agent, 16, 507 Chemotherapy, 199, 507 Chewing Gum, 507 Child Nutrition, 507 Chimeras, 13, 507 Chin, 507, 550 Chlorine, 507 Chloroform, 507 Chlorophyll, 507, 526 Chloroplasts, 507 Cholera, 507, 573, 587 Cholesterol Esters, 508, 545 Chondroitin sulfate, 13, 508 Choriocarcinoma, 131, 508, 535 Chorioretinitis, 508, 570 Choroid, 202, 508, 570 Choroideremia, 202, 508 Chromatin, 496, 508, 576 Chromium, 144, 153, 508 Chromosomal, 493, 508 Chromosome, 206, 211, 508, 511, 532, 545, 573 Chronic Disease, 462, 463, 508, 544 Chronic renal, 443, 508, 563, 585 Chylomicrons, 508, 545 Circadian, 148, 509 Cirrhosis, 104, 182, 497, 509, 532 CIS, 509, 538, 570 Citric Acid, 509 Citrus, 497, 509 Clamp, 201, 509 Clear cell carcinoma, 509, 515 Clinical Medicine, 60, 509, 564 Clinical trial, 11, 199, 216, 459, 509, 512, 559, 567, 569 Clone, 12, 14, 509 Cloning, 13, 48, 501, 509 Coagulation, 501, 509, 563 Coal, 499, 509 Cofactor, 509, 566, 581 Colic, 450, 509

Collagen, 23, 27, 48, 490, 493, 499, 505, 509, 523, 524, 527, 569, 583 Colloidal, 143, 492, 510, 519, 573 Colon, 16, 31, 43, 55, 67, 510, 518, 544 Colorectal, 35, 199, 450, 500, 510 Colorectal Cancer, 35, 199, 450, 500, 510 Combinatorial, 16, 510 Communis, 135, 510 Complementary medicine, 179, 510 Computational Biology, 459, 510 Computed tomography, 502, 510, 572 Computerized axial tomography, 510, 572 Computerized tomography, 206, 215, 510 Condiments, 429, 510 Conduction, 210, 511 Cones, 511, 570 Confusion, 511, 536, 585 Conjugated, 110, 196, 500, 511, 556 Conjugation, 38, 91, 105, 501, 511 Conjunctiva, 30, 511, 540 Connective Tissue, 24, 497, 502, 509, 511, 515, 524, 527, 529, 546, 566, 570, 580 Connective Tissue Cells, 511 Constipation, 50, 182, 511 Constitutional, 511, 570 Consultation, 17, 432, 511 Contraceptive, 100, 511 Contraindications, ii, 60, 511 Controlled study, 203, 512 Convulsions, 495, 512, 536 Coordination, 16, 512 Copper Sulfate, 501, 512 Cor, 204, 214, 215, 512, 513, 529 Cornea, 512, 530, 542, 572, 578 Coronary heart disease, 42, 53, 59, 60, 95, 145, 461, 462, 464, 504, 512, 534 Coronary Thrombosis, 512, 550, 553 Coronary Vessels, 85, 512 Corpus, 512, 565, 581, 588 Corpus Luteum, 512, 565 Corpuscle, 512, 522 Cortex, 213, 498, 513, 525 Cortical, 513, 573 Corticosteroid, 128, 513 Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, 204, 214, 215, 513 Cortisol, 215, 492, 513 Co-trimoxazole, 513 Critical Illness, 34, 513 Crossing-over, 513, 569 Cryptococcosis, 513 Cryptorchidism, 25, 513

Index 567

Crystallization, 513 Curative, 513, 555, 580 Cyclic, 503, 505, 513, 566 Cyst, 513, 515, 525, 556 Cytokine, 150, 513, 575 Cytoplasm, 496, 505, 513, 521, 531, 552, 571 Cytostatic, 514 Cytotoxicity, 52, 92, 94, 105, 134, 492, 514, 543 D Dairy Products, 428, 514, 572 Data Collection, 130, 514 Databases, Bibliographic, 459, 514 De novo, 31, 70, 514 Decarboxylation, 514, 534 Decidua, 514, 562 Decontamination, 514 Decubitus, 514 Degenerative, 202, 514, 533, 552, 557 Dehydration, 507, 514 Deletion, 54, 496, 514 Delusion, 514, 572 Density, 54, 64, 67, 440, 461, 502, 514, 525, 534, 545, 557, 576 Dental Caries, 115, 136, 514, 515 Dental Plaque, 40, 515 Dentigerous Cyst, 515, 556 Dentists, 43, 515 Deoxyribonucleases, 111, 515 Depolarization, 515, 574 Dermatosis, 515, 524 Dermis, 515, 582 DES, 102, 112, 127, 150, 515 Desensitization, 515, 538 Detergents, 515 Deuterium, 210, 515, 535 Developed Countries, 462, 515, 525 Developing Countries, 463, 515 Dexfenfluramine, 116, 516 Diagnostic procedure, 219, 452, 516 Diarrhea, 34, 47, 114, 182, 516 Diarrhoea, 516, 527 Diastolic, 516, 536 Dietary Fats, 66, 209, 516, 523 Dietary Fiber, 42, 55, 100, 516 Dietary Proteins, 72, 516 Dietetics, 5, 39, 42, 516 Dietitian, 204, 214, 446, 516 Diffusion, 65, 500, 516, 517, 585 Digestive system, 217, 516, 527 Digestive tract, 516, 575, 577

Dilatation, 494, 516, 565, 586 Dilatation, Pathologic, 516, 586 Dilation, 502, 516, 586 Dilution, 517 Diploid, 517, 562 Direct, iii, 9, 15, 17, 477, 505, 509, 517, 518, 535, 546, 560, 569 Disaccharides, 441, 517 Disease Progression, 202, 212, 517 Disinfectant, 517, 522 Dissociation, 491, 517, 542 Distal, 517, 519 Disulphides, 517 Dithiothreitol, 12, 517 Diuresis, 503, 517 Diuretic, 517, 576 Dolichol, 12, 141, 517 Dopa, 517, 544 Dopamine, 517, 544, 555, 561 Dosage Forms, 518, 561 Drip, 201, 518 Drive, ii, vi, 5, 16, 147, 211, 441, 445, 446, 518 Drug Design, 73, 432, 518 Drug Interactions, 479, 480, 518 Drug Tolerance, 518, 582 Duct, 115, 493, 505, 518, 520, 522, 525, 547, 558, 571 Duodenum, 500, 518, 527, 542, 578 Dyes, 16, 493, 518, 525, 526, 561, 579 Dysentery, 518, 574 Dyskinesia, 518 Dysostosis, 518, 548 Dystrophin, 519, 553 E Effector, 105, 489, 519, 543 Efficacy, 91, 206, 207, 518, 519 Effusion, 519, 547 Elastic, 23, 519, 530, 576, 579 Elastin, 509, 519, 523 Electrocardiogram, 201, 206, 215, 519 Electrode, 505, 519 Electrolysis, 494, 505, 519 Electrolyte, 513, 519, 525, 533, 551, 556, 564, 575, 585 Electrons, 496, 499, 505, 519, 542, 547, 558, 568, 579 Electrophoresis, 25, 29, 34, 55, 72, 91, 122, 127, 130, 144, 435, 519 Electroplating, 519, 579 Electroretinogram, 202, 519 Elementary Particles, 519, 547, 555, 567

568 Carbohydrates

Embryo, 15, 501, 505, 519, 539, 563, 585 Emollient, 520, 530, 556 Empirical, 34, 520 Emulsions, 491, 520 Enamel, 65, 73, 126, 493, 514, 520, 542 Encapsulated, 520 Endemic, 507, 520, 548 Endocytosis, 497, 520 Endogenous, 4, 13, 23, 497, 498, 501, 517, 520, 530, 566 Endolymphatic Duct, 520 Endolymphatic Sac, 115, 520 Endometrium, 106, 125, 514, 520, 550 Endorphins, 520, 555 Endothelial cell, 48, 520, 533, 581 Endotoxic, 520, 545 Endotoxin, 32, 40, 520 End-stage renal, 508, 520, 563 Energy balance, 35, 43, 135, 520, 544 Energy Intake, 65, 124, 149, 520 Enkephalins, 520, 555 Environmental Health, 149, 458, 460, 521 Enzyme Stability, 521 Eosinophil, 81, 521 Eosinophilic, 143, 521 Ependymal, 521, 578 Epidemic, 205, 521 Epidermal, 44, 45, 521, 542, 549 Epidermis, 515, 521, 542, 565, 568 Epidermoid carcinoma, 521, 577 Epigastric, 521, 558 Epinephrine, 94, 491, 518, 521, 555, 584 Epithelial, 65, 66, 81, 91, 93, 105, 133, 490, 493, 500, 514, 521, 543 Epithelial Cells, 65, 91, 93, 105, 133, 521, 543 Epithelium, 29, 44, 119, 499, 508, 521, 556, 560, 571 Epitope, 522 Erythrocyte Membrane, 27, 45, 74, 140, 196, 522, 576 Erythrocytes, 27, 29, 46, 78, 94, 129, 130, 137, 494, 501, 502, 522, 569 Esophageal, 118, 522 Esophagus, 140, 516, 522, 549, 561, 578 Estrogen, 211, 522 Ethanol, 21, 33, 68, 84, 522, 524 Ethanolamine, 79, 522 Ether, 16, 522 Ethnic Groups, 87, 136, 522 Eukaryotic Cells, 522, 539 Evacuation, 511, 522, 527, 544, 568

Excipient, 522, 532 Excitability, 213, 522 Excitation, 522, 525, 555 Exhaustion, 494, 522, 548 Exocrine, 89, 522, 558 Exocytosis, 522, 534 Exogenous, 4, 195, 501, 520, 523, 530, 566, 584 Expiration, 523, 569 Extensor, 523, 567 Extracellular, 13, 27, 51, 125, 434, 493, 497, 511, 520, 523, 524, 575 Extracellular Matrix, 27, 51, 511, 523, 524 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 27, 523 Extracellular Space, 523 Extraction, 523 Exudate, 508, 523, 532 F Facial, 523, 548, 559 Facial Nerve, 523, 559 Faecal, 77, 516, 523 Family Planning, 459, 523 Fat Substitutes, 10, 523 Fatigue, 36, 41, 197, 523 Fatty acids, 23, 24, 30, 49, 68, 70, 86, 87, 141, 149, 180, 205, 461, 492, 504, 524, 530, 565, 580 Fatty Liver, 504, 524 Febrile, 524, 548, 584 Feces, 511, 523, 524, 578 Fenfluramine, 516, 524 Fermentation, 48, 49, 63, 77, 195, 524, 526, 572 Ferritin, 72, 524 Fertilizers, 524, 579 Fetus, 127, 439, 524, 525, 562, 564, 585, 586 Fibril, 524, 569 Fibrinogen, 121, 524, 563, 581 Fibroblasts, 25, 26, 52, 54, 104, 117, 492, 511, 524 Fibronectin, 56, 115, 524 Fibrosis, 111, 492, 524 Filariasis, 86, 524 Filtration, 524 Fissure, 510, 524 Fistula, 525, 556 Flatus, 525, 527 Flavoring Agents, 525, 561 Flow Cytometry, 115, 525 Fluid Therapy, 525, 556 Fluorescence, 15, 16, 55, 123, 525 Fluorescent Dyes, 525

Index 569

Fluorouracil, 199, 525 Foetal, 85, 525 Fold, 12, 210, 524, 525 Follicles, 525 Follicular Cyst, 525, 556 Food Additives, 4, 525 Food Coloring Agents, 525, 526 Food Habits, 442, 526 Food Labeling, 463, 526 Food Preferences, 526 Food Preservatives, 525, 526 Foramen, 507, 510, 526 Forearm, 501, 526 Free Radicals, 496, 517, 526 Fructose, 9, 49, 81, 440, 526, 530, 541 Fucose, 45, 116, 526 Fucosyltransferases, 126, 526 Fundus, 211, 526 Fungi, 495, 506, 511, 526, 550, 551, 584, 588 Fungus, 513, 526 G Galactosides, 500, 526 Gallbladder, 489, 500, 516, 526, 527 Gallic Acid, 527 Gallstones, 183, 500, 527, 534 Ganglia, 489, 499, 527, 554, 560, 579 Ganglioside, 12, 85, 527 Gangrenous, 527, 573 Gas, 15, 29, 30, 55, 74, 82, 98, 112, 493, 504, 507, 516, 522, 525, 527, 535, 555, 574, 579 Gasoline, 499, 527 Gastrectomy, 113, 527 Gastric Emptying, 67, 440, 527 Gastrin, 527, 535 Gastroenteritis, 527, 571 Gastrointestinal Hormones, 67, 527 Gastrointestinal tract, 522, 527, 573, 575, 584 Gastroparesis, 447, 527 Gelatin, 527, 530, 579, 581 Gels, 12, 127, 174, 528 Gene, 17, 21, 48, 85, 202, 210, 438, 440, 501, 519, 528, 536, 545, 573 Gene Expression, 85, 528 Gene Therapy, 210, 528 Genetic Code, 528, 556 Genetic Counseling, 202, 207, 528 Genetic Engineering, 501, 509, 528 Genetic testing, 213, 528 Genetics, 210, 461, 511, 528 Genotype, 206, 492, 528, 561 Geriatric, 50, 528

Germ cell tumors, 28, 86, 528 Germ Cells, 528, 549, 556, 557, 576, 580 Gestation, 56, 528, 562 Gestational, 6, 7, 469, 529 Gingivitis, 515, 529 Ginseng, 189, 191, 529 Gland, 126, 216, 491, 525, 529, 536, 546, 548, 558, 559, 562, 566, 572, 577, 578, 581 Glomerular, 529, 541, 569 Glottis, 529, 561 Glucocorticoids, 491, 513, 529 Glucose Clamp Technique, 6, 529 Glucose Intolerance, 6, 205, 443, 516, 529 Glucose tolerance, 6, 68, 203, 204, 205, 207, 212, 214, 529 Glucose Tolerance Test, 6, 203, 204, 207, 212, 214, 529 Glucose-6-Phosphatase, 51, 529 Glucuronic Acid, 530 Glucuronides, 530 Glutamic Acid, 530, 555 Gluten, 530 Glycerol, 12, 530, 562 Glycerophospholipids, 91, 530, 562 Glycine, 123, 493, 500, 530, 555, 573, 583 Glycogen, 18, 26, 84, 107, 138, 529, 530 Glycopeptides, 19, 530 Glycosaminoglycan, 508, 530 Glycoside, 517, 530, 535 Glycosidic, 11, 118, 506, 530, 542, 549, 554, 556 Glycosylation, 11, 14, 17, 84, 114, 127, 530 Glycosyltransferases, 41, 531 Goats, 514, 531 Gonad, 531 Gonadal, 206, 531, 577 Gonadotropin, 131, 215, 508, 531 Gonorrhea, 531 Governing Board, 531, 564 Government Agencies, 427, 462, 531, 564 Gp120, 531, 560 GP41, 52, 531 Graft, 210, 492, 531, 535, 538 Graft Rejection, 531, 538 Grafting, 211, 531 Gram-negative, 503, 520, 531, 553, 571, 574, 587 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 520, 531, 553 Gram-positive, 531, 543, 553, 577, 578 Granulocytes, 499, 531, 544, 574, 588 Growth factors, 14, 212, 532 Guanine, 532, 568

570 Carbohydrates

Gum Arabic, 89, 532 H Habitual, 142, 507, 532 Hair follicles, 515, 532 Haploid, 532, 562 Haptens, 491, 532, 568, 574 Headache, 503, 532, 536, 540 Health Education, 464, 532 Health Policy, 464, 532 Health Promotion, 532 Heart attack, 504, 532 Heartbeat, 532, 579 Heme, 500, 532 Hemicellulose, 532 Hemochromatosis, 532 Hemodiafiltration, 533, 585 Hemodialysis, 533, 585 Hemofiltration, 533, 585 Hemoglobin, 5, 494, 522, 532, 533, 544 Hemoglobinopathies, 528, 533 Hemolysins, 111, 533 Hemolytic, 111, 533 Hemorrhage, 532, 533, 568, 578 Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan, 14, 533 Heparin-binding, 82, 533 Hepatic, 59, 65, 67, 84, 85, 144, 435, 492, 497, 529, 533, 545 Hepatitis, 497, 533 Hepatocyte, 497, 533 Hepatologist, 23, 533 Hereditary, 104, 202, 206, 533, 552, 560, 570 Heredity, 528, 534 Heterogeneity, 84, 491, 534 Heterotrophic, 526, 534 Hexosyltransferases, 531, 534 High blood cholesterol, 461, 534 High-density lipoproteins, 67, 534 Hirsutism, 534, 536 Histamine, 32, 40, 50, 85, 93, 150, 534 Histamine Release, 32, 40, 50, 93, 534 Histidine, 534 Histocompatibility, 534 Homeostasis, 8, 206, 535 Homologous, 513, 528, 535, 553, 573, 580 Hormonal, 498, 513, 535 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 211, 535 Host, 22, 492, 499, 524, 535, 537, 538, 586, 587 Hybrid, 509, 535 Hybridoma, 535 Hydatidiform Mole, 508, 535

Hydrogen, 18, 49, 56, 82, 88, 121, 489, 493, 499, 503, 504, 515, 523, 535, 545, 552, 555, 558, 561, 567, 588 Hydrogen Peroxide, 535, 545 Hydrogenation, 535 Hydrolases, 515, 535, 547 Hydrophilic, 88, 515, 535 Hydrophobic, 18, 141, 515, 530, 536, 545 Hydroxylamine, 536 Hydroxylysine, 510, 536, 583 Hydroxyproline, 21, 493, 510, 536, 583 Hyperandrogenism, 206, 536 Hypercholesterolemia, 183, 536 Hyperglycaemia, 143, 536 Hyperglycemia, 4, 5, 113, 203, 205, 443, 536 Hyperlipidemia, 206, 536 Hyperlipoproteinemia, 23, 536, 545 Hypersensitivity, 492, 515, 521, 536, 570 Hypertension, 64, 125, 164, 214, 443, 462, 504, 532, 536, 556, 582, 585 Hypertriglyceridemia, 141, 536 Hypertrophy, 512, 536, 583 Hypoglycaemia, 51, 536 Hypoglycemia, 5, 8, 139, 150, 183, 201, 441, 447, 468, 536 Hypoglycemic, 5, 203, 537 Hypoglycemic Agents, 203, 537 Hypotensive, 145, 537 Hypothalamic, 206, 537 Hypothalamus, 498, 513, 537, 562, 575, 581 Hypothermia, 88, 536, 537 Hypothyroidism, 504, 537 I Id, 151, 180, 470, 484, 486, 537 Idiopathic, 103, 135, 537 Ileal, 67, 89, 537 Ileum, 136, 503, 537, 542 Immune function, 537, 538 Immune Sera, 537 Immune system, 200, 460, 500, 537, 538, 547, 586, 588 Immunity, 27, 37, 50, 65, 85, 91, 105, 108, 119, 537, 538, 547, 583 Immunization, 537, 538, 565 Immunocompromised, 538 Immunodeficiency, 40, 41, 52, 93, 538 Immunogen, 105, 538 Immunogenic, 538, 545, 568 Immunoglobulin, 127, 495, 538, 552 Immunologic, 533, 537, 538 Immunologic Factors, 533, 538

Index 571

Immunophilins, 538, 575 Immunosuppressant, 525, 538, 575 Immunosuppression, 200, 538, 547 Immunosuppressive, 200, 538, 580 Immunosuppressive Agents, 201, 538 Immunosuppressive therapy, 538 Immunotherapy, 32, 105, 500, 515, 538 Impairment, 443, 450, 498, 518, 539, 550 Impregnation, 27, 539 In situ, 13, 15, 539 In Situ Hybridization, 13, 15, 539 In vivo, 12, 16, 31, 46, 56, 80, 92, 102, 121, 203, 492, 528, 539, 547, 580 Incision, 216, 539, 541 Incubation, 539, 561 Incubation period, 539, 561 Incubator, 17, 539 Indicative, 430, 539, 559, 586 Induction, 494, 539 Infant Food, 539 Infantile, 450, 539, 545 Infertility, 135, 451, 539 Influenza, 21, 50, 93, 540 Infuse, 540 Infusion, 7, 82, 204, 214, 429, 441, 442, 529, 540 Infusion Pumps, 7, 540 Ingestion, 61, 66, 84, 93, 114, 149, 150, 440, 529, 540, 558, 563 Initiation, 84, 540 Inner ear, 540, 586 Inorganic, 502, 531, 536, 540, 547, 553, 562, 571 Insulin Infusion Systems, 540 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 134, 453, 540 Insulin-like, 60, 150, 206, 540 Intensive Care, 49, 129, 540 Interferon, 65, 84, 540 Interferon-alpha, 540 Interleukin-2, 128, 541 Interleukins, 538, 541 Intermittent, 36, 150, 525, 541, 560 Interstitial, 523, 541, 569 Intestinal, 68, 74, 77, 82, 96, 97, 136, 144, 184, 202, 203, 440, 504, 529, 541, 543, 547, 574 Intestine, 500, 502, 510, 541, 544, 550, 578 Intracellular, 97, 436, 503, 539, 541, 547, 549, 564, 566, 574 Intracellular Membranes, 541, 549 Intraepithelial, 46, 541

Intramuscular, 541, 559 Intravenous, 6, 97, 113, 133, 135, 145, 201, 204, 213, 540, 541, 559 Intrinsic, 17, 491, 499, 541 Intubation, 505, 541 Inulin, 77, 541 Invasive, 18, 46, 98, 535, 537, 541, 547 Involuntary, 499, 541, 553, 562, 574, 575 Ion Exchange, 12, 506, 541 Ionization, 47, 102, 112, 127, 541 Ions, 499, 503, 517, 519, 535, 541, 542 Irritants, 518, 542 Ischemia, 498, 527, 542 Isoenzyme, 133, 542 Isomaltose, 542 J Jejunum, 67, 542 Joint, 93, 432, 497, 542, 557 K Kb, 458, 542 Keratan Sulfate, 87, 105, 542 Keratin, 542 Keratinocytes, 87, 210, 542 Keratitis, 22, 542 Keratolytic, 515, 542 Keto, 132, 542, 582, 588 Ketoacidosis, 542, 543 Ketone Bodies, 543 Ketosis, 5, 543 Keyhole, 543 Kidney Disease, 200, 203, 213, 217, 458, 543 Kidney stone, 543, 585 Killer Cells, 543 Kinetic, 22, 543 Kinetoplastida, 29, 543 L Labetalol, 71, 543 Lactation, 134, 543 Lactobacillus, 115, 190, 543 Lactoperoxidase, 543 Laminin, 121, 499, 523, 543 Lamivudine, 209, 543 Laparoscopy, 216, 543 Large Intestine, 503, 510, 516, 541, 544, 569, 575 Larynx, 529, 544, 582 Latent, 544, 564 Laxative, 50, 491, 544, 576 Lens, 29, 72, 504, 505, 544, 588 Leptin, 141, 203, 213, 544 Lesion, 92, 544, 546

572 Carbohydrates

Leucine, 544 Leucocyte, 521, 544 Leukaemia, 76, 544 Leukemia, 44, 92, 528, 544 Leukocytes, 53, 81, 143, 502, 531, 541, 544, 552, 560 Levodopa, 77, 517, 544 Library Services, 484, 544 Life cycle, 526, 545 Ligaments, 512, 545 Ligands, 18, 545, 579 Linkage, 12, 506, 542, 545, 549 Lipid A, 71, 545 Lipid Peroxidation, 545, 558 Lipodystrophy, 203, 545 Lipopolysaccharides, 15, 545 Lipoprotein, 54, 64, 98, 141, 440, 531, 534, 545, 546 Lipoprotein Lipase, 98, 545 Liposomes, 144, 545 Liver Regeneration, 109, 545 Liver scan, 546, 572 Localization, 14, 16, 87, 546 Localized, 514, 519, 520, 534, 539, 543, 545, 546, 562, 586 Low-density lipoprotein, 545, 546 Lubricants, 492, 546, 561 Lucida, 543, 546 Lumbar, 212, 546, 576 Lumbar puncture, 212, 546, 576 Lumen, 546 Luteal Phase, 149, 546 Lymph, 507, 512, 520, 546, 549, 573, 578 Lymph node, 507, 546, 549 Lymphadenopathy, 546, 573 Lymphatic, 99, 539, 546, 575, 577, 581 Lymphatic system, 546, 575, 577, 581 Lymphocyte, 31, 53, 102, 495, 538, 543, 546, 547, 549 Lymphocyte Depletion, 538, 547 Lymphocytic, 76, 547 Lymphocytosis, 76, 547 Lymphoid, 27, 99, 495, 544, 547 Lymphokines, 547 Lysine, 102, 149, 536, 547, 584 Lysosomal Storage Diseases, 547, 553 M Macrolides, 194, 547 Macrophage, 38, 118, 547 Magnesium Hydroxide, 50, 547 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 206, 547, 572

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 18, 547 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 547 Malabsorption, 26, 63, 112, 141, 184, 450, 547 Malaria, 548 Malaria, Falciparum, 548 Malaria, Vivax, 548 Malignancy, 489, 526, 548 Malignant, 16, 45, 51, 114, 125, 490, 495, 508, 515, 528, 548, 554, 556, 580 Malignant tumor, 508, 548 Malnutrition, 62, 102, 131, 492, 498, 548 Mammary, 545, 548 Manifest, 211, 548 Mannans, 131, 526, 548 Mannosides, 11, 548 Mannosidosis, 76, 79, 548 Marital Status, 215, 548 Mass Media, 462, 548 Mastitis, 548, 573 Meat, 428, 453, 516, 548, 549, 572 Meat Products, 516, 549 Mediastinum, 508, 549 Mediate, 40, 518, 543, 549 Mediator, 517, 541, 549, 573 MEDLINE, 460, 549 Meiosis, 549, 553, 580 Melanin, 549, 561, 584 Melanocytes, 549 Melanoma, 549 Melanosis, 489, 549 Melibiose, 87, 549 Membrane Glycoproteins, 549 Membrane Proteins, 74, 435, 545, 549 Memory, 207, 211, 450, 549 Meninges, 506, 550 Menopause, 208, 550, 564 Menstrual Cycle, 546, 550, 565 Menstruation, 514, 546, 550 Mental, iv, 11, 36, 212, 217, 458, 465, 507, 511, 514, 517, 523, 537, 549, 550, 565, 567, 585 Mental Disorders, 217, 550, 565, 567 Mental Health, iv, 11, 217, 458, 465, 550, 565, 567 Mercury, 525, 550 Meta-Analysis, 70, 180, 550 Metabolic Clearance Rate, 443, 550 Metastasis, 16, 110, 550, 554 Metastatic, 78, 124, 129, 550, 572 MI, 77, 108, 488, 550

Index 573

Microbe, 550, 582 Microbiology, 54, 65, 68, 70, 77, 91, 98, 133, 447, 490, 498, 499, 551 Microorganism, 509, 551, 559, 588 Micro-organism, 515, 551, 573 Microscopy, 53, 90, 499, 551, 571 Microspheres, 551 Microwaves, 551, 568 Milligram, 429, 551 Milliliter, 502, 551 Mineralocorticoids, 491, 513, 551 Mistletoe lectin, 92, 551 Mitochondrial Swelling, 551, 554 Mitosis, 496, 551 Mobilization, 71, 551 Modeling, 16, 214, 518, 551 Molasses, 551 Molecular mass, 107, 552 Monitor, 213, 552, 555, 587 Monoclonal, 13, 34, 64, 76, 87, 88, 94, 105, 106, 122, 144, 552 Monoclonal antibodies, 13, 34, 87, 105, 106, 122, 144, 552 Monocytes, 544, 552 Monounsaturated fat, 9, 50, 67, 70, 71, 75, 79, 180, 440, 552 Mood Disorders, 205, 552 Morphogenesis, 81, 552 Morphological, 491, 519, 526, 549, 552 Motility, 440, 552, 573 Motor Activity, 512, 527, 552 Movement Disorders, 552 Mucins, 515, 552, 571 Mucopolysaccharidoses, 552 Mucosa, 33, 143, 527, 553 Mucus, 518, 552, 553, 555 Multivalent, 194, 553 Muscle Proteins, 204, 553 Myalgia, 540, 553 Myelin, 12, 553 Myelogenous, 553 Myeloma, 535, 553 Myocardial infarction, 42, 125, 450, 461, 512, 550, 553 Myocardium, 550, 553 Myoclonus, 212, 553 N N-acetyl, 15, 16, 137, 489, 553, 574, 584 Nalidixic Acid, 553 Nasal Mucosa, 540, 553 Natural killer cells, 40, 553 Nausea, 518, 527, 543, 553, 585

NCI, 1, 216, 457, 509, 554 Necrosis, 496, 524, 550, 553, 554 Neonatal, 32, 115, 554 Neoplasia, 46, 554 Neoplasms, 495, 504, 554 Nephropathy, 32, 92, 543, 554 Nerve, 12, 491, 494, 498, 507, 512, 523, 527, 549, 554, 557, 564, 571, 577, 582, 583 Nerve Regeneration, 12, 554 Nervous System, 12, 489, 491, 498, 500, 503, 506, 527, 529, 530, 532, 544, 549, 553, 554, 555, 557, 560, 573, 579, 580, 586 Neural, 20, 491, 493, 554 Neuraminidase, 143, 554 Neurologic, 554 Neuronal, 12, 554 Neurons, 527, 544, 554, 579, 580 Neuropeptide, 513, 554 Neuropsychological Tests, 212, 554 Neuroretinitis, 555, 570 Neurotransmitter, 64, 489, 490, 493, 497, 502, 505, 517, 530, 534, 555, 574, 575, 578 Neutralization, 76, 555 Neutrons, 492, 555, 568 Neutrophil, 45, 108, 125, 138, 150, 555 Niacin, 152, 479, 555, 584 Night Blindness, 210, 508, 555, 570 Ninhydrin, 110, 555 Nitrogen, 36, 114, 493, 494, 501, 523, 552, 555, 584 Norepinephrine, 491, 517, 555 Nuclear, 18, 193, 197, 499, 511, 519, 522, 554, 555 Nuclei, 492, 511, 519, 528, 547, 551, 555, 557, 567 Nucleic acid, 528, 539, 555, 556, 568, 588 Nucleoproteins, 85, 556 Nucleotidyltransferases, 556 Nutritional Support, 18, 556 Nutritive Value, 525, 556 O Octreotide, 74, 91, 556 Odontogenic Cysts, 92, 556 Odour, 496, 556, 585 Ointments, 518, 556 Oligosaccharides, 11, 29, 41, 77, 79, 110, 554, 556 Oncogenic, 556 Oncology, 35, 44, 60, 556 Oocytes, 63, 556 Opacity, 21, 50, 505, 514, 557 Ophthalmoscope, 211, 557

574 Carbohydrates

Opsin, 557, 570, 571 Optic Nerve, 555, 557, 570, 572 Orbital, 510, 557 Organoleptic, 557 Ornithine, 202, 210, 557 Orthostatic, 556, 557 Osmotic, 492, 551, 557, 573 Osteoarthritis, 557 Osteoporosis, 206, 211, 557 Otitis, 21, 50, 557 Otitis Media, 21, 50, 557 Outpatient, 213, 557 Ovarian Cysts, 204, 214, 557 Ovaries, 206, 211, 536, 557, 574, 580 Ovary, 512, 531, 536, 557, 558, 563 Overweight, 61, 151, 208, 453, 558 Ovulation, 546, 558 Ovum, 40, 490, 512, 514, 529, 545, 558, 565, 588 Oxidative Stress, 31, 558 Oxygen Consumption, 558, 569 P Palate, 143, 558 Palladium, 558, 571 Palliative, 558, 580 Pancreas, 200, 453, 489, 492, 516, 532, 540, 558, 575, 584 Pancreatic, 68, 89, 90, 94, 120, 558 Pancreatic Hormones, 120, 558 Pancreatic Polypeptide, 558 Pancreatitis, 98, 558 Parasite, 22, 86, 559 Parasitic, 29, 184, 518, 559 Parenteral, 48, 49, 75, 101, 104, 117, 129, 139, 140, 144, 145, 196, 520, 559 Parenteral Nutrition, 49, 75, 101, 129, 139, 144, 145, 559 Parkinsonism, 544, 559 Parotid, 28, 111, 136, 559 Paroxysmal, 559, 561, 588 Particle, 195, 559, 576, 583 Patch, 210, 211, 559, 582 Pathogen, 539, 559 Pathogenesis, 22, 32, 37, 48, 559 Pathologic, 496, 501, 512, 536, 559, 567, 586 Pathologic Processes, 496, 559 Patient Advocacy, 559 Patient Education, 6, 10, 468, 482, 484, 488, 559 Patient Selection, 10, 559 Peanut Agglutinin, 44, 77, 559

Pelvic, 136, 204, 213, 559, 566 Pelvis, 489, 543, 546, 557, 559, 586 Penicillin, 111, 493, 494, 560 Pentosyltransferases, 531, 560 Peptide T, 201, 560 Perch, 150, 169, 560 Perennial, 560, 583 Perfusion, 67, 529, 560, 582 Periodic Acid, 24, 52, 560 Periodontal Cyst, 556, 560 Peripheral blood, 27, 541, 560 Peripheral Nervous System, 504, 521, 555, 560, 575, 578 Peripheral vision, 560, 587 Peritoneal, 560 Peritoneal Dialysis, 560 Peritoneum, 560, 570 Peroxidase, 52, 72, 135, 545, 560 Peroxide, 560 Pertussis, 22, 561, 588 Petroleum, 527, 561 PH, 47, 80, 502, 561 Pharmaceutic Aids, 525, 561 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 506, 522, 528, 561 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 518, 561 Pharmacokinetic, 561 Pharmacologic, 9, 494, 561, 582 Pharynx, 540, 561 Phenotype, 21, 50, 206, 561 Phenylalanine, 497, 561, 584 Phosphates, 562 Phospholipases, 562, 574 Phospholipids, 523, 545, 562 Phosphorus, 503, 512, 562 Phosphorylated, 53, 562 Physical Examination, 201, 202, 203, 206, 209, 212, 214, 215, 534, 562 Physiologic, 491, 501, 517, 541, 550, 553, 562, 565, 569, 574 Physiology, 4, 24, 26, 33, 45, 52, 73, 84, 103, 107, 111, 123, 124, 434, 436, 562 Pigment, 500, 507, 508, 549, 562, 571 Piloerection, 536, 562 Pilot study, 208, 213, 562 Pineal gland, 508, 562 Pituitary Gland, 513, 562 Placenta, 91, 127, 129, 562, 565, 585 Plague, 11, 562 Plaque, 136, 139, 142, 562 Plasma, 23, 29, 31, 33, 42, 49, 50, 55, 65, 68, 70, 71, 79, 106, 112, 113, 114, 118, 121,

Index 575

134, 150, 200, 203, 214, 440, 492, 495, 497, 505, 508, 519, 524, 528, 529, 533, 536, 551, 553, 558, 563, 573, 582 Plasma cells, 495, 553, 563 Plasma protein, 121, 492, 563, 573 Plasticizers, 563 Platelet Activation, 563, 574 Platelets, 54, 91, 128, 563, 573, 581 Platinum, 558, 563, 571 Pneumonia, 511, 563 Poisoning, 512, 527, 550, 554, 563, 572 Policy Making, 531, 563 Pollen, 122, 191, 563, 568 Polycystic, 536, 563 Polymers, 196, 431, 439, 563, 566 Polymorphic, 563 Polyose, 564 Polypeptide, 493, 509, 524, 530, 558, 564, 575, 583, 588 Polyposis, 48, 510, 564 Polysaccharide, 107, 142, 495, 506, 530, 564, 566 Polyunsaturated fat, 10, 564 Posterior, 498, 508, 558, 564, 572 Postmenopausal, 132, 135, 557, 564 Postoperative, 71, 115, 564 Postprandial, 4, 7, 68, 113, 114, 203, 443, 564 Postsynaptic, 564, 574 Potassium, 154, 461, 551, 564 Potentiation, 32, 564, 574 Practice Guidelines, 465, 564 Precancerous, 564 Precursor, 496, 517, 519, 520, 521, 544, 555, 561, 564, 584 Predisposition, 6, 564 Premalignant, 76, 114, 564 Prenatal, 519, 564 Preoperative, 71, 115, 565 Presynaptic, 555, 565 Prevalence, 150, 205, 565 Prickle, 542, 565 Primary Prevention, 208, 565 Probe, 13, 565 Progeny, 511, 565 Progesterone, 211, 565, 577 Progression, 7, 16, 84, 202, 494, 565 Progressive, 6, 124, 202, 505, 508, 509, 518, 532, 553, 554, 557, 563, 565, 569, 570, 584 Promoter, 565 Prophase, 553, 556, 565, 580 Prophylaxis, 565, 570, 586

Proportional, 565, 579 Prospective study, 5, 565 Prostaglandin, 71, 565 Prostaglandins A, 566 Prostate, 185, 199, 566, 584 Protease, 209, 566 Protein Binding, 566, 582 Protein S, 173, 438, 501, 528, 566, 571 Proteins, 13, 14, 15, 20, 22, 27, 43, 46, 61, 71, 73, 76, 80, 85, 89, 90, 98, 99, 102, 109, 110, 116, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 136, 141, 144, 194, 204, 214, 436, 437, 460, 493, 495, 496, 497, 501, 505, 508, 509, 516, 519, 523, 530, 538, 542, 549, 552, 553, 555, 556, 560, 563, 566, 573, 576, 581, 582, 584 Proteoglycan, 13, 566 Proteolytic, 521, 524, 566 Proteome, 17, 566 Protocol, 149, 215, 567 Protons, 492, 535, 547, 567, 568 Protozoa, 511, 518, 543, 551, 567 Protozoal, 513, 567 Protozoan, 548, 567 Psoriasis, 45, 53, 185, 567, 570 Psychiatric, 54, 129, 148, 550, 567 Psychiatry, 54, 95, 116, 567 Psychic, 550, 567, 573 Psychomotor, 504, 548, 567 Puberty, 208, 209, 567 Public Health, 59, 75, 78, 80, 136, 435, 461, 463, 465, 567 Public Policy, 459, 567 Publishing, 7, 8, 10, 20, 427, 441, 469, 567 Pulmonary, 182, 501, 507, 511, 512, 521, 533, 567, 568, 579, 587 Pulmonary Artery, 501, 567, 587 Pulmonary Edema, 507, 567 Pulmonary hypertension, 512, 568 Pulse, 519, 552, 568 Purgative, 544, 568 Purifying, 515, 568 Purines, 568, 573 Purpura, 32, 568 Pyridoxal, 568, 582 Pyrimidines, 568, 573 Q Quality of Life, 5, 207, 208, 212, 215, 568 Quercetin, 202, 203, 568 R Radiation, 211, 437, 439, 519, 525, 526, 538, 568, 572, 588

576 Carbohydrates

Radicular, 556, 568 Radio Waves, 212, 551, 568 Radioactive, 502, 514, 535, 542, 546, 552, 555, 556, 568, 572 Radioimmunoassay, 55, 138, 568 Randomized, 118, 179, 207, 519, 569 Reagent, 507, 517, 522, 527, 555, 569, 571 Recombinant, 19, 21, 50, 84, 130, 205, 206, 569, 586 Recombination, 511, 528, 569 Rectum, 496, 502, 510, 516, 525, 527, 544, 566, 569, 579 Recurrence, 569 Red blood cells, 94, 112, 522, 533, 569 Refer, 1, 503, 520, 526, 533, 546, 555, 569, 582 Refraction, 569, 576 Regeneration, 12, 569 Regimen, 5, 9, 134, 209, 441, 519, 569 Remission, 569 Renal failure, 36, 443, 569 Respiration, 22, 504, 552, 569 Reticulin, 27, 569 Retina, 202, 210, 508, 511, 544, 555, 557, 569, 570, 571, 588 Retinal, 210, 437, 508, 557, 570, 571, 587 Retinitis, 202, 504, 570 Retinitis Pigmentosa, 202, 504, 570 Retinoids, 570, 587 Retinol, 570, 571 Retroperitoneal, 491, 570 Retroviral vector, 528, 570 Reversion, 570 Rheumatism, 570 Rheumatoid, 450, 570 Rheumatoid arthritis, 450, 570 Rhinitis, 503, 570, 573 Rhodopsin, 557, 570 Ribitol, 571 Ribose, 490, 571 Ribosome, 571, 583 Rigidity, 559, 562, 571 Risk factor, 75, 180, 443, 461, 565, 571 Ristocetin, 571, 586 Rod, 437, 499, 509, 543, 571, 574 Rod Outer Segments, 437, 571 Ruthenium, 143, 571 Ruthenium Red, 143, 571 Rutin, 568, 571 S Saccharin, 123, 571

Saliva, 28, 102, 111, 117, 132, 136, 215, 550, 571 Salivary, 27, 98, 108, 126, 515, 516, 523, 571, 578 Salivary glands, 515, 516, 523, 571 Salmonella, 527, 571, 584 Saturated fat, 10, 75, 428, 429, 450, 453, 462, 463, 464, 572 Scans, 211, 212, 572 Schizogony, 572, 577 Schizophrenia, 73, 572 Sclera, 508, 511, 572 Screening, 17, 31, 80, 117, 122, 201, 509, 572, 585 Scrotum, 513, 572, 580 Secondary tumor, 550, 572 Secretion, 71, 89, 135, 200, 206, 443, 508, 513, 527, 529, 534, 536, 537, 540, 541, 543, 551, 552, 553, 556, 572 Secretory, 14, 87, 98, 196, 572 Sediment, 572, 585 Sedimentation, 74, 572 Segregation, 499, 569, 572 Seizures, 208, 212, 504, 559, 573 Self Administration, 573 Senile, 557, 573 Sensor, 16, 82, 540, 573 Sepsis, 28, 32, 573 Septicaemia, 573 Sequence Homology, 560, 573 Serine, 123, 573, 584 Serotonin, 123, 516, 524, 555, 573, 584 Serotypes, 573 Serum Albumin, 569, 573 Serum Sickness, 573 Sex Characteristics, 494, 567, 574, 580 Sharpness, 574, 587 Shigella, 574 Shivering, 574, 580 Shock, 553, 574, 583 Sialyltransferases, 531, 574 Side effect, 201, 213, 477, 491, 500, 574, 582, 588 Signal Transduction, 15, 22, 120, 125, 139, 574 Signs and Symptoms, 201, 569, 574, 585 Sirolimus, 201, 538, 574 Skeletal, 74, 494, 509, 542, 575, 584 Skeleton, 542, 565, 575 Skin test, 201, 575 Small intestine, 31, 62, 88, 114, 508, 518, 535, 537, 541, 542, 575, 584

Index 577

Smoking Cessation, 205, 208, 575 Smooth muscle, 492, 503, 511, 534, 575, 578 Sneezing, 561, 575 Social Class, 461, 575 Social Environment, 568, 575 Sodium, 127, 429, 431, 437, 461, 463, 464, 551, 575, 579 Soft tissue, 502, 575 Solid tumor, 199, 575 Solvent, 499, 507, 522, 530, 557, 561, 575 Somatostatin, 72, 556, 558, 575, 578 Sorbitol, 576 Sound wave, 212, 511, 576 Soybean Oil, 564, 576 Spasmodic, 561, 576 Specialist, 474, 517, 576 Specificity, 13, 126, 127, 195, 491, 576, 582 Spectrin, 74, 519, 576 Spectrometer, 17, 576 Spectrum, 20, 551, 553, 568, 576 Sperm, 40, 138, 490, 494, 508, 528, 563, 576, 580 Sperm Head, 490, 576 Spermatozoa, 490, 576 Spermatozoon, 41, 490, 576 Spinal cord, 12, 497, 506, 508, 521, 550, 554, 560, 576, 579 Spinal tap, 212, 546, 576 Spinous, 521, 542, 576 Spleen, 535, 546, 577 Sporozoite, 69, 577 Squamous, 44, 126, 142, 521, 577 Squamous cell carcinoma, 44, 521, 577 Squamous cells, 577 Staging, 16, 572, 577 Staphylococcus, 527, 577 Steel, 509, 577 Sterile, 497, 577 Sterility, 144, 539, 577 Steroid, 128, 500, 513, 530, 534, 577 Stimulant, 503, 534, 577 Stimulus, 518, 519, 522, 577, 581 Stomach, 36, 201, 489, 498, 516, 522, 526, 527, 529, 535, 543, 553, 561, 575, 577 Stool, 47, 510, 544, 578, 580 Strand, 149, 578 Streptococcal, 55, 578 Streptococci, 111, 142, 578 Streptococcus, 21, 22, 50, 77, 119, 578 Stroke, 208, 212, 217, 458, 461, 504, 578 Stroma, 39, 578

Stromal, 27, 578 Subacute, 539, 578 Subclinical, 539, 573, 578 Subcommissural Organ, 85, 578 Submandibular, 102, 578 Submaxillary, 131, 578 Subspecies, 576, 578 Substance P, 571, 572, 578 Substrate, 3, 14, 66, 114, 142, 149, 535, 554, 579 Suction, 524, 579 Sudden death, 461, 579 Sulfur, 196, 523, 543, 579 Sulfuric acid, 579 Supplementation, 7, 107, 150, 579 Support group, 579 Suppositories, 528, 579 Suppression, 4, 513, 579 Suppressive, 138, 579 Surface Plasmon Resonance, 117, 579 Surfactant, 522, 579 Sweat, 515, 536, 550, 579 Sympathetic Nervous System, 498, 579, 580 Sympathomimetic, 518, 521, 555, 580 Symptomatic, 558, 580 Symptomatology, 140, 580 Synaptic, 555, 574, 580 Systemic, 478, 479, 496, 501, 521, 539, 580, 583, 584 Systolic, 536, 580 T Tacrolimus, 201, 538, 580 Tendon, 510, 580 Tenesmus, 518, 580 Teratoma, 508, 580 Testicles, 513, 572, 580 Testicular, 513, 580 Testis, 508, 580 Testosterone, 211, 580 Therapeutics, 65, 74, 78, 480, 580 Thermogenesis, 61, 114, 580 Thigh, 210, 580 Third Ventricle, 537, 578, 581 Thorax, 489, 546, 581 Threonine, 560, 573, 581 Threshold, 522, 536, 581 Thrombin, 524, 566, 581 Thrombocytes, 563, 581 Thromboembolism, 540, 581 Thrombomodulin, 566, 581 Thrombosis, 87, 461, 566, 578, 581

578 Carbohydrates

Thylakoids, 507, 581 Thymus, 94, 537, 546, 581 Thyroid, 66, 212, 537, 581, 584 Thyroxine, 492, 561, 581 Tin, 563, 581 Tinnitus, 185, 557, 581 Tissue Distribution, 32, 582 Tolerance, 6, 68, 71, 111, 140, 194, 200, 203, 204, 205, 206, 213, 529, 582 Tomography, 547, 582 Tooth Preparation, 490, 582 Topical, 522, 535, 582 Toxic, iv, 206, 499, 511, 514, 533, 537, 555, 582, 586, 588 Toxicity, 48, 141, 208, 518, 550, 571, 582 Toxicology, 101, 123, 150, 460, 582 Toxin, 20, 25, 520, 582 Trace element, 93, 508, 581, 582 Trachea, 503, 544, 549, 561, 581, 582 Traction, 509, 582 Transaminase, 118, 582 Transcriptase, 489, 543, 582, 588 Transdermal, 582 Transduction, 574, 583 Transfection, 14, 501, 528, 583 Transfer Factor, 537, 583 Transferases, 14, 195, 530, 583 Translating, 440, 583 Translation, 493, 583 Translational, 583 Translocation, 64, 583 Transmitter, 489, 497, 518, 549, 555, 583, 587 Transplantation, 32, 40, 89, 508, 537, 547, 583 Trauma, 129, 499, 532, 554, 558, 582, 583 Trees, 7, 583 Tricuspid Atresia, 512, 583 Triglyceride, 113, 118, 124, 536, 583 Tropocollagen, 48, 583 Tropomyosin, 553, 583, 584 Troponin, 553, 584 Trypsin, 99, 584, 588 Tryptophan, 43, 71, 510, 573, 584 Tuberculosis, 201, 511, 584 Tumor marker, 584 Tumour, 106, 584 Tunica, 553, 584 Tunicamycin, 584 Type 2 diabetes, 6, 7, 8, 33, 42, 83, 95, 200, 203, 440, 584 TYPHI, 584

Typhoid Fever, 584 Tyrosine, 71, 517, 543, 584 U Ultrafiltration, 533, 584 Umbilical Arteries, 585 Umbilical Cord, 585 Unconscious, 494, 537, 585 Uraemia, 559, 585 Urease, 31, 585 Uremia, 31, 43, 111, 144, 443, 569, 585 Ureters, 543, 585 Urethra, 566, 585, 586 Uric, 69, 568, 585 Urinalysis, 206, 210, 585 Urinary, 24, 65, 82, 99, 110, 112, 140, 144, 183, 185, 499, 553, 585, 586 Urinary tract, 65, 499, 553, 585 Urinary tract infection, 499, 553, 585 Urinate, 585, 588 Urogenital, 531, 586 Urolithiasis, 103, 586 Urticaria, 574, 586 Uterus, 507, 512, 514, 520, 526, 550, 557, 565, 586 V Vaccination, 586 Vaccine, 21, 112, 490, 503, 567, 586 Vagina, 507, 515, 543, 550, 586 Vaginal, 186, 207, 586 Vancomycin, 586 Vascular, 60, 202, 437, 492, 508, 515, 539, 562, 586 Vasculitis, 559, 586 Vasoconstriction, 521, 586 Vasodilation, 79, 586 Vasodilator, 502, 518, 534, 586 Vector, 583, 586 Vegetative, 501, 586 Vein, 201, 204, 214, 494, 541, 555, 559, 585, 586 Venom, 30, 586 Venter, 586 Ventral, 12, 537, 586 Ventricle, 496, 498, 512, 567, 568, 580, 581, 583, 587 Ventricular, 512, 583, 587 Venules, 102, 502, 503, 587 Vertebrae, 576, 587 Vertigo, 557, 587 Vibrio, 507, 587 Vibrio cholerae, 507, 587 Video Recording, 445, 587

Index 579

Videodisc Recording, 587 Viral, 20, 52, 76, 137, 531, 540, 556, 583, 587, 588 Virilism, 536, 587 Virulence, 498, 582, 587 Virulent, 587 Virus, 21, 27, 40, 41, 50, 52, 93, 183, 499, 528, 531, 541, 563, 570, 583, 587 Viscosity, 46, 587 Visual Acuity, 211, 587 Visual field, 211, 570, 587 Vitamin A, 202, 570, 587 Vitreous, 508, 544, 570, 587, 588 Vitreous Body, 508, 570, 588 Vivo, 13, 547, 588 Void, 31, 588 W Wakefulness, 148, 588

Weight Gain, 8, 26, 208, 215, 428, 429, 588 White blood cell, 489, 495, 499, 544, 546, 547, 553, 555, 563, 588 Whooping Cough, 561, 588 Windpipe, 561, 581, 588 Wound Healing, 588 X Xenograft, 494, 588 X-ray, 201, 206, 211, 494, 502, 505, 510, 525, 555, 572, 588 Xylulose, 588 Y Yeasts, 22, 526, 561, 588 Z Zalcitabine, 543, 588 Zona Pellucida, 63, 195, 588 Zygote, 511, 577, 588 Zymogen, 566, 588

580 Carbohydrates