Campylobacter - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

CAMPYLOBACTER A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES...

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CAMPYLOBACTER A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Campylobacter: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00200-0 1. Campylobacter-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on campylobacter. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CAMPYLOBACTER ..................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Campylobacter............................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 26 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 65 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CAMPYLOBACTER ......................................................................... 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Finding Nutrition Studies on Campylobacter ........................................................................... 111 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 117 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 118 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CAMPYLOBACTER ................................................... 119 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 119 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 125 General References ..................................................................................................................... 126 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CAMPYLOBACTER ..................................................................... 127 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 127 Dissertations on Campylobacter ................................................................................................ 127 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 128 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON CAMPYLOBACTER ................................................................................ 129 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 129 Patents on Campylobacter ......................................................................................................... 129 Patent Applications on Campylobacter...................................................................................... 148 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 159 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON CAMPYLOBACTER ................................................................................... 161 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 161 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 161 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 162 Chapters on Campylobacter ....................................................................................................... 162 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON CAMPYLOBACTER......................................................................... 167 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 167 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 167 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CAMPYLOBACTER ...................................................... 169 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 169 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 169 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 171 Academic Periodicals covering Campylobacter.......................................................................... 172 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 175 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 175 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 175 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 177 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 179 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 181 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 181 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 181 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 187 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 189 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 189 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 189

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Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 189 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 189 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 195 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 197 CAMPYLOBACTER DICTIONARY .......................................................................................... 199 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 257

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with campylobacter is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about campylobacter, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to campylobacter, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on campylobacter. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to campylobacter, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on campylobacter. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CAMPYLOBACTER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on campylobacter.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and campylobacter, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “campylobacter” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Campylobacter: Low-Profile Bug is Food Poisoning Leader Source: FDA Consumer. 33(5): 14-17. September-October 1999. Contact: Available from Food and Drug Administration (HFI-40). 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857. Summary: This article educates readers about campylobacter infections, a bacterial infection that rarely makes the news but that is responsible for up to 4 million human infections a year. Campylobacter bacteria is commonly found in the intestinal tracts of people or animals without causing any symptoms of illness. But eating contaminated or undercooked poultry or meat, or drinking raw milk or contaminated water, may cause Campylobacter infection (campylobacteriosis). Symptoms of this infection include mild to severe diarrhea, fever, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Most people infected

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Campylobacter

with Campylobacter can get well on their own without treatment, though antibiotics may be prescribed for severe cases. Complications can occur, such as urinary tract infections, and meningitis, and the bacterial infection has been identified as a trigger for Guillain Barre syndrome (the most common cause of acute paralysis in both children and adults). The article discusses the safeguards in place in the poultry industry, problems with antibiotic resistance, research into a vaccine against Campylobacter, and consumer responsibilities, including appropriate food handling strategies. One sidebar lists the bacteria that cause food borne illness, along with the number of cases caused by each in 1997 in five states. 1 figure. •

Peptic Ulcer Disease and Helicobacter (Campylobacter) Pylori Infection Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 6(1): 72-78. February 1990. Summary: This article reviews the current evidence connecting peptic ulcer disease and Helicobacter (formerly grouped with Campylobacter) pylori infection. Topics include the bacteria's name change, major review articles studying the correlation of the bacteria with peptic ulcer disease, clinical studies supporting the theory, studies into the role of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), gastric ulceration, putative virulence factors, biotypes of H. pylori, Barrett's esophagus, Meckel's diverticulum, and antibacterial treatment. 1 figure. 26 annotated references.

Federally Funded Research on Campylobacter The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to campylobacter. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to campylobacter. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore campylobacter. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for campylobacter: •

Project Title: A INSTRUMENT

HIGH-PERFORMANCE

FOOD

PATHOGEN

DETECTION

Principal Investigator & Institution: Su, Xiao-Li; Biodetection Instruments, Inc. Suite 122, M/S 300 Fayetteville, Ar 72701 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 29-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Food safety remains a critical issue for human health in our society. The food system in our nation is vulnerable to contamination from 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

5

natural pathogens and from bio-terrorist attack. Current detection methods are inadequate due to the time-consuming and laboratory-centered approaches presently in use. Instruments for rapid on-site detection of pathogens in food are urgently needed. The objective of this project is to evaluate an innovative capillary bioseparator / bioreactor-based optical biosensor technology for rapid detection of E. coli O157:H7. The detection limit, specificity and detection time possible with this approach will be evaluated. It is expected that the technology will provide <100 cells/ml detection limit, <1 h detection time, and high specificity to E. coli O157:H7 (<1% false positive/negative data). Although the initial work will focus on food safety, similar technology can be utilized for rapid, on-site screening of human E. coli infections. Rapid screening of human infections is also very important because life-threatening E. coli infections are increasing especially in susceptible groups such as premature babies. Preliminary data indicate that the proposed approach has good potential to significantly improve the state-of-the-art in rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of E. coli O157:H7 and eventually other biological pathogens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ANTIBACTERIAL PEPTIDOGLYCAN RECOGNITION PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dziarski, Roman; Professor of Microbiology and Immunology; Microbiology and Immunology; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 29-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Bacterial infections are still a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and biodefense category A and B pathogens include at least 18 bacteria that are potential threats to public health in case of their use in biological warfare or bioterrorism attack. The exposure from such an attack may not involve natural ways of transmission of these bacteria, but rather would likely involve contaminated air, objects, food, or water supply. Furthermore, the biological warfare or bioterrorism agent that will be used may not be initially known or may be a mixture of several agents. Therefore, an immediate and broad-based protection, effective against many bacteria, would be most beneficial in early stages of host defense against such an attack, to prevent or stop the infection at the portal of entry (which is likely to be skin, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, and upper respiratory tract). Because of broad specificity of innate immunity mechanisms for many bacteria (through their pattern recognition receptors), innate immunity is likely to be the most effective first line of defense to combat such bacterial infections immediately after the initial exposure. Thus, enhancing host antibacterial innate immunity at the site of contact with bacteria, including category A and B pathogens, could prevent establishment of infection or complement other therapies, and thus save lives in a biological warfare or a bioterrorism attack. Therefore, the goal of this project is to determine if human peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), a newly discovered family of antibacterial pattern recognition molecules, can be applied to enhance host defenses against bacterial infections (including biodefense category A and B bacterial pathogens). Such an application will first require understanding of the mechanism of their antibacterial effect. This project will: first, determine the extent of antibacterial activity of PGRPs against a variety of bacteria (including category A and B bacterial pathogens); second, look for alternative splice forms of PGRPs with higher antibacterial activity; third, determine the mechanism of antibacterial effect of PGRPs and optimize the in vitro conditions for the antibacterial effect of PGRPs; and fourth, determine if PGRPs have protective or therapeutic effects in

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Campylobacter

mouse infection models, when applied to the initial site of contact with selected category A and B bacterial pathogens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DETECTION

BACTERIAL

PATHOGEN

AMPLIFICATION

&

REAL-TIME

Principal Investigator & Institution: U'ren, Jack R.; Director of Research; Saigene Corporation 7126 180Th Ave Ne, Ste C-104 Redmond, Wa 980524971 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): As we all know, bio-terrorism in America is a reality. However in addition to the Category A agents like anthrax, Yersinia pestis and smallpox, which are difficult to safely grow and disseminate, exist the Category B agents that could be used to infect our food or water supply. These organisms include bacterial pathogens, protozoa, and viruses. In addition to these natural pathogenic organisms they could also be genetically engineered to increase their virulence or to resist standard antibiotic treatments. Therefore new methods for rapid sensitive food and waterborne pathogen detection are greatly needed, especially if they can also be used to identify drug sensitivity within these organisms. Bio-terrorism using a food pathogen is not just a hypothetical threat to America. A religious cult in Dalles Oregon sickened at least 751 people by contaminating food in grocery stores and restaurants in the fall of 1984. The group simply grew cultures of the food pathogen Salmonella typhimurium that they obtained from their local scientific supply house and sprinkled the cultures on produce in the grocery stores and the restaurant salad bars. If the group had used a more deadly pathogen like Salmonella typhi that causes typhoid fever many people would certainly have died. The overall goal of this program is to develop an integrated isothermal DNA amplification and a probe array detection slide capable of rapidly identifying a variety of food and waterborne pathogens. All of the NIAID Biodefense Category B food and waterborne bacterial pathogens E. coli, Vibrio cholera, Shigella dysentery, Salmonella species, Listeria monocytogenes, Camphylobacter jejuni, and Yersinia enterocolitica will be detected in this program. A single integrated slide capable of isothermal amplifying and detecting all of these organisms in real-time in a closed sealed device is proposed. The program can also distinguish live organisms from dead organisms killed by the food or water sanitation process. Also, the test can be used to identify the antibiotic sensitivity of the pathogen to identify genetically altered organisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BROADLY ACTIVE INHIBITORS OF HIGH PRIORITY PATHOGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gulnik, Sergei; Professor; Sequoia Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 401 Professional Dr, Ste 100 Gaithersburg, Md 20879 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The recent anthrax attack of 2001 underscored the reality of large-scale aerosol bioweapons attack by terrorist groups. It also revealed that there is an urgent and pressing need to discover and develop novel and potent antimicrobials that can be used therapeutically and prophylactically for biodefense against new bioattacks. The NIH and CDC have identified a number of High Priority pathogens based on their likelihood of causing widespread contagious disease and/or death to the general population. The long range goal of this Phase I SBIR is to discover and develop potent, broad-spectrum, and mechanistically-novel antimicrobials suitable for treating and/or preventing outbreaks of diseases like anthrax, plague, cholera,

Studies

7

gastroenteritis, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB), and for tackling the growing problem of antibiotic resistant bacteria strains. This Phase I application aims to generate novel inhibitors of a bacterial enzyme-3-dehydroquinate dehydratase (DHQase) using molecular target- and structure-based approaches. DHQase is a key enzyme in the shikimate pathway that is essential for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in microorganisms, plants and fungi. Specific aims of the application include: 1) cloning, expression and purification of recombinant DHQases from Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio cholera and Mycobacteria tuberculosis; 2) establishing DHQase inhibitor assays using the recombinant enzymes; 3) identifying small molecule chemical leads using experimental and computational screening methods; and 4) validating binding modes of inhibitor leads using X-ray crystallography of inhibitor/enzyme complexes. High resolution crystal structures of DHQase, with and without inhibitors, are available from preliminary studies, and crystallization conditions are well established in the laboratory of the PI. The commercial goal of this SBIR is the invention of one or more patentable molecular entities with broad cross-reactivity against DHQases and the pathogens from which they are derived. Enzyme inhibitors identified in the Phase I portion of this work will serve as leads for launching into a Phase II study, the goal of which will be to translate potent and selective inhibitors of High Priority pathogens into safe and effective clinical drug candidates for use as biodefense agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: C. INTERACTIONS

JEJUNI

CYTOLETHAL

DISTENDING

TOXIN

CELL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Blanke, Steven R.; Associate Professor; Biology and Biochemistry; University of Houston 316 E Cullen Houston, Tx 772042015 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Campylobacter jejuni is a food and water borne pathogen responsible for severe inflammatory diarrhea in humans. C. jejuni is a NIAID Category B Priority Pathogen because, in part, of the potential of this pathogen to be used as a biowarfare agent to contaminate food- and water supplies over large geographical areas. It is important to understand the basic biology of C. jejuni pathogenesis, which may lead to novel strategies for circumventing the use of this bacterium as a biowarfare agent. However, the pathogenic mechanisms used by C. jejuni to colonize and cause disease in the host are poorly understood. This application is a collaborative proposal between investigators at the University of Houston and UCLA to study the only known exotoxin secreted by C. jejuni. We will investigate the cellular mechanisms of the C. jejuni cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), which causes cell cycle arrest and eventual death of intoxicated mammalian cells, and has been proposed to assist in remodeling the in vivo environment to facilitate colonization of the intestinal tract. In this R21 application, we will begin to explore the hypothesis that CDT discriminates for and binds to a specific plasma membrane receptor on the surface of sensitive cells as an essential early step during cellular intoxication. In this application, we propose experiments for investigating at the molecular level the interactions of CDT with target cells. In Specific Aim 1, University of Houston researchers will characterize the interactions of CDT with sensitive mammalian cell lines. We will determine the specific and non-specific components as well as the affinity of CDT-receptor interactions. In addition, we will establish many how receptors are present per mammalian cell. Moreover, because CDT is a tri-partite toxin comprising three discrete subunits (CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC), we will establish the contribution of each subunit to

8

Campylobacter

binding of the toxin. Finally, we will begin to characterize the nature of the CDT receptor. These experiments will be important for establishing the framework for future experiments to identify the molecular basis for CDT receptor discrimination and binding. In Specific Aim 2, we will identify and characterize mutant cell lines that are resistant to CDT. UCLA researchers will use a genetic approach involving two fundamental phases. In phase 1, cell lines will be mutagenized and screened for a loss of sensitivity to CDT. In phase 2, the loss of sensitivity will be characterized, with the goal being the identification of a cell line that is deficient in binding to CDT. These experiments will be crucial for future work to complement the cell-binding defect, which will identify the putative CDT receptor. Results from this research will provide important information about the mechanism of CDT cellular intoxication, and will provide the basis for future work to develop strategies for blocking the action of CDT as an approach for attenuating C. jejuni pathogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CAMPYLOBACTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Ruiz-Palacios, Guillermo; Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, Va 23507 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Campylobacter is one of the most common cause of diarrhea worldwide. Human milk protects young infants against Campylobacter diarrhea by several factors including fucosylated oligosaccharides. However, there is a lack of understanding of the chemical structure of these components and their mechanism of interaction with Campylobacter virulence traits associated with attachment to gut mucosa. The specific aims of this project are: 1) define the virulence markers of Campylobacter associated with attachment to epithelial cells; 2) characterize and purify milk glycoconjugates that inhibit Campylobacter infection; 3) assess passive protection in breast- fed children and experimentally in transgenic mice carrying a human fucoslytransferase gene expressed mainly in mammary tissue; 4) develop strategies for large-scale synthesis of fucosylated glycoconjugates active against Campylobacter infection; and 5) conduct clinical trials on safety and protection of fucosylated glycoconjugates against Campylobacter diarrhea. The long-term goal of this project is to develop methods for prevention and treatment of Campylobacter infection through understanding at the cellular and molecular level the mechanism of protection conferred by human milk against Campylobacter infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: CAMPYLOBACTER DETERMINANTS

COLONIZATION

AND

VIRULENCE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Stintzi, Alain C.; Assistant Professor; Veterinary Pathobiology; Oklahoma State University Stillwater Stillwater, Ok 74078 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Campylobacter spp, generally food-borne, are the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, surpassing the number of cases of Salmonella and Shigella combined. Campylobacter spp. are also associated with the development of Guillain-Barre syndrome, which is the most common cause of acute neuromuscular paralysis. In addition, since Campylobacter could be easily acquired and spread through our food supply, it constitutes a potential bioterrorism threat. Currently, no vaccine is available against Campylobacter infection, and despite an intensive research effort to understand Campylobacter pathophysiology, conclusions on

Studies

9

the exact mechanism of infection are extremely difficult to draw. C. jejuni is adapted to survive both in the environment (mainly water and milk) and in its host organisms (mammals and birds). Upon entrance into the human host, Campylobacter must survive in the intestinal tract, either as a free bacterium in the mucus layer or intracellularly in gut epithelial ceils. To colonize the intestinal tract, C. jejuni must successfully transit through the gastric acid barrier of the stomach to the more alkaline environment of the intestine. While up to 500 commensal species as well as other foodborne pathogens must similarly surmount these host barriers and adapt to the gut environment, very little is known about this process. This proposal focuses on the characterization of Campylobacter jejuni colonization and virulence factors. This proposal is based on the following hypothesis: there are numerous genes expressed in rivo that are influenced by environmental factors, and several of these genes are required for gut colonization and ultimately disease development. C. jejuni colonization and virulence determinants will be identified by in vitro and in vivo survival analysis of insertional mutants using DNA microarray. First, a functional genomic tool will be developed to identify conditionally essential genes in C. jejuni, and validated to examine the mechanism of C. jejuni survival to acid stress. Second, this functional genomic tool will be used to characterize the interactions of C. jejuni with the host gastrointestinal tract using the newborn piglet as an animal model of human infection. Finally, the role of the colonization and virulence determinants in disease and Campylobacter physiology will be assessed using a battery of in vitro biological assays. The identification of these Campylobacter determinants could significantly contribute to the development of more effective methods to diagnose, manage and ultimately prevent Campylobacter infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI PROTEINS INDUCED AT 37C Principal Investigator & Institution: Thompson, Stuart A.; Assistant Professor; Biochem and Molecular Biology; Medical College of Georgia 1120 15Th St Augusta, Ga 30912 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of severe bacterial gastroenteritis in the U.S., and has been classified as a food-borne Category B Bioterrorism agent by the NIH. In addition to the tremendous burden of disease due to severe gastroenteritis (>2.4 million cases/yr, in the U.S.), C. jejuni infection is highly associated with the development of Guillain-Barre syndrome, an acute motor paralysis that may result from autoimmune antibodies against C. jejuni antigens. Poultry flocks are ubiquitously and asymptomatically colonized with C. jejuni, and the most probable route of transmission of C. jejuni to humans is probably via consumption of contaminated poultry meat. In its natural habitats, C. jejuni is able to thrive at two different temperatures, 42C (the core temperature of chickens) and 37C (in humans). Consequently, there is likely to be temperature regulation of C. jejuni proteins to facilitate the optimal expression of the subset of proteins appropriate for its current environment (i.e., poultry or humans). Using complementary microarray and proteomics approaches, we have evidence that such temperature regulation occurs. Furthermore, C. jejuni temperature regulation may increase the expression at 37C of proteins that may be important in the course of human disease, and appear to define global regulatory networks that allow the simultaneous regulation of many C. jejuni proteins. We now propose further study of temperature regulation in C. jejuni, focusing on those proteins that are induced at 37C and which may be required for C. jejuni to cause disease in humans. We will achieve these goals using the following 3 specific

10

Campylobacter

aims: Specific Aim 1. Using proteomics and microarray, identify and localize C. jejuni proteins that are induced at 37C, and examine interstrain variability in 37C-induced proteins. Specific Aim 2. Characterize the functions and regulation of C. jejuni proteins that are induced at 37C.Specific Aim 3. Elucidate the roles of specific 37C-induced proteins in human epithelial cell binding and invasion in vitro, and in colonization in a mouse model. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: VIRULENCE

CELL-SURFACE

PROTEINS

IN

CAMPYLOBACTER

FETUS

Principal Investigator & Institution: Blaser, Martin J.; Dir, Division of Infectious Diseases; Medicine; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1989; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Campylobacter fetus is a pathogen of humans and animals. All wildtype C. fetus strains possess regular, paracrystalline high molecular weight (97, 127, or 149kDa) surface layer proteins (SLPs) that are critical for virulence. The SLPs inhibit complement binding, which leads to both serum and phagocytosis resistance, and they undergo antigenic variation. C. fetus cells possess 8 or 9 homologs of sapA, which encodes a 97 kDa SLP. The homologs share multiple areas of homology with each other, are clustered on the bacterial genome, and together with an invertible region (IR) of 6kb form the sap locus. The investigators previously showed that the DNA rearrangement (inversion) plays a major (if not exclusive) role in the antigenic variation, and that mutation of recA removed all detectable variation. They now have developed animal models to examine SLP variation, have shown that antigenic variation due to sap locus recombination occurs in recA strains, and have moved the IR onto the E. coli chromosome. The first aim of the proposed work is to identify the recombination pathways that permit the sap locus inversion. Their hypothesis is that the inversion depends on conserved recombination genes including those in the RecBCD, RecE, and RecF pathways. Alternatively, they might find that C. fetus has species-specific recombination pathways. The ultimate goal will be to define and mutate the recombination genes in C. fetus and examine the phenotypes of mutants. Their second aim is to define the structural features present in the sapA homologs that are required for recombination to occur. They propose to complete the map of the sap locus and to create mutants that will permit assessment of the necessary structural features. As part of this goal, they plan to identify the sites of double strand breaks that are the initial sites for DNA strand exchange. The third aim is to examine sap rearrangement in vivo in mice. After establishing the model, they can examine the role of host responses in directing the evolution of antigenic variation, and the fitness of defined mutants. Finally, the data generated can be used to develop a mathematical model of antigenic variation that focuses on the relationship between microbial recombination generating diversity and host selection determining the direction of change. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHEMOKINES IN HOST DEFENSE TO CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI Principal Investigator & Institution: Dwinell, Michael B.; Microbiol & Molecular Genetics; Medical College of Wisconsin Po Box26509 Milwaukee, Wi 532260509 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005

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Summary: (provided by applicant): This R21 research proposal, submitted in response to "Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research Opportunities", NOT-AI-02023, has two specific aims designed to increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of Campylobacter jejuni enterocolitis. The intestinal epithelium comprises a dynamic physical barrier that maintains an active repertoire of innate host defense responses to limit entry of clinically significant food- and water-borne pathogens. These mechanisms include the regulated production of chemokines to coordinate the appropriate innate and adaptive immune effector response. C. jejuni is a leading cause of bacterial diarrheal disease in the world. However, while relatively little is known of the pathophysiologic mechanisms employed to infect the human intestinal tract and elicit disease, interaction at the intestinal epithelium is the most common pathogenic feature of infection. The overall objective of this research proposal is to obtain novel information on the mechanisms of pathogenesis to C. jejuni enterocolitis and will, as an important first step, focus on the coordinated production of chemokines by the cells of the intestinal epithelium as a significant host defense mechanism. Studies in Aim 1 will test the hypothesis that C. jejuni infection of human intestinal epithelial cells stimulates production of chemokines for neutrophils, dendritic cells and T lymphocytes, effectors cells that we postulate act in concert to limit C. jejuni entry in vivo. A culture model intestinal epithelium will be infected with C. jejuni and the signaling mechanisms regulating epithelial chemokine production assessed. To define bacterial pathogenicity, studies in Aim 2 will utilize C. jejuni mutants to test the hypothesis that specific Campylobacter virulence factors induce host epithelial cell chemokine expression. Induction of epithelial chemokine expression will be tested in C. jejuni flagella mutants, as well as mutants selected from candidates revealed from a promoter trap-based approach to define novel virulence factors. Together, these studies will provide new insights into the cellular signaling mechanisms and bacterial gene products regulating intestinal epithelial chemokine production as a central host defense function to C. jejuni. Understanding the cellular and biochemical mechanisms of intestinal epithelial host defense to human C. jejuni infection are central to the development of preventative therapeutic strategies to modulate host-pathogen interactions to favor the host. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHINESE PARALYTIC SYNDROME - MECHANISMS AND RELEVANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Mc Khann, Guy M.; Professor; None; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1993; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), an autoimmune post-infectious disorder, is a frequent cause of acute flaccid paralysis in the post-polio era. Recently, two major types of GBS have been described: acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) characterized by lymphocytic inflammatory demyelination; and acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) characterized by noninflammatory axonal degeneration of motor nerves. Both forms can be associated with preceding infections with Campylobacter jejuni. The immunopathology in these two forms is quite different. In AMAN the initial immunological attack is at the node of Ranvier of motor axons and appears to be associated with antibodies against GD1a ganglioside; in AIDP it is at the external membrane of the Schwann cell. Our studies suggest that molecular mimicry , in which a shared epitope on C. jejuni induces an autoimmune response against nerve, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of GBS. Types of GBS that develop may be influenced by several factors including 1) Anti- glycoconjugate antibody production; 2) Chemokine

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Campylobacter

production; 3) Neuritogenic factors on Campylobacter, 4) Host factors. In this study, the molecular mimicry hypothesis and the factors that may influence the pathogenesis will be evaluated. Aims are designed to 1) study the role of antiglycoconjugate antibody in AMAN and AIDP; 2) localize the relevant epitopes on motor nerves; 3) study the pattern of chemokine production AMAN and AIDP; 4) determine the bacterial factors that may influence the development of GBS and demonstrate the relevant epitopes; 5) study HLA class I and II haplotypes in AMAN and AIDP. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DETECTION OF PATHOGENS IN AVIAN FECAL POLLUTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Mclellan, Sandra L.; Assistant Scientist; Great Lakes Water Institute; University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Graduate School Milwaukee, Wi 532010340 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 11-JUL-2003; Project End 10-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Nationwide, beach closings constitute a major environmental and public health concern. Recreational water quality is evaluated by measuring levels of bacteria such as enterococci, fecal coliforms, or E. coli, all of which indicate the presence of fecal contamination. In freshwater, the EPA recommends that water quality advisories be issued when levels exceed the guideline of 235 E. coli/100 ml; these levels have been established by epidemiological studies that have shown a correlation between concentrations of indicator organisms and gastroenteritis. The health risks associated with exposure to fecal pollution are different depending on the source of contamination. We have found that levels of E. coli in recreational water are highly influenced by localized contamination from roosting birds, and many times are not a reflection of serious contamination events that present a known health risk, such as human sewage overflows. Gulls, the most prevalent type of coastal aquatic bird and waterfowl, are known to carry human pathogens such as Salmonella and Campylobacter. The potential for beach areas to act as reservoirs for human pathogens is not known. In addition, the relationship between levels of human pathogens introduced into surface water by gulls or waterfowl and those of indicator bacteria is not well established. We will evaluate human health risk at beach sites that have experienced chronic beach closings due to localized contamination. In these studies we will 1) determine pathogen occurrence in gull populations that inhabit beach areas, 2) develop direct detection methodology for pathogens that can be applied to recreational water samples, and 3) perform pilot studies to determine the potential for avian adenovirus to be used as a specific marker for avian fecal pollution. Basic information as to the occurrence of human pathogens in beach ecosystems is essential in order to design further studies to assess human health risk, determine parameters that influence transport and fate of these pathogens in the nearshore environment, and finally, develop assessment tools that can discern the sources of fecal pollution. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EXPERIMENTAL NEUROPATHY (AM

MODELS

OF

ACUTE

MOTOR

AXONAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Sheikh, Kazim A.; Assistant Professor; None; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 03-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), an autoimmune post-infectious neuropathy, is the most frequent cause of acute flaccid paralysis since the

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eradication of polio. It is now widely accepted that there are two major forms of the disease, acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) and acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN). Molecular mimicry has been proposed as a pathogenic mechanism for AMAN because it mostly follows Campylobacter jejuni infection, the LPS of AMAN associated C. jejuni contain ganglioside-like moieties, patients with AMAN have specific IgG anti-ganglioside antibodies including those against GD1a, and pathological studies demonstrate deposition of IgG and complement on motor axons and specific motor fiber injury. However, a direct relationship between anti-ganglioside antibodies and nerve fiber injury has not been established. Further, in vitro or animal models of antibody mediated motor axonal injury are not available. This largely reflects difficulties in generating high affinity IgG complement fixing antiganglioside antibodies similar to those seen in AMAN. We propose to use mice lacking complex gangliosides, which are immune naive to complex gangliosides, to generate the desired monoclonal (mAb) anti-ganglioside antibodies. These mAbs will be used to reproduce motor axonal injury in passive transfer animal models and in an in vitro spinal cord culture system. mAbs will also be used for localization and biochemical studies to probe the basis of the preferential motor axonal damage seen in AMAN. The ganglioside nature of antigens targeted by anti-ganglioside antibodies will be established by genetic and or pharmacologic manipulation of ganglioside expression in in vitro and animal models. An in vitro system will also be used to investigate the components of complement cascade involved in antibody-mediated axonal degeneration. Finally, affinity purified anti-ganglioside antibodies from patients with AMAN will be used in parallel to establish the causal relationship between the human antibodies and motor axonal degeneration. These studies will prove the hypothesis of molecular mimicry as an underlying mechanism for the pathogenesis of AMAN. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FUNCTIONAL GENOMIC/PROTEOMIC ANALYSIS OF BACTERIALHOST Principal Investigator & Institution: Iandolo, John J.; Professor & Chairman; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Oklahoma Hlth Sciences Ctr Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Ok 73126 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: The purpose off the Institutional Development Award (IdeA) Program is to foster health-related research and increase the competitiveness of investigators through support of faculty development and enhancement of the research infrastructure of institution located in states with historically low aggregate success rates of grant awards from the NIH (RFA +RR-00- 003). Thus, we propose to establish a Center for Biomedical Research Excellence (COBRE), with the thematic focus of Functional genomic/Proteomic Analysis of Bacterial-Host Interactions. This COBRE will exploit one of the few areas of biomedical research where Oklahoma has been in the forefront in recent years, which is the genome-scale analysis of bacterial pathogenesis. Currently, there are five ongoing NIH- supported pathogen genome sequencing programs conducted within the state, including the soon-to-be-completed genome sequence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which was the first pathogen genome sequencing project funded by NIH. We therefore propose to build on this unique opportunity by exploring functional genomic and proteome analysis to examine the pathogenesis of five major human pathogens: 1) Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 2) Borrelia burgdorferi, 3) Escherichia coli 0157:H7, 4) Campylobacter jejuni and 5) Bacillus anthracis. The proposed COBRE will be headed by an established NIH-funded investigator and includes three new

14

Campylobacter

investigators and an established investigator who do not have a prior history of NIH R01 support. This is a state-wide initiative that includes the thre major publiclysupported research institutions in the state of Oklahoma: 1) the University of Oklahoma (OU), 2) the Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), institute located near the OUHSC campus. The project is organized similarly to a typical program project grant, facilities on each campus to support the five participating investigators. This strategy will allow each investigator to sufficiently develop their research program to become competitive for additional NIH R01 support. The proposed core facilities also will provide other investigators in Oklahoma with the technical support necessary to expand their own research programs into the burgeoning area of genome-scale analysis of problems of biomedical interest. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENETIC COLONIZATION

ANALYSIS

OF

CAMPYLOBACTER

JEJUNI

Principal Investigator & Institution: Hendrixson, David R.; Laboratory Animal Medicine; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in developed countries and a major cause of bacterial diarrhea throughout the world. The gastrointestinal tracts of many birds serve as a natural reservoir for the bacterium and humans most often come into contact with the organism by consuming contaminated chicken meats. Despite the prevalence of C. jejuni in human disease, our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and virulence factors of the bacterium is sparse compared to other enteric pathogens. This lack of knowledge is mainly due to the relative scarcity of available genetic tools to study the organism. We have developed a system of random transposon mutagenesis for C. jejuni and used the derived isogenic mutants to identify genes required for flagellar motility, including carB and carC (encoding proteins with homology to bacterial chemotaxis proteins and the aerotaxis receptor of E. coli, respectively) and rpoN (encoding sigma 54). The aims in this proposal are to understand the roles of the Car proteins and sigma 54 in C. jejuni motility, a phenotype required for efficient colonization of chickens. In addition, we will modify the transposon and perform signature-tagged mutagenesis in C. jejuni to identify genes required for chicken colonization. This last aim will allow us to begin to understand requirements of C. jejuni for colonization of a natural host. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GLYCOSYLATION OF CAMPYLOBACTER FLAGELLA Principal Investigator & Institution: Guerry, Patricia; Section Head; Henry M. Jackson Fdn for the Adv Mil/Med Rockville, Md 20852 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of foodborne illness in North America and is among the major causes of bacterial diarrhea worldwide. Flagella and motility are required for intestinal colonization and invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by C. jejuni, and flagellin is an immunodominant and possibly a protective antigen. Flagellin from C. jejuni strain 81-176 and Campylobacter coli strain VC167 are glycosylated at 19 and 16 serine or threonine residues, respectively, with a 9 carbon sugar called pseudaminic acid and derivatives of pseudaminic acid. The

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modifications, which account for approximately 10% of the weight of these glycoproteins, are surface exposed on the flagella filament and are likely involved in interaction of flagellin with the eukaryotic host. Genetic analyses indicate that the pathway for biosynthesis of pseudaminic acid is conserved in both 81-176 and VC167. Flagellins from both strains contain minor modifications that are acetamidino forms of pseudaminic acid (mass 315 Da). However, the 315 Da group synthesized by 81-176 and VC 167 are structurally and immunologically distinct and are synthesized by independent pathways in each organism. The data suggest that campylobacter flagellin needs to be glycosylated in order to be exported and/or assembled into a filament. A mutant in 81-176 that is unable to synthesize the acetamidino form of pseudaminic acid appears to be attenuated in virulence. The aim of this study is to further elucidate the pathways by which the different forms of pseudaminic acid are synthesized and to study unique aspects of the regulation of these glycosylation genes. Site-specific mutagenesis will be done on flagellin to eliminate modification sites sequentially in order to determine sites that are critical for flagella function and the rules of site occupancy. The biological role of flagella glycosylation will be studied by examining a series of mutants in in vitro and in vivo assays of virulence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GUT TO BRAIN PATHWAYS FOR INFECTION-INDUCED ANXIETY Principal Investigator & Institution: Lyte, Mark; Professor; Minneapolis Medical Research Fdn, Inc. 600 Hfa Bldg Minneapolis, Mn 55404 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1994; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The experiments proposed in this application examine the effects of infectious microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract on affect and behavior, effects posited to be mediated by stimulation of a visceral sensory pathway to the central nervous system (CNS). This proposal is based on the demonstration that a low-dose ("subclinical") infection with the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni induces anxiety-like behavior in orally challenged mice. As such, it differs from the current understanding of the mechanisms that govern the ability of infection to influence behavior since these infection-induced behavioral alterations occur in absence of obvious physical sickness symptoms that usually accompany infectioninduced behavioral alterations. Further, new data demonstrate that such subclinical infection results in the specific activation of regions within the brain associated with anxiety and that interruption of gut-brain pathways inhibits C. jejuni infection-induced brain activation. Thus, our Specific Aims are: 1) To determine the peripheral concomitants involved at the gut level that may be responsible for the ability of subclinical C. jejuni infection to induce anxiety-like behavior in mice. The degree of behavioral alterations induced in response to oral challenge with C. jejuni will be assessed in conjunction with histochemical and immune analysis of infected animals to extend previous work. We will also examine whether a localized immune activation occurs in the absence of a systemic response; 2) To identify the specific visceral sensory pathways leading from the gut to the CNS that are activated following oral bacterial challenge. We will assess the expression of the activation marker c-fos in enteric and vagal sensory neurons as well as sensory neurons in the spinal chord, and determine the impact of selective hepatic and celiac vagotomy; and 3) To determine connectivity and neurochemical identities of neurons driven by C. jejuni infection that form a specific neurocircuitry leading to infection-induced alterations of behavior. Collectively, the above aims will seek to establish that certain behaviors may be modulated, in part, by infectious microorganisms within the gut through the "gut-to-brain" axis involving

16

Campylobacter

visceral sensory input. A link between the common occurrence of gastrointestinal infections, especially those which do not produce overt clinical symptoms indicative of infection, with anxiety may therefore identify a previously unidentified circumstance which may play a contributing role in regulating behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HOST FACTORS MEDIATE INVASION BY CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI Principal Investigator & Institution: Mansfield, Linda S.; Professor; Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Michigan State University 301 Administration Bldg East Lansing, Mi 48824 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1997; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of intestinal infection in humans in the US and the world, and has been designated as an emerging disease by the US CDC. This bacterium opportunistically invades the gastrointestinal tract, especially the colon, causing gastroenteritis, proctitis, and occasionally other problems, but the factors controlling this invasion are largely unknown. Long-range goal: to understand the mechanisms of resistance to opportunistic invasion of the gastrointestinal tract by C. jejuni; to provide a new animal model for testing cytokine and vaccine therapies for C. jejuni disease in humans. The proposal is based on the investigators previous work with a swine model wherein subsequent to intestinal infection with Trichuris suis, C. jejuni invades the swine colon. Mechanisms of resistance to mucosal invasion by C. jejuni are unknown. The objective is to determine the mechanism whereby T. suis facilitates the invasion of host cells by C. jejuni in piglet colons. The hypothesis to be tested is that T. suis allows C. jejuni to invade 1) by acting directly on cells with a secreted mediator to facilitate uptake of C. jejuni, or 2) acting indirectly through stereotypic immune or proinflammatory responses to downregulate resistance of host cells to C. jejuni invasion. Specific Aims: 1) Determine what cell types are invaded by C. jejuni in T. suis induced C. jejuni infections in swine, 2) Determine whether serotype cytokine patterns are associated with C. jejuni invasion of host cells, 3) Determine whether C. jejuni invasion is facilitated due to a direct effect of some secreted/excreted product of the worms, and 4) Determine what host cell genes are differentially expressed during C. jejuni invasion. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: MECHANISMS OF ANTIBIOTIC EFFLUX IN CAMPYLOBACTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhang, Qijing; Associate Professor; Vet Microbiol & Prev Medicine; Iowa State University Ames, Ia 500112207 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Campylobacter jejuni, an important foodborne pathogen causing gastroenteritis in humans, has evolved multiple mechanisms to counteract the action of various antibiotics, which has posed a serious threat to public health, Many of these resistance mechanisms, such as gyrA mutations and betalactamase production, confer Campylobacter resistance to specific antibiotics. However, the active efflux systems, which extrude structurally diverse antibiotics out of bacterial cells, contribute to the intrinsic and acquired resistance to multiple drugs. Although previous studies suggested the possible presence of functional efflux systems m C. jejuni, the antibiotic efflux machinery in this pathogen has not been defined. Using transposon mutagenesis in conjunction with other approaches, we have recently

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17

characterized a three-gene operon (named cmeABC) encoding a tripartite antibiotic efflux pump that contributes to C. jejuni resistance to structurally unrelated antibiotics, heavy metals, bile salts, and other toxic compounds. Our preliminary data and the genomic sequence of C. jejuni NCTC 11168 suggested the presence of an additional antibiotic efflux system (name cmeDEF) and the possible regulation of cmeABC and cmeDEF by transcriptional repressors. Based on these observations and the known features of bacterial antibiotic efflux systems, we hypothesize that CmeDEF in conjunction with CmeABC plays an important role in extruding various agents, and the modulated expression of the efflux pumps by regulatory proteins contributes significantly to the intrinsic and acquired resistance of Campylobacter to multiple antimicrobials. To test our hypothesis, we plan to i) determine the role of CmeDEF and its interplay with CmeABC in mediating Campylobacter resistance to multiple drugs and ii) to identify and characterize the transcriptional repressors that modulate the expression of the antibiotic efflux systems. Various genetic and biochemical approaches, including random and site-specific mutagenesis, recombinant proteins, substrate accumulation assay, and DNA binding assays will be utilized to define the functions of the efflux systems and their interplay with regulatory proteins. It is anticipated that the proposed studies will close a major gap in our understanding of the antibiotic resistance mechanisms in C. jejuni and may open new avenues for the design of effective means to prevent and treat antibiotics-resistant Campylobacter. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MICRONUTRIENTS AND ENTERIC INFECTION IN AFRICAN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Bennish, Michael L.; Director; New England Medical Center Hospitals 750 Washington St Boston, Ma 021111533 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: Enteric infections remain a leading cause of childhood mortality in developing countries. In regions where HIV infection is prevalent, enteric infections and persistent diarrhea have even greater public health importance. Little is known, however, about the pattern of enteric infection in children in regions where HIV infection is common, and how infection is related to HIV activity as measured by plasma HIV RNA, or host immunocompetence, as determined by CD4 counts. Although micronutrient supplementation, including provision of vitamin A and zinc, are being promoted as effective means of reducing infectious diarrhea morbidity and prevalence, little is know about their efficacy in achieving these goals in African children, or in children who are HIV infected. This study had the following specific aims: 1) To determine the pathogen-specific pattern of enteric infections in HIV-infected and uninfected children living in rural South Africa, with a particular focus on infection with Cryptosporidium parvum and other protozoan pathogens. 2) To determine if infection with specific pathogens is associated with the development of persistent diarrhea lasting greater than 14 days; 3) To determine the efficacy of two micronutrient supplements; a) a mixture containing Vitamins A, C, E, and selenium; and b) the same micronutrient supplement with the addition of zinc, on the prevalent days of diarrhea in both HIVinfected and HIV- uninfected children.; 4) To determine if micronutrient supplementation improves gut integrity as measured by the mannitol-lactulose permeability test. 5) Based upon these findings to develop recommendations for use of micronutrient supplements in Africa and other regions with a high HIV- seroprevalence. To answer these questions we propose enrolling and studying three cohorts of children living in a rural region of South Africa over a three-year period; 1) 78 HIV-infected

18

Campylobacter

children; 2) 120 HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers; 3) 120 HIVuninfected children born to mothers without HIV infection. Children will be ascertained at three months of age and followed until age 2 years. Micronutrient supplementation will be given from enrollment until age 12 months. Children will be visited weekly by field staff, and diarrhea and other morbidity recorded. Stool for detection of enteric pathogens, including Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, diarrheagenic E. coli (determined using probes for virulence genes), rotavirus, enteric adenoviruses 40/41, astroviruses and Norwalk virus, and the protozoan pathogens C. parvum (including genotyping of strains), Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi will be obtained from children when they have diarrhea, and from a subset of well children. Anthropometry will be measured regularly, and bioimpedance will be performed to determine body composition. A non-invasive test of gut permeability (the lactulosemannitol test) will be performed on all children while they are receiving micronutrient supplementation. The study sample size is calculated to allow a determination of a 20 percent difference in prevalent days of diarrhea between the placebo treated group and the two micronutrient supplemented groups. This study will also allow us to determine risk factors for persistent diarrhea, and to develop algorithms for the management of infectious diarrhea in a region where HIV infection is common. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF THE CYTOLETHAL DISTENDING TOXIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Dreyfus, Lawrence A.; Professor & Dean; Cell Biology and Biophyscis; University of Missouri Kansas City Kansas City, Mo 64110 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: The cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is a potent bacterial toxin produced by a growing list of unrelated bacterial pathogens including scattered isolates of E. coli and Shigella isolates, Campylobacter spp., Haemophilus ducreyi, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and enteropathogenic Helicobacter spp. Initially, CDT was characterized by its capacity to induce massive cellular distension and cell death. Cells treated with CDT undergo an irreversible block in cell division caused by disruption of the cell cycle in G2. The specific events leading to CDT-mediated growth arrest parallel those following induction of the mitotic DNA damage checkpoint. CDT is the product of three genes designated cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC, which encode proteins with molecular masses of 30, 32, and 20 kDa. Genetic and biochemical evidence indicate that all three polypeptides are required for cellular intoxication. We recently reported that CdtB bears sidnificance position-specific sequence relatedness to mammalian type I DNase. Mutational analysis indicates that the DNase-related active site residues in CdtB are required for biological activity. In preliminary studies show that purified CdtB possesses Mg2plus- dependent DNase activity. We also present evidence indicating that CDT damages chromosomal DNA followed by activation of elements of the DNA damage checkpoint cascade. Although not toxic when added alone to cells, introduction of CdtB into cells results in the entire spectrum of CDT activities. We therefore hypothesize that CdtB mediates the cytolethal effects of CDT while CdtA and CdtC are required for cell binding and/or translocation of CdtB. In this application we propose to: 1) define the role of each of the three CDT polypeptides in cell binding and CdtB entry, 2) determine the mechanism by which CdtB traffics through the cell and translocates into nucleus (the apparent site of CdtB action, and 3) define the series of events leading to CDT-mediated growth arrest and death. Completion of these aims will provide new insights into the novel action of this potent bacterial toxin.

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19

Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR GENETICS OF ENTEROPATHOGENIC E. COLI ADHESION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaper, James B.; Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUL-1986; Project End 31-MAR-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are an important cause of diarrhea in infants. The long-term objectives of this project are to understand the pathogenesis of disease due to this organism. Previous work on this project has resulted in the discovery of a 35 kb pathogenicity island called the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement (LEE) that is responsible for the attaching and effacing (AE) histopathology on intestinal epithelial cells that is the hallmark of EPEC infections. The LEE island encodes the epithelial cell adhesin named intimin, a type III protein secretion system, and several effector proteins that are translocated into epithelial cells to mediate the AE lesion. Typical EPEC strains possess the LEE plus the EAF plasmid that encodes a type IV pilus (BFP) that contributes to epithelial cell adherence and a positive regulator of EPEC virulence factors called Per. Typical EPEC strains are an important cause of infant diarrhea in developing countries but are infrequent causes of disease in the U.S. Atypical EPEC strains contain the LEE but lack the EAF plasmid. In contrast to typical EPEC strains, atypical EPEC appear to cause outbreaks and sporadic disease in adults in industrialized countries such as the U.S., Finland, and Japan. Recent studies of atypical EPEC in children with diarrhea in the U.S. suggest that the incidence of infections with this pathogen may equal or exceed that of Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, or E. coli O157:H7. The proposed research goals for the next period of support include continued characterization of pathogenic mechanisms of typical EPEC strains, particularly genes encoded outside the LEE, and a new focus on potential pathogenic mechanisms of atypical EPEC. The specific aims are 1) Characterize the Long Polar Fimbriae (LPF) of EPEC and assess in vivo expression of this and other potential adhesins; 2) Identify and characterize genes regulated by the Ler and Per regulators of EPEC virulence factors using genomic arrays; 3) Characterize human host epithelial cell transcriptional responses to EPEC infection using in vitro organ culture (IVOC); and 4) Characterize potential virulence factors in atypical EPEC strains. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PATHOGENESIS OF CAMPYLOBACTER ENTERITIS: Principal Investigator & Institution: Konkel, Michael E.; School/Molecular Biosciences; Washington State University 423 Neill Hall Pullman, Wa 99164 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by the applicant): The ultimate goal of this research is to use the knowledge gained from the identification and characterization of Campylobacter jejuni virulence determinants to reduce morbidity and mortality resulting from C. jejuni infections. C. jejuni is a leading cause of human gastrointestinal disease worldwide, causing approximately 3.5 million cases of diarrheal illness per year in the United States. Infection with C. jejuni is characterized by fever, severe abdominal cramps, and diarrhea containing blood and leukocytes. The dysenteric nature of Campylobacter infection, coupled with experimental evidence, supports the notion that C. jejuni must invade the cells lining the gastrointestinal tract for the development of C. jejuni-mediated enteritis. The focus of this proposal is to identify and functionally characterize the bacterial

20

Campylobacter

proteins necessary for C. jejuni internalization. Previous work in my laboratory has revealed that C. jejuni synthesize and secrete proteins upon co-cultivation with mammalian cells. These secreted bacterial proteins have been collectively called Campylobacter invasion antigens (Cia). A mutation in a gene encoding the 73 kDa CiaB secreted protein results in a non-invasive phenotype. I hypothesize that Cia proteins are secreted via a Type III export pathway from C. jejuni. The results of this research will better define the pathogenic mechanisms and virulence determinants of one enteric pathogen, C. jejuni, and will be useful in the development of intervention and control methods to reduce the number of cases of human campylobacteriosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RAPID DETECTION OF MAJOR FOOD-BORNE PATHOGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Zhu, Peixuan; Creatv Microtech, Inc. 11609 Lake Potomac Dr Potomac, Md 20854 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our food is a major source of illness. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that food-borne diseases cause approximately 76 million incidents of illness, resulting in 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths annually in the U.S. Known pathogens were implicated in 14 million of these incidents, 60,000 associated hospitalizations, and 1,800 deaths. Four pathogens alone (E. coli, Salmonella, Listeria, and Campylobacter) are believed to account for over two-thirds of deaths caused by known pathogens. The goal of our research is to achieve rapid, sensitive, and simple detection of pathogenic bacteria and toxins commonly found in foods by applying a new, very sensitive technology known as the "Integrating Waveguide Biosensor". This technology was recently developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and is being licensed to Creatv MicroTech for application in the fields of water and food safety testing. NRL's initial experimental results for two molecules showed the Integrating Waveguide Biosensor to be 100 times more sensitive than the previous generation of biosensors based on optical fibers and planar arrays. We expect to achieve a similar improvement in sensitivity for detection of pathogens in food in a test that can be completed in less than 30 minutes. The resulting device will be ideally suited to the prevention of food-borne diseases. The initial scope in Phase I will focus on E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella bacteria in ground beef and apple juice. A test instrument will be constructed incorporating the biosensor technology, assays will be developed and verified for the specified pathogens, and tests performed on food samples. In Phase II the scope will be expanded to include the pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter jejuni and the food groups poultry and fresh produce. The instrument will be redesigned to be more compact and portable, and assays developed for use outside a laboratory setting. Tests will be performed on location where these foods are produced, transported and/or prepared. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ROLE OF CHEMOTAXIS IN CAMPYLOBACTER COLONIZATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Chang, Christopher H.; Medicine; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) Campylobacter jejuni has become the most frequently identified cause of acute infectious diarrhea in the developed world and is the most commonly reported bacterial cause of foodborne infection in the U.S.(1).

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Despite its global importance and economic impact, little is known regarding mechanisms of pathogenesis. This is due in large part to the paucity of high resolution experimental systems for studying infection in vivo. We have recently developed murine models that are characterized by the efficient establishment of gastrointestinal infection following oral inoculation, high levels of colonization and long term persistence. We propose to exploit these models to study determinants of pathogenicity, with an emphasis on chemotaxis. We hypothesize that chemotaxis is required for both the establishment and maintenance of infection and this contention is supported by our preliminary data and reports by other investigators. Despite its obvious importance, the chemotactic system of C. jejuni has remained almost entirely uncharacterized. Similarities between the predicted chemotaxis proteins of C. jejuni and H. pylori suggest that our analysis will have broad implications. An understanding of the signal transduction pathways that guide bacterial movement in vivo may have practical applications for the development of antimicrobial therapeutics as well as vaccines. Specifically, we propose to: 1. Characterize the interactions between Campylobacter and the mouse gastrointestinal tract in our murine models of C. jejuni colonization. 2. Characterize the role of chemotaxis genes identified by genome sequence analysis in chemotactic responses measured in vitro and infection measured in vivo. 3. Conduct a biochemical characterization of the central signaling pathway that controls Campylobacter chemotaxis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ROLE OF G PROTEIN COUPLING IN FE(LL)-UPTAKE IN BACTERIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Unger, Vinzenz M.; Assistant Professor; Molecular Biophysics & Biochem; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Iron is essential for cell function causing competition for it between pathogens and their hosts. In the gut and stomach, pathogens like Helicobacter, Salmonella and Campylobacter rely on the uptake of Fe(II). Although Fe(II)-uptake is critical for virulence, little is known about the mechanisms of its uptake. The goal of this project is to understand the function of the membrane protein FeoB which is essential for Fe(II)-uptake in bacteria. FeoB is both novel and unique. Notably, the amino acid sequence of FeoB predicts a GTP-binding domain that is connected to a bundle of several putative transmembrane alpha-helices. Based on this design, we hypothesize that FeoB may have served as primordial ancestor for G protein-coupled receptors and/or channels. We will employ biochemical, genetic and biophysical tools to test this hypothesis and to establish the role of FeoB for Fe(II) uptake. The results of our work are important for understanding iron homeostasis in pathogens and may enable us to identify new strategies for treating microbial infections. The first aim is to determine the function of FeoB in Fe(II) uptake. We show that the N-terminal domain of FeoB acts as a regulatory GTP alpha-binding protein. However, the function of the membrane embedded domain remains unknown. We will combine in vivo Fe(II) uptake experiments with in vitro measurements of FeoB's Fe(II)-binding and Fe(II)-transport properties to establish whether FeoB functions as transporter/channel or acts as a receptor protein. The second aim is to determine the function of FeoB's G protein in Fe(II)-uptake, and how the activity of the G protein is regulated. We will determine whether FeoB itself rather than a downstream target is regulated by the N-terminal domain and whether Fe(II) can modify the activity of the G protein. The third aim is to identify the molecular basis for a guanine-nucleotide-exchange-factor like activity that

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Campylobacter

we discovered in FeoB's N-terminal domain. We will disable this activity by mutagenesis and determine the importance of nucleotide exchange for Fe(II) uptake in vivo. The fourth aim is to generate crystals of FeoB embedded in a lipid bilayer. Ultimately, this will allow visualization of FeoB, and reveal whether its structure is related to other G protein-coupled membrane proteins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ROLE OF HUMAN MILK IN INFANT NUTRITION AND HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Morrow, Ardythe L.; Professor; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 452293039 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1979; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The competitive renewal of our program project grant application is submitted by investigators who propose to continue their studies on the unique properties of human milk. All projects address the biologic consequences through protocols which utilize in vitro assays, animal models, and humans. The projects generally seek to define and characterize factors in human milk that protect newborn infants from disease. Certain consequences of the luminal milk gastrointestinal tract interactions that pertain to protection of the infant will continue to be examined. Animal models will be utilized with study of human subjects is not possible, but human infants will be studied whenever appropriate. The respective projects and subcontracts will consider: 1) the role of soluble milk factors in the prevention of shigellosis; 2) the antiinflammatory characteristics of human milk; 3) the role of the secretory immune system in viral enteric pathogen infection; 4) isolation, characterization and testing of the protective factor(s) in human milk against heat-stable enterotoxin of E. coli; and 5) the role of human milk in the prevention of Campylobacter infection. Each of the projects will be supported by epidemiology/statistical, biochemical, and molecular biology core sections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ROLES PATHOGENESIS

FOR

MOTILITY

IN

HELICOBACTOR

PYLORI

Principal Investigator & Institution: Ottemann, Karen M.; Ecology and Evolutionary Biol; University of California Santa Cruz 1156 High St Santa Cruz, Ca 95064 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: The bacterium Helicobacter pylori inhabits the stomachs of a full 3 billion people--half the world's population. Infections with this bacterium cause significant morbidity and mortality around the globe. In the majority of cases, the bacterium establishes chronic infections that lead to diverse outcomes ranging from asymptomatic carriage to ulcer disease to gastric cancer. Conservative estimates suggest that 5 percent of those infected-150 million people-develop some form of disease. H. pylori has the dubious distinction of being the only bacterium classified as a Group I carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization. Infection by this bacterium is a risk factor for several types of gastric cancer including gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. The processes used by H. pylori to establish and maintain infection are just beginning to be worked out. One such process is the ability to swim. H. pylori is motile via organelles called flagella, and it must have functional versions of these organelles in order to colonize animal stomachs. In addition, H. pylori does not swim randomly but instead directs its motility in response to environmental cues in a process called chemotaxis. We

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are interested in understanding how chemotactic motility is used for infection by this bacterium. Towards this we propose three aims: (i) Ascertain at what points during infection chemotactic motility is used by H. pylori. (ii) Determine how H. pylori chemotaxis is directed by pinpointing which of its chemoreceptors are used for mouse stomach colonization, and to what they respond. (iii) Dissect how information is relayed from the chemoreceptors to the flagellar motor during chemotactic signal transduction in H. pylori by analyzing how a family of proteins, the CheVs, function. Chemotaxis is observed in a number of bacterial pathogens but little is known about its role during infection. What we learn from these studies may apply to other bacteria. For example, the Campylobacter group of bacteria are leading causes of food-borne diarrheal disease, and similarly require motility and chemotaxis for infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: S. TYPHIMIURIUM ENTEROPATHOGENS

VACCINE

AGAINST

BACTERIAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Curtiss, Roy Iii.; Professor; Biology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: Of the 18.9 million annual deaths (1997) due to infectious diseases, about 2 million are the result of infections by Salmonella and other related bacterial enteropathogens including Escherichia coli and Shigella species, and less closely related enteropathogens such as Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter jejuni and Listeria monocytogenes. In addition, these bacteria are responsible are responsible for significant morbidity causing diarrheal and systemic diseases that can be transmitted to humans by contamination of food products and/or the water supply and such contamination can be willful. In the belief that improving health, nutrition and economic well-being (the latter dependent on the first two) provide the best means to enhance the quality of life globally and thus reduce conditions that result in warlike and terrorist behavior, we propose a vaccine developmental program based on our recent technical developments in using non-recombinant and recombinant attenuated Salmonella veterinary vaccines to prevent-reduce diarrheal diseases caused by bacterial enteropathogens. Our objectives include: (i) to further genetically modify a strain of Salmonella typhimurium that has been designed to minimize induction of immune responses to serotype-specific antigens and to maximize induction of cross protective immunity to common related antigens of S. enterica strains of diverse serotype and then fully evaluate this modified strain as a vaccine to reduce diarrheal diseases in humans caused by S. enterica serotypes and possibly by other bacterial enteric pathogens, especially Escherichia coli of the EPEC, ETEC and EHEC types and Shigella; (ii) to design, construct and fully evaluate an attenuated derivative of S. paratyphi A, with similar genetic attributes as the S. typhimurium vaccine designed for the same purpose, to induce cross protective immunity in humans to prevent enteric fever and to significantly reduce diarrheal diseases due to infection by diverse S. enterica serotypes and possibly by other bacterial enteric pathogens, especially E. coli of the EPEC, ETEC and EHEC types and Shigella; (iii) to further genetically modify the S. typhimurium and S. paratyphi A vaccines designed to induce cross protective immunity to also display biological containment so that they are less able to survive in the intestinal tract or in nature and/or die by lysis after approximately ten cell divisions following delivery to the immunized individual; and (iv) to design, construct and evaluate recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccines, using optimal attributes for immunogenicity, biological containment and antigen delivery, to express antigens to further enhance induction of cross protective immunity

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Campylobacter

to Salmonella-related bacterial enteropathogens or to confer protective immunity to one of the less Salmonella-related enteropathogens. We will also collaboratively work to develop our Master File, prepare and fully characterize candidate vaccine Master Seeds for stability and safety, prepare and submit protocols for IRB approvals, submit information necessary to obtain INDs, and perform any other work needed to arrange that the best candidate vaccines by clinically evaluated in human volunteers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SECRETION MECHANISM OF A NOVEL C. RECTUS S-LAYER PROTEIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Kolodrubetz, David J.; Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Periodontitis is associated with a dramatic shift in the subgingival microflora towards predominantly gram negative organisms. Campylobacter rectus is unique among the gram negative periodontal pathogens in its expression of a 150 kd surfacelayer (S-layer) protein. These abundant proteins form homogeneous arrays covering the surfaces of numerous bacteria and are required for bacterial pathogenesis. Thus , it is critical that S-layers are properly localized to the cell surface. There are only a few reports on the secretion mechanisms of S-layer proteins. Interestingly, unlike most other S-layer proteins, no amino acids are removed from the C. rectus S-layer protein (crsA) as it is transported to the cell surface. In addition, a homologue, crsD, to one of the three components of type I secretion systems is found in an operon upstream of the C. rectus crsA gene. This suggests that crsA is transported by a type I pathway. Most excitingly, the crsD operon contains another gene, crsC, whose protein has no known function. Analysis of the phenotype of a polar crsC mutant we constructed suggests that crsC is involved in crsA secretion, synthesis or degradation. We now propose to exploit the molecular genetic tools we have developed in order to determine the mechanisms used by C. rectus to transport its S-laver to the cell surface. It is our hypothesis that the crsA protein will be transported by a type l system. Importantly, we hypothesize that crsC will have a novel function in the type I secretion pathway perhaps as a chaperone. One goal of this proposal is to identify the C. rectus S-layer sequences that direct it to the cell surface using targeted mutagenesis and gene replacement technology. In addition, the genes required for crsA transport will be identified by cloning and sequencing the rest of the crsCD operon or by transposon mutagenesis. Importantly, the function of each putative transport gene will be characterized by making non-polar mutants. The resulting characterization of the crsC mutants will define, for the first time, the function of this novel protein in S-layer metabolism. Finally, the transport mutants will be examined for the possible mis-localization of non-S-layer proteins since there are two reports of type I transport pathways transporting more than one virulence protein. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STUDY OF PERSISTENT INFECTION IN SSC SKIN AND VESSELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mayes, Maureen D.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-SEP-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall objective of this proposal is to study the possibility that in some systemic sclerosis patients, a persistent bacterial infection

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involving dermal microvascular endothelium or other cells that are resident in skin results in the obliterative microvasculopathy and/or the fibrosing features of this disease. As a first step in addressing this issue, we will test the following hypothesis: persistent bacterial infection of skin or microvasculature occurs more commonly in systemic sclerosis cases than in matched controls and participates in the disease process. Specific aims are: (1) to test skin biopsies from 60 systemic scleroderma patients and 30 matched normal controls for evidence of bacterial persistence by pan-bacterial and chlamydia-specific molecular screening; (2) to microdissect dermal vessels from these same cases and controls and test this tissue by panbacterial and chlamydia-specific molecular probes; (3) to prepare PBMC'S from these individuals and screen with these probes; and (4) depending on positive results, to perform immunohistochemistry studies for these organisms on skin biopsies/vessels from selected patients and appropriate controls. Scleroderma small vessel vasculopathy shares some key features with large vessel atherosclerosis, a condition also characterized by intimal proliferation and luminal narrowing among multiple other abnormalities. Inflammation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis raising the possibility of infectious agents as mediators in this process. There are several examples of infection resulting in chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases including Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferii), and reactive arthritis (ReA), an inflammatory joint disease associated with prior infection by a number of specific bacterial pathogens, including Chlamydia trachomatis and various species of the Genera Salmonella, Yersinia, Campylobacter, and others. This research team is comprised of individuals with expertise in clinical scleroderma, the vascular abnormalities of primary and secondary Raynaud's disease, and autoimmunity related to persistent bacterial infections with relevant pathogens. If positive results are obtained in at least a subset of scleroderma cases, intervention trials could be devised with therapy targeted to specific organisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRANSMISSION OF CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI & COLI IN INFANT COTTON TOP TAMARINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Johnson, Lorna D.; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Infant primates were followed for varying periods from birth to one year of age with weekly stool cultures C coli and C jejuni were identified, and in a small sample, heterogeneity among C jejuni isolates was determined by polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) The epidemiology of infections was determined in a nursery where Campylobacter species were endemic, in an isolation nursery and in the main colony and an isolation unit Episodes of infection were correlated with cage location, calendar month, diet, clinical history of diarrhea, age, and species Computerized data is being analyzed using A Data Analysis Program (ADAPS) Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TRANSMISSION OF H. PYLORI INFECTION IN THE RHESUS MONKEY Principal Investigator & Institution: Solnick, Jay V.; Associate Professor of Medicine; Internal Medicine; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 956165200 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 12-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006

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Campylobacter

Summary: (provided by the applicant): Infection with Helicobacter pylori causes a histological gastritis that in some individuals is associated with the development of peptic ulcer disease or gastric malignancy. Although H. pylori may be the most common human bacterial infection, the mechanism by which it is transmitted remains unknown. Person to person transmission probably accounts for most infections. Yet one of the great paradoxes in the epidemiology of H. pylori is that when one examines the gastric lining, the bacterium is ubiquitous, but when fecal or oral secretions are studied it is often difficult to find. This may reflect the difficulty of studying in humans the role of acuity of infection, age of the host, and the possible effects of vomiting, diarrhea, and the CagA pathogenicity island on transmission. Rhesus monkeys are naturally infected with H. pylori that is very similar to strains that infect humans, and this animal model provides a unique opportunity to study experimentally the transmission of H. pylori in a naturally infected host. We hypothesize that acuity of infection, the presence of vomiting and diarrhea, and the CagA pathogenicity island are critical variables in transmission of H. pylori. Furthermore, we propose that there may be a cooperativity between transmission of H. pylori and transmission of bacterial enteric diseases. Diarrheal and vomiting diseases may increase H. pylori transmission by increasing the shedding H. pylori in feces and vomitus, and in turn, H. pylori infection may cause increased gastric pH and thereby promote infection with enteric bacteria by reducing the gastric bactericidal barrier. We propose to address four specific aims in this proposal: l) Determine how H. pylori is shed into the environment during acute and chronic infection; 2) Examine experimentally the effects of vomiting, diarrhea and the CagA pathogenicity island on the natural transmission of H. pylori; 3) Determine the effects of H. pylori infection on the acquisition of Campylobacter jejuni; and 4) Determine the effects of the CagA pathogenicity island on colonization and shedding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “campylobacter” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for campylobacter in the PubMed Central database: •

3 4

"Campylobacter hyointestinalis" sp. nov.: a new species of Campylobacter found in the intestines of pigs and other animals. by Gebhart CJ, Edmonds P, Ward GE, Kurtz HJ, Brenner DJ.; 1985 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271765

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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•

30 years of campylobacters: biochemical characteristics and a biotyping proposal for Campylobacter jejuni. by Hebert GA, Hollis DG, Weaver RE, Lambert MA, Blaser MJ, Moss CW.; 1982 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272255

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A Campylobacter jejuni homolog of the LcrD/FlbF family of proteins is necessary for flagellar biogenesis. by Miller S, Pesci EC, Pickett CL.; 1993 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=280941

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A Field-Suitable, Semisolid Aerobic Enrichment Medium for Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni in Small Numbers. by Jeffrey JS, Hunter A, Atwill ER.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86520

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A genetic locus involved in iron utilization unique to some Campylobacter strains. by Guerry P, Perez-Casal J, Yao R, McVeigh A, Trust TJ.; 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179210

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A molecular scheme based on 23S rRNA gene polymorphisms for rapid identification of Campylobacter and Arcobacter species. by Hurtado A, Owen RJ.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229976

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A New Member of the S-Layer Protein Family: Characterization of the crs Gene from Campylobacter rectus. by Wang B, Kraig E, Kolodrubetz D.; 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108083

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A Novel Campylobacter jejuni Two-Component Regulatory System Important for Temperature-Dependent Growth and Colonization. by Bras AM, Chatterjee S, Wren BW, Newell DG, Ketley JM.; 1999 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93792

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A Real-Time PCR Assay for the Detection of Campylobacter jejuni in Foods after Enrichment Culture. by Sails AD, Fox AJ, Bolton FJ, Wareing DR, Greenway DL.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150087

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A Three-Year Study of Campylobacter jejuni Genotypes in Humans with Domestically Acquired Infections and in Chicken Samples from the Helsinki Area. by Hanninen ML, Perko-Makela P, Pitkala A, Rautelin H.; 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86651

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Additional data on clinical isolates of Campylobacter mucosalis. by Lastovica AJ, Le Roux E, Warren R, Klump H.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264002

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Adhesion to and invasion of HEp-2 cells by Campylobacter spp. by Konkel ME, Joens LA.; 1989 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260759

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Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer for Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of the Campylobacter jejuni Flagellin Gene. by Nachamkin I, Panaro NJ, Li M, Ung H, Yuen PK, Kricka LJ, Wilding P.; 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87813

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Allelic Diversity and Recombination in Campylobacter jejuni. by Suerbaum S, Lohrengel M, Sonnevend A, Ruberg F, Kist M.; 2001 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95172

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Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Campylobacter jejuni Strains Isolated from Chickens and from Patients with Gastroenteritis or Guillain-Barre or Miller Fisher Syndrome. by Duim B, Ang CW, van Belkum A, Rigter A, van Leeuwen NW, Endtz HP, Wagenaar JA.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92239

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An Iron-Regulated Alkyl Hydroperoxide Reductase (AhpC) Confers Aerotolerance and Oxidative Stress Resistance to the Microaerophilic Pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. by Baillon ML, van Vliet AH, Ketley JM, Constantinidou C, Penn CW.; 1999 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93964

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An optimised recovery method for thermophilic Campylobacter from liver. by Moore JE.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=61043

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Analysis of Campylobacter jejuni antigens with monoclonal antibodies. by Kosunen TU, Bang BE, Hurme M.; 1984 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271001

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Analysis of HL and O serotypes of Campylobacter strains by the flagellin gene typing system. by Nachamkin I, Ung H, Patton CM.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228782

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Analysis of strains of Campylobacter fetus by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. by Fujita M, Fujimoto S, Morooka T, Amako K.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228246

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Antibiotic Resistance in Campylobacter Strains Isolated from Animals, Foods, and Humans in Spain in 1997 --1998. by Saenz Y, Zarazaga M, Lantero M, Gastanares MJ, Baquero F, Torres C.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89669

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Antibody response to Campylobacter coli in children during intestinal infection and carriage. by Martin PM, Mathiot J, Ipero J, Georges AJ, Georges-Courbot MC.; 1988 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266628

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Antibody Responses to Campylobacter Infections Determined by an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: 2-Year Follow-Up Study of 210 Patients. by Strid MA, Engberg J, Larsen LB, Begtrup K, Molbak K, Krogfelt KA.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96055

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Antigenic analysis of Campylobacter flagellar protein and other proteins. by Wenman WM, Chai J, Louie TJ, Goudreau C, Lior H, Newell DG, Pearson AD, Taylor DE.; 1985 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271585

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Antigenic variation of Campylobacter flagella. by Harris LA, Logan SM, Guerry P, Trust TJ.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213909

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Antigenicity of Campylobacter jejuni flagella. by Blaser MJ, Hopkins JA, Perez-Perez GI, Cody HJ, Newell DG.; 1986 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260073

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Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Strains Isolated in 1991 and 2001-2002 from Poultry and Humans in Berlin, Germany. by Luber P, Wagner J, Hahn H, Bartelt E.; 2003 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=296193

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Antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli with special reference to plasmid profiles of Japanese clinical isolates. by Sagara H, Mochizuki A, Okamura N, Nakaya R.; 1987 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=174820

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Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni Strains Isolated from Humans in 1998 to 2001 in Montreal, Canada. by Gaudreau C, Gilbert H.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155825

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Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated in Sweden: a 10-year follow-up report. by Sjogren E, Kaijser B, Werner M.; 1992 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245558

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Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli to 12 beta-lactam agents and combinations with beta-lactamase inhibitors. by Tajada P, Gomez-Graces JL, Alos JI, Balas D, Cogollos R.; 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163441

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Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Campylobacter Strains Isolated from Finnish Subjects Infected Domestically or from Those Infected Abroad. by Rautelin H, Vierikko A, Hanninen ML, Vaara M.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148994

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of 59 Strains of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus. by Tremblay C, Gaudreau C.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105695

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Antimicrobial-Resistant Campylobacter Species from Retail Raw Meats. by Ge B, White DG, McDermott PF, Girard W, Zhao S, Hubert S, Meng J.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154538

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Application of different chromosomal DNA restriction digest fingerprints to specific and subspecific identification of Campylobacter isolates. by Owen RJ, Costas M, Dawson C.; 1989 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267020

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Application of Host-Specific Bacteriophages to the Surface of Chicken Skin Leads to a Reduction in Recovery of Campylobacter jejuni. by Atterbury RJ, Connerton PL, Dodd CE, Rees CE, Connerton IF.; 2003 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=201188

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Application of Lior biotyping by use of genetically identified Campylobacter strains. by Nicholson MA, Patton CM.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266432

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Application of serotyping and chromosomal restriction endonuclease digest analysis in investigating a laboratory-acquired case of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. by Penner JL, Hennessy JN, Mills SD, Bradbury WC.; 1983 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272922

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Application of the 5[prime prime or minute]-Nuclease PCR Assay in Evaluation and Development of Methods for Quantitative Detection of Campylobacter jejuni. by Nogva HK, Bergh A, Holck A, Rudi K.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92255

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Association with HeLa cells of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from human feces. by Fauchere JL, Rosenau A, Veron M, Moyen EN, Richard S, Pfister A.; 1986 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260156

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Associations between Heat-Stable (O) and Heat-Labile (HL) Serogroup Antigens of Campylobacter jejuni: Evidence for Interstrain Relationships within Three O/HL Serovars. by Jackson CJ, Fox AJ, Jones DM, Wareing DR, Hutchinson DN.; 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105019

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Bacterial Genetic Fingerprint: a Reliable Factor in the Study of the Epidemiology of Human Campylobacter Enteritis? by Steinbrueckner B, Ruberg F, Kist M.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88504

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Bactericidal properties of Campylobacter jejuni-specific immunoglobulin M antibodies in commercial immunoglobulin preparations. by Autenrieth IB, Schwarzkopf A, Ewald JH, Karch H, Lissner R.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162864

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Basis of the Superiority of Cefoperazone Amphotericin Teicoplanin for Isolating Campylobacter upsaliensis from Stools. by Byrne C, Doherty D, Mooney A, Byrne M, Woodward D, Johnson W, Rodgers F, Bourke B.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88219

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Biochemical and antigenic properties of the Campylobacter flagellar hook protein. by Power ME, Alm RA, Trust TJ.; 1992 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=206094

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Biochemical and genetic characteristics of atypical Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus strains isolated from humans in the United States. by Edmonds P, Patton CM, Barrett TJ, Morris GK, Steigerwalt AG, Brenner DJ.; 1985 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271821

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Biotype and serogroup distribution of Campylobacter isolates from children in Nigeria. by Alabi SA, Coker AO, Dosunmu-Ogunbi O, Odugbemi T.; 1986 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269044

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Biphasic culture system for rapid Campylobacter cultivation. by Rollins DM, Coolbaugh JC, Walker RI, Weiss E.; 1983 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242266

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Cadmium chloride susceptibility, a characteristic of Campylobacter spp. by Kazmi SU, Roberson BS, Stern NJ.; 1985 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271763

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Campylobacter pylori, the spiral bacterium associated with human gastritis, is not a true Campylobacter sp. by Romaniuk PJ, Zoltowska B, Trust TJ, Lane DJ, Olsen GJ, Pace NR, Stahl DA.; 1987 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=212113

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Cellular fatty acid composition of Campylobacter fetus. by Blaser MJ, Moss CW, Weaver RE.; 1980 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273429

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Cellular fatty acid composition of Campylobacter pylori from primates and ferrets compared with those of other campylobacters. by Goodwin CS, McConnell W, McCulloch RK, McCullough C, Hill R, Bronsdon MA, Kasper G.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267458

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Changes in Campylobacter jejuni andCampylobacter coli Carriage Rates in the Zenica Canton of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Pre- and Postwar Periods. by Uzunovic-Kamberovic S.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88081

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Changes in the Carriage of Campylobacter Strains by Poultry Carcasses during Processing in Abattoirs. by Newell DG, Shreeve JE, Toszeghy M, Domingue G, Bull S, Humphrey T, Mead G.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92918

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Characterization of erythromycin resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. by Yan W, Taylor DE.; 1991 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245313

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Characterization of freshly isolated Campylobacter coli strains and suitability of selective media for their growth. by Ng LK, Taylor DE, Stiles ME.; 1988 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266324

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Characterization of high-level quinolone resistance in Campylobacter jejuni. by Gootz TD, Martin BA.; 1991 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245117

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Characterization of tetracycline resistance plasmids from Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. by Taylor DE, Garner RS, Allan BJ.; 1983 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=185410

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Characterization of the Campylobacter jejuni Heptosyltransferase II Gene, waaF, Provides Genetic Evidence that Extracellular Polysaccharide Is Lipid A Core Independent. by Oldfield NJ, Moran AP, Millar LA, Prendergast MM, Ketley JM.; 2002 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134946

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Characterization of the Thermal Stress Response of Campylobacter jejuni. by Konkel ME, Kim BJ, Klena JD, Young CR, Ziprin R.; 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108400

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Characterization of two plasmids from Campylobacter jejuni isolates that carry the aphA-7 kanamycin resistance determinant. by Tenover FC, Fennell CL, Lee L, LeBlanc DJ.; 1992 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=189362

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Characterization of Urease-Positive Thermophilic Campylobacter Subspecies by Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis Typing. by Matsuda M, Kaneko A, Stanley T, Millar BC, Miyajima M, Murphy PG, Moore JE.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161486

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Chronic Atrophic Gastritis in SCID Mice Experimentally Infected with Campylobacter fetus. by Young VB, Dangler CA, Fox JG, Schauer DB.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97392

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Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Campylobacter jejuni Isolates: Detection of gyrA Resistance Mutations by Mismatch Amplification Mutation Assay PCR and DNA Sequence Analysis. by Zirnstein G, Li Y, Swaminathan B, Angulo F.; 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85547

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Clinical isolates of Campylobacter mucosalis. by Lastovica A, Le Roux E, Warren R, Klump H.; 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266032

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Clonal Complexes of Campylobacter jejuni Identified by Multilocus Sequence Typing Correlate with Strain Associations Identified by Multilocus Enzyme Electrophoresis. by Sails AD, Swaminathan B, Fields PI.; 2003 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=193858

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Cloning and Expression of the dnaK Gene of Campylobacter jejuni and Antigenicity of Heat Shock Protein 70. by Thies FL, Karch H, Hartung HP, Giegerich G.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96446

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Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the Campylobacter jejuni gyrA gene and characterization of quinolone resistance mutations. by Wang Y, Huang WM, Taylor DE.; 1993 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=187693

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Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the gyrA gene from Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus ATCC 27374 and characterization of ciprofloxacin-resistant laboratory and clinical isolates. by Taylor DE, Chau AS.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163769

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Cloning, characterization, and nucleotide sequence analysis of the argH gene from Campylobacter jejuni TGH9011 encoding argininosuccinate lyase. by Hani EK, Chan VL.; 1994 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=205288

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Cloning, sequencing, and expression of a gene from Campylobacter jejuni encoding a protein (Omp18) with similarity to peptidoglycan-associated lipoproteins. by Konkel ME, Mead DJ, Cieplak W Jr.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174003

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CmeABC Functions as a Multidrug Efflux System in Campylobacter jejuni. by Lin J, Overbye Michel L, Zhang Q.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127319

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Coinfection of Enteric Helicobacter spp. and Campylobacter spp. in Cats. by Shen Z, Feng Y, Dewhirst FE, Fox JG.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88106

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Colony Multiplex PCR Assay for Identification and Differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, C. upsaliensis, and C. fetus subsp. fetus. by Wang G, Clark CG, Taylor TM, Pucknell C, Barton C, Price L, Woodward DL, Rodgers FG.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154608

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Common somatic O and heat-labile serotypes among Campylobacter strains from sporadic infections in the United States. by Patton CM, Nicholson MA, Ostroff SM, Ries AA, Wachsmuth IK, Tauxe RV.; 1993 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265572

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Comparative Fingerprinting Analysis of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni Strains by Amplified-Fragment Length Polymorphism Genotyping. by Lindstedt BA, Heir E, Vardund T, Melby KK, Kapperud G.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87390

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Comparative in vitro activities of twelve antimicrobial agents against Campylobacter species. by Fliegelman RM, Petrak RM, Goodman LJ, Segreti J, Trenholme GM, Kaplan RL.; 1985 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=176293

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Comparative Study Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Fingerprinting, PCR Genotyping, and Phenotyping To Differentiate Campylobacter fetus Strains Isolated from Animals. by Wagenaar JA, van Bergen MA, Newell DG, GrogonoThomas R, Duim B.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88125

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Comparative translocation of enteropathogenic Campylobacter spp. and Escherichia coli from the intestinal tract of gnotobiotic mice. by Youssef M, Corthier G, Goossens H, Tancrede C, Henry-Amar M, Andremont A.; 1987 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260457

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Comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. by Wang WL, Reller LB, Blaser MJ.; 1984 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=176168

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Comparison of basal media for culturing Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. by Ng LK, Stiles ME, Taylor DE.; 1985 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271618

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Comparison of broth enrichment and direct plating for the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from dogs. by Monfort JD, Stills HF Jr, Bech-Nielsen S.; 1988 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266868

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Comparison of Broth Microdilution, E Test, and Agar Dilution Methods for Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. by Luber P, Bartelt E, Genschow E, Wagner J, Hahn H.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150256

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Comparison of CampyPak II with standard 5% oxygen and candle jars for growth of Campylobacter jejuni from human feces. by Wang WL, Luechtefeld NW, Blaser MJ, Reller LB.; 1982 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272347

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Comparison of four hippurate hydrolysis methods for identification of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. by Morris GK, el Sherbeeny MR, Patton CM, Kodaka H, Lombard GL, Edmonds P, Hollis DG, Brenner DJ.; 1985 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268512

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Comparison of gauze swabs and membrane filters for isolation of Campylobacter spp. from surface water. by el-Sherbeeny MR, Bopp C, Wells JG, Morris GK.; 1985 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238677

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Comparison of Genotypes and Serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni Isolated from Danish Wild Mammals and Birds and from Broiler Flocks and Humans. by Petersen L, Nielsen EM, Engberg J, On SL, Dietz HH.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92989

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Comparison of rapid urease tests, staining techniques, and growth on different solid media for detection of Campylobacter pylori. by Coudron PE, Kirby DF.; 1989 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267609

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Comparison of selective media for primary isolation of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni. by Patton CM, Mitchell SW, Potter ME, Kaufmann AF.; 1981 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273785

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Comparison of the Penner and Lior methods for serotyping Campylobacter spp. by Patton CM, Barrett TJ, Morris GK.; 1985 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268467

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Comparison of Two Methods for Serotyping Campylobacter spp. by McKay D, Fletcher J, Cooper P, Thomson-Carter FM.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88048

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Competitive Exclusion of Heterologous Campylobacter spp. in Chicks. by Chen HC, Stern NJ.; 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92657

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Comprehensive ribotyping scheme for heat-stable serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni. by Fitzgerald C, Owen RJ, Stanley J.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228780

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Computer-Assisted Analysis and Epidemiological Value of Genotyping Methods for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. by de Boer P, Duim B, Rigter A, van der Plas J, Jacobs-Reitsma WF, Wagenaar JA.; 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86628

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Confirmation of human Campylobacter concisus isolates misidentified as Campylobacter mucosalis and suggestions for improved differentiation between the two species. by On SL.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263990

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Conformational analysis of the Campylobacter jejuni porin. by Bolla JM, Loret E, Zalewski M, Pages JM.; 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177172

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Correlation between molecular size of the surface array protein and morphology and antigenicity of the Campylobacter fetus S layer. by Fujimoto S, Takade A, Amako K, Blaser MJ.; 1991 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257959

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Critical Role of Multidrug Efflux Pump CmeABC in Bile Resistance and In Vivo Colonization of Campylobacter jejuni. by Lin J, Sahin O, Overbye Michel L, Zhang Q.; 2003 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=165992

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Cytolethal Distending Toxin Genes in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Isolates: Detection and Analysis by PCR. by Eyigor A, Dawson KA, Langlois BE, Pickett CL.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84865

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Cytotoxic and cytotonic factors produced by Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter laridis. by Johnson WM, Lior H.; 1986 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268889

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Cytotoxic and enterotoxic activities of Campylobacter jejuni are not specified by tetracycline resistance plasmids pMAK175 and pUA466. by Taylor DE, Johnson WM, Lior H.; 1987 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265844

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Demonstration of lipopolysaccharide with O-polysaccharide chains among different heat-stable serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni by silver staining of polyacrylamide gels. by Blake DC Jr, Russell RG.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=281326

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Demonstration of Polysaccharide Capsule in Campylobacter jejuni Using Electron Microscopy. by Karlyshev AV, McCrossan MV, Wren BW.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98714

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Detection and Characterization of Autoagglutination Activity by Campylobacter jejuni. by Misawa N, Blaser MJ.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97695

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Detection and Initial Characterization of Novel Capsular Polysaccharide among Diverse Campylobacter jejuni Strains Using Alcian Blue Dye. by Karlyshev AV, Wren BW.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87715

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Detection and Typing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and Analysis of Indicator Organisms in Three Waterborne Outbreaks in Finland. by Hanninen ML, Haajanen H, Pummi T, Wermundsen K, Katila ML, Sarkkinen H, Miettinen I, Rautelin H.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150068

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Detection of Campylobacter jejuni added to foods by using a combined selective enrichment and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA). by Uyttendaele M, Schukkink R, van Gemen B, Debevere J.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167389

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Detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in Environmental Waters by PCR Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. by Sails AD, Bolton FJ, Fox AJ, Wareing DR, Greenway DL.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123752

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Detection of Cytolethal Distending Toxin Activity and cdt Genes in Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Chicken Carcasses. by Eyigor A, Dawson KA, Langlois BE, Pickett CL.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91213

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Detection of Heat-Stable Antigens of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli by Direct Agglutination and Passive Hemagglutination. by Oza AN, Thwaites RT, Wareing DR, Bolton FJ, Frost JA.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120255

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Detection of pathogenic Campylobacter species in blood culture systems. by Wang WL, Blaser MJ.; 1986 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=362822

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Detection of Small Numbers of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Cells in Environmental Water, Sewage, and Food Samples by a Seminested PCR Assay. by Waage AS, Vardund T, Lund V, Kapperud G.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91231

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Detection of two different kanamycin resistance genes in naturally occurring isolates of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. by Tenover FC, Elvrum PM.; 1988 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172371

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Detection on Surfaces and in Caco-2 Cells of Campylobacter jejuni Cells Transformed with New gfp, yfp, and cfp Marker Plasmids. by Miller WG, Bates AH, Horn ST, Brandl MT, Wachtel MR, Mandrell RE.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92478

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Detection, Isolation, and Molecular Subtyping of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter jejuni Associated with a Large Waterborne Outbreak. by Bopp DJ, Sauders BD, Waring AL, Ackelsberg J, Dumas N, Braun-Howland E, Dziewulski D, Wallace BJ, Kelly M, Halse T, Musser KA, Smith PF, Morse DL, Limberger RJ.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149601

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Development and Application of a New Scheme for Typing Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by PCR-Based Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis. by Shi F, Chen YY, Wassenaar TM, Woods WH, Coloe PJ, Fry BN.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130948

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Development and characterization of recA mutants of Campylobacter jejuni for inclusion in attenuated vaccines. by Guerry P, Pope PM, Burr DH, Leifer J, Joseph SW, Bourgeois AL.; 1994 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186125

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Development of a rapid and specific colony-lift immunoassay for detection and enumeration of Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, and C. lari. by Rice BE, Lamichhane C, Joseph SW, Rollins DM.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170429

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Development of an Immunoassay for Rapid Detection of Ganglioside GM1 Mimicry in Campylobacter jejuni Strains. by Prendergast MM, Kosunen TU, Moran AP.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87959

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Development of species-specific DNA probes for Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter lari by polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting. by Giesendorf BA, van Belkum A, Koeken A, Stegeman H, Henkens MH, van der Plas J, Goossens H, Niesters HG, Quint WG.; 1993 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265575

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Differential flagellin expression in a flaA flaB+ mutant of Campylobacter jejuni. by Wassenaar TM, Bleumink-Pluym NM, Newell DG, Nuijten PJ, van der Zeijst BA.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303046

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Differentiation of Campylobacter and Campylobacter-like organisms by cellular fatty acid composition. by Lambert MA, Patton CM, Barrett TJ, Moss CW.; 1987 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266064

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Differentiation of Campylobacter Isolates on the Basis of Sensitivity to Boiling in Water as Measured by PCR-Detectable DNA. by Mohran ZS, Arthur RR, Oyofo BA, Peruski LF, Wasfy MO, Ismail TF, Murphy JR.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124720

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Differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains by using restriction endonuclease DNA profiles and DNA fragment polymorphisms. by Korolik V, Moorthy L, Coloe PJ.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228118

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Differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni Serotype O19 Strains from Non-O19 Strains by PCR. by Misawa N, Allos BM, Blaser MJ.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105241

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Differentiation of Campylobacter species by protein banding patterns in polyacrylamide slab gels. by Ferguson DA Jr, Lambe DW Jr.; 1984 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271349

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Direct immunofluorescence microscopy for rapid screening of Campylobacter enteritis. by Hodge DS, Prescott JF, Shewen PE.; 1986 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269047

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Direct isolation of atypical thermophilic Campylobacter species from human feces on selective agar medium. by Walmsley SL, Karmali MA.; 1989 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267395

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Direct polymerase chain reaction detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in raw milk and dairy products. by Wegmuller B, Luthy J, Candrian U.; 1993 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182251

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Discrimination among thermophilic Campylobacter species by polymerase chain reaction amplification of 23S rRNA gene fragments. by Eyers M, Chapelle S, Van Camp G, Goossens H, De Wachter R.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266428

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Discrimination among thermophilic Campylobacter species by polymerase chain reaction amplification of 23S rRNA gene fragments. by Eyers M, Chapelle S, Van Camp G, Goossens H, De Wachter R.; 1994 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264058

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Discrimination of Campylobacter jejuni isolates by fla gene sequencing. by Meinersmann RJ, Helsel LO, Fields PI, Hiett KL.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230067

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Dispersal in Campylobacter spp. of aphA-3, a kanamycin resistance determinant from gram-positive cocci. by Papadopoulou B, Courvalin P.; 1988 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172315

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Distinct genotypes of human and canine isolates of Campylobacter upsaliensis determined by 16S rRNA gene typing and plasmid profiling. by Stanley J, Jones C, Burnens A, Owen RJ.; 1994 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263796

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Distribution and polymorphism of the flagellin genes from isolates of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni. by Alm RA, Guerry P, Trust TJ.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=204625

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Distribution and serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in enteric Campylobacter strains isolated from children in the Central African Republic. by Georges-Courbot MC, Baya C, Beraud AM, Meunier DM, Georges AJ.; 1986 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268700

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DNA fingerprinting and serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from epidemic outbreaks. by Lind L, Sjogren E, Melby K, Kaijser B.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228912

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DNA probe culture confirmation assay for identification of thermophilic Campylobacter species. by Tenover FC, Carlson L, Barbagallo S, Nachamkin I.; 1990 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267920

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DNA probes for identification of tetracycline resistance genes in Campylobacter species isolated from swine and cattle. by Ng LK, Stiles ME, Taylor DE.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=175018

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DNA relatedness among strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli with divergent serogroup and hippurate reactions. by Hebert GA, Edmonds P, Brenner DJ.; 1984 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271267

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DNA relatedness and biochemical features of Campylobacter spp. isolated in central and South Australia. by Steele TW, Sangster N, Lanser JA.; 1985 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268324

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DNA Sequence and Mutational Analyses of the pVir Plasmid of Campylobacter jejuni 81-176. by Bacon DJ, Alm RA, Hu L, Hickey TE, Ewing CP, Batchelor RA, Trust TJ, Guerry P.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130303

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Double-Staining Method for Differentiation of Morphological Changes and Membrane Integrity of Campylobacter coli Cells. by Alonso JL, Mascellaro S, Moreno Y, Ferrus MA, Hernandez J.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126449

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Effect of Incubation Temperature on Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni Genotypes from Foodstuffs Enriched in Preston Broth. by Scates P, Moran L, Madden RH.; 2003 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=169123

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Effect of inoculum size on the phenotypic characterization of Campylobacter species. by On SL, Holmes B.; 1991 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269909

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Effect of Low Temperatures on Growth, Structure, and Metabolism of Campylobacter coli SP10. by Holler C, Witthuhn D, Janzen-Blunck B.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106086

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Effect of Low-Osmolality Nutrient Media on Growth and Culturability of Campylobacter Species. by Reezal A, McNeil B, Anderson JG.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90903

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Effect of moisture content of the medium on colony morphology of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni. by Buck GE, Kelly MT.; 1981 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273994

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Effect of mutational alteration of Asn-128 in the putative GTP-binding domain of tetracycline resistance determinant Tet(O) from Campylobacter jejuni. by Grewal J, Manavathu EK, Taylor DE.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=192766

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Effects of diet formulations containing proteins from different sources on intestinal colonization by Campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens. by Udayamputhoor RS, Hariharan H, Van Lunen TA, Lewis PJ, Heaney S, Price L, Woodward D.; 2003 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=227054

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Effects of erythromycin and ciprofloxacin on chronic fecal excretion of Campylobacter species in marmosets. by Goodman LJ, Kaplan RL, Petrak RM, Fliegelman RM, Taff D, Walton F, Penner JL, Trenholme GM.; 1986 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=176374

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Efficacy of filter types for detecting Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in environmental water samples by polymerase chain reaction. by Oyofo BA, Rollins DM.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=195871

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Efficacy of media and methods for detecting and enumerating Campylobacter jejuni in refrigerated chicken meat. by Beuchat LR.; 1985 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=291772

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Efficient Isolation of Campylobacter upsaliensis from Stools. by Lastovica AJ, Le Roux E.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88526

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Emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in subjects from Finland. by Rautelin H, Renkonen OV, Kosunen TU.; 1991 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245327

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Enrichment medium for isolation of Campylobacter jejuni-Campylobacter coli. by Rogol M, Shpak B, Rothman D, Sechter I.; 1985 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238583

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Enterotoxin production and serogroups of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from patients with diarrhea and from healthy laying hens. by Lindblom GB, Kaijser B, Sjogren E.; 1989 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267540

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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for virulence properties of Campylobacter jejuni clinical isolates. by Klipstein FA, Engert RF, Short HB.; 1986 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268788

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Epidemiological Typing of Campylobacter Isolates from Meat Processing Plants by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis, Fatty Acid Profile Typing, Serotyping, and Biotyping. by Steele M, McNab B, Fruhner L, DeGrandis S, Woodward D, Odumeru JA.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106393

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Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of 111 Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus Strains Isolated in Quebec, Canada, from 1983 to 2000. by Tremblay C, Gaudreau C, Lorange M.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149556

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Erythromycin-resistant Campylobacter infections in Thailand. by Taylor DN, Blaser MJ, Echeverria P, Pitarangsi C, Bodhidatta L, Wang WL.; 1987 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=174747

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Evaluation of 10 methods to distinguish epidemic-associated Campylobacter strains. by Patton CM, Wachsmuth IK, Evins GM, Kiehlbauch JA, Plikaytis BD, Troup N, Tompkins L, Lior H.; 1991 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269853

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Evaluation of 11 PCR Assays for Species-Level Identification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. by On SL, Jordan PJ.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149560

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Evaluation of a blood-free, charcoal-based, selective medium for the isolation of Campylobacter organisms from feces. by Karmali MA, Simor AE, Roscoe M, Fleming PC, Smith SS, Lane J.; 1986 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268673

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Evaluation of a disk method for detection of hippurate hydrolysis by Campylobacter spp. by Cacho JB, Aguirre PM, Hernanz A, Velasco AC.; 1989 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267313

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Evaluation of a PCR/DNA Probe Colorimetric Membrane Assay for Identification of Campylobacter spp. in Human Stool Specimens. by Collins E, Glennon M, Hanley S, Murray AM, Cormican M, Smith T, Maher M.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88506

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Evaluation of a simplified procedure for serotyping Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli which is based on the O antigen. by Mills SD, Congi RV, Hennessy JN, Penner JL.; 1991 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270279

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Evaluation of a Truncated Recombinant Flagellin Subunit Vaccine against Campylobacter jejuni. by Lee LH, Burg E III, Baqar S, Bourgeois AL, Burr DH, Ewing CP, Trust TJ, Guerry P.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96957

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Evaluation of commercial antisera for serotyping heat-labile antigens of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. by Nicholson MA, Patton CM.; 1993 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263584

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Evaluation of Culture Methods and a DNA Probe-Based PCR Assay for Detection of Campylobacter Species in Clinical Specimens of Feces. by Maher M, Finnegan C, Collins E, Ward B, Carroll C, Cormican M.; 2003 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=165355

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Evaluation of disk method for hippurate hydrolysis by Campylobacter species. by Nicholson MA, Patton CM.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228159

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Evaluation of media for isolation of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni from fecal specimens. by Gilchrist MJ, Grewell CM, Washington JA 2nd.; 1981 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271990

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Evaluation of Methods for Subtyping Campylobacter jejuni during an Outbreak Involving a Food Handler. by Fitzgerald C, Helsel LO, Nicholson MA, Olsen SJ, Swerdlow DL, Flahart R, Sexton J, Fields PI.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88159

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Evaluation of Phenotypic and Genotypic Methods for Subtyping Campylobacter jejuni Isolates from Humans, Poultry, and Cattle. by Nielsen EM, Engberg J, Fussing V, Petersen L, Brogren CH, On SL.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87479

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Evaluation of the Alexon-Trend ProSpecT Campylobacter Microplate Assay. by Tolcin R, LaSalvia MM, Kirkley BA, Vetter EA, Cockerill FR III, Procop GW.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87492

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Evaluation of the campyslide agglutination test for confirmatory identification of selected Campylobacter species. by Hodinka RL, Gilligan PH.; 1988 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266180

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Evaluation of transport and storage techniques for isolation of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni from turkey cecal specimens. by Luechtefeld NW, Wang WL, Blaser MJ, Reller LB.; 1981 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273810

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Evidence for a Genetically Stable Strain of Campylobacter jejuni. by Manning G, Duim B, Wassenaar T, Wagenaar JA, Ridley A, Newell DG.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92712

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Evidence for an efflux pump in multidrug-resistant Campylobacter jejuni. by Charvalos E, Tselentis Y, Hamzehpour MM, Kohler T, Pechere JC.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162874

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Evidence for recombination in the flagellin locus of Campylobacter jejuni: implications for the flagellin gene typing scheme. by Harrington CS, Thomson-Carter FM, Carter PE.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229973

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Evidence for the occurrence of the same strain of Campylobacter pylori in the stomach and dental plaque. by Shames B, Krajden S, Fuksa M, Babida C, Penner JL.; 1989 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267140

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Evidence of reinfection with multiple strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in Macaca nemestrina housed under hyperendemic conditions. by Russell RG, Sarmiento JI, Fox J, Panigrahi P.; 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258790

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Evidence that Certain Clones of Campylobacter jejuni Persist during Successive Broiler Flock Rotations. by Petersen L, Wedderkopp A.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92933

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Evidence that the Campylobacter fetus sap Locus Is an Ancient Genomic Constituent with Origins before Mammals and Reptiles Diverged. by Tu ZC, Dewhirst FE, Blaser MJ.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98151

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Experimental Campylobacter jejuni Infection of Adult Mice. by Blaser MJ, Duncan DJ, Warren GH, Wang WL.; 1983 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=348033

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Expression and characterization of Campylobacter jejuni benzoylglycine amidohydrolase (Hippuricase) gene in Escherichia coli. by Hani EK, Chan VL.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176897

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Extended Survival and Persistence of Campylobacter spp. in Water and Aquatic Biofilms and Their Detection by Immunofluorescent-Antibody and -rRNA Staining. by Buswell CM, Herlihy YM, Lawrence LM, McGuiggan JT, Marsh PD, Keevil CW, Leach SA.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106109

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Fecal Shedding of Campylobacter and Arcobacter spp. in Dairy Cattle. by Wesley IV, Wells SJ, Harmon KM, Green A, Schroeder-Tucker L, Glover M, Siddique I.; 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101445

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Fibronectin-Facilitated Invasion of T84 Eukaryotic Cells by Campylobacter jejuni Occurs Preferentially at the Basolateral Cell Surface. by Monteville MR, Konkel ME.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=133038

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Flagella as a Potential Marker for Campylobacter jejuni Strains Associated with Guillain-Barre Syndrome. by Tsang RS, Figueroa G, Bryden L, Ng LK.; 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87815

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Flagellin gene typing of Campylobacter jejuni by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. by Nachamkin I, Bohachick K, Patton CM.; 1993 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265573

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Gene disruption and replacement as a feasible approach for mutagenesis of Campylobacter jejuni. by Labigne-Roussel A, Courcoux P, Tompkins L.; 1988 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=211020

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Gene Expression Profile of Campylobacter jejuni in Response to Growth Temperature Variation. by Stintzi A.; 2003 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150132

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Gene transfer from Escherichia coli to Campylobacter species: development of shuttle vectors for genetic analysis of Campylobacter jejuni. by Labigne-Roussel A, Harel J, Tompkins L.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213946

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Generation of a Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)-Deficient Mutant of Campylobacter coli: Evidence for the Significance of SOD in Campylobacter Survival and Colonization. by Purdy D, Cawthraw S, Dickinson JH, Newell DG, Park SF.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91375

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Genetic Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni O:41 Isolates in Relation with Guillain-Barre Syndrome. by Wassenaar TM, Fry BN, Lastovica AJ, Wagenaar JA, Coloe PJ, Duim B.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86231

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Genetic, enzymatic, and pathogenic studies of the iron superoxide dismutase of Campylobacter jejuni. by Pesci EC, Cottle DL, Pickett CL.; 1994 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=302869

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Genome Sequence-Based Fluorescent Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism of Campylobacter jejuni, Its Relationship to Serotyping, and Its Implications for Epidemiological Analysis. by Desai M, Logan JM, Frost JA, Stanley J.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88450

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Genomic Heterogeneity and O-Antigenic Diversity of Campylobacter upsaliensis and Campylobacter helveticus Strains Isolated from Dogs and Cats in Germany. by Moser I, Rieksneuwohner B, Lentzsch P, Schwerk P, Wieler LH.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88183

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Genomic Relatedness within Five Common Finnish Campylobacter jejuni PulsedField Gel Electrophoresis Genotypes Studied by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis, Ribotyping, and Serotyping. by Hanninen ML, Perko-Makela P, Rautelin H, Duim B, Wagenaar JA.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92772

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Genotypic Identification of Erythromycin-Resistant Campylobacter Isolates as Helicobacter Species and Analysis of Resistance Mechanism. by Kuijper EJ, Stevens S, Imamura T, de Wever B, Claas EC.; 2003 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=179794

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Genotyping of Campylobacter spp. by Wassenaar TM, Newell DG.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91777

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Growth of Campylobacter jejuni Supported by Respiration of Fumarate, Nitrate, Nitrite, Trimethylamine-N-Oxide, or Dimethyl Sulfoxide Requires Oxygen. by Sellars MJ, Hall SJ, Kelly DJ.; 2002 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135223

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Guillain-Barre Syndrome- and Miller Fisher Syndrome-Associated Campylobacter jejuni Lipopolysaccharides Induce Anti-GM1 and Anti-GQ1b Antibodies in Rabbits. by Ang CW, De Klerk MA, Endtz HP, Jacobs BC, Laman JD, van der Meche FG, van Doorn PA.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98180

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Healthy puppies and kittens as carriers of Campylobacter spp., with special reference to Campylobacter upsaliensis. by Hald B, Madsen M.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230185

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Heat injury and repair in Campylobacter jejuni. by Palumbo SA.; 1984 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241551

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Heat-Labile Serotyping of Two Campylobacter jejuni Strains Isolated from Patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome and Belonging to Serotype O19 (Penner). by Tsang RS, Frosk P, Johnson WM.; 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86658

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Hexagonal surface layer of Campylobacter fetus isolated from humans. by Fujimoto S, Umeda A, Takade A, Murata K, Amako K.; 1989 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313487

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High-Level Resistance to Trimethoprim in Clinical Isolates of Campylobacter jejuni by Acquisition of Foreign Genes (dfr1 and dfr9) Expressing Drug-Insensitive Dihydrofolate Reductases. by Gibreel A, Skold O.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105999

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High-Resolution Genotyping of Campylobacter Strains Isolated from Poultry and Humans with Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Fingerprinting. by Duim B, Wassenaar TM, Rigter A, Wagenaar J.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91350

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Hippurate hydrolysis by and triphenyltetrazolium tolerance of Campylobacter fetus. by Luechtefeld NW, Wang WL.; 1982 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272038

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Hippurate hydrolysis by Campylobacter fetus. by Harvey SM.; 1980 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273421

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House flies (Musca domestica) as possible vectors of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni. by Rosef O, Kapperud G.; 1983 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242296

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Human disease associated with "Campylobacter upsaliensis" (catalase-negative or weakly positive Campylobacter species) in the United States. by Patton CM, Shaffer N, Edmonds P, Barrett TJ, Lambert MA, Baker C, Perlman DM, Brenner DJ.; 1989 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267234

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Hydrolysis of indoxyl acetate by Campylobacter species. by Mills CK, Gherna RL.; 1987 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269272

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Identification and characterization of an immunogenic outer membrane protein of Campylobacter jejuni. by Burnens A, Stucki U, Nicolet J, Frey J.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228588

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Identification and characterization of Campylobacter jejuni outer membrane proteins. by Blaser MJ, Hopkins JA, Berka RM, Vasil ML, Wang WL.; 1983 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264555

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Identification and classification of Campylobacter strains by using nonradioactive DNA probes. by Chevrier D, Larzul D, Megraud F, Guesdon JL.; 1989 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267300

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Identification of Campylobacter cinaedi isolated from blood and feces of children and adult females. by Vandamme P, Falsen E, Pot B, Kersters K, De Ley J.; 1990 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267856

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Identification of Campylobacter fetus by PCR-DNA probe method. by Blom K, Patton CM, Nicholson MA, Swaminathan B.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228165

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Identification of Campylobacter Heat-Stable and Heat-Labile Antigens by Combining the Penner and Lior Serotyping Schemes. by Woodward DL, Rodgers FG.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120291

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Identification of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli by gel electrophoresis of the outer membrane proteins. by Derclaye I, Delor I, Van Bouchaute M, Moureau P, Wauters G, Cornelis GR.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267485

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Identification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli antigens with mucosal and systemic antibodies. by Wu SJ, Pacheco ND, Oprandy JJ, Rollwagen FM.; 1991 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258055

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Identification of Campylobacter jejuni on the basis of a species-specific gene that encodes a membrane protein. by Stucki U, Frey J, Nicolet J, Burnens AP.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228055

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Identification of Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, C. upsaliensis, Arcobacter butzleri, and A. butzleri-Like Species Based on the glyA Gene. by Al Rashid ST, Dakuna I, Louie H, Ng D, Vandamme P, Johnson W, Chan VL.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86472

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Identification of Campylobacter pyloridis isolates by restriction endonuclease DNA analysis. by Langenberg W, Rauws EA, Widjojokusumo A, Tytgat GN, Zanen HC.; 1986 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268925

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Identification of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni by Use of a Fluorogenic PCR Assay. by Wilson DL, Abner SR, Newman TC, Mansfield LS, Linz JE.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87527

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Identification of EF group 22 campylobacters from gastroenteritis cases as Campylobacter concisus. by Vandamme P, Falsen E, Pot B, Hoste B, Kersters K, De Ley J.; 1989 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267670

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Identification of Motility and Autoagglutination Campylobacter jejuni Mutants by Random Transposon Mutagenesis. by Golden NJ, Acheson DW.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127829

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Identification of the Enteropathogens Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Based on the cadF Virulence Gene and Its Product. by Konkel ME, Gray SA, Kim BJ, Garvis SG, Yoon J.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84446

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Identification, Characterization, and Variation in Expression of Two Serologically Distinct O-Antigen Epitopes in Lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter fetus Serotype A Strains. by Brooks BW, Robertson RH, Lutze-Wallace CL, Pfahler W.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98852

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Immune response of athymic and euthymic germfree mice to Campylobacter spp. by Yrios JW, Balish E.; 1986 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260166

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Impact of Transport Crate Reuse and of Catching and Processing on Campylobacter and Salmonella Contamination of Broiler Chickens. by Slader J, Domingue G, Jorgensen F, McAlpine K, Owen RJ, Bolton FJ, Humphrey TJ.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126660

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Improved biotyping schemes for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. by Roop RM 2nd, Smibert RM, Krieg NR.; 1984 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271491

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In Vitro Activities of New Fluoroquinolones against Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Isolates Obtained from Humans in 1980 to 1982 and 1997 to 2001. by Krausse R, Ullmann U.; 2003 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=182638

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In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility, plasmid analysis, and serotyping of epidemicassociated Campylobacter jejuni. by Bopp CA, Birkness KA, Wachsmuth IK, Barrett TJ.; 1985 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271568

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In vitro susceptibilities of aerotolerant Campylobacter isolates to 22 antimicrobial agents. by Kiehlbauch JA, Baker CN, Wachsmuth IK.; 1992 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=189365

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In vitro susceptibilities of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli to azithromycin and erythromycin. by Taylor DE, Chang N.; 1991 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245292

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In Vivo Selection of Campylobacter Isolates with High Levels of Fluoroquinolone Resistance Associated with gyrA Mutations and the Function of the CmeABC Efflux Pump. by Luo N, Sahin O, Lin J, Michel LO, Zhang Q.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148968

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In Vivo Tracking of Campylobacter jejuni by Using a Novel Recombinant Expressing Green Fluorescent Protein. by Mixter PF, Klena JD, Flom GA, Siegesmund AM, Konkel ME.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154531

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Inactivation of Campylobacter jejuni by chlorine and monochloramine. by Blaser MJ, Smith PF, Wang WL, Hoff JC.; 1986 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238864

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Incidence of toxigenic Campylobacter strains in South Africa. by Bok HE, Greeff AS, Crewe-Brown HH.; 1991 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271974

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Indwelling device-related bacteremia caused by serum-susceptible Campylobacter coli. by Hsueh PR, Teng LJ, Yang PC, Ho SW, Luh KT.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229932

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Influence of strain characteristics and immunity on the epidemiology of Campylobacter infections in Thailand. by Taylor DN, Echeverria P, Pitarangsi C, Seriwatana J, Bodhidatta L, Blaser MJ.; 1988 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266475

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Inhibition of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni by antibiotics used in selective growth media. by Ng LK, Stiles ME, Taylor DE.; 1985 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268456

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Interaction of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli with lectins and blood group antibodies. by Wong KH, Skelton SK, Feeley JC.; 1985 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268339

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Interactions of Campylobacter jejuni Cytolethal Distending Toxin Subunits CdtA and CdtC with HeLa Cells. by Lee RB, Hassane DC, Cottle DL, Pickett CL.; 2003 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=187314

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Intestinal colonization of neonatal animals by Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni. by Field LH, Underwood JL, Pope LM, Berry LJ.; 1981 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=350794

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Investigation of a Campylobacter jejuni outbreak by serotyping and chromosomal restriction endonuclease analysis. by Bradbury WC, Pearson AD, Marko MA, Congi RV, Penner JL.; 1984 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271061

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Involvement of a Plasmid in Virulence of Campylobacter jejuni 81-176. by Bacon DJ, Alm RA, Burr DH, Hu L, Kopecko DJ, Ewing CP, Trust TJ, Guerry P.; 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98329

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Isoelectric focusing of ureases from Campylobacter pylori and related organisms. by Tompkins DS, Millar MR, West AP.; 1988 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266974

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Isolation and Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni from Macaroni Penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus) in the Subantarctic Region. by Broman T, Bergstrom S, On SL, Palmgren H, McCafferty DJ, Sellin M, Olsen B.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91847

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Isolation and characterization of catalase-negative and catalase-weak strains of Campylobacter species, including "Campylobacter upsaliensis," from humans with gastroenteritis. by Taylor DE, Hiratsuka K, Mueller L.; 1989 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267734

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Isolation and characterization of cephalothin-susceptible Campylobacter coli from slaughter cattle. by Brooks BW, Garcia MM, Fraser DE, Lior H, Stewart RB, Lammerding AM.; 1986 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268977

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Isolation of Campylobacter concisus from feces of children with and without diarrhea. by Van Etterijck R, Breynaert J, Revets H, Devreker T, Vandenplas Y, Vandamme P, Lauwers S.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229239

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Isolation of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus from a Patient with Cellulitis. by Briedis DJ, Khamessan A, McLaughlin RW, Vali H, Panaritou M, Chan EC.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154594

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Isolation of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni from Human Fecal Specimens by Incubation at 35 and 42[deg]C. by Janssen D, Helstad AG.; 1982 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272369

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Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from retail mushrooms. by Doyle MP, Schoeni JL.; 1986 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238894

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Isolation of Campylobacter spp. from pigeon feces by a combined enrichmentfiltration technique. by Megraud F.; 1987 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203878

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Isolation of nonchemotactic mutants of Campylobacter jejuni and their colonization of the mouse intestinal tract. by Takata T, Fujimoto S, Amako K.; 1992 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257366

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Isolation of Plasmids Encoding Tetracycline Resistance from Campylobacter jejuni Strains Isolated from Simians. by Tenover FC, Bronsdon MA, Gordon KP, Plorde JJ.; 1983 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186045

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Isolation, characterization, and serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from slaughter cattle. by Garcia MM, Lior H, Stewart RB, Ruckerbauer GM, Trudel JR, Skljarevski A.; 1985 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=373568

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Isoprenoid quinone content and cellular fatty acid composition of Campylobacter species. by Moss CW, Kai A, Lambert MA, Patton C.; 1984 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271183

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Isoprenoid quinones of Campylobacter cryaerophila, C. cinaedi, C. fennelliae, C. hyointestinalis, C. pylori, and "C. upsaliensis". by Moss CW, Lambert-Fair MA, Nicholson MA, Guerrant GO.; 1990 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269621

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Laboratory and clinical evaluation of isolation media for Campylobacter jejuni. by Gun-Munro J, Rennie RP, Thornley JH, Richardson HL, Hodge D, Lynch J.; 1987 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269469

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Large-Scale Survey of Campylobacter Species in Human Gastroenteritis by PCR and PCR --Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. by Lawson AJ, Logan JM, O'neill GL, Desai M, Stanley J.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85830

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Lectin Typing of Campylobacter concisus. by Aabenhus R, Hynes SO, Permin H, Moran AP, Andersen LP.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153386

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Lipopolysaccharide structures in Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio cholerae are immunologically related to Campylobacter spp. by Perez-Perez GI, Hopkins JA, Blaser MJ.; 1986 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261087

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Lipopolysaccharide structures of Campylobacter fetus are related to heat-stable serogroups. by Perez-Perez GI, Blaser MJ, Bryner JH.; 1986 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261088

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Lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter jejuni O:41 Strains Associated with Guillain-Barre Syndrome Exhibit Mimicry of GM1 Ganglioside. by Prendergast MM, Lastovica AJ, Moran AP.; 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108398

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Local immune responses to the Campylobacter flagellin in acute Campylobacter gastrointestinal infection. by Nachamkin I, Yang XH.; 1992 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265089

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Location of epitopes on Campylobacter jejuni flagella. by Logan SM, Trust TJ.; 1986 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213544

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Lysyl-tRNA synthetase gene of Campylobacter jejuni. by Chan VL, Bingham HL.; 1992 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=206145

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Major outer membrane protein of Campylobacter fetus: physical and immunological characterization. by McCoy EC, Wiltberger HA, Winter J.; 1976 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=420747

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Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter species. by Taylor DE, Courvalin P.; 1988 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172360

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Microarray-Based Identification of Thermophilic Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, and C. upsaliensis. by Volokhov D, Chizhikov V, Chumakov K, Rasooly A.; 2003 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=193862

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Microtiter Assay for Detecting Campylobacter spp. and Helicobacter pylori with Surface Gangliosides Which Bind Cholera Toxin. by Sack DA, Lastovica AJ, Chang SH, Pazzaglia G.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104975

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Miller-Fisher syndrome associated with Campylobacter jejuni bearing lipopolysaccharide molecules that mimic human ganglioside GD3. by Salloway S, Mermel LA, Seamans M, Aspinall GO, Nam Shin JE, Kurjanczyk LA, Penner JL.; 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174172

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Modified ammonia electrode method to investigate D-asparagine breakdown by Campylobacter strains. by Karmali MA, Roscoe M, Fleming PC.; 1986 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=362828

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Modified selective medium for isolation of Campylobacter spp. from feces: comparison with Preston medium, a blood-free medium, and a filtration system. by Goossens H, De Boeck M, Coignau H, Vlaes L, Van den Borre C, Butzler JP.; 1986 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269038

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Molecular characterization of a Campylobacter jejuni 29-kilodalton periplasmic binding protein. by Garvis SG, Puzon GJ, Konkel ME.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174260

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Molecular characterization of a Campylobacter jejuni lipoprotein with homology to periplasmic siderophore-binding proteins. by Park SF, Richardson PT.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176878

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Molecular Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni from Patients with GuillainBarre and Miller Fisher Syndromes. by Endtz HP, Ang CW, van den Braak N, Duim B, Rigter A, Price LJ, Woodward DL, Rodgers FG, Johnson WM, Wagenaar JA, Jacobs BC, Verbrugh HA, van Belkum A.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86786

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Molecular Characterization of Invasive and Noninvasive Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Isolates. by Carvalho AC, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Ramos-Cervantes P, Cervantes LE, Jiang X, Pickering LK.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87939

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Molecular cloning and expression of Campylobacter pylori species-specific antigens in Escherichia coli K-12. by Clayton CL, Wren BW, Mullany P, Topping A, Tabaqchali S.; 1989 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313142

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Molecular cloning and site-specific mutagenesis of a gene involved in arylsulfatase production in Campylobacter jejuni. by Yao R, Guerry P.; 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178088

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Molecular Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni in Broiler Flocks Using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA-PCR and 23S rRNA-PCR and Role of Litter in Its Transmission. by Payne RE, Lee MD, Dreesen DW, Barnhart HM.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91010

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Molecular Evidence for Dissemination of Unique Campylobacter jejuni Clones in Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. by Duim B, Godschalk PC, van den Braak N, Dingle KE, Dijkstra JR, Leyde E, van der Plas J, Colles FM, Endtz HP, Wagenaar JA, Maiden MC, van Belkum A.; 2003 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=309031

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Molecular Identification of Campylobacter concisus. by Matsheka MI, Lastovica AJ, Elisha BG.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88407

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Molecular Subtype Analyses of Campylobacter spp. from Arkansas and California Poultry Operations. by Hiett KL, Stern NJ, Fedorka-Cray P, Cox NA, Musgrove MT, Ladely S.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134383

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Molecular subtyping scheme for serotypes HS1 and HS4 of Campylobacter jejuni. by Owen RJ, Sutherland K, Fitzgerald C, Gibson J, Borman P, Stanley J.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228058

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Molecular Typing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. by Lastovica AJ.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150320

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Molecular Typing of Campylobacter jejuni Isolates Involved in a Neonatal Outbreak Indicates Nosocomial Transmission. by Llovo J, Mateo E, Munoz A, Urquijo M, On SL, Fernandez-Astorga A.; 2003 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=179862

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Multilocus Sequence Typing for Comparison of Veterinary and Human Isolates of Campylobacter jejuni. by Manning G, Dowson CG, Bagnall MC, Ahmed IH, West M, Newell DG.; 2003 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=262249

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Multilocus Sequence Typing System for Campylobacter jejuni. by Dingle KE, Colles FM, Wareing DR, Ure R, Fox AJ, Bolton FE, Bootsma HJ, Willems RJ, Urwin R, Maiden MC.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87672

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Mutation in the peb1A Locus of Campylobacter jejuni Reduces Interactions with Epithelial Cells and Intestinal Colonization of Mice. by Pei Z, Burucoa C, Grignon B, Baqar S, Huang XZ, Kopecko DJ, Bourgeois AL, Fauchere JL, Blaser MJ.; 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107999

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Natural transformation in Campylobacter species. by Wang Y, Taylor DE.; 1990 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=208523

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Natural Transformation of Campylobacter jejuni Requires Components of a Type II Secretion System. by Wiesner RS, Hendrixson DR, DiRita VJ.; 2003 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=193740

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Naturally occurring auxotrophs of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. by Tenover FC, Patton CM.; 1987 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269302

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Nested DNA inversion of Campylobacter fetus S-layer genes is recA dependent. by Dworkin J, Shedd OL, Blaser MJ.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179705

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New, extended biotyping scheme for Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and "Campylobacter laridis". by Lior H.; 1984 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271400

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Occurrence of plasmid DNA in serologically defined strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. by Bradbury WC, Marko MA, Hennessy JN, Penner JL.; 1983 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264877

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Occurrence of plasmids and antibiotic resistance among Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from healthy and diarrheic animals. by Bradbury WC, Munroe DL.; 1985 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268406

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Oligodeoxynucleotide probes for Campylobacter fetus and Campylobacter hyointestinalis based on 16S rRNA sequences. by Wesley IV, Wesley RD, Cardella M, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ.; 1991 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270216

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Oligonucleotide probe for detection and identification of Campylobacter pylori. by Morotomi M, Hoshina S, Green P, Neu HC, LoGerfo P, Watanabe I, Mutai M, Weinstein IB.; 1989 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267102

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Outer membrane characteristics of Campylobacter jejuni. by Logan SM, Trust TJ.; 1982 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=347834

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Pathophysiology of Campylobacter enteritis. by Walker RI, Caldwell MB, Lee EC, Guerry P, Trust TJ, Ruiz-Palacios GM.; 1986 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=373055

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PCR detection, identification to species level, and fingerprinting of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli direct from diarrheic samples. by Linton D, Lawson AJ, Owen RJ, Stanley J.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230012

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PCR --Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection and Identification of Campylobacter Species: Application to Isolates and Stool Samples. by Metherell LA, Logan JM, Stanley J.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84331

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PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis for Detection of Point Mutations Associated with Macrolide Resistance in Campylobacter spp. by Vacher S, Menard A, Bernard E, Megraud F.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149329

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Phagocytosis of Campylobacter jejuni and its intracellular survival in mononuclear phagocytes. by Kiehlbauch JA, Albach RA, Baum LL, Chang KP.; 1985 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261341

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Phenotyping of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by a quantitative antibiogram [MIC] typing scheme using Euclidean distances [QATED]. by Moore JE, Goldsmith CE.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=45583

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Phylogenetic and molecular characterization of a 23S rRNA gene positions the genus Campylobacter in the epsilon subdivision of the Proteobacteria and shows that the presence of transcribed spacers is common in Campylobacter spp. by Trust TJ, Logan SM, Gustafson CE, Romaniuk PJ, Kim NW, Chan VL, Ragan MA, Guerry P, Gutell RR.; 1994 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=196280

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Physiological Activity of Campylobacter jejuni Far below the Minimal Growth Temperature. by Hazeleger WC, Wouters JA, Rombouts FM, Abee T.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106578

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Physiological Characterization of Viable-but-Nonculturable Campylobacter jejuni Cells. by Tholozan JL, Cappelier JM, Tissier JP, Delattre G, Federighi M.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91151

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Polynucleotide sequence relationships among flagellin genes of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. by Thornton SA, Logan SM, Trust TJ, Guerry P.; 1990 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258875

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Population genetics of human and animal enteric Campylobacter strains. by Aeschbacher M, Piffaretti JC.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313295

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Prevalence and characterization of hippurate-negative Campylobacter jejuni in King County, Washington. by Totten PA, Patton CM, Tenover FC, Barrett TJ, Stamm WE, Steigerwalt AG, Lin JY, Holmes KK, Brenner DJ.; 1987 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269320

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Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, and Campylobacter coli in Different Ecological Guilds and Taxa of Migrating Birds. by Waldenstrom J, Broman T, Carlsson I, Hasselquist D, Achterberg RP, Wagenaar JA, Olsen B.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134389

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Prevalence of Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Serovars in Retail Chicken, Turkey, Pork, and Beef from the Greater Washington, D.C., Area. by Zhao C, Ge B, De Villena J, Sudler R, Yeh E, Zhao S, White DG, Wagner D, Meng J.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93326

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Problems in identification of Campylobacter jejuni associated with acquisition of resistance to nalidixic acid. by Altwegg M, Burnens A, Zollinger-Iten J, Penner JL.; 1987 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269340

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Prospective study of enteric Campylobacter infections in children from birth to 6 months in the Central African Republic. by Georges-Courbot MC, Beraud-Cassel AM, Gouandjika I, Georges AJ.; 1987 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266099

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Prosthetic hip joint infection due to Campylobacter fetus. by Yao JD, Ng HM, Campbell I.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266419

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Protein shift and antigenic variation in the S-layer of Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis during bovine infection accompanied by genomic rearrangement of sapA homologs. by Garcia MM, Lutze-Wallace CL, Denes AS, Eaglesome MD, Holst E, Blaser MJ.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176838

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Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for epidemiologic studies of Campylobacter hyointestinalis isolates. by Salama SM, Tabor H, Richter M, Taylor DE.; 1992 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265427

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Purification and characterization of Campylobacter rectus surface layer proteins. by Nitta H, Holt SC, Ebersole JL.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176083

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Quality Control Strains Used in Susceptibility Testing of Campylobacter spp. by Hakanen A, Huovinen P.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120564

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Quantitative Immunocapture PCR Assay for Detection of Campylobacter jejuni in Foods. by Waller DF, Ogata SA.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92267

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Rapid and improved gas-liquid chromatography technique for detection of hippurate hydrolysis by Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. by Bar W, Fricke G.; 1987 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269328

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Rapid and sensitive detection of Campylobacter spp. in chicken products by using the polymerase chain reaction. by Giesendorf BA, Quint WG, Henkens MH, Stegeman H, Huf FA, Niesters HG.; 1992 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183185

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Rapid Detection of Campylobacter coli, C. jejuni, and Salmonella enterica on Poultry Carcasses by Using PCR-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. by Hong Y, Berrang ME, Liu T, Hofacre CL, Sanchez S, Wang L, Maurer JJ.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161512

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Rapid Detection of Campylobacter jejuni in Stool Specimens by an Enzyme Immunoassay and Surveillance for Campylobacter upsaliensis in the Greater Salt Lake City Area. by Hindiyeh M, Jense S, Hohmann S, Benett H, Edwards C, Aldeen W, Croft A, Daly J, Mottice S, Carroll KC.; 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87189

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Rapid Emergence of High-Level Resistance to Quinolones in Campylobacter jejuni Associated with Mutational Changes in gyrA and parC. by Gibreel A, Sjogren E, Kaijser B, Wretlind B, Skold O.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106034

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Rapid identification of Campylobacter pylori (C. pyloridis) by preformed enzymes. by McNulty CA, Dent JC.; 1987 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269307

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Rapid identification of Campylobacter species by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a PCR-amplified fragment of the gene coding for 16S rRNA. by Cardarelli-Leite P, Blom K, Patton CM, Nicholson MA, Steigerwalt AG, Hunter SB, Brenner DJ, Barrett TJ, Swaminathan B.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228731

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Rapid Identification of Campylobacter spp. by Melting Peak Analysis of Biprobes in Real-Time PCR. by Logan JM, Edwards KJ, Saunders NA, Stanley J.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88115

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Rapid Identification of Thermotolerant Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter lari, and Campylobacter upsaliensis from Various Geographic Locations by a GTPase-Based PCR-Reverse Hybridization Assay. by van Doorn LJ, Verschuuren-van Haperen A, Burnens A, Huysmans M, Vandamme P, Giesendorf BA, Blaser MJ, Quint WG.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84952

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Rapid Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Protocol for Subtyping of Campylobacter jejuni. by Ribot EM, Fitzgerald C, Kubota K, Swaminathan B, Barrett TJ.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88044

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Rate of Campylobacter spp. isolation in three regions of Ontario, Canada, from 1978 to 1985. by Thompson JS, Cahoon FE, Hodge DS.; 1986 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269051

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Reattachment of surface array proteins to Campylobacter fetus cells. by Yang LY, Pei ZH, Fujimoto S, Blaser MJ.; 1992 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=206419

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Recovery in Embryonated Eggs of Viable but Nonculturable Campylobacter jejuni Cells and Maintenance of Ability To Adhere to HeLa Cells after Resuscitation. by Cappelier JM, Minet J, Magras C, Colwell RR, Federighi M.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91695

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Recovery of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from inoculated foods by selective enrichment. by Doyle MP, Roman DJ.; 1982 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=244238

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Recovery of injured Campylobacter jejuni cells after animal passage. by Saha SK, Saha S, Sanyal SC.; 1991 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183978

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Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis Using Random Chromosomal Gene Probes for Epidemiological Analysis of Campylobacter jejuni Infections. by Fujimoto S, Umene K, Saito M, Horikawa K, Blaser MJ.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86518

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Restriction fragment length polymorphism of flagellin genes of Campylobacter jejuni and/or C. coli isolates from Egypt. by Mohran ZS, Guerry P, Lior H, Murphy JR, elGendy AM, Mikhail MM, Oyofo BA.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228984

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Risk Factors Associated with Campylobacter jejuni Infections in Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. by Endtz HP, van West H, Godschalk PC, de Haan L, Halabi Y, van den Braak N, Kesztyus BI, Leyde E, Ott A, Verkooyen R, Price LJ, Woodward DL, Rodgers FG, Ang CW, van Koningsveld R, van Belkum A, Gerstenbluth I.; 2003 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=309032

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Risk factors for antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter spp. isolated from raw poultry meat in Switzerland. by Ledergerber U, Regula G, Stephan R, Danuser J, Bissig B, Stark KD.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=317320

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Role of Campylobacter jejuni flagella as colonization factors for three-day-old chicks: analysis with flagellar mutants. by Nachamkin I, Yang XH, Stern NJ.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=182076

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Role of Catalase in Campylobacter jejuni Intracellular Survival. by Day WA Jr, Sajecki JL, Pitts TM, Joens LA.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97717

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Role of two flagellin genes in Campylobacter motility. by Guerry P, Alm RA, Power ME, Logan SM, Trust TJ.; 1991 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=208154

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Roles of Fe Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase in Resistance of Campylobacter coli to Freeze-Thaw Stress. by Stead D, Park SF.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92120

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Roles of rpoN, fliA, and flgR in Expression of Flagella in Campylobacter jejuni. by Jagannathan A, Constantinidou C, Penn CW.; 2001 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=99512

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Roles of the Surface Layer Proteins of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus in Ovine Abortion. by Grogono-Thomas R, Dworkin J, Blaser MJ, Newell DG.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97330

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Seasonal occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in surface waters and their correlation with standard indicator bacteria. by Carter AM, Pacha RE, Clark GW, Williams EA.; 1987 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203700

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Sequence Polymorphism, Predicted Secondary Structures, and Surface-Exposed Conformational Epitopes of Campylobacter Major Outer Membrane Protein. by Zhang Q, Meitzler JC, Huang S, Morishita T.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101523

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Sequence Typing Confirms that Campylobacter jejuni Strains Associated with Guillain-Barre and Miller-Fisher Syndromes Are of Diverse Genetic Lineage, Serotype, and Flagella Type. by Dingle KE, Van Den Braak N, Colles FM, Price LJ, Woodward DL, Rodgers FG, Endtz HP, Van Belkum A, Maiden MC.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88342

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Serogroups of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter fetus defined by direct immunofluorescence. by Hebert GA, Hollis DG, Weaver RE, Steigerwalt AG, McKinney RM, Brenner DJ.; 1983 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272680

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Serotype distribution of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from hospitalized patients with diarrhea in central Australia. by Albert MJ, Leach A, Asche V, Hennessy J, Penner JL.; 1992 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265021

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Serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter laridis from domestic and wild animals. by Rosef O, Kapperud G, Lauwers S, Gondrosen B.; 1985 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241755

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Serotyping Scheme for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Based on Direct Agglutination of Heat-Stable Antigens. by Frost JA, Oza AN, Thwaites RT, Rowe B.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104538

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Shift in S-layer protein expression responsible for antigenic variation in Campylobacter fetus. by Wang E, Garcia MM, Blake MS, Pei Z, Blaser MJ.; 1993 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=204962

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Sialylation of Lipooligosaccharide Cores Affects Immunogenicity and Serum Resistance of Campylobacter jejuni. by Guerry P, Ewing CP, Hickey TE, Prendergast MM, Moran AP.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97763

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Significance of flagella in colonization resistance of rabbits immunized with Campylobacter spp. by Pavlovskis OR, Rollins DM, Haberberger RL Jr, Green AE, Habash L, Strocko S, Walker RI.; 1991 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258004

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Species-specific cloned DNA probes for the identification of Campylobacter hyointestinalis. by Gebhart CJ, Ward GE, Murtaugh MP.; 1989 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267116

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Specific detection and confirmation of Campylobacter jejuni by DNA hybridization and PCR. by Ng LK, Kingombe CI, Yan W, Taylor DE, Hiratsuka K, Malik N, Garcia MM.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168775

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Specific Detection of Arcobacter and Campylobacter Strains in Water and Sewage by PCR and Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization. by Moreno Y, Botella S, Alonso JL, Ferrus MA, Hernandez M, Hernandez J.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=143587

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Specific detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by using polymerase chain reaction. by Oyofo BA, Thornton SA, Burr DH, Trust TJ, Pavlovskis OR, Guerry P.; 1992 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270487

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Specific identification of the enteropathogens Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by using a PCR test based on the ceuE gene encoding a putative virulence determinant. by Gonzalez I, Grant KA, Richardson PT, Park SF, Collins MD.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229667

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Specific PCR Identification and Differentiation of the Thermophilic Campylobacters, Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, and C. upsaliensis. by Fermer C, Engvall EO.; 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85572

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Stability of Related Human and Chicken Campylobacter jejuni Genotypes after Passage through Chick Intestine Studied by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. by Hanninen ML, Hakkinen M, Rautelin H.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91334

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Standardizing Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Campylobacter Species. by McDermott PF, Walker RD.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153937

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Strain characterization and grouping of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by interaction with lectins. by Wong KH, Skelton SK, Feeley JC.; 1986 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268663

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Structural and antigenic characteristics of Campylobacter coli FlaA flagellin. by Power ME, Guerry P, McCubbin WD, Kay CM, Trust TJ.; 1994 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=205501

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Structural and antigenic heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. by Logan SM, Trust TJ.; 1984 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263302

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Structural and biochemical analyses of a surface array protein of Campylobacter fetus. by Dubreuil JD, Logan SM, Cubbage S, Eidhin DN, McCubbin WD, Kay CM, Beveridge TJ, Ferris FG, Trust TJ.; 1988 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=211424

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Structure of Campylobacter jejuni Lipopolysaccharides Determines Antiganglioside Specificity and Clinical Features of Guillain-Barre and Miller Fisher Patients. by Ang CW, Laman JD, Willison HJ, Wagner ER, Endtz HP, De Klerk MA, Tio-Gillen AP, Van den Braak N, Jacobs BC, Doorn PA.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127781

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Study of the Infectivity of Saline-Stored Campylobacter jejuni for Day-Old Chicks. by Hald B, Knudsen K, Lind P, Madsen M.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92885

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Study on the epidemiology and control of Campylobacter jejuni in poultry broiler flocks. by van de Giessen A, Mazurier SI, Jacobs-Reitsma W, Jansen W, Berkers P, Ritmeester W, Wernars K.; 1992 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=195703

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Substrate utilization by Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. by Westfall HN, Rollins DM, Weiss E.; 1986 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=239100

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Sulfonamide Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Campylobacter jejuni: Mutational Changes in the Chromosomal Dihydropteroate Synthase. by Gibreel A, Skold O.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89439

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Surface array proteins of Campylobacter fetus block lectin-mediated binding to type A lipopolysaccharide. by Fogg GC, Yang LY, Wang E, Blaser MJ.; 1990 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313561

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Survey of plasmids and resistance factors in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. by Tenover FC, Williams S, Gordon KP, Nolan C, Plorde JJ.; 1985 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=176201

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Survival and growth of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni on meat and in cooked foods. by Gill CO, Harris LM.; 1982 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242004

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Survival and Resuscitation of Ten Strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli under Acid Conditions. by Chaveerach P, ter Huurne AA, Lipman LJ, van Knapen F.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152468

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Survival of Campylobacter jejuni during Stationary Phase: Evidence for the Absence of a Phenotypic Stationary-Phase Response. by Kelly AF, Park SF, Bovill R, Mackey BM.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92863

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Survival of Clinical and Poultry-Derived Isolates of Campylobacter jejuni at a Low Temperature (4[deg]C). by Chan KF, Le Tran H, Kanenaka RY, Kathariou S.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=93146

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Susceptibility of Campylobacter species to nalidixic acid, enoxacin, and other DNA gyrase inhibitors. by Taylor DE, Ng LK, Lior H.; 1985 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=176366

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Susceptibility testing of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni, using broth microdilution panels. by Buck GE, Kelly MT.; 1982 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181872

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Temperature-dependent membrane fatty acid and cell physiology changes in coccoid forms of Campylobacter jejuni. by Hazeleger WC, Janse JD, Koenraad PM, Beumer RR, Rombouts FM, Abee T.; 1995 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167543

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Temporal and Geographical Distribution and Overlap of Penner Heat-Stable Serotypes and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Genotypes of Campylobacter jejuni Isolates Collected from Humans and Chickens in Finland during a Seasonal Peak. by Karenlampi R, Rautelin H, Hakkinen M, Hanninen ML.; 2003 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=254332

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The Campylobacter sigma 54 flaB flagellin promoter is subject to environmental regulation. by Alm RA, Guerry P, Trust TJ.; 1993 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=204885

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The Central, Surface-Exposed Region of the Flagellar Hook Protein FlgE of Campylobacter jejuni Shows Hypervariability among Strains. by Luneberg E, GlennCalvo E, Hartmann M, Bar W, Frosch M.; 1998 Jul 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107344

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The galE Gene of Campylobacter jejuni Is Involved in Lipopolysaccharide Synthesis and Virulence. by Fry BN, Feng S, Chen YY, Newell DG, Coloe PJ, Korolik V.; 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97464

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The Iron-Binding Protein Dps Confers Hydrogen Peroxide Stress Resistance to Campylobacter jejuni. by Ishikawa T, Mizunoe Y, Kawabata SI, Takade A, Harada M, Wai SN, Yoshida SI.; 2003 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=142835

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Three supplementary diagnostic tests for Campylobacter species and related organisms. by Burnens AP, Nicolet J.; 1993 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=262849

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Tolerance to Self Gangliosides Is the Major Factor Restricting the Antibody Response to Lipopolysaccharide Core Oligosaccharides in Campylobacter jejuni Strains Associated with Guillain-Barre Syndrome. by Bowes T, Wagner ER, Boffey J, Nicholl D, Cochrane L, Benboubetra M, Conner J, Furukawa K, Furukawa K, Willison HJ.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128228

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Toxin production by Campylobacter spp. by Wassenaar TM.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=172930

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Transmissible plasmids from Campylobacter jejuni. by Taylor DE, De Grandis SA, Karmali MA, Fleming PC.; 1981 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181531

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Transmission of Campylobacter hyointestinalis from a Pig to a Human. by Gorkiewicz G, Feierl G, Zechner R, Zechner EL.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120582

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Trimethoprim activity in media selective for Campylobacter jejuni. by Bopp CA, Wells JG, Barrett TJ.; 1982 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272481

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Typing of Campylobacter pylori by bacterial DNA restriction endonuclease analysis and determination of plasmid profile. by Simor AE, Shames B, Drumm B, Sherman P, Low DE, Penner JL.; 1990 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269541

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Typing of heat-stable and heat-labile antigens of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by coagglutination. by Wong KH, Skelton SK, Patton CM, Feeley JC, Morris G.; 1985 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271762

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Typing of Human Campylobacter jejuni Isolates in Finland by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. by Hanninen ML, Pajarre S, Klossner ML, Rautelin H.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104923

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Ultrastructure and chemical analysis of Campylobacter pylori flagella. by Geis G, Leying H, Suerbaum S, Mai U, Opferkuch W.; 1989 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267336

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Uncommon Campylobacter species in infant Macaca nemestrina monkeys housed in a nursery. by Russell RG, Kiehlbauch JA, Gebhart CJ, DeTolla LJ.; 1992 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270576

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Unusual Microtuble-Dependent Endocytosis Mechanisms Triggered by Campylobacter jejuni and Citrobacter freundii. by Oelschlaeger TA, Guerry P, Kopecko DJ.; 1993 Jul 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=47037

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Urease-positive thermophilic Campylobacter (Campylobacter laridis variant) isolated from an appendix and from human feces. by Megraud F, Chevrier D, Desplaces N, Sedallian A, Guesdon JL.; 1988 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266518

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Use of an alkaline phosphatase-labeled synthetic oligonucleotide probe for detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. by Olive DM, Johny M, Sethi SK.; 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267989

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Use of an arbitrarily primed PCR product in the development of a Campylobacter jejuni-specific PCR. by Day WA Jr, Pepper IL, Joens LA.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168393

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Use of auxotyping for epidemiological studies of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli infections. by Tenover FC, Knapp JS, Patton C, Plorde JJ.; 1985 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261318

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Use of PCR for Direct Detection of Campylobacter Species in Bovine Feces. by Inglis GD, Kalischuk LD.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161499

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Use of pulsed-field agarose gel electrophoresis to size genomes of Campylobacter species and to construct a SalI map of Campylobacter jejuni UA580. by Chang N, Taylor DE.; 1990 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=213182

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Use of Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis and Flagellin Gene Typing in Identifying Clonal Groups of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in Farm and Clinical Environments. by Fitzgerald C, Stanley K, Andrew S, Jones K.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92751

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Use of tri-gas incubator for routine culture of Campylobacter species from fecal specimens. by Thompson JS, Hodge DS, Smith DE, Yong YA.; 1990 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268277

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Utility of Multilocus Sequence Typing as an Epidemiological Tool for Investigation of Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis Caused by Campylobacter jejuni. by Sails AD, Swaminathan B, Fields PI.; 2003 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=254344

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Utilization of exogenous siderophores by Campylobacter species. by Baig BH, Wachsmuth IK, Morris GK.; 1986 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268668

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Variation in antigenicity and molecular weight of Campylobacter coli VC167 flagellin in different genetic backgrounds. by Alm RA, Guerry P, Power ME, Trust TJ.; 1992 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=206204

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Viability and DNA Maintenance in Nonculturable Spiral Campylobacter jejuni Cells after Long-Term Exposure to Low Temperatures. by Lazaro B, Carcamo J, Audicana A, Perales I, Fernandez-Astorga A.; 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91624

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Viable but nonculturable stage of Campylobacter jejuni and its role in survival in the natural aquatic environment. by Rollins DM, Colwell RR.; 1986 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203568

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Virulence of Campylobacter jejuni for chicken embryos is associated with decreased bloodstream clearance and resistance to phagocytosis. by Field LH, Underwood JL, Payne SM, Berry LJ.; 1991 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257862

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text

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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with campylobacter, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “campylobacter” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for campylobacter (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 16S rDNA-based nested PCR protocol to detect Campylobacter gracilis in oral infections. Author(s): Siqueira Junior JF, Rocas IN. Source: Pesquisa Odontologica Brasileira = Brazilian Oral Research. 2003 April-June; 17(2): 142-6. Epub 2003 October 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14569356

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A case-control study of risk factors for sporadic campylobacter infections in Denmark. Author(s): Neimann J, Engberg J, Molbak K, Wegener HC. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2003 June; 130(3): 353-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12825719

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A comparison of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis incidence rates in high- and lowpoultry-density counties: Michigan 1992-1999. Author(s): Potter RC, Kaneene JB, Gardiner J. Source: Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.). 2002 Fall; 2(3): 137-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12737543

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A deep-rough mutant of Campylobacter jejuni 81-176 is noninvasive for intestinal epithelial cells. Author(s): Kanipes MI, Holder LC, Corcoran AT, Moran AP, Guerry P. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2004 April; 72(4): 2452-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15039381

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A descriptive study of Guillain-Barre syndrome in high and low Campylobacter jejuni incidence regions of Michigan: 1992-1999. Author(s): Church Potter R, Kaneene JB. Source: Neuroepidemiology. 2003 July-August; 22(4): 245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12792145

journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A family with Campylobacter enteritis: anti-GD1a antibody with/without GuillainBarre syndrome. Author(s): Hirano M, Kusunoki S, Asai H, Tonomura Y, Morita D, Ueno S. Source: Neurology. 2003 May 27; 60(10): 1719-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12771281

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A phenylalanine-arginine beta-naphthylamide sensitive multidrug efflux pump involved in intrinsic and acquired resistance of Campylobacter to macrolides. Author(s): Mamelli L, Amoros JP, Pages JM, Bolla JM. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2003 September; 22(3): 237-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13678827

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Acute anterior uveitis in association with an outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infection. Author(s): Hannu T, Sihto-Kauppi K, Kotaniemi K, Kauppi M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2004; 33(1): 55-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15124945

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Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis temporally associated with Campylobacter gastroenteritis. Author(s): Orr D, McKendrick MW, Sharrack B. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2004 May; 75(5): 792-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15090589

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An outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infection among conference delegates. Author(s): Raupach JC, Hundy RL. Source: Commun Dis Intell. 2003; 27(3): 380-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14510066

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Antibiotic resistance among Campylobacter jejuni/coli strains acquired in Sweden and abroad: a longitudinal study. Author(s): Osterlund A, Hermann M, Kahlmeter G. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(8): 478-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14514147

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Antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter jejuni isolated from humans in the Hunter Region, New South Wales. Author(s): Sharma H, Unicomb L, Forbes W, Djordjevic S, Valcanis M, Dalton C, Ferguson J. Source: Commun Dis Intell. 2003; 27 Suppl: S80-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12807280

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Anti-GM1b IgG antibody is associated with acute motor axonal neuropathy and Campylobacter jejuni infection. Author(s): Ogawara K, Kuwabara S, Koga M, Mori M, Yuki N, Hattori T. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2003 June 15; 210(1-2): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12736086

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Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains isolated in 1991 and 2001-2002 from poultry and humans in Berlin, Germany. Author(s): Luber P, Wagner J, Hahn H, Bartelt E. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 December; 47(12): 3825-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14638490

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Antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni strains isolated from humans in 1998 to 2001 in Montreal, Canada. Author(s): Gaudreau C, Gilbert H. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 June; 47(6): 2027-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12760892

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Antimicrobial susceptibility trends in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from a rural Egyptian pediatric population with diarrhea. Author(s): Putnam SD, Frenck RW, Riddle MS, El-Gendy A, Taha NN, Pittner BT, AbuElyazeed R, Wierzba TF, Rao MR, Savarino SJ, Clemens JD. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2003 December; 47(4): 601-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14711482

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Antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter species from retail raw meats. Author(s): Ge B, White DG, McDermott PF, Girard W, Zhao S, Hubert S, Meng J. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 May; 69(5): 3005-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12732579

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Association between environmental risk factors and campylobacter infections in Sweden. Author(s): Nygard K, Andersson Y, Rottingen JA, Svensson A, Lindback J, Kistemann T, Giesecke J. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2004 April; 132(2): 317-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15061507

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Association of anti-GM1 antibodies but not of anti-cytomegalovirus, Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori IgG, with a poor outcome in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Annunziata P, Figura N, Galli R, Mugnaini F, Lenzi C. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2003 September 15; 213(1-2): 55-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12873755

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Bacteraemia caused by Campylobacter spp. Author(s): Armstrong C, Murphy PG. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1995 June; 48(6): 596. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7665714

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Bacteraemia caused by Campylobacter spp. Author(s): Ladron de Guevara C, Gonzalez J, Pena P. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1994 February; 47(2): 174-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8132835

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Bacteremia due to Campylobacter species: clinical findings and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Author(s): Pigrau C, Bartolome R, Almirante B, Planes AM, Gavalda J, Pahissa A. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 December; 25(6): 1414-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9431389

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Bacteremia due to Campylobacter species: high rate of resistance to macrolide and quinolone antibiotics. Author(s): Lu PL, Hsueh PR, Hung CC, Chang SC, Luh KT, Lee CY. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2000 August; 99(8): 612-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10969503

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Bacteremia due to Campylobacter sputorum Biovar sputorum. Author(s): Tee W, Luppino M, Rambaldo S. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 December; 27(6): 1544-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9868686

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Bacterial enteric pathogens in children with acute dysentery in Thailand: increasing importance of quinolone-resistant Campylobacter. Author(s): Bodhidatta L, Vithayasai N, Eimpokalarp B, Pitarangsi C, Serichantalergs O, Isenbarger DW. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2002 December; 33(4): 752-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12757222

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Bacterial genetic fingerprint: a reliable factor in the study of the epidemiology of human campylobacter enteritis? Author(s): Steinbrueckner B, Ruberg F, Kist M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 November; 39(11): 4155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11682547

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Bacterial secreted proteins are required for the internaliztion of Campylobacter jejuni into cultured mammalian cells. Author(s): Konkel ME, Kim BJ, Rivera-Amill V, Garvis SG. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 1999 May; 32(4): 691-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10361274

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Bactericidal properties of Campylobacter jejuni-specific immunoglobulin M antibodies in commercial immunoglobulin preparations. Author(s): Autenrieth IB, Schwarzkopf A, Ewald JH, Karch H, Lissner R. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1995 September; 39(9): 1965-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8540699

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Barbecued chicken causing a multi-state outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. Author(s): Allerberger F, Al-Jazrawi N, Kreidl P, Dierich MP, Feierl G, Hein I, Wagner M. Source: Infection. 2003 January; 31(1): 19-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12590328

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Basis of the superiority of cefoperazone amphotericin teicoplanin for isolating Campylobacter upsaliensis from stools. Author(s): Byrne C, Doherty D, Mooney A, Byrne M, Woodward D, Johnson W, Rodgers F, Bourke B. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 July; 39(7): 2713-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11427603

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Beta-lactamase production in human and animal isolates of Campylobacter jejuni in Turkey. Author(s): Diker KS, Akan M, Hascelik G, Emekdas G. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1991 May; 27(5): 693-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1885429

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Bias of phenotypic techniques for identification of Campylobacter isolates. Author(s): Matsiota-Bernard P, Chevrier D, Nauciel C, Guesdor J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1995 February; 14(2): 1535. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7758488

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Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis subsequent to Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. Author(s): Yuki N, Odaka M, Hirata K. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2000 May; 68(5): 680-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10836867

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Bilateral ptosis, tonic pupils and abducens palsies following Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. Author(s): Roberts BN, Mills PV, Hawksworth NJ. Source: Eye (London, England). 1995; 9 ( Pt 5): 657-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8543096

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Binding of outer membrane preparations of Campylobacter jejuni to INT 457 cell membranes and extracellular matrix proteins. Author(s): Moser I, Schroder W. Source: Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 1995 October; 184(3): 147-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8577316

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Biochemical characteristics, serogroup distribution, antibiotic susceptibility and agerelated significance of Campylobacter strains causing diarrhoea in humans in Hungary. Author(s): Varga J, Fodor L. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1998 July; 288(1): 67-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9728406

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Biotyping of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli infections in Spain. Author(s): Jimenez A, Velaquez JB, Rodriguez J, Chomon B, Villa TG. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1994 November; 29(3): 305-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7884224

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Biotyping of Campylobacter strains isolated in Lagos, Nigeria using the modified Preston biotype. Author(s): Smith SI, Coker AO, Olukoya DK. Source: Z Naturforsch [c]. 1997 March-April; 52(3-4): 259-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9167277

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Bird attacks on milk bottles and campylobacter infection. Author(s): Phillips CA. Source: Lancet. 1995 August 5; 346(8971): 386. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7623562

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Campylobacter bacteraemia--can we improve our recognition of this clinical entity? Author(s): Jenks PJ, Bailey D, Wilson P. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1997 November; 35(3): 326-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9459423

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Campylobacter enteritis in children in an urban community. Author(s): Simango C, Nyahanana M. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1997 June; 43(6): 172-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9431745

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Campylobacter fetus septic arthritis revealing a malignancy. Author(s): Rollot K, Albert JD, Werner S, Tattevin P, Cozic I, Perdriger A, Chales G, Guggenbuhl P. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2004 January; 71(1): 63-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14769524

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Campylobacter in ready-to-eat foods: the result of a 15-month survey. Author(s): Meldrum RJ, Ribeiro CD. Source: J Food Prot. 2003 November; 66(11): 2135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14627294

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Campylobacter jejuni 72Dz/92 cjaC gene coding 28 kDa immunopositive protein, a homologue of the solute-binding components of the ABC transport system. Author(s): Pawelec D, Jakubowska-Mroz J, Jagusztyn-Krynicka EK. Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 1998 January; 26(1): 69-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9489038

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Campylobacter jejuni bacteremia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and non-HIV-infected patients: comparison of clinical features and review. Author(s): Tee W, Mijch A. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 January; 26(1): 91-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9455515

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Campylobacter jejuni enterocolitis presenting as inflammatory bowel disease. Author(s): Quondamcarlo C, Valentini G, Ruggeri M, Forlini G, Fenderico P, Rossi Z. Source: Techniques in Coloproctology. 2003 October; 7(3): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14628162

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Campylobacter jejuni infection as a cause of the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Allos BM. Source: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 1998 March; 12(1): 173-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9494837

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Campylobacter jejuni infection of differentiated THP-1 macrophages results in interleukin 1 beta release and caspase-1-independent apoptosis. Author(s): Siegesmund AM, Konkel ME, Klena JD, Mixter PF. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 2004 March; 150(Pt 3): 561-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14993305

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Campylobacter jejuni: unusual cause of cholecystitis with lithiasis. Case report and literature review. Author(s): Dakdouki GK, Araj GF, Hussein M. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 September; 9(9): 970-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616689

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Campylobacter spp., Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp., noroviruses, and indicator organisms in surface water in southwestern Finland, 2000-2001. Author(s): Horman A, Rimhanen-Finne R, Maunula L, von Bonsdorff CH, Torvela N, Heikinheimo A, Hanninen ML. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2004 January; 70(1): 87-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14711629

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Characterization of Campylobacter isolates recovered from clinically healthy pigs and from sporadic cases of campylobacteriosis in humans. Author(s): Guevremont E, Higgins R, Quessy S. Source: J Food Prot. 2004 February; 67(2): 228-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14968951

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Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Nishimura M, Nukina M, Kuroki S, Obayashi H, Ohta M, Ma JJ, Saida T, Uchiyama T. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1997 December 9; 153(1): 91-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9455985

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Characterization of waterborne outbreak-associated Campylobacter jejuni, Walkerton, Ontario. Author(s): Clark CG, Price L, Ahmed R, Woodward DL, Melito PL, Rodgers FG, Jamieson F, Ciebin B, Li A, Ellis A. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 October; 9(10): 1232-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609457

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Comparison of a novel microaerobic system with three other gas-generating systems for the recovery of Campylobacter species from human faecal samples. Author(s): Bolton FJ, Wareing DR, Sails AD. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 November; 16(11): 839-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9447907

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Comparison of Campylobacter jejuni isolates implicated in Guillain-Barre syndrome and strains that cause enteritis by a DNA microarray. Author(s): Leonard EE 2nd, Tompkins LS, Falkow S, Nachamkin I. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2004 February; 72(2): 1199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14742576

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Comparison of survival of Campylobacter jejuni in the phyllosphere with that in the rhizosphere of spinach and radish plants. Author(s): Brandl MT, Haxo AF, Bates AH, Mandrell RE. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2004 February; 70(2): 1182-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14766604

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Comparison of three methods for epidemiological typing of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli. Author(s): Ono K, Kurazono T, Niwa H, Itoh K. Source: Current Microbiology. 2003 November; 47(5): 364-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14669910

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Conservation and diversity of sap homologues and their organization among Campylobacter fetus isolates. Author(s): Tu ZC, Hui J, Blaser MJ. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2004 March; 72(3): 1715-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14977980

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Consumption of foods by young children with diagnosed campylobacter infection - a pilot case-control study. Author(s): Cameron S, Ried K, Worsley A, Topping D. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2004 February; 7(1): 85-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14972076

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Deciphering Campylobacter jejuni cell surface interactions from the genome sequence. Author(s): Linton D, Karlyshev AV, Wren BW. Source: Current Opinion in Microbiology. 2001 February; 4(1): 35-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11173031

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Demonstration of polysaccharide capsule in Campylobacter jejuni using electron microscopy. Author(s): Karlyshev AV, McCrossan MV, Wren BW. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 September; 69(9): 5921-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11500474

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Detection and initial characterization of novel capsular polysaccharide among diverse Campylobacter jejuni strains using alcian blue dye. Author(s): Karlyshev AV, Wren BW. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 January; 39(1): 279-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11136784

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Detection and typing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and analysis of indicator organisms in three waterborne outbreaks in Finland. Author(s): Hanninen ML, Haajanen H, Pummi T, Wermundsen K, Katila ML, Sarkkinen H, Miettinen I, Rautelin H. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 March; 69(3): 1391-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12620821

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Detection of Campylobacter jejuni in poultry samples using an enzyme-linked immunoassay coupled with an enzyme electrode. Author(s): Che Y, Li Y, Slavik M. Source: Biosensors & Bioelectronics. 2001 December; 16(9-12): 791-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11679257

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Detection of Campylobacter rectus in periodontitis sites by monoclonal antibodies. Author(s): Ihara H, Miura T, Kato T, Ishihara K, Nakagawa T, Yamada S, Okuda K. Source: Journal of Periodontal Research. 2003 February; 38(1): 64-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12558939

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Detection of campylobacter species: a comparison of culture and polymerase chain reaction based methods. Author(s): Kulkarni SP, Lever S, Logan JM, Lawson AJ, Stanley J, Shafi MS. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2002 October; 55(10): 749-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12354800

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Detection, isolation, and molecular subtyping of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter jejuni associated with a large waterborne outbreak. Author(s): Bopp DJ, Sauders BD, Waring AL, Ackelsberg J, Dumas N, Braun-Howland E, Dziewulski D, Wallace BJ, Kelly M, Halse T, Musser KA, Smith PF, Morse DL, Limberger RJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 January; 41(1): 174-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12517844

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Development of a ceuE-based multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for direct detection and differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in Thailand. Author(s): Houng HS, Sethabutr O, Nirdnoy W, Katz DE, Pang LW. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2001 May-June; 40(1-2): 11-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11448558

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Development of a combined filtration-enrichment culture followed by a one-step duplex PCR technique for the rapid detection of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in human faecal samples. Author(s): Misawa N, Kawashima K, Kawamoto H, Kondo F. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2002 January; 51(1): 86-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11800478

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Development of a PCR ELISA assay for the identification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Author(s): Sails AD, Fox AJ, Bolton FJ, Wareing DR, Greenway DL, Borrow R. Source: Molecular and Cellular Probes. 2001 October; 15(5): 291-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11735301

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Development of a sensitive DNA microarray suitable for rapid detection of Campylobacter spp. Author(s): Keramas G, Bang DD, Lund M, Madsen M, Rasmussen SE, Bunkenborg H, Telleman P, Christensen CB. Source: Molecular and Cellular Probes. 2003 August; 17(4): 187-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12944122

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Development of an immunoassay for rapid detection of ganglioside GM(1) mimicry in Campylobacter jejuni strains. Author(s): Prendergast MM, Kosunen TU, Moran AP. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 April; 39(4): 1494-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11283076

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Diarrhea incidence and farm-related risk factors for Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter jejuni antibodies among rural children. Author(s): Belongia EA, Chyou PH, Greenlee RT, Perez-Perez G, Bibb WF, DeVries EO. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 May 1; 187(9): 1460-8. Epub 2003 April 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12717628

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Differentiation of Campylobacter species by AFLP fingerprinting. Author(s): Duim B, Vandamme PA, Rigter A, Laevens S, Dijkstra JR, Wagenaar JA. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 2001 October; 147(Pt 10): 2729-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11577152

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Disinfectant susceptibility testing of avian and swine Campylobacter isolates by a filtration method. Author(s): Avrain L, Allain L, Vernozy-Rozand C, Kempf I. Source: Veterinary Microbiology. 2003 October 8; 96(1): 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14516706

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Diversity of Campylobacter isolates from retail poultry carcasses and from humans as demonstrated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Author(s): Dickins MA, Franklin S, Stefanova R, Schutze GE, Eisenach KD, Wesley I, Cave MD. Source: J Food Prot. 2002 June; 65(6): 957-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12092728

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DNA sequence and mutational analyses of the pVir plasmid of Campylobacter jejuni 81-176. Author(s): Bacon DJ, Alm RA, Hu L, Hickey TE, Ewing CP, Batchelor RA, Trust TJ, Guerry P. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 November; 70(11): 6242-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12379703

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Domestically acquired Campylobacter infections in Finland. Author(s): Vierikko A, Hanninen ML, Siitonen A, Ruutu P, Rautelin H. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004 January; 10(1): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15078608

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Effect of environmental and chemotactic stimuli on the activity of the Campylobacter jejuni flaA sigma(28) promoter. Author(s): Allen KJ, Griffiths MW. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 2001 November 27; 205(1): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11728714

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Effect of incubation temperature on the isolation of thermophilic species of Campylobacter from faeces. Author(s): Gee B, Nye KJ, Fallon D, Messer S, Howe S, Warren RE, Andrews N; Public Health Laboratory Service (Midlands) Bacterial Methods Evaluation Group. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2002 December; 5(4): 282-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12564241

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Effects of quorum sensing on flaA transcription and autoagglutination in Campylobacter jejuni. Author(s): Jeon B, Itoh K, Misawa N, Ryu S. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 2003; 47(11): 833-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14638994

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Efficient isolation of Campylobacter upsaliensis from stools. Author(s): Lastovica AJ, Le Roux E. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 November; 39(11): 4222-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11712518

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Elucidation of potential transmission routes of Campylobacter in New Zealand. Author(s): Savill M, Hudson A, Devane M, Garrett N, Gilpin B, Ball A. Source: Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research. 2003; 47(3): 33-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12639002

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Enhanced surveillance of campylobacter infection in the North West of England 19971999. Author(s): Sopwith W, Ashton M, Frost JA, Tocque K, O'Brien S, Regan M, Syed Q. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2003 January; 46(1): 35-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12504607

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Epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibilities of 111 Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus strains isolated in Quebec, Canada, from 1983 to 2000. Author(s): Tremblay C, Gaudreau C, Lorange M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 January; 41(1): 463-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12517895

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Epidemiology of sporadic Campylobacter infection in the United States and declining trend in incidence, FoodNet 1996-1999. Author(s): Samuel MC, Vugia DJ, Shallow S, Marcus R, Segler S, McGivern T, Kassenborg H, Reilly K, Kennedy M, Angulo F, Tauxe RV; Emerging Infections Program FoodNet Working Group. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2004 April 15; 38 Suppl 3: S165-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15095186

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Ethnic inequalities in campylobacter infection in Birmingham, UK: descriptive study of notified cases. Author(s): Manaseki S, Hawker J, Ali S. Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2004 April; 58(4): 278-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15026435

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Ethnicity and Campylobacter infection: a population-based questionnaire survey. Author(s): Campylobacter sentinel surveillance schemecollaborators. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2003 October; 47(3): 210-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12963382

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European survey on Campylobacter surveillance and diagnosis 2001. Author(s): Takkinen J, Ammon A, Robstad O, Breuer T; Campylobacter Working Group. Source: Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin. 2003 November; 8(11): 207-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14684880

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Evaluation of 11 PCR assays for species-level identification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Author(s): On SL, Jordan PJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 January; 41(1): 330-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12517869

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Evaluation of a PCR/DNA probe colorimetric membrane assay for identification of Campylobacter spp. in human stool specimens. Author(s): Collins E, Glennon M, Hanley S, Murray AM, Cormican M, Smith T, Maher M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 November; 39(11): 4163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11682549

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Evaluation of culture methods and a DNA probe-based PCR assay for detection of Campylobacter species in clinical specimens of feces. Author(s): Maher M, Finnegan C, Collins E, Ward B, Carroll C, Cormican M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 July; 41(7): 2980-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12843030

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Evaluation of methods for subtyping Campylobacter jejuni during an outbreak involving a food handler. Author(s): Fitzgerald C, Helsel LO, Nicholson MA, Olsen SJ, Swerdlow DL, Flahart R, Sexton J, Fields PI. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 July; 39(7): 2386-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11427543

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Evaluation of the ProSpecT Microplate Assay for detection of Campylobacter: a routine laboratory perspective. Author(s): Dediste A, Vandenberg O, Vlaes L, Ebraert A, Douat N, Bahwere P, Butzler JP. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 November; 9(11): 1085-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616724

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Evidence for a genetically stable strain of Campylobacter jejuni. Author(s): Manning G, Duim B, Wassenaar T, Wagenaar JA, Ridley A, Newell DG. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2001 March; 67(3): 1185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11229909

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Evidence for acquisition of the lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis locus in Campylobacter jejuni GB11, a strain isolated from a patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome, by horizontal exchange. Author(s): Gilbert M, Godschalk PC, Karwaski MF, Ang CW, van Belkum A, Li J, Wakarchuk WW, Endtz HP. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2004 February; 72(2): 1162-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14742567

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Expansion of human gammadelta T cells after in vitro stimulation with Campylobacter jejuni. Author(s): Van Rhijn I, Van den Berg LH, Ang CW, Admiraal J, Logtenberg T. Source: International Immunology. 2003 March; 15(3): 373-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12618481

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Extended survival and persistence of Campylobacter spp. in water and aquatic biofilms and their detection by immunofluorescent-antibody and -rRNA staining. Author(s): Buswell CM, Herlihy YM, Lawrence LM, McGuiggan JT, Marsh PD, Keevil CW, Leach SA. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1998 February; 64(2): 733-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9464415

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Factors associated with increased and decreased risk of Campylobacter infection: a prospective case-control study in Norway. Author(s): Kapperud G, Espeland G, Wahl E, Walde A, Herikstad H, Gustavsen S, Tveit I, Natas O, Bevanger L, Digranes A. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 August 1; 158(3): 234-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12882945

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Family clusters of campylobacter infection. Author(s): Ribeiro CD, Frost JA. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2000 December; 3(4): 274-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11280258

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Fatal Campylobacter jejuni bacteraemia in patients with AIDS. Author(s): Manfredi R, Nanetti A, Ferri M, Chiodo F. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1999 June; 48(6): 601-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10359311

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Fatal prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Campylobacter fetus. Author(s): Peetermans WE, De Man F, Moerman P, van de Werf F. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2000 September; 41(2): 180-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11023767

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Fibronectin-facilitated invasion of T84 eukaryotic cells by Campylobacter jejuni occurs preferentially at the basolateral cell surface. Author(s): Monteville MR, Konkel ME. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 December; 70(12): 6665-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12438340

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Flagella as a potential marker for Campylobacter jejuni strains associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Tsang RS, Figueroa G, Bryden L, Ng L. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 February; 39(2): 762-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11158146

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Flagellin gene polymorphism analysis of Campylobacter compared with antigen serotyping. Author(s): Smith SI, Olukoya DK, Fox AJ, Coker AO. Source: Z Naturforsch [c]. 1999 November; 54(11): 946-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10627993

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Florid computed tomographic appearance of acute Campylobacter enterocolitis. Author(s): Brown G, Bui A, Vrazas J. Source: Australasian Radiology. 2000 May; 44(2): 204-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10849986

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Fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains and its relationship with host specificity, serotyping, and phage typing. Author(s): Hopkins KL, Desai M, Frost JA, Stanley J, Logan JM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2004 January; 42(1): 229-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14715757

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Fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter absent from isolates, Australia. Author(s): Unicomb L, Ferguson J, Riley TV, Collignon P. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 November; 9(11): 1482-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14718099

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Fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter jejuni isolates in travelers returning to Finland: association of ciprofloxacin resistance to travel destination. Author(s): Hakanen A, Jousimies-Somer H, Siitonen A, Huovinen P, Kotilainen P. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 February; 9(2): 267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12604004

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Fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter species from man and animals: detection of mutations in topoisomerase genes. Author(s): Piddock LJ, Ricci V, Pumbwe L, Everett MJ, Griggs DJ. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 January; 51(1): 19-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12493783

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Fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter infections: eating poultry outside of the home and foreign travel are risk factors. Author(s): Kassenborg HD, Smith KE, Vugia DJ, Rabatsky-Ehr T, Bates MR, Carter MA, Dumas NB, Cassidy MP, Marano N, Tauxe RV, Angulo FJ; Emerging Infections Program FoodNet Working Group. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2004 April 15; 38 Suppl 3: S279-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15095200

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Focal myositis due to Campylobacter infection. Author(s): Dawson JK, Davidson JE. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2001 June; 40(6): 704-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11426033

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Foreign and domestic travel and the risk of Campylobacter infection: results from a population-based sentinel surveillance scheme. Author(s): Campylobacter Sentinel Surveillance Scheme Collaborators. Source: Journal of Travel Medicine : Official Publication of the International Society of Travel Medicine and the Asia Pacific Travel Health Association. 2003 March-April; 10(2): 136-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12650661

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Formation of cytotoxins by enteric Campylobacter in humans and animals. Author(s): Schulze F, Hanel I, Borrmann E. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1998 October; 288(2): 225-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9809404

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Frequent molecular identification of Campylobacter but not Helicobacter genus in bile and biliary epithelium in hepatolithiasis. Author(s): Harada K, Ozaki S, Kono N, Tsuneyama K, Katayanagi K, Hiramatsu K, Nakanuma Y. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 2001 February; 193(2): 218-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11180169

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Fulminant Guillain-Barre syndrome after Campylobacter jejuni enteritis and antiganglioside antibody. Author(s): Saito T. Source: Intern Med. 2002 October; 41(10): 760-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12412991

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Fulminant Guillain-Barre syndrome after Campylobacter jejuni enteritis and monospecific anti-GT1a IgG antibody. Author(s): Okuda B, Koga M, Katsuta T, Okamoto K, Yuki N. Source: Intern Med. 2002 October; 41(10): 889-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12413017

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Gammadelta T cell non-responsiveness in Campylobacter jejuni-associated GuillainBarre syndrome patients. Author(s): Van Rhijn I, Logtenberg T, Ang CW, Van den Berg LH. Source: Neurology. 2003 October 14; 61(7): 994-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14557578

84

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Ganglioside mimicry of Campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharides determines antiganglioside specificity in rabbits. Author(s): Ang CW, Noordzij PG, de Klerk MA, Endtz HP, van Doorn PA, Laman JD. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 September; 70(9): 5081-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12183556

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Ganglioside-induced antiganglioside antibodies from a neuropathy patient crossreact with lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni associated with GuillainBarre syndrome. Author(s): Neisser A, Schwerer B, Bernheimer H, Moran AP. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2000 January 3; 102(1): 85-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10626671

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Genetic characterization and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from meats, water, and humans in Sweden. Author(s): Lindmark H, Harbom B, Thebo L, Andersson L, Hedin G, Osterman B, Lindberg T, Andersson Y, Westoo A, Olsson Engvall E. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2004 February; 42(2): 700-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14766839

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Genetic characterization of Campylobacter jejuni O:41 isolates in relation with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Wassenaar TM, Fry BN, Lastovica AJ, Wagenaar JA, Coloe PJ, Duim B. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 February; 38(2): 874-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10655404

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Genetic diversity of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from farm animals and the farm environment. Author(s): Colles FM, Jones K, Harding RM, Maiden MC. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 December; 69(12): 7409-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14660392

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Genetic diversity of the Campylobacter genes coding immunodominant proteins. Author(s): Pawelec DP, Korsak D, Wyszynska AK, Rozynek E, Popowski J, JagusztynKrynicka EK. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 2000 April 1; 185(1): 43-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10731605

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Genome sequence-based fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism of Campylobacter jejuni, its relationship to serotyping, and its implications for epidemiological analysis. Author(s): Desai M, Logan JM, Frost JA, Stanley J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 November; 39(11): 3823-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11682493

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Genome-wide expression analyses of Campylobacter jejuni NCTC11168 reveals coordinate regulation of motility and virulence by flhA. Author(s): Carrillo CD, Taboada E, Nash JH, Lanthier P, Kelly J, Lau PC, Verhulp R, Mykytczuk O, Sy J, Findlay WA, Amoako K, Gomis S, Willson P, Austin JW, Potter A, Babiuk L, Allan B, Szymanski CM. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2004 May 7; 279(19): 20327-38. Epub 2004 February 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14985343

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Genomic relatedness within five common Finnish Campylobacter jejuni pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotypes studied by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis, ribotyping, and serotyping. Author(s): Hanninen ML, Perko-Makela P, Rautelin H, Duim B, Wagenaar JA. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2001 April; 67(4): 1581-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11282608

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Genotypic and antibiotic susceptibility characteristics of a Campylobacter coli population isolated from dairy farmland in the United Kingdom. Author(s): Leatherbarrow AJ, Hart CA, Kemp R, Williams NJ, Ridley A, Sharma M, Diggle PJ, Wright EJ, Sutherst J, French NP. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2004 February; 70(2): 822-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14766560

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Genotypic and serotypic stability of Campylobacter jejuni strains during in vitro and in vivo passage. Author(s): Nielsen EM, Engberg J, Fussing V. Source: International Journal of Medical Microbiology : Ijmm. 2001 November; 291(5): 379-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11727822

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Genotypic identification of erythromycin-resistant campylobacter isolates as helicobacter species and analysis of resistance mechanism. Author(s): Kuijper EJ, Stevens S, Imamura T, De Wever B, Claas EC. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 August; 41(8): 3732-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12904383

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Genotyping of Campylobacter spp. Author(s): Wassenaar TM, Newell DG. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2000 January; 66(1): 1-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10618195

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Genotyping of clinical and chicken isolates of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Author(s): Smith SI, Olukoya DK, Fox AJ, Coker AO. Source: Cytobios. 2000; 103(403): 91-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11077971

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Guillain-Barre syndrome and Campylobacter infection. Author(s): Isaacson M. Source: Journal of Travel Medicine : Official Publication of the International Society of Travel Medicine and the Asia Pacific Travel Health Association. 1998 September; 5(3): 160. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9882164

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Guillain--Barre syndrome and Campylobacter jejuni infection. Author(s): Hadden RD, Gregson NA. Source: Symp Ser Soc Appl Microbiol. 2001; (30): 145S-54S. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11422570

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Guillain-Barre syndrome- and Miller Fisher syndrome-associated Campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharides induce anti-GM1 and anti-GQ1b Antibodies in rabbits. Author(s): Ang CW, De Klerk MA, Endtz HP, Jacobs BC, Laman JD, van der Meche FG, van Doorn PA. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 April; 69(4): 2462-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11254608

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Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with Campylobacter jejuni infection in England, 2000-2001. Author(s): Tam CC, Rodrigues LC, O'Brien SJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 July 15; 37(2): 307-10. Epub 2003 Jul 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12856224

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Guillain-Barre syndrome serum and anti-Campylobacter antibody do not exacerbate experimental autoimmune neuritis. Author(s): Hadden RD, Gregson NA, Gold R, Willison HJ, Hughes RA. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2001 October 1; 119(2): 306-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11585634

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Hazards of healthy living: bottled water and salad vegetables as risk factors for Campylobacter infection. Author(s): Evans MR, Ribeiro CD, Salmon RL. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 October; 9(10): 1219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609455

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Health burden in the Netherlands due to infection with thermophilic Campylobacter spp. Author(s): Havelaar AH, de Wit MA, van Koningsveld R, van Kempen E. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2000 December; 125(3): 505-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11218201

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Health problems following Campylobacter jejuni enteritis in a Lancashire population. Author(s): Zia S, Wareing D, Sutton C, Bolton E, Mitchell D, Goodacre JA. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2003 September; 42(9): 1083-8. Epub 2003 April 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12730525

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Heat-labile serotyping of two Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome and belonging to serotype O19 (Penner) Author(s): Tsang RS, Frosk P, Johnson WM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 May; 38(5): 2021-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10866545

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Heat-stable antigen serotyping of Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from hospitalized children in Athens, Greece. Author(s): Chatzipanagiotou S, Papavasileiou E, Lakumenta A, Makri A, Nicolaou C, Chantzis K, Manganas S, Legakis N. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2003; 18(11): 1097-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14620946

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Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter rectus share a common antigen. Author(s): Tanabe S, Hinode D, Yokoyama M, Fukui M, Nakamura R, Yoshioka M, Grenier D, Mayrand D. Source: Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 2003 April; 18(2): 79-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12654095

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Hemolytic-uremic syndrome associated with acute Campylobacter upsaliensis gastroenteritis. Author(s): Carter JE, Cimolai N. Source: Nephron. 1996; 74(2): 489. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8893206

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Henoch-Schonlein purpura associated with Campylobacter enterocolitis. Author(s): Apostolopoulos P, Vafiadis-Zouboulis E, Delladetsima I, Charalambopoulos D, Archimandritis A, Katsilambros N. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1999 December; 29(4): 346-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10599641

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Henoch-Schonlein purpura associated with Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. Case report. Author(s): Lind KM, Gaub J, Pedersen RS. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 1994 June; 28(2): 179-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7939469

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High frequency of metronidazole resistance among strains of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from birds. Author(s): Stanley KN, Jones K. Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology. 1998 November; 27(5): 247-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9830138

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High rates of phase variation in Campylobacter jejuni? Author(s): Saunders NJ, Jeffries AC, Hood DW, Moxon ER. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 2000 June; 36(6): 1504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10931299

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High resolution genotyping of Campylobacter jejuni strains by macrorestriction analysis with XhoI and polymerase chain reaction targeting enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences: can we predict the zoonotic potential of strains? Author(s): Moser I, Lentzsch P, Rieksneuwoehner B, Schwerk P, Wieler LH. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2002 December; 129(3): 435-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12558325

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High-level resistance to trimethoprim in clinical isolates of Campylobacter jejuni by acquisition of foreign genes (dfr1 and dfr9) expressing drug-insensitive dihydrofolate reductases. Author(s): Gibreel A, Skold O. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1998 December; 42(12): 3059-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9835491

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High-resolution genotyping of Campylobacter coli identifies clones of epidemiologic and evolutionary significance. Author(s): Stanley J, Linton D, Sutherland K, Jones C, Owen RJ. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995 October; 172(4): 1130-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7561196

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HLA-class II alleles in Guillain-Barre syndrome and Miller Fisher syndrome and their association with preceding Campylobacter jejuni infection. Author(s): Rees JH, Vaughan RW, Kondeatis E, Hughes RA. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 1995 October; 62(1): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7499492

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Human campylobacter infections: epidemiology and control. Author(s): Humphrey TJ. Source: Sci Prog. 1995; 78 ( Pt 2): 135-46. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7644910

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Human IgM paraproteins demonstrate shared reactivity between Campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharides and human peripheral nerve disialylated gangliosides. Author(s): Jacobs BC, O'Hanlon GM, Breedland EG, Veitch J, van Doorn PA, Willison HJ. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 1997 December; 80(1-2): 23-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9413256

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Human monoclonal immunoglobulin M antibodies to ganglioside GM1 show diverse cross-reactivities with lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni strains associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Prendergast MM, Willison HJ, Moran AP. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1999 July; 67(7): 3698-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10377164

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Humoral immune response against Campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharides in Guillain-Barre and Miller Fisher syndrome. Author(s): Jacobs BC, Endtz HP, van der Meche FG, Hazenberg MP, de Klerk MA, van Doorn PA. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 1997 October; 79(1): 62-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9357448

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Hydrophobic characterization of thermophilic Campylobacter species and adhesion to INT 407 cell membranes and fibronectin. Author(s): Moser I, Schroder W. Source: Microbial Pathogenesis. 1997 March; 22(3): 155-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9075218

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Identification of a new source of Campylobacter contamination in poultry: transmission from breeder hens to broiler chickens. Author(s): Cox NA, Stern NJ, Hiett KL, Berrang ME. Source: Avian Dis. 2002 July-September; 46(3): 535-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12243515

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Identification of distinct Campylobacter lari genogroups by amplified fragment length polymorphism and protein electrophoretic profiles. Author(s): Duim B, Wagenaar JA, Dijkstra JR, Goris J, Endtz HP, Vandamme PA. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2004 January; 70(1): 18-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14711621

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Identification of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. by phenotypic and molecular methods. Author(s): Steinhauserova I, Ceskova J, Fojtikova K, Obrovska I. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2001 March; 90(3): 470-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11298244

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Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease associated with Campylobacter jejuni. Author(s): Peterson MC. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 April 15; 350(16): 1685-6; Author Reply 1685-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15084705

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Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease associated with Campylobacter jejuni. Author(s): Lecuit M, Abachin E, Martin A, Poyart C, Pochart P, Suarez F, Bengoufa D, Feuillard J, Lavergne A, Gordon JI, Berche P, Guillevin L, Lortholary O. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 January 15; 350(3): 239-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14724303

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In vitro activities of new fluoroquinolones against Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates obtained from humans in 1980 to 1982 and 1997 to 2001. Author(s): Krausse R, Ullmann U. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 September; 47(9): 2946-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12936999

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In vivo phase variation and serologic response to lipooligosaccharide of Campylobacter jejuni in experimental human infection. Author(s): Prendergast MM, Tribble DR, Baqar S, Scott DA, Ferris JA, Walker RI, Moran AP. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2004 February; 72(2): 916-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14742536

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In vivo tracking of Campylobacter jejuni by using a novel recombinant expressing green fluorescent protein. Author(s): Mixter PF, Klena JD, Flom GA, Siegesmund AM, Konkel ME. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 May; 69(5): 2864-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12732559

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Increasing fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter jejuni, Pennsylvania, USA,1982-2001. Author(s): Nachamkin I, Ung H, Li M. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002 December; 8(12): 1501-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12498672

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Induction of alpha and beta chemokines by intestinal epithelial cells stimulated with Campylobacter jejuni. Author(s): Bakhiet M, Al-Salloom FS, Qareiballa A, Bindayna K, Farid I, Botta GA. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2004 April; 48(3): 236-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15001302

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Induction of human IgM and IgG anti-GM1 antibodies in transgenic mice in response to lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter jejuni. Author(s): Lee G, Jeong Y, Wirguin I, Hays AP, Willison HJ, Latov N. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2004 January; 146(1-2): 63-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14698848

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Induction of proinflammatory responses in the human monocytic cell line THP-1 by Campylobacter jejuni. Author(s): Jones MA, Totemeyer S, Maskell DJ, Bryant CE, Barrow PA. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 May; 71(5): 2626-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12704137

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Interactions of Campylobacter jejuni cytolethal distending toxin subunits CdtA and CdtC with HeLa cells. Author(s): Lee RB, Hassane DC, Cottle DL, Pickett CL. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 September; 71(9): 4883-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12933829

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Inter-laboratory evaluation of three flagellin PCR/RFLP methods for typing Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli: the CAMPYNET experience. Author(s): Harrington CS, Moran L, Ridley AM, Newell DG, Madden RH. Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2003; 95(6): 1321-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14633007

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Intravenous immunoglobulin for cranial polyneuropathy associated with Campylobacter jejuni infection. Author(s): Wakamoto H, Ohta M, Nakano N, Tagawa M, Shiraishi T. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2001 October; 25(4): 325-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11704403

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Investigation of infection with Campylobacter jejuni in a man with hypogammaglobulinaemia using PCR-single-stranded conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) typing. Author(s): Moore J, Curran M, Wareing D, Fox A, Boyd N, Glynn G, Millar B, Daly G, Murphy P. Source: International Journal of Medical Microbiology : Ijmm. 2001 April; 291(1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11403407

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Isolation and identification of Campylobacter species by use of selective enrichment, nucleic acid amplification methods, and gene probes. Author(s): van Belkum A, van den Braak N, van Doorn LJ, Endtz H. Source: Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). 2002; 179: 101-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11692855

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Isolation of Campylobacter and identification by PCR. Author(s): Englen MD, Ladely SR, Fedorka-Cray PJ. Source: Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). 2003; 216: 109-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12512359

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Isolation of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus from a patient with cellulitis. Author(s): Briedis DJ, Khamessan A, McLaughlin RW, Vali H, Panaritou M, Chan EC. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 December; 40(12): 4792-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12454199

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Jackdaws and magpies as vectors of milkborne human Campylobacter infection. Author(s): Hudson SJ, Lightfoot NF, Coulson JC, Russell K, Sisson PR, Sobo AO. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1991 October; 107(2): 363-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1936158

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Jackdaws as potential source of milk-borne Campylobacter jejuni infection. Author(s): Hudson SJ, Sobo AO, Russel K, Lightfoot NF. Source: Lancet. 1990 May 12; 335(8698): 1160. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1971891

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JlpA of Campylobacter jejuni interacts with surface-exposed heat shock protein 90alpha and triggers signalling pathways leading to the activation of NF-kappaB and p38 MAP kinase in epithelial cells. Author(s): Jin S, Song YC, Emili A, Sherman PM, Chan VL. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2003 March; 5(3): 165-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12614460

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JlpA, a novel surface-exposed lipoprotein specific to Campylobacter jejuni, mediates adherence to host epithelial cells. Author(s): Jin S, Joe A, Lynett J, Hani EK, Sherman P, Chan VL. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 2001 March; 39(5): 1225-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11251839

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Kinetic and antigenic characterization of altered protein synthesis by Campylobacter jejuni during cultivation with human epithelial cells. Author(s): Konkel ME, Mead DJ, Cieplak W Jr. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993 October; 168(4): 948-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8376841

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Large-scale survey of Campylobacter species in human gastroenteritis by PCR and PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Author(s): Lawson AJ, Logan JM, O'neill GL, Desai M, Stanley J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 December; 37(12): 3860-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10565897

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Lectin typing of Campylobacter concisus. Author(s): Aabenhus R, Hynes SO, Permin H, Moran AP, Andersen LP. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 February; 40(2): 715-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11826005

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Lethal maternal sepsis caused by Campylobacter jejuni: pathogen preserved in placenta and identified by molecular methods. Author(s): Meyer A, Stallmach T, Goldenberger D, Altwegg M. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 1997 December; 10(12): 1253-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9436972

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Limitations of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for the routine surveillance of Campylobacter infections. Author(s): Hedberg CW, Smith KE, Besser JM, Boxrud DJ, Hennessy TW, Bender JB, Anderson FA, Osterholm MT. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 July 15; 184(2): 242-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11424025

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Lineages within Campylobacter jejuni defined by numerical analysis of pulsed-field gel electrophoretic DNA profiles. Author(s): Gibson J, Lorenz E, Owen RJ. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1997 February; 46(2): 157-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9060876

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Lipo-oligosaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni serotype O:10. Structures of core oligosaccharide regions from a bacterial isolate from a patient with the Miller-Fisher syndrome and from the serotype reference strain. Author(s): Shin JE, Ackloo S, Mainkar AS, Monteiro MA, Pang H, Penner JL, Aspinall GO. Source: Carbohydrate Research. 1997 December; 305(2): 223-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9581276

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Lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter jejuni associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome patients mimic human gangliosides in structure. Author(s): Aspinall GO, Fujimoto S, McDonald AG, Pang H, Kurjanczyk LA, Penner JL. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1994 May; 62(5): 2122-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8168981

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Lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter jejuni O:41 strains associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome exhibit mimicry of GM1 ganglioside. Author(s): Prendergast MM, Lastovica AJ, Moran AP. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1998 August; 66(8): 3649-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9673245

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Lipopolysaccharides of a Campylobacter coli isolate from a patient with GuillainBarre syndrome display ganglioside mimicry. Author(s): Bersudsky M, Rosenberg P, Rudensky B, Wirguin I. Source: Neuromuscular Disorders : Nmd. 2000 March; 10(3): 182-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10734265

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Lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni serotype O:19: structures of core oligosaccharide regions from the serostrain and two bacterial isolates from patients with the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Aspinall GO, McDonald AG, Pang H, Kurjanczyk LA, Penner JL. Source: Biochemistry. 1994 January 11; 33(1): 241-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8286348

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Lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni serotype O:19: structures of O antigen chains from the serostrain and two bacterial isolates from patients with the GuillainBarre syndrome. Author(s): Aspinall GO, McDonald AG, Pang H. Source: Biochemistry. 1994 January 11; 33(1): 250-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7506928

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Longitudinal changes of anti-ganglioside antibodies before and after Guillain-Barre syndrome onset subsequent to Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. Author(s): Odaka M, Koga M, Yuki N, Susuki K, Hirata K. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2003 June 15; 210(1-2): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12736097

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Longitudinal study of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) class-specific antibodies against Campylobacter jejuni and GM1 ganglioside in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Kimura F, Ito T, Yuki N, Nakajima H, Tanaka T, Shinoda K, Ohsawa N. Source: Intern Med. 1995 October; 34(10): 1009-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8563080

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Long-term antibody responses following human infection with Campylobacter jejuni. Author(s): Cawthraw SA, Feldman RA, Sayers AR, Newell DG. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2002 October; 130(1): 101-6. Erratum In: Clin Exp Immunol 2002 December; 130(3): 564. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12296859

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Long-term preservation of thermophilic Campylobacter species: a simple method. Author(s): Stanley T, Moore JE. Source: British Journal of Biomedical Science. 2000; 57(3): 214-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11050772

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Low frequency of enteric infections by Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia and Campylobacter in patients with acute leukemia. Author(s): Gorschluter M, Hahn C, Ziske C, Mey U, Schottker B, Molitor E, Becker S, Marklein G, Sauerbruch T, Schmidt-Wolf IG, Glasmacher A. Source: Infection. 2002 January; 30(1): 22-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11878289

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Lowered gastrin and gastric acidity after eradication of Campylobacter pylori in duodenal ulcer. Author(s): McColl KE, Fullarton GM, el Nujumi AM, Macdonald AM, Brown IL, Hilditch TE. Source: Lancet. 1989 August 26; 2(8661): 499-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2570202

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Maximal adherence and invasion of INT 407 cells by Campylobacter jejuni requires the CadF outer-membrane protein and microfilament reorganization. Author(s): Monteville MR, Yoon JE, Konkel ME. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 2003 January; 149(Pt 1): 153-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12576589

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Molecular characterization of Campylobacter jejuni clones: a basis for epidemiologic investigation. Author(s): Dingle KE, Colles FM, Ure R, Wagenaar JA, Duim B, Bolton FJ, Fox AJ, Wareing DR, Maiden MC. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002 September; 8(9): 949-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12194772

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Molecular epidemiology of nalidixic acid-resistant campylobacter isolates from humans and poultry by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and flagellin gene analysis. Author(s): Wu TL, Su LH, Chia JH, Kao TM, Chiu CH, Kuo AJ, Sun CF. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2002 August; 129(1): 227-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12211592

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Molecular evidence for dissemination of unique Campylobacter jejuni clones in Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. Author(s): Duim B, Godschalk PC, van den Braak N, Dingle KE, Dijkstra JR, Leyde E, van der Plas J, Colles FM, Endtz HP, Wagenaar JA, Maiden MC, van Belkum A. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 December; 41(12): 5593-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14662946

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Molecular microbiology and pathogenesis of Helicobacter and Campylobacter updated: a meeting report of the 11th conference on Campylobacter, Helicobacter and related organisms. Author(s): Bereswill S, Kist M. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 2002 July; 45(1): 255-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12100564

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Molecular typing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Author(s): Lastovica AJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 March; 41(3): 1349; Author Reply 1349-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12624086

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Molecular typing of Campylobacter jejuni isolates involved in a neonatal outbreak indicates nosocomial transmission. Author(s): Llovo J, Mateo E, Munoz A, Urquijo M, On SL, Fernandez-Astorga A. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 August; 41(8): 3926-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12904420

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Multifocal motor neuropathy and Campylobacter jejuni reactivity. Author(s): Terenghi F, Allaria S, Scarlato G, Nobile-Orazio E. Source: Neurology. 2002 July 23; 59(2): 282-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12136073

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Multilocus sequence typing for comparison of veterinary and human isolates of Campylobacter jejuni. Author(s): Manning G, Dowson CG, Bagnall MC, Ahmed IH, West M, Newell DG. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 November; 69(11): 6370-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14602588

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Mutation in the peb1A locus of Campylobacter jejuni reduces interactions with epithelial cells and intestinal colonization of mice. Author(s): Pei Z, Burucoa C, Grignon B, Baqar S, Huang XZ, Kopecko DJ, Bourgeois AL, Fauchere JL, Blaser MJ. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1998 March; 66(3): 938-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9488379

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Natural bactericidal activity of human serum against strains of Campylobacter jejuni isolated in Lagos, Nigeria. Author(s): Obi CL, Coker AO. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1989 August; 35(8): 444-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2805054

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Natural competence for genetic transformation in Campylobacter pylori. Author(s): Nedenskov-Sorensen P, Bukholm G, Bovre K. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1990 February; 161(2): 365-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2299221

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Neck stiffness in two children with Guillain-Barre syndrome after Campylobacter jejuni infection. Author(s): Nishimoto Y, Koga M, Yuki N. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2001 December; 248(12): 1104-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12013593

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Neonatal Campylobacter fetus meningitis: a report of an unusual case. Author(s): Bingham WT, Chan A, Rennie R, Williams KE, Sankarna K. Source: Clinical Pediatrics. 1992 April; 31(4): 255-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1563204

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Neonatal sepsis by Campylobacter jejuni: genetically proven transmission from a household puppy. Author(s): Wolfs TF, Duim B, Geelen SP, Rigter A, Thomson-Carter F, Fleer A, Wagenaar JA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 March 1; 32(5): E97-9. Epub 2001 February 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11229867

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No signs of Campylobacter jejuni/coli-related antibodies in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Andreasen JJ, Ringsdal VS, Helin P. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 1991 August; 99(8): 735-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1677583

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Norfloxacin resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates from Swedish patients. Author(s): Sjogren E, Lindblom GB, Kaijser B. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1997 August; 40(2): 257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9301992

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Nosocomial meningitis due to Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus in a neonatal intensive care unit. Author(s): Morooka T, Takeo H, Yasumoto S, Mimatsu T, Yukitake K, Oda T. Source: Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1992 October; 34(5): 530-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1442025

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Novel Campylobacter-like organism resembling Helicobacter fennelliae isolated from a boy with gastroenteritis and from dogs. Author(s): Burnens AP, Stanley J, Schaad UB, Nicolet J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1993 July; 31(7): 1916-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8349774

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Novel employment of lactate dehydrogenase release from porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAEC) as a quantitative marker of cytotoxic activity in thermophilic Campylobacter spp. from human faecal isolates, poultry and environmental sources. Author(s): Millar BC, McCarron M, Murphy PG, Moore JE. Source: Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health. 2003 August; 50(6): 275-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14628998

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Occurrence and resistance to antibiotics of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in animals and meat in northeastern Italy. Author(s): Pezzotti G, Serafin A, Luzzi I, Mioni R, Milan M, Perin R. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2003 May 15; 82(3): 281-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12593931

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Occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni in pets living with human patients infected with C. jejuni. Author(s): Damborg P, Olsen KE, Moller Nielsen E, Guardabassi L. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2004 March; 42(3): 1363-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15004120

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Omeprazole as a risk factor for campylobacter gastroenteritis: case-control study. Author(s): Neal KR, Scott HM, Slack RC, Logan RF. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 February 17; 312(7028): 414-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8601113

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Optimal detection of Campylobacter spp in stools. Author(s): Lastovica AJ, Le Roux E. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2003 June; 56(6): 480. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12783980

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Outbreak of campylobacter enteritis in a residential school associated with bird pecked bottle tops. Author(s): Stuart J, Sufi F, McNulty C, Park P. Source: Commun Dis Rep Cdr Rev. 1997 March 7; 7(3): R38-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9080727

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Outbreak of Campylobacter food-poisoning in Northern Ireland. Author(s): Moore JE, Stanley T, Smithson R, O'Malley H, Murphy PG. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2000 July; 6(7): 399-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11168160

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Outbreak of Campylobacter infection in a subartic community. Author(s): Melby KK, Svendby JG, Eggebo T, Holmen LA, Andersen BM, Lind L, Sjogren E, Kaijser B. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 July; 19(7): 542-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10968326

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Outbreaks of campylobacter infection: rare events for a common pathogen. Author(s): Pebody RG, Ryan MJ, Wall PG. Source: Commun Dis Rep Cdr Rev. 1997 March 7; 7(3): R33-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9080726

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Outbreaks of food poisoning in adults due to Escherichia coli O111 and campylobacter associated with coach trips to northern France. Author(s): Wight JP, Rhodes P, Chapman PA, Lee SM, Finner P. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1997 August; 119(1): 9-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9287937

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PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for detection of point mutations associated with macrolide resistance in Campylobacter spp. Author(s): Vacher S, Menard A, Bernard E, Megraud F. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 March; 47(3): 1125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12604552

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Phenotypic and genotypic relationship between Campylobacter spp isolated from humans and chickens in Northern Ireland--a comparison of three phenotyping and two genotyping schemes. Author(s): Moore JE, O'Riordan L, Wareing DR, Doyle R, Lanser J, Stanley T, Matsuda M, Matsui T, Murphy PG. Source: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2003 June; 206(3): 211-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12872530

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Phenotypic diversity of campylobacter isolates from sporadic cases of human enteritis in Northern Ireland. Author(s): Moore JE, Wareing DR. Source: British Journal of Biomedical Science. 2003; 60(1): 28-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12680629

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Point source outbreaks of Campylobacter jejuni infection--are they more common than we think and what might cause them? Author(s): Gillespie IA, O'Brien SJ, Adak GK, Tam CC, Frost JA, Bolton FJ, Tompkins DS; Campylobacter Sentinel Surveillance Scheme Collaborators. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2003 June; 130(3): 367-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12825720

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Possible Campylobacter jejuni osteomyelitis in a 14-month-old child. Author(s): Vandenberg O, Klein A, Souayah H, Devaster JM, Levy J, Butzler JP. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2003 June; 7(2): 164-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12839722

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Poultry farm study probes sources of Campylobacter. Author(s): James W. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1998 January 15; 212(2): 164. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9448816

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Prevalence of 11 pathogenic genes of Campylobacter jejuni by PCR in strains isolated from humans, poultry meat and broiler and bovine faeces. Author(s): Datta S, Niwa H, Itoh K. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2003 April; 52(Pt 4): 345-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12676874

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Prevalence of Campylobacter species among HIV/AIDS patients in Nigeria. Author(s): Smith SI, Otuonye MN, Omonigbehin EA, Nkoth A, Okany CC, Ariyo F, Badaru OS, Ajayi A, Coker AO. Source: British Journal of Biomedical Science. 2002; 59(3): 162-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12371060

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Prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistance in 443 Campylobacter spp. isolated from humans and animals. Author(s): Randall LP, Ridley AM, Cooles SW, Sharma M, Sayers AR, Pumbwe L, Newell DG, Piddock LJ, Woodward MJ. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 September; 52(3): 507-10. Epub 2003 August 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12917241

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Prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in ready-to-eat foods and raw poultry in Northern Ireland. Author(s): Moore JE, Wilson TS, Wareing DR, Humphrey TJ, Murphy PG. Source: J Food Prot. 2002 August; 65(8): 1326-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12182488

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Quality control strains used in susceptibility testing of Campylobacter spp. Author(s): Hakanen A, Huovinen P, Kotilainen P, Siitonen A, Jousimies-Somer H. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 July; 40(7): 2705-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12089316

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Quantitative immunocapture PCR assay for detection of Campylobacter jejuni in foods. Author(s): Waller DF, Ogata SA. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2000 September; 66(9): 4115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10966437

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Quantitative risk assessment of human campylobacteriosis associated with thermophilic Campylobacter species in chickens. Author(s): Rosenquist H, Nielsen NL, Sommer HM, Norrung B, Christensen BB. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2003 May 25; 83(1): 87-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12672595

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Quinolone and macrolide resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli: resistance mechanisms and trends in human isolates. Author(s): Engberg J, Aarestrup FM, Taylor DE, Gerner-Smidt P, Nachamkin I. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001 January-February; 7(1): 24-34. Erratum In: Emerg Infect Dis 2001 May-June; 7(3): 491. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11266291

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Quinolone resistance and Campylobacter species. Author(s): Bowler IC, Connor M, Lessing MP, Day D. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1996 August; 38(2): 315. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8877548

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Quinolone resistance and Campylobacter spp. Author(s): Piddock LJ. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1995 December; 36(6): 891-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8821589

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Quinolone resistance in Campylobacter. Author(s): Greig JR. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 March; 51(3): 740-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12615883

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Quinolone resistance in clinical strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Author(s): Harnett N, McLeod S, Yong YA, Hewitt C, Vearncombe M, Krishnan C. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1995 July; 36(1): 269-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8537280

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Quinolone-resistant Campylobacter jejuni infections in Minnesota, 1992-1998. Investigation Team. Author(s): Smith KE, Besser JM, Hedberg CW, Leano FT, Bender JB, Wicklund JH, Johnson BP, Moore KA, Osterholm MT. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1999 May 20; 340(20): 1525-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10332013

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Quorum sensing in Campylobacter jejuni: detection of a luxS encoded signalling molecule. Author(s): Elvers KT, Park SF. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 2002 May; 148(Pt 5): 1475-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11988522

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Recent developments in Campylobacter pathogenesis. Author(s): Bereswill S, Kist M. Source: Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 2003 October; 16(5): 487-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14502003

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Resistotyping of Campylobacter jejuni. Author(s): Adesida SA, Coker AO, Smith SI. Source: Niger Postgrad Med J. 2003 December; 10(4): 211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15045011

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Ribotyping characterisation of campylobacter isolates randomly collected from different sources in Italy. Author(s): Manfreda G, De Cesare A, Bondioli V, Franchini A. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2003 October; 47(2): 385-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14522511

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Risk factors associated with Campylobacter jejuni infections in Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. Author(s): Endtz HP, van West H, Godschalk PC, de Haan L, Halabi Y, van den Braak N, Kesztyus BI, Leyde E, Ott A, Verkooyen R, Price LJ, Woodward DL, Rodgers FG, Ang CW, van Koningsveld R, van Belkum A, Gerstenbluth I. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 December; 41(12): 5588-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14662945

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Risk factors for antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter spp. isolated from raw poultry meat in Switzerland. Author(s): Ledergerber U, Regula G, Stephan R, Danuser J, Bissig B, Stark KD. Source: Bmc Public Health [electronic Resource]. 2003 December 09; 3(1): 39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14662013

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Risk factors for sporadic Campylobacter infection in the United States: A case-control study in FoodNet sites. Author(s): Friedman CR, Hoekstra RM, Samuel M, Marcus R, Bender J, Shiferaw B, Reddy S, Ahuja SD, Helfrick DL, Hardnett F, Carter M, Anderson B, Tauxe RV; Emerging Infections Program FoodNet Working Group. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2004 April 15; 38 Suppl 3: S285-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15095201

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Risk factors for sporadic Campylobacter jejuni infections in rural michigan: a prospective case-control study. Author(s): Potter RC, Kaneene JB, Hall WN. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2003 December; 93(12): 2118-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14652344

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Role for the S-layer of Campylobacter rectus ATCC33238 in complement mediated killing and phagocytic killing by leukocytes from guinea pig and human peripheral blood. Author(s): Okuda K, Kigure T, Yamada S, Kaneko T, Ishihara K, Miura T, Kato T, Takazoe I. Source: Oral Diseases. 1997 June; 3(2): 113-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9467352

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Role of microfilaments and microtubules in the invasion of INT-407 cells by Campylobacter jejuni. Author(s): Biswas D, Itoh K, Sasakawa C. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 2003; 47(6): 469-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12906108

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Severe myelitis following infection with Campylobacter enteritis. Author(s): Aberle J, Kluwe J, Pawlas F, Stellbrink HJ, Greten H. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2004 February; 23(2): 1345. Epub 2004 January 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14727151

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Some epidemiologic features of Campylobacter jejuni/coli infections in Bosnia and Herzegovina after the war. Author(s): Uzunovic-Kamberovic S. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 May; 9(5): 458-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12848765

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Sources of Campylobacter colonization in broiler chickens. Author(s): Newell DG, Fearnley C. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 August; 69(8): 4343-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12902214

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Spatial and temporal patterns of Campylobacter contamination underlying public health risk in the Taieri River, New Zealand. Author(s): Eyles R, Niyogi D, Townsend C, Benwell G, Weinstein P. Source: J Environ Qual. 2003 September-October; 32(5): 1820-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14535325

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Specific identification of Campylobacter fetus by PCR targeting variable regions of the 16S rDNA. Author(s): Oyarzabal OA, Wesley IV, Harmon KM, Schroeder-Tucker L, Barbaree JM, Lauerman LH, Backert S, Conner DE. Source: Veterinary Microbiology. 1997 October 31; 58(1): 61-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9451462

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Strategies to control Salmonella and Campylobacter in raw poultry products. Author(s): White PL, Baker AR, James WO. Source: Rev Sci Tech. 1997 August; 16(2): 525-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9501366

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Subtypes of Campylobacter jejuni from sporadic cases of diarrhoeal disease at different locations in England are highly diverse. Author(s): Owen RJ, Slater E, Telford D, Donovan T, Barnham M. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1997 October; 13(7): 837-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9384275

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Surveillance of human Campylobacter infections in France--part 1--which data? A study of microbiological laboratories, 2000. Author(s): Gallay A, Simon F, Megraud F. Source: Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin. 2003 November; 8(11): 213-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14684881

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Surveillance of human Campylobacter infections in France--part 2--implementation of national surveillance. Author(s): Gallay A, Simon F, Megraud F. Source: Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin. 2003 November; 8(11): 218. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14684882

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Susceptibilities of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from Germany to ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline. Author(s): Wagner J, Jabbusch M, Eisenblatter M, Hahn H, Wendt C, Ignatius R. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 July; 47(7): 2358-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12821499

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Temporal and geographical distribution and overlap of Penner heat-stable serotypes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotypes of Campylobacter jejuni isolates collected from humans and chickens in Finland during a seasonal peak. Author(s): Karenlampi R, Rautelin H, Hakkinen M, Hanninen ML. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 October; 41(10): 4870-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14532246

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The 11th international workshop on Campylobacter, Helicobacter and related Organisms (CHRO), 2001. Author(s): Takkinen J, Ammon A. Source: Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen Sur Les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin. 2003 November; 8(11): 219-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14684883

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The genome-sequenced variant of Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168 and the original clonal clinical isolate differ markedly in colonization, gene expression, and virulenceassociated phenotypes. Author(s): Gaynor EC, Cawthraw S, Manning G, MacKichan JK, Falkow S, Newell DG. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 2004 January; 186(2): 503-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14702320

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The impact of sporadic campylobacter and salmonella infection on health and health related behaviour: a case control study. Author(s): Smith GE, Lewis M, Paterson S, Gray J, Gunn K, Farrington F, Croft P. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2002 June; 128(3): 529-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12113499

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The seasonal distribution of campylobacter infection in nine European countries and New Zealand. Author(s): Nylen G, Dunstan F, Palmer SR, Andersson Y, Bager F, Cowden J, Feierl G, Galloway Y, Kapperud G, Megraud F, Molbak K, Petersen LR, Ruutu P. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2002 June; 128(3): 383-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12113481

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The study of infectious intestinal disease in England: risk factors for cases of infectious intestinal disease with Campylobacter jejuni infection. Author(s): Rodrigues LC, Cowden JM, Wheeler JG, Sethi D, Wall PG, Cumberland P, Tompkins DS, Hudson MJ, Roberts JA, Roderick PJ. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2001 October; 127(2): 185-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11693495

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Thermo-tolerant Campylobacter fetus bacteraemia identified by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing: an emerging pathogen in immunocompromised patients. Author(s): Woo PC, Leung KW, Tsoi HW, Wong SS, Teng JL, Yuen KY. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2002 September; 51(9): 740-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12358064

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Tolerance to self gangliosides is the major factor restricting the antibody response to lipopolysaccharide core oligosaccharides in Campylobacter jejuni strains associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Bowes T, Wagner ER, Boffey J, Nicholl D, Cochrane L, Benboubetra M, Conner J, Furukawa K, Furukawa K, Willison HJ. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 September; 70(9): 5008-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12183547

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Transient increases in colony counts observed in declining populations of Campylobacter jejuni held at low temperature. Author(s): Ekweozor CC, Nwoguh CE, Barer MR. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 1998 January 15; 158(2): 267-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9465398

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Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility among isolates of Campylobacter species in Ireland and the emergence of resistance to ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Lucey B, Cryan B, O'Halloran F, Wall PG, Buckley T, Fanning S. Source: The Veterinary Record. 2002 September 14; 151(11): 317-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12356234

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Ultrastructural characterization of Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens and its differentiation from Campylobacter species. Author(s): Wecke J, Horbach I. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 1999 January 1; 170(1): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9919655

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Uptake pathways of clinical and healthy animal isolates of Campylobacter jejuni into INT-407 cells. Author(s): Biswas D, Itoh K, Sasakawa C. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2000 November; 29(3): 203-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11064267

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Urease production by Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori. Author(s): Vogt K, Hahn H. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1991 April; 275(1): 63-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1930566

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Use of a LightCycler gyrA mutation assay for identification of ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter coli. Author(s): Carattoli A, Dionisi A, Luzzi I. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 2002 August 27; 214(1): 87-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12204377

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Use of a multiplex PCR-based assay to differentiate Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains isolated from human and animal sources. Author(s): Aquino MH, Regua Mangia AH, Filgueiras AL, Teixeira LM, Ferreira MC, Tibana A. Source: Veterinary Journal (London, England : 1997). 2002 January; 163(1): 102-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11749144

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Use of a selective medium and a membrane filter method for isolation of Campylobacter species from Spanish paediatric patients. Author(s): Lopez L, Castillo FJ, Clavel A, Rubio MC. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 July; 17(7): 489-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9764551

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Use of an open-reading frame-specific Campylobacter jejuni DNA microarray as a new genotyping tool for studying epidemiologically related isolates. Author(s): Leonard EE 2nd, Takata T, Blaser MJ, Falkow S, Tompkins LS, Gaynor EC. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 February 15; 187(4): 691-4. Epub 2003 January 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12599089

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Use of defined mutants to assess the role of the Campylobacter rectus S-layer in bacterium-epithelial cell interactions. Author(s): Wang B, Kraig E, Kolodrubetz D. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 March; 68(3): 1465-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10678961

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Use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and flagellin gene typing in identifying clonal groups of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in farm and clinical environments. Author(s): Fitzgerald C, Stanley K, Andrew S, Jones K. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2001 April; 67(4): 1429-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11282587

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Utility of multilocus sequence typing as an epidemiological tool for investigation of outbreaks of gastroenteritis caused by Campylobacter jejuni. Author(s): Sails AD, Swaminathan B, Fields PI. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 October; 41(10): 4733-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14532212

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Vaccines against Campylobacter jejuni. Author(s): Scott DA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1997 December; 176 Suppl 2: S183-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9396708

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Validity of SmaI-defined genotypes of Campylobacter jejuni examined by SalI, KpnI, and BamHI polymorphisms: evidence of identical clones infecting humans, poultry, and cattle. Author(s): On SL, Nielsen EM, Engberg J, Madsen M. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1998 June; 120(3): 231-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9692600

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Variation of the O antigen of Campylobacter jejuni in vivo. Author(s): Mills SD, Kuzniar B, Shames B, Kurjanczyk LA, Penner JL. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1992 March; 36(3): 215-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1372364

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Very long term diarrhoea due to Campylobacter jejuni. Author(s): Paulet P, Coffernils M. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1990 May; 66(775): 410-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2371198

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Waterborne Campylobacter jejuni epidemic in a Finnish hospital for rheumatic diseases. Author(s): Rautelin H, Koota K, von Essen R, Jahkola M, Siitonen A, Kosunen TU. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1990; 22(3): 321-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2371546

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Waterborne outbreak of Campylobacter enteritis after outdoors infantry drill in Utti, Finland. Author(s): Aho M, Kurki M, Rautelin H, Kosunen TU. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1989 August; 103(1): 133-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2776848

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Waterborne outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni in Christchurch: the importance of a combined epidemiologic and microbiologic investigation. Author(s): Stehr-Green JK, Nicholls C, McEwan S, Payne A, Mitchell P. Source: N Z Med J. 1991 August 28; 104(918): 356-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1891134

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Whole genome comparison of Campylobacter jejuni human isolates using a low-cost microarray reveals extensive genetic diversity. Author(s): Dorrell N, Mangan JA, Laing KG, Hinds J, Linton D, Al-Ghusein H, Barrell BG, Parkhill J, Stoker NG, Karlyshev AV, Butcher PD, Wren BW. Source: Genome Research. 2001 October; 11(10): 1706-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11591647

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Workshop summary and recommendations regarding the development of GuillainBarre syndrome following Campylobacter infection. Author(s): Lang DR, Allos BM, Blaser MJ. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1997 December; 176 Suppl 2: S198-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9396711

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CAMPYLOBACTER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and campylobacter.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Campylobacter The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “campylobacter” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “campylobacter” (or a synonym): •

Antibacterial activity of Piper chaba Hunter (Chui) [in Bangladesh]. Author(s): Dhaka Univ. (Bangladesh). Dept. of Pharmacy Source: Sarker, S.D. Muniruzzaman, S. Khan, S.I. Chowdhury, A.K.A. BangladeshJournal-of-Botany (Bangladesh). (1991). volume 20(2) page 179-182.

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Enteropathogenic bacteria in faecal swabs of young children fed on lactic acidfermented cereal gruels. Author(s): Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania) Source: Kingamkono, R. Sjogren, E. Svanberg, U. Epidemiology-and-Infection (United Kingdom). (1999). volume 122(1) page 23-32.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

A mixed foodborne outbreak with Salmonella heidelberg and Campylobacter jejuni in a nursing home. Author(s): Bureau of Communicable Disease, New York City Department of Health, NY 10013, USA. Source: Layton, M C Calliste, S G Gomez, T M Patton, C Brooks, S Infect-Control-HospEpidemiol. 1997 February; 18(2): 115-21 0899-823X

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A novel Campylobacter jejuni two-component regulatory system important for temperature-dependent growth and colonization. Source: Bras, A.M. Chatterjee, S. Wren, B.W. Newell, D.G. Ketley, J.M. J-bacteriol. Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology. May 1999. volume 181 (10) page 3298-3302. 0021-9193

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Adherence to lipids and intestinal mucin by a recently recognized human pathogen, Campylobacter upsaliensis. Source: Sylvester, F.A. Philpott, D. Gold, D. Lastovica, A. Forstner, J.F. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. October 1996. volume 64 (10) page 4060-4066. 0019-9567

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Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. Author(s): Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, USA. [email protected] Source: Friedman, M Henika, P R Mandrell, R E J-Food-Prot. 2002 October; 65(10): 154560 0362-028X

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Biochemical characterization of Campylobacter fetus lipopolysaccharides. Source: Moran, A.P. O'Malley, D.T. Kosunen, T.U. Helander, I.M. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. Sept 1994. volume 62 (9) page 3922-3929. 0019-9567

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Biological characterization of Campylobacter fetus lipopolysaccharides. Source: Moran, A.P. O'Malley, D.T. Vuopio Varkila, J. Varkila, K. Pyhala, L. Saxen, H. Helander, I.M. FEMS-immunol-med-microbiol. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V. on behalf of the Federation of European Microbiological Societies, 1993-. August 1996. volume 15 (1) page 43-50. 0928-8244

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Bismuth subsalicylate in the prevention of colonization of infant mice with Campylobacter jejuni. Author(s): College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Helsinki, Finland. Source: Hanninen, M L Epidemiol-Infect. 1990 June; 104(3): 397-404 0950-2688

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Carbohydrate-based cocktails that decrease the population of Salmonella and Campylobacter in the crop of broiler chickens subjected to feed withdrawal. Author(s): Poultry Processing and Meat Quality Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Russell Research Center, Athens, Georgia 30604, USA. [email protected] Source: Hinton, A Jr Buhr, R J Ingram, K D Poult-Sci. 2002 June; 81(6): 780-4 0032-5791

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Characterization of Campylobacter upsaliensis fur and its localization in a highly conserved region of the Campylobacter genome. Source: Bourke, B. Al Rashid, S.T. Bingham, H.L. Chan, V.L. Gene. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science. December 12, 1996. volume 183 (1/2) page 219-224. 0378-1119

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Clinical experience with Campylobacter pylori in western Kentucky. Source: Kraus, J W Morello, P J J-Ky-Med-Assoc. 1989 September; 87(9): 448-50 00230294

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Concerns regarding the occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in foods regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Source: Madden, J.M. Dairy-food-environ-sanit. Des Moines, Iowa : International Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians, Inc. May 1994. volume 14 (5) page 262-267. 1043-3546

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Cross-contamination with Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella spp. from raw chicken products during food preparation. Source: Boer, E. de Hahne, M. J-Food-Prot. Des Moines, Iowa : International Association of Milk, Food, and Environmental Sanitarians. December 1990. volume 53 (12) page 1067-1068. 0362-028X

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Dairy products, produce and other non-meat foods as possible sources of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli enteritis. Source: Harris, N.V. Kimball, T. Weiss, N.S. Nolan, C. J-Food-Prot. Ames, Iowa : International Association of Milk, Food, and Environmental Sanitarians. May 1986. volume 49 (5) page 347-351. charts. 0362-028X

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Determinants that may be involved in virulence and disease in Campylobacter jejuni. Source: Smith, J.L. J-food-saf. Trumbull, Conn. : Food & Nutrition Press. July 1996. volume 16 (2) page 105-139. 0149-6085

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Development of a selective differential agar for isolation and enumeration of Campylobacter spp. Author(s): US Department of Agriculture, Russell Research Center, Athens, Georgia 30677, USA. [email protected] Source: Line, J E J-Food-Prot. 2001 November; 64(11): 1711-5 0362-028X

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Discrimination of Helicobacter pullorum and Campylobacter lari by analysis of whole cell fatty acid extracts. Source: Steinbrueckner, B. Haerter, G. Pelz, K. Burnens, A. Kist, M. FEMS-micro-biollett. Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Elsevier Science B.V. November 15, 1998. volume 168 (2) page 209-212. 0378-1097

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Effect of bismuth subcarbonate against Campylobacter pylori: do citrate ions improve antibacterial activity? Author(s): Institut fur Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Freien Universitat Berlin. Source: Vogt, K Warrelmann, M Hahn, H Zentralbl-Bakteriol. 1990 May; 273(1): 33-5 0934-8840

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Effect of iron-dextran on lethality of Nigerian isolates of Campylobacter jejuni in mice. Author(s): Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lagos, Nigeria. Source: Coker, A O Obi, C L Cent-Afr-J-Med. 1991 January; 37(1): 20-3 0008-9176

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Effects of the clearing-heat and nourishing-stomach method in the treatment of chronic gastritis with positive Campylobacter pylori. Author(s): Hangzhou Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Province. Source: Wu, D Sun, B Sun, L Chai, K Ye, C J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1995 March; 15(1): 28-30 0254-6272

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Epidemiological typing of Campylobacter isolates from meat processing plants by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, fatty acid profile typing, serotyping, and biotyping. Source: Steele, M. McNab, B. Fruhner, L. DeGrandis, S. Woodard, D. Odumeru, J.A. Appl-environ-microbiol. Washington : American Society for Microbiology. July 1998. volume 64 (7) page 2346-2349. 0099-2240

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Epidemiology and treatment of gastric Campylobacter pylori infection: more questions than answers. Author(s): Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover. Source: Iserhard, R Freise, J Wagner, S Bokemeyer, B Weissbrodt, H Fritsch, R S Soudah, B Schmidt, F W Hepatogastroenterology. 1990 December; 37 Suppl 238-44 0172-6390

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Eradication of Campylobacter pylori and recurrence of duodenal ulcer. A six-month follow-up study. Author(s): Gastroenterology Department, NIMTS Hospital, Athens, Greece. Source: Mouzas, I A Kalantzis, N Gabriel, P Kallimanis, G Papantoniou, P Mavrogiannis, H Acta-Gastroenterol-Latinoam. 1990; 20(3): 159-61 0300-9033

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Evaluation of Campylobacter jejuni colonization of the domestic ferret intestine as a model of proliferative colitis. Source: Bell, J.A. Manning, D.D. Am-J-Vet-Res. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association. June 1991. volume 52 (6) page 826-832. 0002-9645

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Expression of Campylobacter hyoilei lipo-oligosaccharide (LOS) antigens in Escherichia coli. Source: Korolik, V. Fry, B.N. Alderton, M.R. Zeijst, B.A.M. van der. Coloe, P.J. Microbiol. Reading, U.K. : Society for General Microbiology, c1994-. November 1997. volume 143 (pt. 11) page 3481-3489. 1350-0872

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Fate of Campylobacter jejuni in butter. Author(s): Center for Food Safety and Quality Enhancement, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin 30223-1797, USA. Source: Zhao, T Doyle, M P Berg, D E J-Food-Prot. 2000 January; 63(1): 120-2 0362-028X

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Host signal transduction and endocytosis of Campylobacter jejuni. Author(s): Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, UK.

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Source: Wooldridge, K G Williams, P H Ketley, J M Microb-Pathog. 1996 October; 21(4): 299-305 0882-4010 •

Identification and molecular cloning of a gene encoding a fibronectin-binding protein (CadF) from Campylobacter jejuni. Source: Konkel, M.E. Garvis, S.G. Tipton, S.L. Anderson, D.E. Jr. Cieplak, W. Jr. Molmicrobiol. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications,. June 1997. volume 24 (5) page 953963. 0950-382X

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Identification of Campylobacter jejuni on the basis of a species-specific gene that encodes a membrane protein. Source: Stucki, U. Frey, J. Nicolet, J. Burnens, A. J-clin-microbiol. Washington : American Society for Microbiology,. April 1995. volume 33 (4) page 855-859. 0095-1137

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Impairment of Na+, K+-ATPase activity following enterotoxigenic Campylobacter jejuni infection: changes in Na+, Cl- and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose transport in vitro, in rat ileum. Source: Kanwar, R.K. Ganguly, N.K. Kanwar, J.R. KuMarch, L. Walia, B.N.S. FEMSmicro-biol-lett. Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Elsevier Science Publishers. December 15, 1994. volume 124 (3) page 381-385. 0378-1097

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In vitro binding of Campylobacter jejuni surface proteins to murine small intestinal cell membranes. Author(s): Institut fur Mikrobiologie und Tierhygiene, Fachbereich Veterinarmedizin, Freie Universitat Berlin. Source: Moser, I Hellmann, E Med-Microbiol-Immunol-(Berl). 1989; 178(4): 217-28 03008584

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In vitro study on the effect of organic acids on Campylobacter jejuni/coli populations in mixtures of water and feed. Author(s): Department of Science and Food of Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. [email protected] Source: Chaveerach, P Keuzenkamp, D A Urlings, H A Lipman, L J van Knapen, F Poult-Sci. 2002 May; 81(5): 621-8 0032-5791

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In vitro susceptibility of Campylobacter pyloridis to cimetidine, sucralfate, bismuth and sixteen antibiotics. Source: Andreasen, J J Andersen, L P Acta-Pathol-Microbiol-Immunol-Scand-[B]. 1987 April; 95(2): 147-9 0108-0180

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Incidence of thermotolerant Campylobacter in foods assessed by NF ISO 10272 standard: results of a two-year study. Source: Federighi, M. Magras, C. Pilet, M.F. Woodward, D. Johnson, W. Jugiau, F. Jouve, J.L. Food-microbiol. London; Orlando : Academic Press, c1984-. April 1999. volume 16 (2) page 195-204. 0740-0020

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Iron-regulated proteins in outer membranes of Campylobacter jejuni diarrhoea isolates and immune response to the proteins in patients. Author(s): Microbiology Laboratory, Sourasky (Ichilov Medical Center), Tel-Aviv, Israel. Source: Schwartz, D Konforti, N Perry, R Goossens, H Butzler, J P Williams, P Goldhar, J Zentralbl-Bakteriol. 1994 January; 280(3): 338-47 0934-8840

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Lectin agglutination of thermophilic Campylobacter species. Author(s): Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Surrey, Gt. Britain. Source: Corbel, M J Gill, K P Vet-Microbiol. 1987 October; 15(1-2): 163-73 0378-1135

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Methods for recovery of campylobacter jejuni from foods. Source: Stern, Norman J. J-Food-Prot. Ames : International Association of Milk, Food, and Environmental Sanitarians. December 1982. volume 45 (14) page 1332-1337, 1341. ill., charts. 0362-028X

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Molecular characterization of a Campylobacter jejuni 29-kilodalton periplasmic binding protein. Source: Garvis, S.G. Puzon, G.J. Konkel, M.E. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. Sept 1996. volume 64 (9) page 3537-3543. 0019-9567

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Occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni in free-living wild birds from Japan. Author(s): Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan. Source: Ito, K Kubokura, Y Kaneko, K Totake, Y Ogawa, M J-Wildl-Dis. 1988 July; 24(3): 467-70 0090-3558

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Production of hyperimmune bovine colostrum against Campylobacter jejuni. Source: Husu, J. Syvaoja, E.L. Ahola Luttila, H. Kalsta, H. Sivela, S. Kosunen, T.U. Jappl-bacteriol. Oxford; New York : Blackwell Scientific, 1954-. May 1993. volume 74 (5) page 564-569. 0021-8847

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Protection of breast-fed infants against Campylobacter diarrhea by antibodies in human milk. Source: Ruiz Palacios, G.M. Calva, J.J. Pickering, L.K. Lopez Vidal, Y. Volkow, P. Pezzarossi, H. West, M.S. J-Pediatr. St. Louis, Mo. : C.V. Mosby. May 1990. volume 116 (5) page 707-713. charts. 0022-3476

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Quorum sensing and production of autoinducer-2 in Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in foods. Author(s): Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA. Source: Cloak, O M Solow, B T Briggs, C E Chen, C Y Fratamico, P M Appl-EnvironMicrobiol. 2002 September; 68(9): 4666-71 0099-2240

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Risk factors for campylobacter infection in infants and young children: a matched case-control study. Author(s): Brisbane Southside Public Health Unit, Queensland Health, Australia. Source: Tenkate, T D Stafford, R J Epidemiol-Infect. 2001 December; 127(3): 399-404 0950-2688

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Risk factors for indigenous campylobacter infection: a Swedish case-control study. Author(s): Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Boras, Sweden. Source: Studahl, A Andersson, Y Epidemiol-Infect. 2000 October; 125(2): 269-75 09502688

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Structural analysis of the lipid A component of Campylobacter jejuni CCUG 10936 (serotype O:2) lipopolysaccharide. Description of a lipid A containing a hybrid backbone of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose and 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucose. Author(s): Forschungsinstitut Borstel, Institut fur Experimentelle Biologie und Medizin, Federal Republic of Germany. Source: Moran, A P Zahringer, U Seydel, U Scholz, D Stutz, P Rietschel, E T Eur-JBiochem. 1991 June 1; 198(2): 459-69 0014-2956

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Survival of Campylobacter jejuni and pathogenic Escherichia coli in mahewu, a fermented cereal guel. Source: Simango, C. Rukure, G. Trans-R-Soc-Trop-Med-Hyg. London : The Society. 1991. volume 85 (3) page 399-400. 0035-9203

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The bactericidal activity of tea against Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Source: Diker, K.S. Akan, M. Hascelik, G. Yurdakok, M. Lett-Appl-Microbiol. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications. February 1991. volume 12 (2) page 34-35. 0266-8254

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The minimum inhibitory concentrations of various bismuth salts against Campylobacter pylori. Author(s): Institut fur Medizinische Mikrobiologie der Freien Universitat Berlin. Source: Vogt, K Warrelmann, M Hahn, H Zentralbl-Bakteriol. 1989 September; 271(3): 304-10 0934-8840

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The O-specific polysaccharide chain of Campylobacter fetus serotype B lipopolysaccharide is a D-rhamnan terminated with 3-O-methyl-D-rhamnose (Dacofriose). Author(s): N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. Source: Senchenkova, S N Shashkov, A S Knirel, Y A McGovern, J J Moran, A P Eur-JBiochem. 1996 July 15; 239(2): 434-8 0014-2956

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Treatment of Campylobacter pylori gastritis: a pilot study using pirenzepine dihydrochloride (Gastrozepin) and three formulations of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (De-Nol). Author(s): Department of Microbiology, Middlemore Hospital, Otahuhu, Auckland. Source: Morris, A Brown, P Ali, M R Lane, M Palmer, R N-Z-Med-J. 1988 October 26; 101(856 Pt 1): 651-4 0028-8446

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Yeast treatment to reduce Salmonella and Campylobacter populations associated with broiler chickens subjected to transport stress. Source: Line, J.E. Bailey, J.S. Cox, N.A. Stern, N.J. Poultry-sci. Savoy, IL : Poultry Science Association, Inc. Sept 1997. volume 76 (9) page 1227-1231. 0032-5791

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. CAMPYLOBACTER

ALTERNATIVE

MEDICINE

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Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to campylobacter. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to campylobacter and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “campylobacter” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to campylobacter: •

A comparative study of the rod and coccoid forms of Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 29428. Author(s): Moran AP, Upton ME. Source: The Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 1986 February; 60(2): 103-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2422149

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A point of view: The need to identify an antigen in psyconeuroimmunological disorders. Author(s): Covelli V, Pellegrino NM, Jirillo E. Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2003; 9(24): 1951-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12871180

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Aetiological factors of infantile diarrhoea: a community-based study. Author(s): Loening WE, Coovadia YM, van den Ende J. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1989 December; 9(4): 248-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2482008

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Antagonistic activities of several bacteria on in vitro growth of 10 strains of Campylobacter jejuni/coli. Author(s): Chaveerach P, Lipman LJ, van Knapen F. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2004 January 1; 90(1): 43-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14672829

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Antibiotic and deoxycholate resistance in Campylobacter jejuni following freezing or heating. Author(s): Humphrey TJ, Cruickshank JG. Source: The Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 1985 July; 59(1): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3928571

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Antimicrobial activity of Terminalia macroptera root. Author(s): Silva O, Duarte A, Pimentel M, Viegas S, Barroso H, Machado J, Pires I, Cabrita J, Gomes E. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1997 August; 57(3): 203-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9292414

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Antimicrobial use and resistance in animals. Author(s): McEwen SA, Fedorka-Cray PJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 June 1; 34 Suppl 3: S93-S106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11988879

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Bacterial food poisoning: what to do if prevention fails. Author(s): Goldfrank L, Weisman R. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1982 September; 72(3): 171-5, 178-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6812033

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Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. Author(s): Friedman M, Henika PR, Mandrell RE. Source: J Food Prot. 2002 October; 65(10): 1545-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12380738

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Basis for serological heterogeneity of thermostable antigens of Campylobacter jejuni. Author(s): Mills SD, Bradbury WC, Penner JL.

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Source: Infection and Immunity. 1985 October; 50(1): 284-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2412962 •

Campylobacter fetus adheres to and enters INT 407 cells. Author(s): Graham LL. Source: Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 2002 November; 48(11): 995-1007. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12556127

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Campylobacter pylori and gastroduodenal ulcer disease. A prospective study in a Swedish population. Author(s): Gad A, Hradsky M, Furugard K, Malmodin B. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1989; 167: 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2575789

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Campylobacter pylori and non-ulcer dyspepsia. 2. A prospective study in a Swedish population. Author(s): Gad A, Hradsky M, Furugard K, Malmodin B, Nyberg O. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1989; 167: 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2617168

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Campylobacter pylori infection in biopsy specimens of gastric antrum: laboratory diagnosis and estimation of sampling error. Author(s): Morris A, Ali MR, Brown P, Lane M, Patton K. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1989 July; 42(7): 727-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2474579

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Cell association and invasion of Caco-2 cells by Campylobacter jejuni. Author(s): Russell RG, Blake DC Jr. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1994 September; 62(9): 3773-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8063393

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Characterization of the porins of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and implications for antibiotic susceptibility. Author(s): Page WJ, Huyer G, Huyer M, Worobec EA. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1989 March; 33(3): 297-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2543277

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Characterization of urease from Campylobacter pylori. Author(s): Mobley HL, Cortesia MJ, Rosenthal LE, Jones BD. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1988 May; 26(5): 831-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3384908

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Comparison of methods used to separate the inner and outer membranes of cell envelopes of Campylobacter spp. Author(s): Page WJ, Taylor DE. Source: J Gen Microbiol. 1988 November; 134 ( Pt 11): 2925-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2474628

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Comparison of weep and carcass rinses for recovery of Campylobacter from retail broiler carcasses. Author(s): Musgrove MT, Cox NA, Berrang ME, Harrison MA. Source: J Food Prot. 2003 September; 66(9): 1720-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14503734

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Difficulty in recovering inoculated Campylobacter jejuni from dry poultry-associated samples. Author(s): Cox NA, Berrang ME, Stern NJ, Musgrove MT. Source: J Food Prot. 2001 February; 64(2): 252-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11271776

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Domestic poultry-raising practices in a Peruvian shantytown: implications for control of Campylobacter jejuni-associated diarrhea. Author(s): Harvey SA, Winch PJ, Leontsini E, Torres Gayoso C, Lopez Romero S, Gilman RH, Oberhelman RA. Source: Acta Tropica. 2003 April; 86(1): 41-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12711102

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Effects of the clearing-heat and nourishing-stomach method in the treatment of chronic gastritis with positive Campylobacter pylori. Author(s): Wu D, Sun B, Sun L, Chai K, Ye C. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1995 March; 15(1): 28-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7783456

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Evaluation of an avian-specific probiotic to reduce the colonization and shedding of Campylobacter jejuni in broilers. Author(s): Morishita TY, Aye PP, Harr BS, Cobb CW, Clifford JR. Source: Avian Dis. 1997 October-December; 41(4): 850-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9454918

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Fate of Campylobacter jejuni in butter. Author(s): Zhao T, Doyle MP, Berg DE. Source: J Food Prot. 2000 January; 63(1): 120-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10643781

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Human antibody response to outer membrane proteins of Campylobacter jejuni during infection. Author(s): Mills SD, Bradbury WC. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1984 February; 43(2): 739-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6198286

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In vitro inhibitory activity of Chinese leek extract against Campylobacter species. Author(s): Lee CF, Han CK, Tsau JL. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2004 July 15; 94(2): 169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15193803

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Infection with Campylobacter jejuni induces tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins into INT-407 cells. Author(s): Biswas D, Niwa H, Itoh K. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 2004; 48(4): 221-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15107531

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Invasion of human epithelial cells by Campylobacter upsaliensis. Author(s): Mooney A, Byrne C, Clyne M, Johnson-Henry K, Sherman P, Bourke B. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2003 November; 5(11): 835-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14531898

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Investigation on the inhibition of Campylobacter jejuni growth with the applications of some preservatives, medicines, herbs and herb preparations. Author(s): Uradzinski J, Szteyn J, Kafel S. Source: Pol J Vet Sci. 2002; 5(4): 223-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12512554

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Isolation of Campylobacter spp. from semen samples of commercial broiler breeder roosters. Author(s): Cox NA, Stern NJ, Wilson JL, Musgrove MT, Buhr RJ, Hiett KL. Source: Avian Dis. 2002 July-September; 46(3): 717-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12243539

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Major outer membrane protein of Campylobacter fetus: physical and immunological characterization. Author(s): McCoy EC, Wiltberger HA, Winter J. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1976 April; 13(4): 1258-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=819374

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Microcapsule of Campylobacter fetus: chemical and physical characterization. Author(s): Winter AJ, McCoy EC, Fullmer CS, Burda K, Bier PJ.

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Source: Infection and Immunity. 1978 December; 22(3): 963-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=730387 •

Occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni in vegetables. Author(s): Kumar A, Agarwal RK, Bhilegaonkar KN, Shome BR, Bachhil VN. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2001 July 20; 67(1-2): 153-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11482564

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Passive hemagglutination technique for serotyping Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni on the basis of soluble heat-stable antigens. Author(s): Penner JL, Hennessy JN. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1980 December; 12(6): 732-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6796598

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Rapid detection of Campylobacter coli, C. jejuni, and Salmonella enterica on poultry carcasses by using PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Author(s): Hong Y, Berrang ME, Liu T, Hofacre CL, Sanchez S, Wang L, Maurer JJ. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 June; 69(6): 3492-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12788755

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Rapid methods for detection and enumeration of Campylobacter spp. in foods. Author(s): Wang H. Source: J Aoac Int. 2002 July-August; 85(4): 996-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12180699

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Role of the beta-lactamase of Campylobacter jejuni in resistance to beta-lactam agents. Author(s): Lachance N, Gaudreau C, Lamothe F, Lariviere LA. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1991 May; 35(5): 813-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1854162

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Simple extraction of Campylobacter lipopolysaccharide and protein antigens and production of their antibodies in egg yolk. Author(s): Chandan V, Fraser AD, Brooks BW, Yamazaki H. Source: International Journal of Food Microbiology. 1994 May; 22(2-3): 189-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8074971

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Specific detection and confirmation of Campylobacter jejuni by DNA hybridization and PCR. Author(s): Ng LK, Kingombe CI, Yan W, Taylor DE, Hiratsuka K, Malik N, Garcia MM.

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Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1997 November; 63(11): 4558-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9361442 •

Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in biofilms isolated from chicken houses. Author(s): Trachoo N, Frank JF, Stern NJ. Source: J Food Prot. 2002 July; 65(7): 1110-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12117243

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Susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni to strain-specific bactericidal activity in sera of infected patients. Author(s): Pennie RA, Pearson RD, Barrett LJ, Lior H, Guerrant RL. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1986 June; 52(3): 702-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3710581

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

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The following is a specific Web list relating to campylobacter; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Proctitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rectal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Reiter's Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Herbs and Supplements Astragalus Mem Alternative names: Huang-Qi; Astragalus membranaceus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cinnamomum Alternative names: Cinnamon; Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Taraxacum Alternative names: Dandelion; Taraxacum officinale (Dhudhal) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Thymus Alternative names: Thyme; Thymus vulgaris Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CAMPYLOBACTER Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to campylobacter. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “campylobacter” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on campylobacter, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Campylobacter ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to campylobacter. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

An investigation of the structural and antigenic properties of cell envelope components from Campylobacter species by Preston, Martin Alfred; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL51111

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Characterization of the hippurate hydrolase enzyme of Campylobacter jejuni by Steele, Marina Lynn; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 2003, 198 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ75994

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Characterization of the macrophage response to Campylobacter jejuni: Implications for C. jejuni-mediated enteritis by Siegesmund, Amy Marie; PhD from Washington State University, 2003, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3096899

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Ecological modeling of the bacterial pathogens, Vibrio cholerae and Campylobacter jejuni by Louis, Valerie R.; PhD from University of Maryland College Park, 2003, 269 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3112589

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In-package heat pasteurization combined with biocide-impregnated packaging films for inhibition of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter jejuni by HughesHollar, LaVonda Ann; PhD from North Carolina State University, 2003, 174 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3107770

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Isolation and characterization of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni by Ng, Lai-King; PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL37651

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Isolation and characterization of cell surface antigens from Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by Mills, Sharon Dawn; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL34165

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Molecular analysis of the surface antigens of campylobacter jejuni by Logan, Susan M; PhD from University of Victoria (Canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL34521

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Pathogenic mechanisms of Campylobacter jejuni : Characterization and identification of the role of CadF in Campylobacter-mediated enteritis by Monteville, Marshall Reno; PhD from Washington State University, 2003, 284 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3096893

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The association between Campylobacter jejuni infection and Guillain Barre syndrome by Murphy, Gailene Ann; MSc from University of Prince Edward Island (Canada), 2003, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ82383

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Ultrastructure and atpase nature of polar membrane in Campylobacter jejuni by Brock, Frances Marguerite; PhD from The University of Western Ontario (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL40759

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON CAMPYLOBACTER Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “campylobacter” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on campylobacter, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Campylobacter By performing a patent search focusing on campylobacter, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on campylobacter: •

Amplification and detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Inventor(s): Fort; Thomas L. (Finksburg, MD), McMillian; Ray A. (Timonium, MD), You; Qimin (Lutherville, MD) Assignee(s): Becton Dickinson and Company (Franklin Lakes, NJ) Patent Number: 6,066,461 Date filed: April 12, 1999 Abstract: Amplification primers and methods for specific amplification and detection of a Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli target are disclosed. The primer-target binding sequences are useful for amplification and detection of C jejuni and C. coli target in a variety of amplification and detection reactions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for determining the presence or absence of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli in patients. The method involves using nucleic acid primers to amplify specifically the C. jejuni and C. coli superoxide dismutase (sodB) gene, preferably using one of the techniques of Strand Displacement Amplification (SDA), thermophilic Strand Displacement Amplification (tSDA) or fluorescent real time thermophilic Strand Displacement Amplification, and optionally using a microelectronic array. C. jejuni and C. coli are recognized as important causes of acute diarrheal disease in humans throughout the world. Nucleic acid amplification is a powerful technology that allows rapid detection of specific target sequences. It is therefore a promising technology which allows rapid detection and identification of C. jejuni and C. coli. The oligonucleotide primers of the present invention are applicable to nucleic acid amplification and detection of the C. jejuni- and C. coli-specific regions of the superoxide dismutase (sodB) gene. The sodB gene is approximately 900 base pairs in size and is important in the survival of C. jejuni and C. coli in air and during infection. An amplification primer is a primer for amplification of a target sequence by extension of the primer after hybridization to the target sequence. Amplification primers are typically about 10-75 nucleotides in length, preferably about 15-50 nucleotides in length. The total length of an amplification primer for SDA is typically about 25-50 nucleotides. The 3' end of an SDA amplification primer (the target binding sequence) hybridizes at the 3' end of the target sequence. The target binding sequence is about 10-25 nucleotides in length and confers hybridization specificity on the amplification primer. The SDA amplification primer further comprises a recognition site for a restriction endonuclease 5' to the target binding sequence. The recognition site is for a restriction endonuclease which will nick one strand of a DNA duplex when the recognition site is hemimodified, as described by G. Walker, et al. (1992. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:392-396 and 1992 Nucl. Acids Res. 20:1691-1696). The nucleotides 5' to the restriction endonuclease recognition site (the "tail") function as a polymerase repriming site when the remainder of the amplification primer is nicked and displaced during SDA. The repriming function of the tail nucleotides sustains the SDA reaction and allows synthesis of multiple amplicons from a single target molecule. The tail is typically about 10-25 nucleotides in length. Its length and sequence are generally not critical and can be routinely selected and modified. As the target binding sequence is the portion of a primer which determines its target-specificity, for amplification methods which do not require specialized sequences at the ends of the target the amplification primer generally consists essentially of only the target binding sequence. For example, amplification of a

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target sequence according to the invention using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) will employ amplification primers consisting of the target binding sequences of the amplification primers described herein. For amplification methods that require specialized sequences appended to the target other than the nickable restriction endonuclease recognition site and the tail of SDA (e.g., an RNA polymerase promoter for Self-Sustained Sequence Replication (3SR), Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification (NASBA) or the Transcription-Based Amplification System (TAS)), the required specialized sequence may be linked to the target binding sequence using routine methods for preparation of oligonucleotides without altering the hybridization specificity of the primer. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06066461__ •

Campylobacter jejuni antigens and methods for their production and use Inventor(s): Blaser; Martin J. (Nashville, TN), Pei; Zhiheng (Nashville, TN) Assignee(s): Enteric Research Laboratories () Patent Number: 5,874,300 Date filed: March 13, 1995 Abstract: The present invention provides an isolated nucleic acid encoding an approximately 26 kilodalton antigen, PEB1A, of Campylobacter jejuni, or an antigenic fragment thereof, wherein the antigen is associated with diarrheal disease. The present invention also provides methods of detecting the presence of a Campylobacter jejuni strain possessing the PEB1A antigen in a subject. Vaccines and treatments for C. jejuni infection are provided, as is a mutant C. jejuni not expressing a functional PEB1A antigen. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the Campylobacter jejuni antigen PEB1A, to nucleic acid encoding the antigen, to various methods of detecting Campylobacter jejuni infection, and to vaccines and treatments for Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. In particular, the interaction of the PEB1A antigen with its receptor can be beneficially controlled by a number of techniques described herein. Campylobacter jejuni is now recognized as one of the leading causes of diarrheal diseases worldwide. Approximately two million cases of C. jejuni enteritis occur in the United States each year, and the actual incidence may be even higher for at least two reasons. First, C. jejuni is a fastidious bacterium which requires microaerobic environment (5% O.sub.2, 3-10% CO.sub.2) to grow, a condition that is not available in many clinical microbiology laboratories. Second, treatment of diarrheal patients with antibiotics for any reason may kill C. jejuni, thus causing conventional diagnostic methods based on culturing viable bacteria to yield false negative results. Thus, a new diagnostic technique is needed to detect C. jejuni bacteria, whether viable or not. Prior art attempts at vaccines and therapy for C. jejuni enteritis have suffered from incomplete knowledge of the important antigen and receptor interactions discussed herein regarding PEB1A. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05874300__

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Campylobacteri jejuni flagellin-escherichia coli LT-B fusion protein Inventor(s): Khoury; Christian A. (Philadelphia, PA), Meinersmann; Richard J. (Lithonia, GA) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,888,810 Date filed: January 16, 1997 Abstract: A fusion protein which comprises the B subunit of the labile toxin (LT-B) of E. coli and part of the flagellin (flaA) protein of C. jejuni is antigenic and is useful for decreasing colonization in chickens by Campylobacter species. The protein is produced by E. coli cells, transformed by the plasmid pBEB into which DNA sequences encoding the novel protein have been introduced. Excerpt(s): Approximately 3 billion chickens are raised in the United States every year, and virtually all are contaminated with Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni). Currently, there is no vaccine or any other method available to the poultry industry for the prevention of colonization, therefore there exists a need to develop a product which will provide protection from C. jejuni contamination. This invention relates to a novel fusion protein which, upon administration to a poultry population, will decrease the incidence of colonization by C. jejuni. The protein is relatively simple to produce and purify, and it is expressed in large quantities and can be used without further treatment (beyond purification) for vaccination. In recent years, C. jejuni has been recognized as a major human enteropathogen and is the species implicated in more than 95% of the cases of campylobacteriosis in the United States (Karmali et al. 1983. J. Infect. Dis., vol. 147, pp. 243-246). C. jejuni has also been recognized as a common cause of gastroenteritis worldwide (Georges-Courbot et al. 1989. Res. Microbiol. vol. 140, pp. 292-296) with twothirds of the reported cases found in the United States (Bokkenheuser and Sutter. 1981. pp.301-310. In Diagnostic Procedures for Bacterial, Mycotic and Parasitic Infections. Ed. Balows and Hausler. 6th edition, American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.). Several reports indicate that C. jejuni enteritis is associated with eating in restaurants (Genigeorgis, C. 1987. pp. 111-145. In Elimination of Pathogenic Organisms from Meat and Poultry. Ed. F. J. M. Smulders, Elsevier, Amsterdam), drinking raw milk or unchlorinated water (Hutchinson et al. J. Hyg. Cam., vol. 94, pp. 204-215; Schmid et al. 1987. J. Infect. Dis., vol, 156, pp. 218-222), eating under-cooked poultry meat (Harris et al. 1986. Am. J. Pub. Health, vol. 76, pp. 407-411; Izat and Gardner. 1986. Poultry Science, vol. 67, pp. 1431-1435), and living in a household with pets (Genigeorgis, supra; Vandenberghe et al. 1982. Br. Vet. J., vol. 138, pp. 356-361). C. jejuni is common in the intestine of most domestic and many wild animals and is present in high numbers in most birds (Bokkenheuser, supra). Species of Camplyobacter enter into a nonpathological, commensal relationship in the intestine of the chicken (Juven et al. 1991. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol., v. 70, pp. 95-103). Chickens carry the organism as part of the indigenous intestinal flora, and for this reason they have been suspected as an important vehicle in the transmission or Campylobacter spp. to humans (Izat and Gardner, supra; Juven et al., supra). Poultry has been implicated as the major reservoir of human campylobacteriosis in the developed world (Genigeorgis, supra). As many as 90% of broiler chickens may harbor this organism (Lam et al. 1992. Av. Dis., v. 36, pp. 359-363). The pathogen can survive the chicken processing procedures and may be present on the product in retail outlets (Hood et al. 1988. Epidem. Inf., vol. 100, pp. 17-25). In a study at a live poultry market in New York City, more than 80% of broiler chickens sold yielded the organism. In another study, 68% of the retail broiler carcasses tested had C. jejuni

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(Izat et al., supra). Undercooked or improperly handled poultry has been implicated in 50 to 70% of Campylobacter spp. infections in humans (Hood et al., supra). In a study on university students in Georgia infected with Campylobacter, 70% of the cases were accounted for by eating chicken, often undercooked or raw, and 30% by contact with cats ›Tauxe et al. 1988. CDC Surveillance Summaries, vol. 37(SS-2), pp. 1-13!. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05888810__ •

Chicken meat product and method of making Inventor(s): Glabe; Elmer F. (1354 Westwood Ct., Northbrook, IL 60062), Shubert; Victor H. (3846 State Rte. 153, Washington County, Coulterville, IL 62237) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,329,003 Date filed: July 7, 2000 Abstract: A chicken meat product rendered substantially free of pathogenic bacterial species by having an external coating of sodium diacetate substantially free of an adhesive material. The wet coating is retained on the external surfaces of the dressed chicken meat by the surface tension of the sodium diacetate solution after the chicken meat is coated with the solution and is hung freely to permit excess liquid to drain away. The amount of sodium diacetate present in the product of the invention depends upon the degree of pathogenic bacterial contamination of the chicken meat. The sodium diacetate is included in each case in sufficient quantity to preserve the meat from growth of all pathogenic bacteria of the order and species of salmonella, E. coli, and campylobacter. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a packaged chicken meat product--either a dressed whole chicken or dressed chicken parts--that is coated with a water solution of sodium diacetate, or solid sodium diacetate in a specified form, to combat and eliminate certain pathogenic bacteria, and to the process of making such a product. Chicken production and processing for meat is a large and growing U.S. industry. Profit for processors, however, is not more than a few cents per pound of dressed chicken. The intense competition often leads to hazardous cost cutting that is contrary to good processing practices as prescribed by government oversight agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Food Safety Inspection Service. Salmonella, E. coli, and campylobacter have been clearly identified by many studies made by these government agencies, and by meat processors, as species of pathogenic bacteria that have often been found in chicken meat and have been the cause of food poisoning outbreaks that have affected large numbers of the population, often with many fatalities. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06329003__

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Composition for treatment of a bacterial infection of the digestive tract Inventor(s): Fischetti; Vincent (West Hempstead, NY), Loomis; Lawrence (Columbia, MD) Assignee(s): New Horizons Diagnostics Corporation (Columbia, MD) Patent Number: 6,399,097 Date filed: September 1, 2000 Abstract: An enteric coated pill for treating bacterial infections of the digestive tract, wherein the bacteria to be treated are selected from the group consisting of Listeria, Salmonella, E. coli, Campylobacter and combinations thereof, said pill comprising an effective amount of at least one lytic enzyme genetically coded by a bacteriophage specific for said bacteria of the digestive tract, whereby said enzyme has the ability to digest the cell wall of said bacteria; and a carrier for said enzyme. Excerpt(s): The present invention discloses a method and composition for the treatment of bacterial infections by the use of a lysing enzyme blended with an appropriate carrier suitable for the treatment of the infection. In the past, antibiotics have been used to treat various infections. The work of Selman Waksman in the introduction and production of Streptomycetes and Dr. Fleming's discovery of penicillin, as well as the work of numerous others in the field of antibiotics, are well known. Over the years, there have been additions and chemical modifications to the "basic" antibiotics in attempts to make them more powerful, or to treat people allergic to these antibiotics. Others have found new uses for these antibiotics. U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,292 (Robinson et al.) discloses a topical treatment of acne with aminopenicillins. The method and composition for topically treating acne and acneiform dermal disorders includes applying an amount of an antibiotic selected from the group consisting of ampicillin, amoxicillin, other aminopenicillins, and cephalosporins, and derivatives and analogs thereof, effective to treat the acne and acneiform dermal disorders. U.S. Pat. No. 5,409,917 (Robinson et al.) discloses the topical treatment of acne with cephalosporins. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06399097__

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Detection and speciation of Campylobacter Inventor(s): Fox; Andrew John (Manchester, GB), Jones; Dennis Mackay (Stockport, GB) Assignee(s): Public Health Laboratory Service Board (London, GB) Patent Number: 6,080,547 Date filed: July 30, 1999 Abstract: Method for detecting Campylobacter by PCR detection of DNA sequence highly conserved between species lari, coli, jejuni and upsaliensis. Speciation between these four is possible as the PCR product is differentially cleaved by restriction endonucleases. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the detection and speciation of Campylobacter bacteria, for example in clinical, environmental and food samples. In particular, this invention relates to a method of detecting whether a sample contains Campylobacter and to a method of differentiating between the main Campylobacter species jejune, coli, upsaliensis and lari. Campylobacter species are recognised as the most frequent cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the United Kingdom and many other countries throughout the world. In the U.K. approximately 90% and 10% of case isolates are identified as

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Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively, plus a small number of other species such as Campylobacter upsaliensis and lari. The majority of the infections are sporadic the source of which remains largely unknown although the importance of several vehicles is now recognised. There is a known desire to be able to detect and differentiate species of Campylobacter. However, it is also known that present Campylobacter enrichment culture techniques lack sensitivity, making detection difficult. Campylobacter jejuni does not multiply in foodstuffs and low numbers may be present together with a high background of indigenous microflora. Also, surface viable counts of Campylobacter can decrease rapidly and cells that are potentially culturable are often lost before samples reach a laboratory for analysis. Another factor making detection problematic is that antibiotics used in culture enrichment media may damage already weakened Campylobacter. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06080547__ •

DNA probes for campylobacter, arcobacter and helicobacter Inventor(s): Al Rashid; Shahnaz Tahihra (36 Highland Hill, North York, Ontario, CA), Chan; Voon Loong (93 Elm Ridge Drive, Toronto, Ontario, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,245,516 Date filed: December 7, 1999 Abstract: Nucleic acid probes and a method for their use in detecting and identifying Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Arcobacter spp. bacterial pathogens are described. A method for prepg. specific nucleic acid probes for the detection of identification of any other bacterial pathogens is also provided. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to nucleotide probes that are useful in detecting and identifying bacterial pathogens. More particularly, the invention relates to nucleotide probes that are useful in detecting and identifying Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Arcobacter spp. bacterial pathogens. Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Arcobacter spp. are examples of common human and animal pathogens (Thomas, C. A. et al., 1966). Although the pathogenicity of such bacteria has long been known, their phylogenetic relationships, isolation, detection, identification, and classification by traditional biochemical tests, have been variable and difficult. This is largely due to their fastidious growth requirements, inability to ferment carbohydrates, and diverse growth characteristics which vary, not only between genera and species, but also within species. Thus, their large phenotypic variations have made biochemical tests unreliable as a sole method for identifying and differentiating these bacteria. Many of the species in the genera Helicobacter and Arcobacter were once classified under the genus Campylobacter. However, the phylogenetic relationships of these bacteria have been reevaluated based on information from DNA-DNA hybridization, 23S rRNA-DNA hybridization (Vandamme et al., 1991; Vandamme et al., 1993), and partial 16S rRNA sequences (Li et al., 1993; Patton et al., 1991; Totten et al., 1987). These phylogenetic studies have led to the formation of the current classification of the Campylobacter and Vibrio organisms into Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Arcobacter. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06245516__

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Gene encoding invasion protein of campylobacter species Inventor(s): Chan; Voon Loong (93 Elm Ridge Drive, Toronto, Ontario, CA), Hong; Yuwen (300 Regina Street North, Waterloo, Ontario, CA), Joe; Angela (#1122, 341 Bloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario, CA) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,087,105 Date filed: April 8, 1998 Abstract: A protein associated with adherence and invasion of Campylobacter spp. including C. jejuni and C. coli is provided. Methods are disclosed for detecting Campylobacter spp. including C. jejuni and C. coli in a biological sample by determining the presence of the protein or a nucleic acid molecule encoding the protein in the sample. Compositions for treatment of infections diseases and vaccines are also described. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to novel nucleic acid molecules encoding a protein involved in the virulence of bacteria and more particularly of Campylobacter jejuni; the novel proteins encoded by the nucleic acid molecules; and, uses of the proteins and nucleic acid molecules. Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni), a gram-negative microaerophilic bacterium, is a leading cause of bacterial diarrhea and enterocolitis in children and adults in both developing and developed countries (Walker R I et al, Microbiol. Rev. 50(1): 81-94, 1986; Kim N W et al, J. Bacteriol. 174(11):3494-3498, 1992; Chan V L and Bingham H L, Gene 101:51-58, 1991). Clinical symptoms of Campylobacter infections range from watery diarrhea to inflammatory dysentery and bloody diarrhea (Cover T L and Blaser N J, Ann. Rev. Ned. 40:269-285, 1989; Walker R I et al, supra). Complications from C. jejuni infections have included Guillain-Barre syndrome, a neurological disease which may lead to respiratory paralysis and death, toxic megacolon, acute mesenteric adenitis syndrome, and reactive arthritis (Kaldor J and Speed B R, British Medical J. 288:1867-1870, 1984; Johnson K et al, Acta. Med. Scand. 214:165-168, 1983; Walker R I et al, supra). C. jejuni is commonly found in surface water, in animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, swine and poultry, in industrial wastes, and in many different types of foods including unpasteurized dairy products. Human pets such as dogs, cats and birds may also be infected with C. jejuni and may transmit the bacterium to humans. (Cover T L and Blaser M J, Ann. Rev. Med. 40:269-285, 1989; and Penner, J. L., Clin. Micro. Rev. 1:157-172, 1988). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06087105__

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Identification and molecular cloning of a gene encoding a fibronectin binding protein (CadF) from Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni Inventor(s): Garvis; Steven G. (Pullman, WA), Konkel; Michael E. (Pullman, WA) Assignee(s): Washington State University Research Foundation (Pullman, WA) Patent Number: 6,156,546 Date filed: May 15, 1998 Abstract: A novel gene encoding a 37 kDa outer membrane protein from Campylobacter coli M275 has been cloned and sequenced. This protein has been named CadF and is expressed in a large number of clinical isolates of Campylobacter species. The invention also provides assays for detecting the presence of pathogenic Campylobacter species

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based on the antibody-based detection of CadF, or the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)based amplification of a segment of the C. coli cadF gene. Excerpt(s): Gene encoding an outer membrane protein found in Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni isolates and methods for detecting virulent Campylobacter spp. This work was supported in part by a grant from the National Institute of Health of the United States government (1R01 DK50567-01A1). The government has certain rights in the invention. Campylobacter species, primarily C. jejuni and C. coli, are recognized as a major cause of gastrointestinal disease (Skirrow and Blaser, 1992), with between 2 to 8 million cases of campylobacteriosis, and an estimated 200 to 800 deaths per year in the United States. Infection with C. jejuni or C. coli is characterized by the sudden onset of fever, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea with blood and leukocytes. These two species of Campylobacter are very closely related. Though they can be differentiated by a biochemical test, clinically they are associated with virtually the same symptoms, and generally are treated with the same antibiotics. In addition to acute gastrointestinal disease, infection with C. jejuni has been shown to be a frequent antecedent to the development of Guillain-Barre-type polyneuropathy (Kuroki et al., 1991; Yuki et al., 1993). Despite the prevalence and complications associated with Campylobacter infections worldwide, relatively few rapid tests are available for the detection of these organisms. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06156546__ •

Lipopolysaccharide.alpha.-2,3 sialyltransferase of Campylobacter jejuni and its uses Inventor(s): Gilbert; Michel (Hull, CA), Wakarchuk; Warren W. (Gloucester, CA) Assignee(s): National Research Council of Canada (Ottawa, CA) Patent Number: 6,689,604 Date filed: March 18, 1999 Abstract: The structure and specificity of a recombinant.alpha.2,3-sialyltransferase from Campylobacter spp., is disclosed. Also provided are methods for using the.alpha.2,3sialyltransferase in the production of desired carbohydrate structures and nucleic acids that encode the sialyltransferase. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the field of cloning and expression of sialyltransferase enzymes. In particular, the preferred sialyltransferases are bacterial transferases obtained from, for example, Campylobacter jejuni. Carbohydrates are now recognized as being of major importance in many cell-cell recognition events, notably the adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mammalian cells in pathogenesis and leukocyteendothelial cell interaction through selectins in inflammation (Varki (1993) Glycobiology 3: 97-130). Moreover, sialylated glycoconjugates that are found in bacteria (Preston et al. (1996) Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 22:139-180; Reuter et al. (1996) Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 377:325-342) are thought to mimic oligosaccharides found in mammalian glycolipids to evade the host immune response (Moran et al. (1996) FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 16:105-115). Molecular mimicry of host structures by the saccharide portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is considered to be a virulence factor of various mucosal pathogens, which use this strategy to evade a host immune response (Moran et al. (1996) FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 16: 105-115; Moran et al. (1996) J. Endotoxin Res. 3: 521-531). One such pathogen, Campylobacter jejuni, is an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans (Skirrow (1977) Brit. Med. J. 2: 9-11). Epidemiological studies have shown that Campylobacter infections are more common in developed countries

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than Salmonella infections, and they are also an important cause of diarrheal diseases in developing countries (Ketley (1997) Microbiol. 143: 5-21). Moreover, C. jejuni infection has been implicated as a frequent antecedent to the development of Guillain-Barre syndrome, a form of neuropathy that is the most common cause of generalized paralysis (Ropper (1992) N. Engl. J. Med. 326: 1130-1136). The C. jejuni serotype most commonly associated with Guillian-Barre syndrome is O:19 (Kuroki et al. (1993) Ann. Neurol. 33: 243-247). The core oligosaccharides of low molecular weight LPS of O:19 strains exhibit molecular mimicry of several gangliosides (Aspinall et al. (1994) Biochemistry 33: 241249; Aspinall et al. (1994) Biochemistry 33: 250-255). Terminal oligosaccharide moieties identical to those of GD.sub.1a, GD.sub.3, GM.sub.1 and GT.sub.1a gangliosides have been found in various O:19 strains. The significance of molecular mimicry as a virulence factor makes the identification of the genes involved in LPS synthesis and the study of their regulation of considerable interest for a better understanding of the pathogenesis mechanisms used by these bacteria. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06689604__ •

Livestock mucosal competitive exclusion culture to reduce enteropathogenic bacteria Inventor(s): Bailey; J. Stan (Athens, GA), Cox; Nelson A. (Athens, GA), Cray; Paula J. (Ames, IA), Stern; Norman J. (Athens, GA) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of Agriculture (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 6,214,335 Date filed: June 26, 1998 Abstract: A preparation from the scrapings of healthy animals is cultured and administered to animals. This preparation confers a strong measure of protection against the subsequent colonization by enteropathogenic bacteria, including Salmonella species, Campylobacter species and Escherichia coli 0157:H7, which currently cause an unacceptably high incidence of morbidity and mortality in humans and reduce productivity in livestock populations. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a bacterial culture prepared from the intestinal tract of pathogen-free mammalian animals. It also relates to subcultures of such cultures and to methods of using the subcultures to protect livestock from colonization by enteropathogenic bacteria. Enteropathogens, such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli 0157:H7, cause an unacceptably high incidence of morbidity and mortality in humans and may reduce productivity in livestock populations. Gastrointestinal pathogens in humans are typically derived from intestinal contamination of meats that humans consume. At a symposium on Tracking Foodborne Pathogens from Farm to Table: Data Needs to Evaluate Control Groups held in January, 1995, a question asked was "How important are foodborne diseases?" (Tracking Foodborne Pathogens from Farm to Table: Data Needs to Evaluate Control Groups, Washington, D.C., 3-29, 1995). It was stated that in the United States, there are an estimated 6.5 million to 33 million cases of foodborne diseases each year, resulting in up to 9,000 deaths. The USDA Economic Research Service estimates U.S. medical costs and productivity losses for seven foodborne pathogens at $5.6 billion to $9.4 billion annually. Menning estimates that there are over 5 million cases of meat and poultry foodborne diseases in the United States per year and a large percentage is attributable to Salmonella and Campylobacter infections (J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., Volume 192, 494-497, 1988). Roberts estimates that each case of salmonellosis costs $700 (Amer. J. Agr. Econ., Volume 71, 468-474, 1989).

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Based on surveys estimating foodborne disease in other countries, it would not be unreasonable to project that the number of worldwide foodborne diarrheas per year attributable to Salmonella probably exceeds 100 billion with an estimated cost exceeding 25 billion dollars. These pathogens also account for pain, suffering and loss of life. In addition, enteropathogenic bacteria may also cause substantial economic loss through infection of livestock. Competitive exclusion (CE) techniques are used for decreasing colonization of enteropathogenic bacteria in poultry. Nurmi et al (Nature, Volume 241, 210-211 1973) found that preparations from mature, healthy chickens conferred protection to young chicks, whose microflora had not yet been established, against Salmonella colonization. Administration of undefined CE preparations to chicks speeds the maturation of gut flora in newly-hatched birds and provides a substrate for the natural process of transmission of microflora from the adult hen to its offspring. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06214335__ •

Method for detecting enteric disease Inventor(s): Moore; Norman (North Berwick, ME), Tarr; Phillip I. (Seattle, WA) Assignee(s): Binax, Inc. (Portland, ME) Patent Number: 6,727,073 Date filed: November 19, 1999 Abstract: A method for determining and diagnosing inflammatory enteric disease using an immunochromatographic test device having a multiplicity of test zones. The method tests for the presence of at least one enteric pathogen and at least one of certain inflammatory enteric disease markers. The enteric pathogens tested for can be any number of enteric pathogens such as the pathogens E. coli O157, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Listeria, Shigella, and Yersinia. The inflammatory enteric disease markers tested for are fecal lactoferrin, a bacteria marker, a virus marker, and a protozoa marker. Positive results for any one of the pathogens indicates that pathogen as the cause of the inflammatory enteric disease. Positive results for fecal lactoferrin indicate an inflammatory condition of the intestines. Positive results for the bacteria, virus, protozoa markers indicate respectively a bacterial, viral, or protozoan cause of infection as the cause of the disease. Liquid fecal sample is mixed with a mixture containing antibodies to the pathogens and the markers. These antibodies are conjugated to a label. Each test zone on the test device has immovably fixed upon it a complementary antibody that binds specifically with one of the labeled antibodies in the mixture. Positive results appear as a stripe across the corresponding test zone. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of immunochromatographic assays. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method for detecting enteric pathogens in fecal specimens. More particularly yet, the present invention relates to a method for detecting the presence of one or more specific enteric pathogens from the simultaneous assay for several enteric pathogens. Most particularly, the present invention relates to a method for detecting the presence or absence of several enteric pathogens and concurrently applying one or more general tests for an inflammatory condition of the intestines. Enteric pathogens can cause severe illness in people and affect a large number of people within a short period of time. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control estimates that there are five million cases of foodborne illnesses per year in the United States with up to 5,000 deaths. Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella are the leading causes of foodborne illnesses; E. coli O157 is less frequent, but is significant in disease control because this strain of E. coli, the most noted of the enterohemorrhagic

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E. coli bacteria, causes the majority of severe disease from E. coli and is also a cause of large epidemics. Other strains of E. coli, such as O111, have also been implicated in foodborne outbreaks. Although the number of illnesses from E. coli O157 is low relative to the numbers of cases of Campylobacter jejuni or Salmonella, this E. coli pathogen is significant because the rate of mortality is much higher and the treatment significantly different. Some antibiotics can have a detrimental effect on patient health if the patient is suffering from an illness caused by an enterohemorrhagic E. coli that has not been diagnosed. For this reason, before prescribing antibiotics for a patient apparently suffering from an illness caused by a pathogen, it is important to determine whether E. coli bacteria is the cause in order to avoid prescribing medication detrimental to the health of the patient. Rapid determination of the cause of the illness is thus a critical factor in providing the timely and proper care of the ill. Moreover, it is critical to determine the possible sources of contamination as quickly as possible in order to take appropriate steps to eliminate them. A method to rapidly screen patients for enteric illnesses would greatly increase the ability of medical personnel to accurately diagnose the cause of the illness and provide appropriate treatment, thus accelerating the rate of patient recovery. Furthermore, a method for rapid screening for enteric pathogens also has great economic value because it can focus valuable resources. For example, rapid screening can be used to rule out certain pathogens as a cause of illness before making the decision to use the more costly methods of culturing a specimen for a pathogen that cannot be readily detected by a rapid screening device. Use of a method for rapidly screening patients for enteric illnesses that can be performed reliably by unskilled persons is also a more cost-effective use of personnel resources than the use of a method that requires the attention of skilled personnel. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06727073__ •

Method for the culture of microorganisms of the genera helicobacter, campylobacter and arcobacter employing culture media comprising cyclodextrins Inventor(s): Bugnoli; Massimo (Monteriggioni, IT), Figura; Natale (Monteriggioni, IT), Olivieri; Roberto (Costalpino, IT), Rappuoli; Rino (Monteriggioni, IT) Assignee(s): Chiron S.p.A. (IT) Patent Number: 5,866,375 Date filed: June 6, 1995 Abstract: Method for the culture of microorganisms of the genera Helicobacter, Campylobacter and Arcobacter, wherein culture media are employed, which comprise, in place of blood or its derivative, cyclodextrins. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for the culture of microorganisms of the genera Helicobacter, Campylobacter and Arcobacter, wherein culture media are employed which comprise cyclodextrins. The culture on industrial scale of microorganisms of the genera Helicobacter, Campylobacter and Arcobacter is getting more and more important both for the production of relevant amounts of the same microorganisms and because of the importance of the products which can be produced during the fermentation culture or still for the manufacture of cheap media suitable for the primary isolation of microorganisms belonging to the aforementioned genera. With regard to the importance attained by the above cited microorganisms, it should be considered, for instance, that the Helicobacter pylori is recognized as the aetiological agent of type B gastritis, likely the second most disseminated chronic infection in the world after dental caries, and as co-agent of peptic ulcer. Infection with Helicobacter

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pylori has also been associated with increased risk for gastric carcinoma, a disease which may be responsible for one million deaths annually. Forman, et al., Br. Med. J., 302: 1302-1305, 1991. The microbial etiology of these diseases indicates that they might be prevented through vaccination. It is therefore evident that a more developed knowledge of the physiological and pathological properties of said microorganism, knowledge that at present is still very poor due to the difficulty involved in the cultivation, and the large scale cultivation of such microorganism, should be of extreme importance. The cultures of H. pylori are usually carried out by adding to the culture media blood or derivatives thereof (serum, red cells etc.), yolk in concentration ranging between 5% and 20%. Said additives, obviously, cannot be employed on industrial scale because of the drawbacks deriving therefrom for the purification of the culture products, drawbacks which moreover involve high costs for the industry. It is therefore extremely interesting to avail a culture media wherein blood and derivatives thereof are replaced, entirely or partially, by products which do not bring about the above cited disadvantages, without compromising the culture yield though. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05866375__ •

Methods for detecting and enumerating Campylobacter jejuni in environmental samples and for identifying antibiotic-resistant strains Inventor(s): Kaneene; John B. (East Lansing, MI), Linz; John E. (East Lansing, MI), Mansfield; Linda S. (Bath, MI), Newman; Thomas C. (Haslett, MI), Walker; Robert D. (Laurel, MD), Wilson; David L. (Grand Ledge, MI) Assignee(s): Board of Trustees of Michigan State University (East Lansing, MI) Patent Number: 6,355,435 Date filed: September 6, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides a process for detecting and enumerating Campylobacter jejuni in an environmental sample. The present invention further provides a process which can distinguish antibiotic resistant strains of Campylobacter jejuni from wild-type strains, in particular, antibiotic-resistant strains resistant to high levels of ciprofloxacin. Both processes use PCR primers which flank a target sequence unique to Campylobacter jejuni in combination with one or more dual-labeled oligonucleotide probes complementary to the target sequence wherein the dual-labeled probes enable detection of PCR amplification by fluorescence detection means. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. The present invention relates to a process for detecting and enumerating Campylobacter jejuni in an environmental sample. The present invention further relates to a process which can distinguish antibiotic resistant strains of Campylobacter jejuni from wild-type strains, in particular, antibiotic-resistant strains resistant to high levels of ciprofloxacin. Both processes relate to PCR primers which flank a target sequence unique to Campylobacter jejuni in combination with one or more dual-labeled oligonucleotide probes complementary to the target sequence wherein the dual-labeled probes enable detection of PCR amplification by fluorescence detection means. Campylobacter spp. is the leading cause of gasterial enteritis in the United States, affecting millions of people annually. Of the people affected, Campylobacter jejuni represents the etiological agent for a large proportion of the clinical cases of Campylobacter infections in human patients. Campylobacter is a gram negative microaerophilic pathogen of both humans and animals. In humans, Campylobacter infection is characterized by acute diarrheal disease, and more recently, has been associated with Guillain Barre Syndrome, a peripheral neuropathy

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characterized by limb weakness, and other neurological and systemic sequelae (Hughs et al., J. Infect. Dis. 176(Suppl. 2): S92-S98 (1997); Blaser, J. Infect. Dis. 176(Suppl.): S103S105 (1997)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06355435__ •

Nucleotide sequence hybridizing specifically with a genomic nucleic sequence of campylobacter Inventor(s): Guesdon; Jean-Luc (Sevres, FR), Stonnet; Veronique (Asnieres, FR) Assignee(s): Institut Pasteur (Paris Cedex, FR) Patent Number: 5,998,138 Date filed: July 1, 1997 Abstract: The present invention relates to a nucleic acid sequence isolated from C. coli which hybridizes specifically with the genomic nucleic acid of strains belonging to the species C. coli and which does not hybridize under the usual conditions with the nucleic acids of campylobacteria which do not belong to this species, nor with the genomic nucleic acids of bacteria related to the genus Campylobacter. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a specific nucleic sequence of Campylobacter coli, as well as to applications of this sequence as specific nucleotide probe for the detection of sequences of Campylobacter coli or of fragments of this sequence as nucleotide primers for the amplification of DNA or RNA of Campylobacter coli in a biological specimen. Campylobacter infections are very common all over the world, affecting man as well as wild or domestic animals. Although discovered at the start of the twentieth century, the bacteria now called Campylobacter were unrecognized for a long time, because their characteristics rendered their identification and their culture difficult. First isolated in sheep and cattle and called Vibrio fetus and then, later, Campylobacter fetus, it was not until the start of 1946 that the first cases of human campylobacterioses were described, but it was not until the start of 1972, when selective media for Campylobacter had begun to be perfected, that the importance of Campylobacter infections had been able to be proved and recognized. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05998138__

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Oral-topical dosage forms for delivering antibacterials/antibiotics to oral cavity to eradicate H. pylori as a concomitant treatment for peptic ulcers and other gastrointestinal diseases Inventor(s): Athanikar; Narayan (Irvine, CA) Assignee(s): Josman Laboratories (Irvine, CA) Patent Number: 6,379,651 Date filed: July 29, 1999 Abstract: The invention relates to concomitant treatment with bismuth compounds, other antibacterial compounds, and/or antibiotics in oral-topical and peroral dosage forms to eradicate H. pylori from its niches both in the dental plaque and in the gastric mucosa in order to improve the ulcer cure rate and prevent ulcer relapse. The invention also provides oral topical dosage forms with pharmaceutically usable bismuth compounds, other antibacterial compounds, and/or antibiotics that eradicate or reduce

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H. pylori in dental plaque. The invention further provides for treatment with bismuth compounds, other antibacterial compounds, and/or antibiotics which are effective against Campylobacter rectus and Treponema denticola which are responsible for causing halitosis. The invention also provides bismuth compounds which have applications in wound healing, particularly in ocular and dermal wound healing. Excerpt(s): Until recently, excessive gastric acidity and mental stress were thought to be major pathophysiological reasons for occurrence of peptic ulcers. In the early 1980s, Marshall and Warren (Warren, Lancet, 1:1273-1275, 1983 and Marshall et al., Lancet, 2:1311-1315, 1984) first reported an unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulcers. These bacilli, which later were identified as gram negative spiral bacteria and named Helicobacter pylori (Goodwin et al., Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 39:397-405, 1989), have been demonstrated to be associated with gastritis and peptic ulcers (Buck et al., J. Infect. Dis. 153:664-669, 1986 and Graham, Gastroenterology 96:615-625, 1989), and are thought to be transmitted by person-to-person contact. Recent clinical investigations have shown a definite presence of H. pylori in the dental plaque (Nguyen et al., Journal of Clinical Microbiology 31(4):783-787, 1993; Desai et al., Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 26:1205-1208, 1991; and Lambert et al., Lancet 341(8850):957, 1993), and have also shown that standard oral hygiene practice does not help reduce H. pylori presence in the oral cavity (Nguyen et al., Journal of Clinical Microbiology 31(4):783-787, 1993). As a result of these recent discoveries associating bacterial infection in the causation of peptic ulcer disease, questions regarding the previously established paradigms of ulcer treatment and healing processes have been raised. H.sub.2 receptor blockers which suppress acid secretion, such as cimetidine (Tagamet.RTM.) and ranitidine (Zantac.RTM.), have been used to treat and heal duodenal ulcers (Jones et al., Gut. 28:1120-1127, 1987; McIsaac et al., Aliment. Pharmacol. Therap. 1:369-381, 1987; and Boyed et al., Amsterdam:Excerpta Medica, 1442, 1984). Recently, however, a number of clinical investigations have demonstrated that 70-80% of healed duodenal ulcers reoccur within the next year (Goodwin et al., Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol 39:397407, 1989), and that these drugs do not reverse the tendency for ulcers to form (Wormsley, British Medical Journal 293:1501, 1986; Gudman et al., British Medical Journal i:1095-1097, 1978; and Bardhan et al., British Medical Journal 284:621623, 1982). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06379651__ •

Polynucleic acid sequences for use in the detection and differentiation of prokaryotic organisms Inventor(s): Giesendorf; Belinda (Nijmegen, NL), Quint; Wilhelmus (Nootdorp, NL), Van Doorn; Leendert-Jan (Ridderkerk, NL) Assignee(s): Delft Diagnostic Laboratory B.V. (Delft, NL), Innogenetics N.V. (Ghent, BE) Patent Number: 6,221,582 Date filed: August 7, 1997 Abstract: The invention relates to the use of the GTPase gene family as a target for nucleic acid based assays for the detection and differentiation of prokaryotic organisms. The invention relates to polynucleic acids derived from gene sequences encoding prokaryotic GTPase (=GTP-binding) proteins, as well as their use in the detection and identification of prokaryotic organisms; primers and probes derived from said polynucleic acid sequences, for specific amplification and detection of prokaryotic DNA in a biological sample; as well as methods and kits allowing the detection and

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identification of at least one micoroorganism, and preferentially several microorganisms simultaneously in a sample. More specifically, the invention relates to new polynucleic acid sequences encoding GTPase proteins from Campylobacter species, primers and probes derived from them, and methods and kits comprising these reagents for the detection and differentiation of species belonging to the genus Campylobacter. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of the GTPase gene family as a target for nucleic acid based assays for the detection and differentiation of prokaryotic organisms. The present invention relates to polynucleic acids derived from gene sequences encoding prokaryotic GTPase (=GTP-binding) proteins, as well as their use in the detection and identification of prokaryotic organisms; primers and probes derived from said polynucleic acid sequences, for specific amplification and detection of prokaryotic DNA in a biological sample; as well as methods and kits allowing the detection and identification of at least one micro-organism, and preferentially several micro-organisms simultaneously in a sample. More specifically, the invention relates to new polynucleic acid sequences encoding GTPase proteins from Campylobacter species, primers and probes derived from them, and methods and kits comprising these reagents for the detection and differentiation of species belonging to the genus Campylobacter. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06221582__ •

Poultry house litter treatment Inventor(s): Bartlett; Stephen L. (5310 Cendronella Rd., Chapel Hill, NC 27514), Logan; Walter T. (Postal Rte. 1, Box 160, Buena Vista, VA 24416) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,017,525 Date filed: March 30, 1998 Abstract: A dry composition containing large numbers of beneficial bacteria and enzymes for the digestion of poultry manure is used to treat poultry litter. The growth of the beneficial bacteria, activated by moisture in poultry droppings prevents the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella and Campylobacter by competitive exclusion. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a dry mixture of bacteria and enzyme used in poultry house litter treatment floor ammonia control and increased growout productivity of the poultry. Poultry house litter is treated with acidic material which neutralize basic ammonium compound to prevent the release of ammonia. While useful for the intended purpose, acidic materials have harmful side effects. To eliminate the harmful side effects, the present inventors developed a bacteria-enzyme mixture that is suspended in water and sprayed onto the chicken litter at frequent intervals to digest the ammonia compounds and reduce the ammonia emissions. The composition of the liquid product is a trade secret. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06017525__

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Process for producing GM1 specific antibodies Inventor(s): Old; Lloyd J. (New York, NY), Ritter; Gerd (New York, NY) Assignee(s): Ludwig Institute For Cancer Research (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,854,007 Date filed: April 24, 1997 Abstract: The invention relates to the production of ganglioside specific antibodies. These antibodies are produced following immunization with lipopolysaccharide antigen of Campylobacter jejuni. The antibodies bind to monosialogangliosides, including GM2 and GM1. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the making of antibodies against glycolipids, and the uses of these antibodies. More particularly, it relates to processes for making antibodies specific to the monosialogangliosides known as "GM2" and "GM1", as well as the uses of these antibodies. The uses include diagnostic and screening applications, as well as therapeutic modalities. Gangliosides are a class of molecules which are glycolipids. Different gangliosides have been identified as prominent cell surface constituents of various transformed cells, including melanoma, as well as other tumors of neuroectodermal origin. See, e.g., Ritter and Livingston, et al., Sem. Canc. Biol. 2: 401409 (1991). Oettgen, VCH Verlags Gesellschaft (Weinheim Germany 1989), incorporated by reference in their entirety. Gangliosides are known as mono-, di-, tri or polysialogangliosides, depending upon the degree of glycosylation with sialic acid residues. Abbreviations employed to identify these molecules include "GM1", "GD3", "GT1", etc., with the "G" standing for ganglioside, "M", "D" or "T", etc. referring to the number of sialic acid residues, and the number or number plus letter (e.g., "GT1a"), referring to the binding pattern observed for the molecule. See Lehninger, Biochemistry, pg. 294-296 (Worth Publishers, 1981); Wiegandt, in Glycolipids: New Comprehensive Biochemistry (Neuberger et al., ed., Elsevier, 1985), pp. 199-260. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05854007__

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Saccharomyces boulardii treatment to diminish campylobacter and salmonella in poultry Inventor(s): Bailey; J. Stan (Athens, GA), Cox; Nelson A. (Athens, GA), Line; J. Eric (Athens, GA), Stern; Norman J. (Athens, GA) Assignee(s): The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary of (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 6,010,695 Date filed: August 9, 1996 Abstract: A preparation of Saccharomyces strains is used for reducing colonization by human enteropathogenic bacteria in poultry. This is referred to as a defined competitive exclusion preparation. It is especially effective for both Salmonella and Campylobacter. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for reducing the presence of human enteropathogenic bacteria in poultry. The consumption of improperly prepared poultry products has resulted in numerous cases of human intestinal diseases. It has long been recognized that Salmonella spp. are causative agents of such diseases, and more recently Campylobacter spp., especially Campylobacter jejuni, has also been implicated. As many as two million cases of salmonellosis occur annually in the United States (Stavric

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et al., Journal of Food Protection, Volume 56, No. 2, 173-180, February 1993); twice as many cases of campylobacteriosis are thought to occur (Krienberg et al., Food Technology, pages 77, 80, 81, and 98, July 1987). Both microorganisms may colonize poultry gastrointestinal tracts without any deleterious effects on the birds and, although some colonized birds can be detected, asymptomatic carriers can freely spread the microorganisms during production and processing, resulting in further contamination of both live birds and carcasses. Poultry serves as the primary reservoir for Salmonella and Campylobacter in the food supply (Jones et al., Journal of Food Protection, Volume 54, No. 4, 259-262, April 1991; Jones et al., Journal of Food Protection, Volume 54, No. 7, 502-507, July 1991). The intestinal contents of chickens may harbor up to 10.sup.7 Campylobacter and/or Salmonella per gram, and cross contamination during processing is frequent (Oosterom et al., Journal of Food Protection, Volume 46, No. 4, 339-344, April 1983). Studies have demonstrated that fecal material constitutes the major source from which edible parts of chickens are contaminated in processing plants. Therefore, to significantly reduce the level of contamination on processed poultry, pathogen-free or nearly pathogen-free birds must be delivered to the processing plant, (Bailey, Poultry Science, Volume 72, 1169-1173, 1993). Better control measures are needed to minimize the spread of these and other human enteropathogenic bacteria; and the most promising approach to achieve this end has been to decrease the incidence and level of colonization by these microorganisms in poultry gastrointestinal tracts. To date, the most effective means for controlling Salmonella colonization is competitive exclusion (CE). Although the exact mechanism of CE protection is unclear, it is likely to be influenced by factors such as pH, Eh, production of inhibitory substances such as H.sub.2 S, bacteriocins, fatty acids, and conjugated bile acids; competition for nutrients and receptor sites; and local immunity (Mead et al., Letters in Applied Microbiology, Volume 10, 221-227, 1990). Competitive exclusion treatment involves introduction of intestinal flora from pathogen-free adult birds into newly hatched chicks. A study by Nurmi et al. (Nature, Volume 241, 210-211, Jan. 19, 1973), first reported the use of the competitive exclusion technique. The reference discloses inoculation of 1 to 2 day old chicks by oral gavage with a 1:10 dilution of normal intestinal contents from healthy adult birds. One day later, the chicks were challenged with Salmonella. After 8-22 days, the birds were examined for the presence of Salmonella. It was found that only 33% of the treated birds were colonized with Salmonella whereas 100% of the untreated birds were colonized with Salmonella. Originally, a suspension of crop and intestinal tract materials obtained from healthy, adult birds was used. In later studies, cecal content was cultured anaerobically in a liquid medium. It was found that preparations of subcultured intestinal contents from healthy, adult birds conferred protection to young chicks whose intestinal or gut microflora had not yet been established. Administration of undefined CE preparations to chicks speeds up the maturation of the gut flora in the newly-hatched birds and also provides a substitute for the natural process of transmission of microflora from the adult hen to its offspring. Snoeyenbos et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,335,107 (1982) developed a technique designed to reduce salmonellae in poultry where the source of CE microflora was lyophilized fecal droppings which were propagated by anaerobic culture. Mikkola et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,657,762 (1987) discloses the use of intestinal fecal and cecal contents as a source of CE microflora. Treatment with their culture required media to be anaerobic and pH balanced. Neither of these CE treatments addressed Campylobacter. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06010695__

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Selective media for recovery and enumeration of campylobacters Inventor(s): Garrish; Johnna Kennedy (Hull, GA), Glassmoyer Pearson; Kirsten Elizabeth (Athens, GA), Line; John Eric (Watkinsville, GA) Assignee(s): The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary of (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 6,368,847 Date filed: June 1, 2000 Abstract: A composition for recovery and enumeration of Campylobacter species that includes a selective Campylobacter medium plus an indicator, 2,3,5triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Improved selective media including the indicator, contains a nutrient medium with an energy source, agar, a reducing agent, and selective agents. The selective agents are a mixture of agents selected from cycloheximide, cefoperazone, vancomycin, trimethoprim, polymyxin B; rifampicin, amphotericin, cefoperazone, vancomycin, trimethoprim, and nystatin. The salts of these agents are also useful. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to media containing an indicator, 2,3,5triphenyltetrazolium chloride, and a selective agent composition; and methods for the recovery and enumeration of Campylobacter species. Campylobacter species have been recognized as important causative agents of foodborne illness. There is a strong association of foods of animal origin in the transmission of disease to humans. Poultry is one such food with high carriage rates of Campylobacter contamination. Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli and C. lari are known to cause an estimated 2.2 million cases of foodborne gastroenteritis per year in the United States alone (Tauxe et al., American J. Public Health, Volume 77, 1219-1221, 1987). The vast majority of these cases are associated with the consumption of improperly prepared or handled foods. Although the origin of this disease in humans is primarily linked to poultry, the food microbiology and poultry communities have been slow in directing substantive attention toward the organism. This has been due, in part, to the unique physiological requirements of these organisms, impairing their culture and identification from foods and clinical specimens. A variety of enrichment and culture media have been proposed for the isolation of Campylobacter species (Park et al., Campylobacter, In: Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Foods, second ed., M. L. Speck (ed.), Am. Pub. Hlth. Assoc., Wash., D.C., 386-404, 1984--the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference). Because Campylobacter can be overgrown by other organisms present in sources, the use of selective media, incorporating antibiotics and/or antimicrobial agents, is essential for their isolation. Ideally, any culture medium selected should also be differential, allowing the characterization of the Campylobacter by distinctive colonial appearances in culture. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06368847__

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Vaccine containing a campylobacter bacterium having an enhanced antigenic property Inventor(s): Frey; Steven Michael (Germantown, MD), Pace; John Lee (Germantown, MD), Walker; Richard Ives (Gaithersburg, MD) Assignee(s): Antex Biologics Inc. (Gaithersburg, MD) Patent Number: 5,869,066 Date filed: May 30, 1997 Abstract: This invention relates generally to in vitro methods for inducing or enhancing expression of enteric bacterial antigens and/or virulence factors thereby producing antigenically enhanced enteric bacteria, to methods for using antigenically enhanced enteric bacteria and to vaccines comprising antigenically enhanced enteric bacteria. Further, a vaccine comprising a Campylobacter bacterium having en enhanced antigenic property is disclosed. The culture medium conditions comprise 0.05% to 3% bile or 0.025% to 0.6% of one or more bile acids or salts. In addition a divalent cation chelator can also be included in the culture medium. The bacteria culture is in a growth phase at early log phase and between early log phase and stationary phase. The enhanced antigenic property is a higher level of an immunogenic antigen when compared to the antigenic property of the same bacteria grown on brain heart infusion broth. Excerpt(s): It is widely recognized that bacteria cultured in vitro using conventional media and conditions express characteristics that are different from the characteristics expressed during growth in their natural habitats, which includes in vivo growth of normal microflora or pathogens in an animal host. Therefore, such in vitro grown pathogenic bacteria might not be good for use as vaccine components. However, if it were possible to define conditions that trigger or enhance expression of virulence factors, relevant physiology, or antigens including outer-surface antigens then important products and therapeutics (e.g., new antigens for vaccines, new targets for antibiotics, and novel bacterial characteristics for diagnostic applications) could be rapidly identified. Several environmental factors have been identified which influence expression of virulence determinants in bacteria (Mekalanos, J. J., J. Bacteriol. 174:1-7, 1992). For instance, there is a long history of research on the relationship between iron and virulence of bacteria, in particular Shigella (Payne, Mol. MicroBiol., 3:101-1306, 1989), Neisseria (Payne and Finkelstein, J. Clin. Microbiol., 6:293-297, 1977) and Pasteurella (Gilmour, et al., Vaccine, 9:137-140, 1991). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05869066__

Patent Applications on Campylobacter As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to campylobacter:

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Antimicrobial compounds from Bacillus subtilis for use against animal and human pathogens Inventor(s): Lin, Angeline Seah Huay; (Singapore, SG), Meng, Tan Hai; (Singapore, SG), Teo, Alex Yeow-Lim; (Singapore, SG) Correspondence: Kent A. Herink; The Financial Center, Suite 2500; 666 Walnut Street; Des Moines; IA; 50309-3993; US Patent Application Number: 20040101525 Date filed: November 27, 2002 Abstract: Antimicrobial compounds from Bacillus subtilis for use against animal and human pathogens. A novel strain of Bacillus subtilis was isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of poultry and was found to produce a factor or factors that have excellent inhibitory effects on Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The factor(s) retain full viability and antimicrobial activity after heat treatment. The invention provides a method of treatment of pathogenic microorganisms including C. perfringens. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to antimicrobial compounds and, more specifically, to antimicrobial compounds from Bacillus subtilis PB6 for use against animal and human pathogens. Necrotic enteritis, an enterotoxemic disease caused by Clostridium perfringens leads to the development of necrotic lesions in the gut wall resulting in mortality of poultry (Paulus and Ruckebusch, 1996; Tsai and Tung, 1981). It is also a multifactorial disease with complex and partly unknown epidemiology and pathogenesis (Kaldhusdal, 2000). The bacterium, C. perfringens is commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of poultry (Tshirdewahn et al. 1991), the occurrence of necrotic enteritis, is however sporadic (Cowen et al., 1987). Nevertheless, feed contaminated with C. perfringens has been implicated in outbreaks of necrotic enteritis in chickens (Kaldhusdal, 2000). Studies have also shown that healthy chickens have a relatively low number of C. perfringens in their gastrointestinal tracts, while an increase in the concentration of the bacteria can result in a necrotic enteritis condition (Craven et al., 1999). The use of bacitracin, linocomycin and other growth promoting antibiotics are commonly used to treat poultry suffering from necrotic enteritis (Craven et al., 1999). However, due to the isolation of antibiotic-resistant strains of C. perfringens from chickens and turkeys (Devriese et al., 1993; Kondo, 1988; Watkins et al., 1997), poultry health authorities and producers are increasingly interested in the development and application of probiotic products to replace antibiotics. Probiotics have been defined as a live microbial feed supplement that beneficially affects the host by improving its intestinal microbial balance. Some researchers believe that this normalization of the intestinal microbiota will confer the following benefits: (a) protection against pathogens by competitive exclusion (also termed colonization resistance); (b) provision of certain nutrients and enzymatic/detoxification reactions; (c) involvement in tissue morphogenesis and peristaltic activity; and (d) interaction with the immune and endocrine systems of the host. Furthermore, in the light of rising necrotic enteritis in poultry and the progressive ban of various feed antibiotics by many countries (Council of the European Communities, 1998), there is a shift towards alternative growth promoters (AGP) to enhance animal performance. Beneficial microorganisms, such as yeast or lactic acid bacteria have been used in animal production for the last two decades. Bacteria with probiotic attributes have the primary function of maintaining healthy gut microflora by replacing or displacing the pathogenic bacteria in the intestinal tract. It has been known that probiotics could maintain "normal" intestinal

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microflora through competitive exclusion (Toumot, 1989) and antagonistic action against pathogenic bacteria in the animal intestine (Fuller, 1989). Generally, probiotic microorganisms could proliferate in large numbers within the gut, thus inhibiting the multiplication of pathogenic bacteria. Probiotic microorganisms that have potential uses in humans or animals include Bacillus spp., Lactobacillus spp., Enterococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. (Lee et al., 1999). Various microorganisms have been reported to be able to colonize different parts of the gastrointestinal tract (Jin et al., 1997). Generally, the duodenum portion of the gastrointestinal tract has the lowest population of bacterial microflora compared to the cacca, which has the highest concentration of microorganisms (Mead and Adams, 1975; Salanitro et al., 1974). Microorganisms, such as Lactobacillus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia coli have been isolated from the duodenum, jejunum and ileum portions of the small intestine (Shapiro and Sarles, 1949). The general microbial population of the caeca comprises obligate anaerobes such as Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp., Fusobacterium spp. and Bacteroides (Barnes et al., 1972; Mead, 1997). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Anti-sigma28 factors in Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter jejuni and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and applications thereof Inventor(s): Colland, Frederic; (Fosses, FR), De Reuse, Hilde; (Paris, FR), Labigne, Agnes; (Bures-sur-yvette, FR), Legrain, Pierre; (Paris, FR), Rain, Jean-Christophe; (Puteaux, FR) Correspondence: Lerner, David, Littenberg,; Krumholz & Mentlik; 600 South Avenue West; Westfield; NJ; 07090; US Patent Application Number: 20020192796 Date filed: January 31, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed are polypeptides named HP1122, Cj1464 and PA3351 which are the anti-.sigma.sup.28 factor of Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter jejuni and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively and fragments and variants thereof. Also disclosed is a polypeptide named SID1122 which is the domain of Helicobacter pylori's HP1122 polypeptide involved in a specific interaction with Helicobacter pylori.sigma.sup.28 (HP1032) and which has an anti-.sigma.sup.28 factor activity. Further disclosed are a SID1122 polypeptide that interacts with HP1032, identification of the HP1032 interacting domain (SID1032) that is specifically involved in the interaction with HP1122, complexes of two polypeptides such as HP1122-HP1032, or SID1122SID1032, fragments and variants of the SID1122 and SID1032 polypeptides, antibodies to the SID1122 and SID1032 polypeptides, methods for screening drugs or agents which modulate the interaction of Helicobacter pylori's polypeptides encoded by HP1122 and HP1032, and pharmaceutical compositions for treating or preventing Gram negative flagellated bacteria infection in a human or mammal, more specifically Helicobacter sp. or Campylobacter jejuni or Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, in particular Helicobacter pylori infection in a human or a mammal. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority to U.S. provisional application No. 60/265,465 filed Jan. 31, 2001. Helicobacter pylon (H. pylori) is a microaerophilic, Gram negative, slow growing spiral shaped and flagellated organism. H. pylori has first been isolated in 1984 from a gastric biopsy specimen of a patient with chronic gastritis (Marshall and Warren, 1984). The organization of the physical structure of the H. pylori flagellum is similar to that of enteric organisms Escherichia coli and Salmonella

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typhimurium. The flagellum is composed of three structural elements: a basal body, a flexible hook and a flagellar filament. The mechanism of gene expression involved in flagellar assembly was extensively studied in the model organisms mentioned above (for review, see Macnab et al., 1996). In E. coli and S. typhimurium genes involved in flagellar biosynthesis are expressed in a hierarchical order and divided into three classes: (i) the class 1 genes, flhC and flhD, are regulated by the.sigma.sup.70 factor of RNA polymerase. The FlhC and FlhD proteins act as transcriptional activators to stimulate transcription from class 2 genes; (ii) the class 2 genes encode the early components required for flagellar assembly such as the basal body and flexible hook (HBB complex) as well as the.sigma.sup.28 factor of RNA polymerase; and (iii) the expression of the class 3 genes, which encode proteins involved in the final stages of flagellar assembly, is controlled by the.sigma.sup.28 factor. Completion of the HBB complex is required to result in class 3 gene expression. This tight regulation is due to the presence of the anti-.sigma.sup.28 factor, FIgM, which binds to.sigma.sup.28 and prevents its association with RNA polymerase core enzyme (Ohnishi et al., 1992; for review, see Hughes & Mathee, 1998). It has been shown that FIgM is secreted from the cell through the HBB structures thus allowing RNA polymerase associated with.sigma.sup.28 to transcribe class 3 genes (Gillen & Hughes, 1991a; 1991b; Hughes et al., 1993; Kutsukake, 1994). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Campylobacter glycosyltransferases for biosynthesis of gangliosides and ganglioside mimics Inventor(s): Gilbert, Michel; (Hull, CA), Wakarchuk, Warren W.; (Gloucester, CA) Correspondence: Townsend And Townsend And Crew; Two Embarcadero Center; Eighth Floor; San Francisco; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20020042369 Date filed: March 21, 2001 Abstract: This invention provides prokaryotic glycosyltransferases, including a bifunctional sialyltransferase that has both an.alpha.2,3- and an.alpha.2,8-activity. A.beta.1,4-GaINAc transferase and a.beta.1,3-galactosyltransferase are also provided by the invention, as are other glycosyltransferases and enzymes involved in synthesis of lipooligosaccharide (LOS). The glycosyltransferases can be obtained from, for example, Campylobacter species, including C. jejuni. In additional embodiments, the invention provides nucleic acids that encode the glycosyltransferases, as well as expression vectors and host cells for expressing the glycosyltransferases. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/118,213, which was filed on Feb. 1, 1999, and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Application Ser. No. 09/495,406 filed Jan. 31, 2000, both of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. This invention pertains to the field of enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides, including gangliosides and ganglioside mimics. Gangliosides are a class of glycolipids, often found in cell membranes, that consist of three elements. One or more sialic acid residues are attached to an oligosaccharide or carbohydrate core moiety, which in turn is attached to a hydrophobic lipid (ceramide) structure which generally is embedded in the cell membrane. The ceramide moiety includes a long chain base (LCB) portion and a fatty acid (FA) portion. Gangliosides, as well as other glycolipids and their structures in general, are discussed in, for example, Lehninger, Biochemistry (Worth Publishers, 1981) pp. 287-295 and Devlin, Textbook of

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biochemistry (Wiley-Liss, 1992). Gangliosides are classified according to the number of monosaccharides in the carbohydrate moiety, as well as the number and location of sialic acid groups present in the carbohydrate moiety. Monosialogangliosides are given the designation "GM", disialogangliosides are designated "GD", trisialogangliosides "GT", and tetrasialogangliosides are designated "GQ". Gangliosides can be classified further depending on the position or positions of the sialic acid residue or residues bound. Further classification is based on the number of saccharides present in the oligosaccharide core, with the subscript "I" designating a ganglioside that has four saccharide residues (Gal-GalNAc-Gal-Glc-Ceramide), disaccharide (Gal-Glc-Ceramide) and monosaccharide (Gal-Ceramide) gangliosides, respectively. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Campylobacter vaccine Inventor(s): Bosch, Johannes Franciscus Van Den; (Boxmeer, NL), Jacobs, Antonius Arnoldus Christiaan; (Kessel, NL), Nuijten, Petrus Johannes Maria; (Boxmeer, NL) Correspondence: Intervet Inc; 405 State Street; PO Box 318; Millsboro; DE; 19966; US Patent Application Number: 20030072766 Date filed: July 10, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to vaccines comprising antiserum raised against a flagellaless Campylobacter strain for the prevention of Campylobacter colonisation in animals. The invention also relates to antigenic Campylobacter proteins visible in a Western blot of Campylobacter jejuni protein after incubation of said Western blot with antibodies against a flagellaless mutant of Campylobacter jejuni and not visible after incubation of said blot with antibodies against wild type Campylobacter jejuni, and to their use in vaccines and the manufacturing thereof. The invention further relates to vaccines comprising such proteins and antibodies against such proteins. The invention further relates to the use of such Campylobacter proteins and to antiserum and antibodies raised against Campylobacter antigens for the preparation of vaccines. Finally, the invention relates to methods for the preparation of such vaccines. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to vaccines against Campylobacter colonisation, to the use of Campylobacter proteins and anti-Campylobacter antibodies for the preparation of such vaccines and to methods for the preparation of such vaccines. Bacteria of the genus Campylobacter are Gram-negative spiral shaped pathogenic bacteria, with a high motility and carrying a flagellum at one or both poles of the cell. Several Campylobacter species have been found. Campylobacter jejuni is very often found in poultry. Frequently Campylobacter coli and (to a lesser extent) the recently found Campylobacter hyoilei are found in pigs. Next to active vaccination as described above, passive vaccination has been tested as a means of decreasing Campylobacter infection. Tsubokura et al (1997, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 108: 451-455) have orally administered antibodies against whole Campylobacter jejuni cells followed by challenge with Campylobacter jejuni. They claim a 1-2 log reduction in the number of bacteria found in the faeces of thus vaccinated chickens. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Cattle reproductive disease vaccines Inventor(s): Dominowski, Paul Joseph; (Hickorg Corners, MI) Correspondence: Scully Scott Murphy & Presser, PC; 400 Garden City Plaza; Garden City; NY; 11530 Patent Application Number: 20040081666 Date filed: August 26, 2003 Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to combination vaccines and methods for treating or preventing diseases or disorders in an animal caused by infection by Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Types 1 and 2, Bovine Herpes virus Type-1 (BHV-1), Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV), Parainfluenza Virus (PI.sub.3), Campylobacter fetus, Leptospira canicola, Leptospira grippotyphosa, Leptospira borgpetersenii hardjo-prajitno, Leptospira icterohaemmorrhagiae, Leptospira borgpetersenii hardjo-bovis and Leptospira interrogans pomona by administering to the animal an effective amount of a combination vaccine. The combination vaccine can be a whole or partial cell inactivated or modified live preparation. Five viral agents associated with the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex--Bovine Herpes Virus Type-1 (BHV-1), also known as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBR), Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) Types 1 and 2, Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV), and Parainfluenza Virus (PI.sub.3), cause respiratory and reproductive system infections of great economic importance to the cow-calf and dairy industries worldwide. BRD causes a broad array of clinical syndromes including acute onset respiratory disease and abortion. The respiratory form of BRD is characterized by inflammation, swelling, hemorrhage, and necrosis of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and may be accompanied by high fever, anorexia, depression, nasal discharge, labored breathing, and inflamed muzzle. Abortions induced by IBR and BVDV virus can occur in all three trimesters, but chiefly during the last half of gestation, and often without evidence of other clinical signs (Ellis et al. (1996) JAVMA 208:393-400; Ellsworth et al. (1994) In: Proceedings, 74.sup.th Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease:34). Bovine Herpes Virus Type-1 (BHV-1), is a member of the alphaherpesviridae subfamily, and produces a variety of clinical forms of disease in cattle, including respiratory and genital infections, conjunctivitis, encephalitis, and abortions. Previous attempts at controlling BHV-1 infection have utilized vaccines comprising live attenuated virus (Gerber, J. D., et al., 1978, Am. J. Vet. Res. 39:753-760; Mitchell, D., 1974, Can. Vet. Jour. 15:148-151), inactivated virus (Frerichs, G. N., et al., 1982, Vet. Rec. 111:116-122), and viral subunits such as, e.g., one of the three major BHV-1 glycoproteins, which have been designated in the art as gI, gIII, and gIV (Babiuk, L. A., et al., 1987, Virology 159:57-66; van Drunen, S., et al., 1993, Vaccine 11:25-35). In addition, the ability of a recombinant, truncated version of the BHV-1 gIV glycoprotein (designated in the art as BHV-1 tgIV) to induce mucosal immunity against BHV-1 has been demonstrated (van Drunen, S., et al., 1994, Vaccine, 12:1295-1302). However, the art-recognized BHV-1 vaccines are contraindicated for use in pregnant cattle, seropositive or seronegative, and also contraindicated for use in calves nursing pregnant cows. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Detection of antibacterial activity in excretory secretory product of adult trichuris suis Inventor(s): Abner, Sheila R; (Atlanta, GA), Mansfield, Linda S; (Bath, MI) Correspondence: Mcleod & Moyne, P.C.; 2190 Commons Parkway; Okemos; MI; 48864; US Patent Application Number: 20040029802 Date filed: April 25, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides a heat-stable and protease-resistant antibacterial activity in excretory-secretory products (ESP) of Trichuris suis. The antibacterial activity is not more than 10,000 MW; is resistant to boiling, trypsin, and pronase E; has a bactericidal mode of action; and is effective against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobactercoli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial activity is useful in applications for killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, in particular bacteria. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to Provisional Application No. 60/246,203, which was filed Nov. 6, 2000. Not Applicable. The present invention relates to heatstable and protease-resistant antibacterial activity in excretory-secretory products (ESP) of Trichuris suis. The antibacterial activity is not more than 10,000 MW; is resistant to boiling, trypsin, and pronase E; has a bactericidal mode of action; and is effective against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial activity is useful in applications for killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, in particular bacteria. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Flagellin gene, flaC of Campylobacter Inventor(s): Chan, Voon Loong; (Toronto, CA), Louie, Helena; (Markham, CA) Correspondence: Sim & Mcburney; 330 University Avenue; 6th Floor; Toronto; ON; M5g 1r7; CA Patent Application Number: 20040006037 Date filed: April 29, 2003 Abstract: Purified and isolated nucleic acid molecules are provided which encode a FlaC flagellin protein of a strain of Campylobacter, particularly C. jejuni, or a fragment or an analog of the FlaC flagellin protein. The nucleic acid molecules may be used to produce proteins free of contaminants derived from bacteria normally containing the FlaA or FlaB proteins for purposes of diagnostics and medical treatment. Furthermore, the nucleic acid molecules, proteins encoded thereby and antibodies raised against the proteins, may be used in the diagnosis of infection. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to the molecular cloning of a gene encoding a flagellin protein, identified herein as FlaC, of the flagellar filament from a strain of Campylobacter. Campylobacter jejuni is a Gram-negative spiral microaerophilic bacterium that has been recognized as a cause of secretory type diarrhea and enteritis (Ref. 1). Throughout this application, various references are referred to in parenthesis to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. Full bibliographic information for each, citation is found at the disclosed end of the

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specification immediately preceding the claims. These references are hereby incorporated by reference into the present disclosure). The flagellum of C. jejuni is responsible for bacterial motility which enhances the organism's pathogenicity. The flagellum consists of three major components; the filament, the hook, and the basal body (Ref. 2). A campylobacter cell carries a single unsheathed flagellum at one or both poles of the body. The flagella are responsible for the high motility of the organisms as aflagellate mutants are nonmotile (Refs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9). A number of studies indicated that the polar flagellum plays an important role in colonization of the viscous mucus lining of the gastric intestinal tract and that it is an important virulence determinant (Refs. 3,4,7,10,11). The basic structure of the bacterial flagellum consists of a propeller (filament) connected via a universal joint (hook) to a transmission shaft, motor and brushings (basal body) embedded in the cell envelope (Ref. 12). The flagellar filament consists of several thousand self-assembling protein (flagellin) monomers arranged in a helix. These form a hollow tube of relatively constant diameter and variable length with an over corkscrew morphology. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Lipopolysaccharide alpha-2,3 sialyltransferase of Campylobacter jejuni and its uses Inventor(s): Gilbert, Michel; (Quebec, CA), Wakarchuk, Warren W.; (Ontario, CA) Correspondence: Townsend And Townsend And Crew, Llp; Two Embarcadero Center; Eighth Floor; San Francisco; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20030049270 Date filed: January 29, 2002 Abstract: The structure and specificity of a recombinant.alpha.2,3-sialyltransferas- e from Campylobacter spp., is disclosed. Also provided are methods for using the.alpha.2,3-sialyltransferase in the production of desired carbohydrate structures and nucleic acids that encode the sialyltransferase. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/078,891, filed Mar. 20, 1998, which application is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. This invention relates to the field of cloning and expression of sialyltransferase enzymes. In particular, the preferred sialyltransferases are bacterial transferases obtained from, for example, Campylobacter jejuni. Carbohydrates are now recognized as being of major importance in many cell-cell recognition events, notably the adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mammalian cells in pathogenesis and leukocyteendothelial cell interaction through selectins in inflammation (Varki (1993) Glycobiology 3: 97-130). Moreover, sialylated glycoconjugates that are found in bacteria (Preston et al. (1996) Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 22:139-180; Reuter et al. (1996) Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 377:325-342) are thought to mimic oligosaccharides found in mammalian glycolipids to evade the host immune response (Moran et al. (1996) FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 16:105-115). Molecular mimicry of host structures by the saccharide portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is considered to be a virulence factor of various mucosal pathogens, which use this strategy to evade a host immune response (Moran et al. (1996) FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 16: 105-115; Moran et al. (1996) J. Endotoxin Res. 3: 521-531). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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METHODS AND VACCINES FOR PROTECTION AGAINST CAMPYLOBACTER INFECTIONS Inventor(s): NACHAMKIN, IRVING; (NEWTON SQUARE, PA) Correspondence: Jane Massey Licata; Law Offices OF Jane Massey Licata; 66 E Main Street; Marlton; NJ; 08053 Patent Application Number: 20010038844 Date filed: April 28, 1999 Abstract: Methods and vaccines for protection of animals against Campylobacter infection are provided. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/084,170, filed May 4, 1998. Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of gastrointestinal infection in man and is estimated to be the most common cause of sporadic bacterial diarrheal illness with approximately 2 million cases per year in the United States alone (Tauxe, R. V. 1992. Campylobacter jejuni: Current Status and Future Trends, pp. 9-19). C. jejuni typically causes an acute enterocolitis accompanied by fever and abdominal cramping lasting 3 to 5 days. Although complications are infrequent, Campylobacter infection may be confused with acute appendicitis resulting in unnecessary surgery, and may also cause serious extraintestinal infections (Nachamkin, I. 1993. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 6:72-76). There is now substantial evidence that Campylobacter is a major cause of a serious paralytic illness, Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS; Mishu, B. and M. J. Blaser. 1993. Clin. Infect. Dis. 17:104-108), including both demyelinating and axonal forms of the disease (McKann, G. M. et al. 1993. Ann. Neurol. 33:333-342). Although rare, deaths have been associated with Campylobacter infection. The morbidity due to the disease is significant and results in substantial economic costs (Tauxe, R. V. 1992. Campylobacter jejuni: Current Status and Future Trends, pp. 9-19). Most of the cases of Campylobacter infection in the U.S. occur sporadically, although common source outbreaks are also seen. Campylobacter infection is essentially a food-borne illness acquired by ingestion of contaminated water, milk, and/or food products. A number of animal reservoirs serve as vehicles for transmission of Campylobacter, with poultry being the single most important vehicle for transmission of human infection (Stern, N. J. 1992. Campylobacter jejuni: Current Status and Future Trends, pp. 49-60). Other reservoirs for the organism include ducks, turkeys, cattle, goats, sheep, and swine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Monoclonal antibodies against campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli outer membrane antigens Inventor(s): Bates, Anna H.; (Lafayette, CA), Brandon, David L.; (Berkeley, CA), Mandrell, Robert E.; (Sonoma, CA) Correspondence: Usda-Ars-Office OF Technology Transfer; Patent Advisors Office; Western Regional Research Center; 800 Buchanan ST; Albany; CA; 94710; US Patent Application Number: 20020106383 Date filed: March 16, 2001 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of producing monoclonal antibodies that are highly specific for (1) unique epitopes of Campylobacter jejuni (Cj) only and (2) epitopes conserved between Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli

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(Cc) outer membranes; to specific monoclonal antibodies made by the methods of the instant invention; and uses thereof The invention is drawn further to immunogens comprising the outer membrane complexes of Cj and Cc. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/080,166, filed Mar. 31, 1998. The disclosure of said provisional application is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates generally to a method of preparing an immunogen comprising outer membranes from Campylobacter jejuni (hereafter designated Cj) and Campylobacter coli (hereafter designated Cc), inoculating animals with the immunogen, and detecting the desired hybridoma-producing antibodies; and to a composition comprising the immunogen. The invention is drawn further to hybridoma cell lines developed by this method to produce (1) monoclonal antibodies specific to Cj only and (2) monoclonal antibodies that recognize both Cj and Cc exclusively, and uses thereof. Campylobacters cause more human gastroenteritis than any other food-borne pathogen. Campylobacter enteritis is caused by two closely related species, Cj and Cc, but Cj is responsible for greater than 98% of human disease and produces more severe symptoms. Cj, has been further subdivided into Cj subspecies jejuni (Cjj) and Cj subspecies doylei (Cjd). (In the remainder of this application, the term Cjj will be used to designate C. jejuni subspecies jejuni and Cjd to designate C. jejuni subspecies doylei. The term Cj (Campylobacter jejuni) will be used to describe both C. jejuni subspecies jejuni and C. jejuni subspecies doylei collectively.) Cjj and Cjd are closely related; however, Cjj is the predominant subspecies causing human illness and isolated from food sources. Cj and Cc cause acute diarrhea in humans with associated enteritis, particularly in developing countries. These infections are prevalent in infants under 1 year in age and rank as the third most common cause of acute diarrhea after Rotavirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. The various clinical patterns of disease suggest that Campylobacter spp. and, more specifically, Cj strains are diverse and may possess more than one type of virulence factor. In addition, Cj, unlike Cc, are more often associated with symptomatic infections and with bloody diarrhea. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Rapid and specific detection of campylobacter Inventor(s): Czajka, John W.; (West Grove, PA) Correspondence: E I DU Pont DE Nemours And Company; Legal Patent Records Center; Barley Mill Plaza 25/1128; 4417 Lancaster Pike; Wilmington; DE; 19805; US Patent Application Number: 20030113757 Date filed: August 8, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a method for specifically detecting pathogenic Campylobacter species in a complex sample. The target pathogenic Campylobacter species can be Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli. The complex sample can be a food sample, water sample, or selectively enriched food matrix. The method of detection utilizes PCR amplification with, or without, an internal positive control, and appropriate primer pairs. Multiple species can be detected in the same reaction. The reagents necessary to perform the method can be supplied as a kit and/or in tablet form. Excerpt(s): This application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/310,882 filed Aug. 8, 2001, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. This invention relates to a rapid method for detection of Campylobacter bacteria, oligonucleotide molecules and reagents kits useful therefor.

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Specifically the target bacteria are detected with PCR in a homogeneous or gel-based format by means of labeling DNA amplification products with a fluorescent dye. Campylobacter species are the most common bacteria associated with foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. The vast majority (in some areas, approximately 90%) of cases are associated with Campylobacter jejuni, and the remaining cases are caused by C. coli, although a minority of cases are associated with other species such as C. upsaliensis and C. lari. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

System for the control of enteropathogenic bacteria in the crops of poultry Inventor(s): Byrd, James A. II; (Bryan, TX), Corrier, Donald E.; (US), Corrier, Juanita P.; (College Station, TX), Stanker, Larry H.; (Livermore, CA) Correspondence: Usda-Ars-Office OF Technology Transfer; National Ctr For Agricultural Utilization Research; 1815 N. University Street; Peoria; IL; 61604; US Patent Application Number: 20020136706 Date filed: February 8, 2001 Abstract: The invention provides a method and compositions for controlling food borne enteric bacterial pathogens in poultry populations. The incidence of the colonization of poultry by enteropathogenic bacteria, and/or the populations of enteropathogenic bacteria within colonized poultry, may by substantially reduced by providing particles of an expanded matrix material to the locus or vicinity of the animals, particularly during the period of feed removal prior to slaughter. The method and compositions are particularly useful for the control of Salmonella species, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter species. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for the control of enteric bacterial pathogens in animals using expanded matrix materials. Despite the efforts of researchers and public health agencies, the incidence of human infections from enteropathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, E. coli 0157:H7, and Campylobacter has increased over the past 20 years. For example, the number of actual reported cases of human Salmonella infection exceeds 40,000 per year. However, the Communicable Disease Center estimates that the true incidence of human Salmonella infections in the United States each year may be as high as 2 to 4 million. The USDA Economic Research Service has recently reported that the annual cost of the food borne illnesses caused by six common bacterial pathogens, Campylobacter spp., Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus, ranges from 2.9 billion to 6.7 billion dollars (Food Institute Report, USDA, AER, December, 1996). In addition to the impact of enteric pathogens on human health, many of these bacteria also cause significant infections in animals. For example, Salmonella infections in swine alone cost the United States swine industry more than 100 million dollars annually (Schwartz, 1990, "Salmonellosis in Midwestern Swine", In: Proceedings of the United States Animal Health Assoc., pp. 443-449). Animal food products remain a significant source of human infection by these pathogens. Contamination of meat and poultry products with many bacterial food-borne pathogens, including the particularly onerous pathogens Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli 0157:H7, and Salmonella spp., often occurs as a result of exposure of the animal carcass to ingesta and/or fecal material during or after slaughter. Any of the above-mentioned pathogens can then be transmitted to humans by consumption of meat and poultry contaminated in this manner.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Use of an enzyme for the manufacture of an agent for controlling bacterial infection Inventor(s): Bedford, Michael R.; (Wiltshire, GB), Fernandez, Fresie; (Wiltshire, GB) Correspondence: Fitch Even Tabin And Flannery; 120 South LA Salle Street; Suite 1600; Chicago; IL; 606033406 Patent Application Number: 20010046494 Date filed: January 18, 2000 Abstract: Provided is the use of a xylanane or a cellulase for the manufacture of an agent for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of bacterial infection in an animal caused by Salmonella, Campylobacter or Clostridium perfringens.It is preferred that xylanase is used in combination with wheat to form an animal feed. Such a diet is particularly effective in controlling Campylobacter and Salmonella in chickens.The use provided by the present invention affords an alternative to antibiotics when controlling bacterial infection in animals. This leads to considerable health, environmental and economic benefits. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to the use of an enzyme for the manufacture of an agent for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a bacterial infection. The farming of many different types of animals is important throughout the world for the production of food for human consumption. When the animals are reared, they come into contact with a variety of infection-causing bacteria, such as Campylobacter and Salmonella. In some cases these bacteria may spread directly from animals to humans (zoonosis). Accordingly, it is necessary from an economic, environmental and health perspective that such bacterial infection is prevented or eradicated in the animal prior to human consumption to prevent the spread of the disease to humans. The domestic animal of particular, but not exclusive, concern with regard to zoonosis is the chicken. Campylobacter and Salmonella are particularly prevalent in the chicken. The bacteria are transmitted to the bird in a variety of ways, including through feed, water, litter and vermin. The bacteria initially infect the caecae of the chicken. The disease then progresses to the small intestine where infestation may cause loss of weight in the bird. A particular problem with the chicken is that it is almost impossible to eviscerate in a sterile manner with the result that bacteria inhabiting the intestines will invariably be transmitted to the saleable carcass. Accordingly the potential for zoonosis is great, unless the carcass is handled or cooked properly. The cost of human infection caused by eating improperly treated chicken is significant in terms of both time and lives. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with campylobacter, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “campylobacter” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on campylobacter.

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You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning campylobacter. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON CAMPYLOBACTER Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to campylobacter. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on campylobacter include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “campylobacter” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on campylobacter: •

1997 Red Book: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 24th ed Source: Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. 1997. 764 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Pediatrics. Publications, P.O. Box 747, Elk Grove Village, IL 60009-0747. (800) 433-9016 or (847) 228-5005. Fax (847) 228-1281. Email: [email protected]. PRICE: Single copy free to members, with additional copies $74.95 each; $79.95 for nonmembers. ISBN: 091076185x. Publication number MA0001. Summary: This monograph contains the 24th edition of the report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, the group responsible for formulating and revising guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics for the control of infectious diseases in children. Five sections present guidelines in the areas of active and passive immunization; recommendations for the care of children in special circumstances, including children in day care, infection control for hospitalized children, and medical evaluation of

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internationally adopted children; summaries of infectious diseases; antimicrobial prophylaxis; and antimicrobials and related therapy. Infectious diseases that can affect the digestive system include amebiasis, campylobacter infections, cholera, Escherichia coli, diarrhea, giardia lamblia, helicobacter pylori, hepatitis, HIV, malaria, parasitic diseases, salmonellosis, schistosomiasis, shigellosis, vibrio infections, and yersinia infections. A summary of major changes in the 1997 edition is provided; changes include the addition of recent information on Escherichia coli diarrhea (E coli 0157:H7 infection) and its complication of hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and expanded information about Hepatitis A, B, and C. A subject index concludes the volume. 9 appendices.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “campylobacter” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “campylobacter” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “campylobacter” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Gastroduodenal pathology and Campylobacter pylori: Proceedings of the First Meeting of the European Campylobacter Pylori Study Group, held in Bordeaux, France, 7-8 October 1988 (International congress series) by European Campylobacter Pylori Study Group; ISBN: 0444811591; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444811591/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Campylobacter In order to find chapters that specifically relate to campylobacter, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and campylobacter using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “campylobacter” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on campylobacter: •

Food-Borne Illness Source: in Hagan, P.T., ed. Mayo Clinic Guide to Self-Care: Answers for Everyday Health Problems. New York, NY: Kensington Publishers. 1999. p. 26-27. Contact: Available from Mayo Clinic. 200 First Street, S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. (800) 291-1128 or (507) 284-2511. Fax (507) 284-0161. Website: www.mayo.edu. PRICE: $16.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0962786578. Summary: Foodborne illness is a growing problem in the U.S. This chapter on foodborne illness is from a self care handbook on everyday health problems published by the Mayo

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Clinic. The handbook offers readers a guide to symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment for common problems (particularly self care strategies and tips for handling these problems in children). All foods naturally contain small amounts of bacteria. When food is poorly handled, improperly cooked, or inadequately stored, bacteria can multiply in great enough numbers to cause illness. Parasites, viruses, and chemicals can also contaminate food, but foodborne illness from these sources is less common. Eating contaminated food can result in illness, depending on the organism, the amount of exposure, one's age, and health status. As people age, their immune cells may not respond as quickly and effectively to infectious organisms. Young children are at increased risk of illness because their immune systems haven't developed fully. Conditions such as diabetes, AIDS, and cancer treatment also reduce the immune response, making one more susceptible to foodborne illness. The chapter briefly lists self care strategies, particularly for handling short lived (less than 12 hours) food poisoning. One section cautions readers about botulism, a potentially fatal food poisoning. A side bar reviews how to handle food safely. The chapter concludes with a chart of common troublesome bacteria, how each is spread, the symptoms caused by infection, and prevention strategies. Bacteria included are Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio vulnificus. The book is focused on how to prevent illness, how to detect illness before it becomes a serious and costly problem, and how to avoid unnecessary trips to the clinic or emergency room. 1 table. •

Bacterial Infections of the Colon Source: in Textbook of Gastroenterology. 4th ed. [2-volume set]. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2003. p. 1864-1882. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-6423. Fax: (301) 223-2400. Website: www.lww.com. PRICE: $289.00. ISBN: 781728614. Summary: This chapter on bacterial infections of the colon is from a comprehensive gastroenterology textbook that provides an encyclopedic discussion of virtually all the disease states encountered in a gastroenterology practice. The author of this chapter covers Shigella, Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile, pathogenic Escherichia coli that causes colitis, and sexually transmitted infections of the anus and rectum. Individuals with bacterial colitis who seek medical attention tend to have more severe symptoms, such as bloody diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain. The nonspecific nature of symptoms associated with infectious colitis requires that stool cultures and examination for parasites be performed to identify a specific pathogen. Colonic biopsies may be necessary to exclude the diagnosis of ulcerative or ischemic colitis. For each of the five major bacterial pathogens that affect the colon, the author discusses classification, epidemiological aspects, pathogenesis, clinical features, complications, and treatment. 2 figures. 4 tables. 218 references.

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Food-Related Illnesses and Allergies Source: in Townsend, C.E. and Roth, R.A. Nutrition and Diet Therapy. 7th ed. Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers. 1999. 171-187 p. Contact: Available from Delmar Publishers. 3 Columbia Circle, Albany, NY 12212. (800) 865-5840. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $44.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0766802965. Summary: This chapter on food related illnesses and allergies is from an undergraduate textbook on nutrition and diet therapy. The chapter identifies the diseases caused by

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contaminated food, along with their signs and the means by which they are spread; lists the signs of food contamination; reviews precautions for protecting food from contamination; and covers allergies and elimination diets and their uses. Foodborne illnesses covered include Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Cyclospora, Escherichia coli (O157:H7), Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Shigella, and Staphylococcus aureas. The authors stress that infection or poisoning traced to food is usually caused by human ignorance or carelessness. Food should not be prepared by anyone who has or carries a contagious disease. All fresh fruits and vegetables should be washed before being eaten. Meats, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products should be refrigerated. Food should be covered to prevent contamination by dust, insects, or animals. Food allergies can cause many different and unpleasant symptoms, and elimination diets are used to determine their causes. Some of the most common food allergens are milk, chocolate, eggs, tomatoes, fish, citrus fruit, legumes, strawberries, and wheat. The chapter includes lists of key terms to learn, recommended discussion topics, and suggested supplemental activities, and a section of review questions so readers can test their comprehension of the material. Two illustrative case studies are appended. 1 figure. 4 tables. •

Infectious Agents as Aggravating Factors in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 95-98. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: This chapter on infectious agents as aggravating factors is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), together known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). When patients present with diarrhea, one of the first questions is whether it is an infection or an attack of IBD. Initial symptoms may be very similar, including diarrhea (with or without blood), abdominal pain or cramps, fever, and even arthralgias (pain in the joints). Clinical features that favor infection are acute onset of diarrhea (often greater than 10 bowel movements per day) and fever early in the course. Conversely, IBD usually has a more insidious onset, fewer than 6 bowel movements daily, and early fever is uncommon. Colonoscopic features can suggest infection or UC, but are rarely diagnostic. Mucosal biopsy, however, can be useful in distinguishing acute self-limited colitis or infectious-type colitis from IBD. However, to further complicate matters, infections sometimes can precipitate IBD, and intercurrent (happening at the same time) infections can mimic or induce flares of IBD. This chapter considers infections that mimic IBD, including amebic colitis and chronic infectious colitides (including Entamoeba histolytica and Yersinia); and infections that aggravate IBD, including Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Clostricium difficile, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus, parasites, and mycobacterium. 1 table. 22 references.

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Infectious Diarrhea and Bacterial Food Poisoning Source: in Feldman, M.; Friedman, L.S.; Sleisenger, M.H. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 7th ed. [2-volume set]. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. 2002. p. 1864-1913.

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Contact: Available from Elsevier. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 568-5136. Website: www.us.elsevierhealth.com. PRICE: $229.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721689736. Summary: This chapter on infectious diarrhea and bacterial food poisoning is from a comprehensive and authoritative textbook that covers disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tree, pancreas, and liver, as well as the related topics of nutrition and peritoneal disorders. Topics include changes in normal flora caused by diarrhea; classification of bacterial diarrhea; toxigenic diarrheas, including cholera, other vibrios, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Escherichia coli; invasive pathogens, including Shigella, nontyphoidal Salmonellosis, typhoid fever, Campylobacter, and Yersinia; viral diarrhea, including that due to rotavirus, calicivirus, enteric andenovirus, astrovirus, and torovirus; traveler's diarrhea, including microbiology, epidemiology, clinical features, and prevention; diarrhea in the elderly; diagnosis of infectious diarrheal disease; treatment of infectious diarrhea, including with fluid therapy, diet, antimicrobial drugs, and nonspecific therapy; tuberculosis of the gastrointestinal tract; and bacterial food poisoning, including that from Clostridium perfringers, Saphylococcus auerus, Listeria, Bacillus cereus, botulism, and Bacillus anthracis. The chapter includes a mini-outline with page citations, illustrations, and extensive references. 8 figures. 16 tables. 329 references. •

Approach to Patients with Gastrointestinal Tract Infections and Food Poisoning Source: in Feigin, R.D. and Cherry, J.D., eds. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 4th ed. Volume 1. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1998. p. 567-601. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. PRICE: $315.00. ISBN: 0721664482. Summary: This chapter on managing young patients with gastrointestinal (GI) tract infections and food poisoning is from a textbook on pediatric infectious diseases. The authors stress that the approach to patients must begin with a thorough medical history, including information about epidemiologic factors, a physical examination, and knowledge of the pathophysiology of various enteropathogens. GI tract infections can include a wide range of symptoms and can be caused by a variety of agents and organisms. However, most infectious diarrhea illness can be classified into a category based on its cause, its pathophysiology, and the clinical response. This information can then be used to determine the appropriate diagnostic and monitoring tests and to decide which therapy to use. All patients with diarrhea require some degree of fluid and electrolyte therapy, a few need other nonspecific support, and for some, specific antimicrobial therapy is indicated to shorten the illness. The authors consider epidemiology and etiology, including outbreaks in child care centers and hospitals, foodborne or waterborne diarrhea, antimicrobial-associated diarrhea, travelers' diarrhea, and diarrhea in immunocompromised patients, including those with AIDS; bacterial organisms that cause gastroenteritis, including Aeromanas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Yersinia enterocolitica; viral agents, including rotaviruses, astroviruses, calciviruses, and enteric adenoviruses; and parasites, including Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Strongyloides stercoralis, Isospora belli, microsporidia, and Cyclospora. Diagnostic considerations, including laboratory testing, are reviewed. The authors also discuss treatment options, including fluid and electrolyte therapy, dietary manipulation, nonspecific therapy with

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antidiarrheal compounds, and specific therapy with antimicrobial agents. 5 figures. 18 tables. 392 references. (AA-M). •

Gastrointestinal Disease and Hepatitis Source: in Andersen, R.D., et al. Infections in Children: A Sourcebook for Educators and Child Care Providers. Aspen Publishers, Inc. 1994. p. 137-146. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers, Inc. 7201 McKinney Circle, Frederick, MD 21701. (800) 638-8437 or (301) 417-7500. PRICE: $36. ISBN: 0834203871. Summary: This chapter, from a handbook for educators and child care providers on infections in children, addresses gastrointestinal disease and hepatitis. The chapter covers vomiting; diarrhea; common causes of infectious diarrhea, including rotavirus, Escherichia coli, campylobacter species, salmonella, and shigella; hepatitis A; hepatitis B; and hepatitis C. In each section, the authors review the illness and its symptoms, consider etiology, review transmission and its prevention, and remind readers of the situations in which consultation of a health care provider is indicated. 3 references.

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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON CAMPYLOBACTER Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on campylobacter. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on campylobacter is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “campylobacter” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “campylobacter” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on campylobacter: •

Peptic Ulcer Source: Timonium, MD: Milner Fenwick. 1990. Contact: Available from Milner Fenwick. 2125 Greenspring Drive, Timonium, MD 21093. (800) 432-8433. PRICE: $250. Summary: An introduction for the patient with duodenal or gastric ulcers, this film helps the patient identify ulcer symptoms, explains tests that may be required, and discusses medications. It also covers side effects of medications and possible complications of ulcers. It also provides an explanation of the bacteria campylobacter pylori recently found to be associated with ulcers. (AA-M).

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Food Borne Illnesses and Their Prevention Source: Charleston, WV: Cambridge Educational. 1995. (videocassette).

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Contact: Available from Cambridge Educational. P.O. Box 2153, Dept. D23, Charleston, WV 25328-2153. (800) 468-4227. Fax (800) FAX ON US. Website: www.cambridgeeducational.com. PRICE: $79.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This videotape program takes an indepth look at the recommended practices for food handlers (at home or commercially) to follow in order to prevent the spread of bacteria and other pathogens that can cause foodborne illness. The program investigates the causes, symptoms, and treatment of foodborne illnesses, with emphasis placed on their prevention. The program discusses the more common and severe illnesses in some detail. These include Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Botulism, and Listeriosis. For each infectious organism, the narrator describes why the pathogen causes illness, how long the illness should be expected to last, safe and proper treatments, and when to contact a health care provider. The program then reviews shopping, food preparation, and hygiene issues that can help prevent foodborne illness. The final section of the videotape reviews the recommended internal cooking temperatures for a variety of foods. The program stresses that almost all foodborne illnesses can be avoided if people who handled food are educated about causes and the proper procedures to avoid contamination. The USDA Food Hotline number (800-5354555) is provided for viewers who would like to obtain additional information.

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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS CAMPYLOBACTER

AND

NEWS

ON

Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover campylobacter.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on campylobacter is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “campylobacter” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to campylobacter. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “campylobacter” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for campylobacter: •

UK study reveals Campylobacter sources Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 19, 2001

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•

Navy to help study Campylobacter vaccine Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 17, 2000

•

Navy to complete studies of Antex's oral Campylobacter vaccine Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 17, 2000

•

Antex Biologics Phase I Campylobacter Vaccine Trial Positive Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 27, 1997

•

New Techniques Identify More Campylobacter Species In AIDS Patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 23, 1997

•

Microcarb Announces Testing Of Campylobacter Vaccine With US Navy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 29, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “campylobacter” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or

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you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “campylobacter” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to campylobacter, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “campylobacter” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “campylobacter” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on campylobacter: •

Food Safety Guide Source: Nutrition Action Healthletter. 26(8): 1, 3-9. October 1999. Contact: Available from Center for Science in the Public Interest. 1875 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 300, Washington, DC 20009-5728. (202) 332-9110. Fax (202) 2654954. Website: www.cspinet.org. Summary: This newsletter article offers a food safety guide to help consumers avoid episodes of food poisoning. The authors first review some of the changes in the food safety field, including new pathogens to deal with, a more centrally produced and global food supply, and changes in the ways food animals are raised. The authors then review the two families of bacteria of concern: spoilage bacteria that cause foods to smell and taste bad; and disease causing bacteria that do not usually change the taste, smell, or appearance of food, but can make people sick. The body of the article discusses each category of food, including poultry, seafood, dairy, eggs, fruits and vegetables, juice and cider, prepared foods and salads, hot dogs and deli meats. In each category, the authors describe the food handling issues, the types of infections that are possible, and experiences of people who got sick. Sections headed What to Do offer specific strategies for shopping, handling fresh fruits, preparing foods, cooking meats, staying informed, avoiding raw foods, traveling, and eating at restaurants. One sidebar lists the symptoms of food poisoning and how to know when to contact a health care provider. The authors recommend the website that refers readers to the government food safety sites (www.foodsafety.gov). The article concludes with a chart summarizing the pathogens, their possible symptoms, foods that have caused outbreaks, how soon the symptoms typically strike, and how long the illness lasts. Pathogens covered are Campylobacter, Ciguatera, Clostridium botulinum, Cyclospora, E. coli O157:H7, hepatitis A, Listeria,

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Norwalk virus, Salmonella, Scombrotoxin, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus. 1 table.

Academic Periodicals covering Campylobacter Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to campylobacter. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering campylobacter that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “campylobacter” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 9616 62 927 72 11 10688

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “campylobacter” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on campylobacter can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to campylobacter. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to campylobacter. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “campylobacter”:

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Bacterial Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bacterialinfections.html E. Coli Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ecoliinfections.html Food Contamination and Poisoning http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodcontaminationandpoisoning.html Food Safety http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodsafety.html Salmonella Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/salmonellainfections.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to campylobacter, the following was listed: •

Diagnosis/Symptoms Diarrhea Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/534.xml Nausea and Vomiting Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/529.xml Stool Tests Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/sick/labtest8.html

•

Children Amebiasis Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/parasitic/amebiasis.html Campylobacter Infections Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/stomach/campylobacter.html Ground Meat and Food Poisoning Source: National Resource Center for Health and Safety in Child Care http://nrc.uchsc.edu/TIPS/food.htm Mushroom Poisoning in Children Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/129.xml Yersinia Enterocolitica Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/yersinia.html

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From the National Institutes of Health Bacteria and Foodborne Illness Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/bacteria/index.htm Foodborne Diseases Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/foodbornedis.htm

•

Latest News FDA Investigating Illnesses Associated with School Lunches Served in Massachusetts Source: 06/02/2004, Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2004/NEW01074.html FDA Issues Alert on Foodborne Illness Associated with Certain Basil and Mesculin/Spring Mix Salad Products Source: 05/21/2004, Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2004/NEW01071.html

•

Law and Policy What to Do If You Have a Problem with Food Products Source: Dept. of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service http://www.fsis.usda.gov/oa/pubs/illness.htm

•

Organizations CDC Health Topics: Foodborne Illnesses Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/health/foodill.htm Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/ Food Safety and Inspection Service Source: Dept. of Agriculture http://www.fsis.usda.gov/ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/ Partnership for Food Safety Education http://www.fightbac.org www.FoodSafety.gov Source: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition http://www.foodsafety.gov/

•

Pictures/Diagrams Foodborne Illness: Ten Least Wanted Foodborne Pathogens Source: Partnership for Food Safety Education http://www.fightbac.org/10least.cfm

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Prevention/Screening Everyone Can Fight BAC! Source: Partnership for Food Safety Education http://www.fightbac.org/factsht.cfm Hock Locks and Other Accoutrements Source: Dept. of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OA/pubs/hocklock.htm Unwelcome Dinner Guest: Preventing Foodborne Illness Source: Food and Drug Administration http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/%7Edms/fdunwelc.html

•

Research High Levels of Arsenic in Chicken May Require Adjustment in Consumption Source: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/press/achicken.html

•

Statistics Foodborne-Disease Outbreaks Reported to CDC January 1, 1990 Through March 15, 2002 Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/foodborneoutbreaks/outbreak_satistics/cdc_reported.htm

•

Women During Your Pregnancy: Food Safety Source: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation http://www.marchofdimes.com/pnhec/159_826.asp Food-Borne Risks in Pregnancy Source: March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/681_1152.asp

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on campylobacter. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search

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options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Questions and Answers About Reactive Arthritis Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse. 2002. 24 p. Contact: Available from National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Information Clearinghouse. 1 AMS Circle, Bethesda, MD 20892-3675. (877) 226-4267 toll-free or (301) 495-4484. Fax (301) 718-6366. TTY (301) 565-2966. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.niams.nih.gov. PRICE: 1 to 25 copies free. Order Number: AR-253 QA (booklet), or AR-253L QA (large print fact sheet). Summary: This booklet uses a question and answer format to provide people who have reactive arthritis with information about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of this form of arthritis, which occurs as a reaction to an infection elsewhere in the body. Reactive arthritis, or Reiter's syndrome, usually begins 1 to 3 weeks after infection. Chlamydia trachomatis, the bacterium most often associated with reactive arthritis, is usually acquired through sexual contact. Infections in the digestive tract caused by Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, and Campylobacter may also trigger reactive arthritis. A genetic factor, human leukocyte antigen, increases the risk of developing reactive arthritis. Although reactive arthritis itself is not contagious, the bacteria that trigger it can be passed from person to person. Men aged 20 to 40 are most likely to develop reactive arthritis. Symptoms include inflammation of the urogenital tract, the joints, and the eyes. Mouth ulcers and skin rashes are less common symptoms. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. There is no cure for reactive arthritis, but some treatments relieve symptoms. Treatment options include nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, corticosteroid injections, topical corticosteroids, antibiotics, immunosuppressive medicines, tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, and exercise. Most people with reactive arthritis recover fully within 2 to 6 months after the first symptoms appear. Researchers are investigating the causes and treatments for reactive arthritis. The booklet identifies sources of additional information and provides a glossary of medical terms.

•

Is Your Food Safe? Source: Santa Cruz, CA: ETR Associates. 1998. 6 p. Contact: Available from ETR Associates. 4 Carbonero Way, Scotts Valley, CA 950664200. (800) 321-4407. Fax (800) 435-8433. Website: www.etr.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk copies available. Order number: R027. Summary: This brochure describes foodborne illnesses and their prevention. If food is poorly handled or not cooked or stored properly, bacteria can multiply and cause illness. Not everyone who eats contaminated food will become sick. The symptoms depend on which organism was eaten, how much was eaten, and what the age and general health of the person are. Symptoms of food poisoning are similar to those of stomach flu and include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain or cramps, and fever, fatigue, and feelings of weakness. The brochure lists nine organisms and how they are usually transmitted; organisms and diseases discussed are botulism, Campylobacter, Crytosporidiosis, cyclospora, E. coli (0157:H7), hepatitis A, listeriosis, Salmonella, and Vibrio vulnificus. The brochure notes that mild illness usually gets better on its own and provides basic strategies for handling symptoms of mild food poisoning. The brochure also lists symptoms that would indicate the need to contact a health care provider and

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notes people more at risk for problems from food poisoning. The centerpiece of the brochure offers U.S. Department of Agriculture strategies for keeping food safe: the six areas covered are buying, storing, preparing, cooking, and serving food, and eating out. A chart summarizes the time that fresh meat, fish, poultry, cheese, eggs, and milk will last in the refrigerator or in the freezer. One sidebar lists safe kitchen tips (primarily relating to hygiene). •

About Keeping Safe from Waterborne Pathogens Source: South Deerfield, MA: Channing L. Bete Co., Inc. 1997. 15 p. Contact: Available from Channing L. Bete, Co., Inc. 200 State Road, South Deerfield, MA 01373-0200. (800) 628-7733. PRICE: $1.72 each for 1-24 copies; $1.47 each for 25-99 copies. Summary: This brochure educates readers about waterborne pathogens, disease-causing organisms that can affect water safety and can also be spread in food or through poor personal hygiene. The brochure emphasizes that most water in the U.S. is safe, but that untreated water is a concern for everyone. People with certain health problems may need to use care even with treated water. The brochure describes three kinds of waterborne pathogens, with common examples of each: bacteria (Escherichia coli, shigella, salmonella, campylobacter), viruses (hepatitis A, Norwalk virus), and protozoa (giardia lamblia, cryptosporidium). Other topics covered include how pathogens get into the water, the use of chlorine to disinfect water, how government agencies and water suppliers work to keep the water supply safe, what consumers can do to help, risk factors for being affected by waterborne pathogens (including people with immune system disease), water hazards during an emergency (major storms or disasters), the signs of waterborne illness, when to contact a health care provider, diagnosis and treatment of waterborne illness, and prevention strategies, including being careful during recreational activities, following advisories during a water emergency, and observing good hygiene. The brochure concludes with a section of questions and answers about having water tested for pathogens, what to do if tap water looks funny, and where to get more information. The brochure includes the toll free Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800-426-4791). The brochure is illustrated with attractive, cartoon-like line drawings. Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Campylobacter Summary: This document provides answers to consumers' questions about Campylobacter -- the most common bacterial cause of diarrheal illness in the United States. Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3880

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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to campylobacter. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to campylobacter. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with campylobacter. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about campylobacter. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “campylobacter” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “campylobacter”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “campylobacter” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “campylobacter” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

191

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on campylobacter: •

Basic Guidelines for Campylobacter Campylobacter enteritis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000224.htm Campylobacter serology test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003530.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Campylobacter Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Blood in the stool Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003130.htm Diarrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm

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Fainting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Nausea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Campylobacter Blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003398.htm Serology Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003511.htm Stool culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003758.htm Venipuncture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003423.htm

•

Background Topics for Campylobacter Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Adolescent test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002054.htm Antibodies Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002223.htm Antibody Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002223.htm Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Electrolyte Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002350.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Infant test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002055.htm Intravenous Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002383.htm

Online Glossaries 197

Preschooler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002057.htm Schoolage test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002058.htm Titer Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002328.htm Toddler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002056.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

199

CAMPYLOBACTER DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Cramps: Abdominal pain due to spasmodic contractions of the bowel. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abducens: A striated, extrinsic muscle of the eyeball that originates from the annulus of Zinn. [NIH] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acremonium: A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acuity: Clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. [EU] Acute leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow). [NIH]

Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenitis: Inflammation of a gland. [EU] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent

200

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chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agarose: A polysaccharide complex, free of nitrogen and prepared from agar-agar which is produced by certain seaweeds (red algae). It dissolves in warm water to form a viscid solution. [NIH] Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergens: Antigen-type substances (hypersensitivity, immediate). [NIH]

that

produce

immediate

hypersensitivity

Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alpha-helices: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amino Acid Motifs: Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a conserved sequence which can be represented by a consensus sequence. [NIH]

Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in

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determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH]

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Antecedent: Existing or occurring before in time or order often with consequential effects. [EU]

Anthrax: An acute bacterial infection caused by ingestion of bacillus organisms. Carnivores may become infected from ingestion of infected carcasses. It is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The most common form in humans is cutaneous anthrax. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiogram: An examination that measures the biological resistance of substances causing disease; performed prior to chemotherapy so as to make it more efficient. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH]

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Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Appendicitis: Acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and Eucarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: 1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; 2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; 3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and 4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least three kingdoms: crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, and korarchaeota. [NIH] Arcobacter: A genus of gram-negative, aerotolerant, spiral-shaped bacteria isolated from water and associated with diarrhea in humans and animals. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Argininosuccinate Lyase: An enzyme of the urea cycle which splits argininosuccinate to fumarate plus arginine. Its absence leads to the metabolic disease argininosuccinic acidemia in man. EC 4.3.2.1. [NIH] Argininosuccinic Acid: This amino acid is formed during the urea cycle from citrulline, aspartate and ATP. This reaction is catalyzed by argininosuccinic acid synthetase. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astrovirus: A genus of small, circular RNA viruses in the family Astroviridae. They cause gastroenteritis and are found in the stools of several vertebrates including humans. Transmission is by the fecal-oral route. There are at least seven human serotypes and the type species is human astrovirus 1. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues.

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Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteraemia: The presence of bacteria in the blood. [EU] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium. [NIH] Bacterial toxin: A toxic substance, made by bacteria, that can be modified to kill specific tumor cells without harming normal cells. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriocins: Substances elaborated by specific strains of bacteria that are lethal against other strains of the same or related species. They are protein or lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes used in taxonomy studies of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Beta-glucans: Polysaccharides made by several types of mushrooms. Beta-glucans have been used to treat patients with gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. They may be able to stimulate the immune system. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from

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cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bioassay: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biofilms: Films of bacteria or other microbial organisms, usually embedded in extracellular polymers such as implanted medical devices, which adhere to surfaces submerged in, or subjected to, aquatic environments (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Biofilms consist of multilayers of microbial cells glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both phagocytes and antibiotics. [NIH] Biogenesis: The origin of life. It includes studies of the potential basis for life in organic compounds but excludes studies of the development of altered forms of life through mutation and natural selection, which is evolution. [NIH] Biological Assay: A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc. [NIH] Biological Warfare: Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biopsy specimen: Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bioterrorism: The use of biological agents in terrorism. This includes the malevolent use of bacteria, viruses, or toxins against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Biotype: A group of individuals having the same genotype. [NIH]

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Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Calicivirus: A genus in the family Caliciviridae containing many species including feline calicivirus , vesicular exanthema of swine virus, and San Miguel sea lion viruses. [NIH] Campylobacter: A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic. [NIH] Campylobacter coli: A species of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the intestinal tract of swine, poultry, and man. It may be pathogenic. [NIH] Campylobacter Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Campylobacter. [NIH] Campylobacter jejuni: A species of bacteria that resemble small tightly coiled spirals. Its organisms are known to cause abortion in sheep and fever and enteritis in man and may be associated with enteric diseases of calves, lambs, and other animals. [NIH] Campylobacter pylori: The original name for the bacterium that causes ulcers. The new

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name is Helicobacter pylori. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carrier State: The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissable to another susceptible host. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed especially against Pseudomonas infections. [NIH]

Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell,

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enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Physiology: Characteristics and physiological processes of cells from cell division to cell death. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cellular Structures: Components of a cell. [NIH] Cellulase: An enzyme isolated from fungi and bacteria. It catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans. EC 3.2.1.4. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cephalosporins: A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus Acremonium (Cephalosporium acremonium). They contain the betalactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. [NIH] Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic. [NIH] Ceramide: A type of fat produced in the body. It may cause some types of cells to die, and is being studied in cancer treatment. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemoreceptors: Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptors may monitor external stimuli, as in taste and olfaction, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental

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protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlamydia: A genus of the family Chlamydiaceae whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chromaffin System: The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They occur along the sympathetic nerves, in the adrenal gland, and in various other organs. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P450. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of lincomycin. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH]

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Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colostrum: The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. [NIH]

Commensal: 1. Living on or within another organism, and deriving benefit without injuring or benefiting the other individual. 2. An organism living on or within another, but not causing injury to the host. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the

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classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consensus Sequence: A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known conserved sequence set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (amino acid motifs) are often formed by conserved sequences. [NIH] Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a consensus sequence. Amino acid motifs are often composed of conserved sequences. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or

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treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convulsion: A violent involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the voluntary muscles. [EU] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Cryptosporidium: A genus of coccidian parasites of the family Cryptosporidiidae, found in the intestinal epithelium of many vertebrates including humans. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclodextrins: A homologous group of cyclic glucans consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose units obtained by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on starch or similar substrates. The enzyme is produced by certain species of Bacillus. Cyclodextrins form

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inclusion complexes with a wide variety of substances. [NIH] Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Cyclospora: A genus of coccidian parasites in the family Eimeriidae. Cyclospora cayetanensis is pathogenic in humans, probably transmitted via the fecal-oral route, and causes nausea and diarrhea. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxins: Substances elaborated by microorganisms, plants or animals that are specifically toxic to individual cells; they may be involved in immunity or may be contained in venoms. [NIH]

Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH]

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Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Dental Plaque: A film that attaches to teeth, often causing dental caries and gingivitis. It is composed of mucins, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or

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more stimuli. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenal Ulcer: An ulcer in the lining of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). [NIH]

Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]

Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH]

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Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efferent: Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Egg Yolk: Cytoplasm stored in an egg that contains nutritional reserves for the developing embryo. It is rich in polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalomyelitis: A general term indicating inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and encephalitis in the literature. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the

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endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endonucleases: Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the internal bonds and thereby the formation of polynucleotides or oligonucleotides from ribo- or deoxyribonucleotide chains. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Enoxacin: An orally administered broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Its clinical efficacy has been confirmed in a variety of systemic infections and particularly in urinary tract infections. The drug is well tolerated by adults, but should not be used in children and pregnant women. [NIH]

Enteric bacteria: Single-celled microorganisms that lack chlorophyll. Some bacteria are capable of causing human, animal, or plant diseases; others are essential in pollution control because they break down organic matter in the air and in the water. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]

Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH]

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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Factors: Events, characteristics, or other definable entities that have the potential to bring about a change in a health condition or other defined outcome. [NIH] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Escherichia: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms occur in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. The species are either nonpathogenic or opportunistic pathogens. [NIH] Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce diarrhea and pyogenic infections. [NIH]

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Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exotoxin: Toxic substance excreted by living bacterial cells. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Fallopian tube: The oviduct, a muscular tube about 10 cm long, lying in the upper border of the broad ligament. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU]

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Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Ferrets: Semidomesticated variety of European polecat much used for hunting rodents and/or rabbits and as a laboratory animal. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibronectin: An adhesive glycoprotein. One form circulates in plasma, acting as an opsonin; another is a cell-surface protein which mediates cellular adhesive interactions. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flaccid: Weak, lax and soft. [EU] Flagellin: A protein with a molecular weight of 40,000 isolated from bacterial flagella. At appropriate pH and salt concentration, three flagellin monomers can spontaneously reaggregate to form structures which appear identical to intact flagella. [NIH] Flagellum: A whiplike appendage of a cell. It can function either as an organ of locomotion or as a device for moving the fluid surrounding the cell. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluid Therapy: Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to water-electrolyte balance. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by hypodermoclysis. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Food Contamination: The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage. [NIH] Food Handling: Any aspect of the operations in the preparation, transport, storage, packaging, wrapping, exposure for sale, service, or delivery of food. [NIH] Food Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept. [NIH] Foodborne Illness: An acute gastrointestinal infection caused by food that contains harmful bacteria. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and chills. Also called food poisoning. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers

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other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglioside: Protein kinase C's inhibitor which reduces ischemia-related brain damage. [NIH]

Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroduodenal: Pertaining to or communicating with the stomach and duodenum, as a gastroduodenal fistula. [EU] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gavage: Feeding by a tube passed into the stomach; called also tube feeding. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be

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unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germfree: Free from all living micro-organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Giardia: A genus of flagellate intestinal protozoa parasitic in various vertebrates, including humans. Characteristics include the presence of four pairs of flagella arising from a complicated system of axonemes and cysts that are ellipsoidal to ovoidal in shape. [NIH] Giardia lamblia: A species of parasitic protozoa that attaches itself to the intestinal mucosa and feeds on mucous secretions. The organism is roughly pear-shaped and motility is somewhat erratic, with a slow oscillation about the long axis. Considered for many years to be non-pathogenic and often found in completely asymptomatic individuals, there is presently strong evidence for its pathogenic potential. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. [EU]

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Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glucans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or Nacetylgalactosamine. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction. [NIH] Glycosyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glycosyl groups to an acceptor. Most often another carbohydrate molecule acts as an acceptor, but inorganic phosphate can also act as an acceptor, such as in the case of phosphorylases. Some of the enzymes in this group also catalyze hydrolysis, which can be regarded as transfer of a glycosyl group from the donor to water. Subclasses include the hexosyltransferases, pentosyltransferases, sialyltransferases, and those transferring other glycosyl groups. EC 2.4. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Government Agencies: Administrative units of government responsible for policy making

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and management of governmental activities in the U.S. and abroad. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-Positive Cocci: Coccus-shaped bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Guanine: One of the four DNA bases. [NIH] Gyrase: An enzyme that causes negative supercoiling of E. coli DNA during replication. [NIH]

Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Halitosis: An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heavy Chain Disease: A disorder of immunoglobulin synthesis in which large quantities of abnormal heavy chains are excreted in the urine. The amino acid sequences of the N(amino-) terminal regions of these chains are normal, but they have a deletion extending from part of the variable domain through the first domain of the constant region, so that they cannot form cross-links to the light chains. The defect arises through faulty coupling of the variable (V) and constant (C) region genes. [NIH] Helicobacter: A genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that is pathogenic and has been isolated from the intestinal tract of mammals, including humans. [NIH] Helicobacter pylori: A spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. It is a gramnegative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in Western Australia. Helicobacter pylori was originally classified in the genus Campylobacter, but RNA sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the microorganism should be included in the genus Helicobacter. It has been officially transferred to Helicobacter gen. nov. (see Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989 Oct;39(4):297-405). [NIH]

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Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: Syndrome of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure, with pathological finding of thrombotic microangiopathy in kidney and renal cortical necrosis. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hexosyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of hexose groups. EC 2.4.1.-. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH]

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Hybridoma: A hybrid cell resulting from the fusion of a specific antibody-producing spleen cell with a myeloma cell. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypersensitivity, Immediate: Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigenantibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability. [NIH] Hypesthesia: Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation. [NIH] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunocompetence: The ability of lymphoid cells to mount a humoral or cellular immune response when challenged by antigen. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH]

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Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogen: A substance that is capable of causing antibody formation. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulins: Glycoproteins present in the blood (antibodies) and in other tissue. They are classified by structure and activity into five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubator: Consists of a transparent plastic cubicle, electrical heating equipment, safety and warning devices, and oxygen and air filtering and regulating apparatus; an enclosed transparent boxlike apparatus for housing prematurely born babies under optimum conditions. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Industrial Waste: Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations. It represents an ecological problem and health hazard. [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local

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infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infection Control: Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms. [NIH] Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis: A herpesvirus infection of cattle characterized by inflammation and necrosis of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Infectious Diarrhea: Diarrhea caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, or parasites. [NIH] Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inoculum: The spores or tissues of a pathogen that serve to initiate disease in a plant. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insertional: A technique in which foreign DNA is cloned into a restriction site which occupies a position within the coding sequence of a gene in the cloning vector molecule. Insertion interrupts the gene's sequence such that its original function is no longer expressed. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH]

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Intestinal Flora: The bacteria, yeasts, and fungi that grow normally in the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Ischemic Colitis: Decreased blood flow to the colon. Causes fever, pain, and bloody diarrhea. [NIH] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components. [NIH] Kanamycin Resistance: Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the antibiotic kanamycin, which can bind to their 70S ribosomes and cause misreading of messenger RNA. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactate Dehydrogenase: A tetrameric enzyme that, along with the coenzyme NAD+, catalyzes the interconversion of lactate and pyruvate. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lactulose: A mild laxative. [NIH]

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Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Lincomycin: (2S-trans)-Methyl 6,8-dideoxy-6-(((1-methyl-4-propyl-2pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)-1-thio-D-erythro-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside. An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lithiasis: A condition characterized by the formation of calculi and concretions in the hollow organs or ducts of the body. They occur most often in the gallbladder, kidney, and lower urinary tract. [NIH] Litter: Appliance consisting of an oblong frame over which is stretched a canvas or other material, used for carrying an injured or disabled person. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a

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given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrolides: A group of organic compounds that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile

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paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megacolon: Pathological enlargement of the colon. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU]

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Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microfilaments: The smallest of the cytoskeletal filaments. They are composed chiefly of actin. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular mass: The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule, based on a scale

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in which the atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 1, 12, 14, and 16, respectively. For example, the molecular mass of water, which has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, is 18 (i.e., 2 + 16). [NIH] Molecular Probes: A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in molecular genetics to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by molecular hybridization. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]

Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]

Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Mutate: To change the genetic material of a cell. Then changes (mutations) can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect. [NIH] Mycobacterium: A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts. [NIH]

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Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord. Relatively common etiologies include infections; autoimmune diseases; spinal cord; and ischemia (see also spinal cord vascular diseases). Clinical features generally include weakness, sensory loss, localized pain, incontinence, and other signs of autonomic dysfunction. [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myositis: Inflammation of a voluntary muscle. [EU] Nalidixic Acid: Synthetic antimicrobial agent used in urinary tract infections. It is active against gram-negative bacteria but has little activity against gram-positive organisms or Pseudomonas. [NIH] Natural selection: A part of the evolutionary process resulting in the survival and reproduction of the best adapted individuals. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuromuscular Junction Diseases: Conditions characterized by impaired transmission of impulses at the neuromuscular junction. This may result from disorders that affect receptor function, pre- or postsynaptic membrane function, or acetylcholinesteraseactivity. The majority of diseases in this category are associated with autoimmune, toxic, or inherited conditions. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurosecretory Systems: A system of neurons that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an endocrine organ or system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU]

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Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Probes: Nucleic acid which complements a specific mRNA or DNA molecule, or fragment thereof; used for hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms and for genetic studies. [NIH] Nucleocapsid: A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a capsid plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Olfaction: Function of the olfactory apparatus to perceive and discriminate between the molecules that reach it, in gas form from an external environment, directly or indirectly via the nose. [NIH] Oligonucleotide Probes: Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in

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both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paraproteins: Abnormal immunoglobulins synthesized by atypical cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Paraproteins containing only light chains lead to Bence Jones paraproteinemia, while the presence of only atypical heavy chains leads to heavy chain disease. Most of the paraproteins show themselves as an M-component (monoclonal gammopathy) in electrophoresis. Diclonal and polyclonal paraproteins are much less frequently encountered. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasitic Diseases: Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often

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contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pentosyltransferases: Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a pentose group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.4.2. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and

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covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peroral: Performed through or administered through the mouth. [EU] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phrenic Nerve: The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm. [NIH]

Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as cimetidine and ranitidine. It is generally well tolerated by patients. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected

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to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Policy Making: The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation

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analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polymyxin: Basic polypeptide antibiotic group obtained from Bacillus polymyxa. They affect the cell membrane by detergent action and may cause neuromuscular and kidney damage. At least eleven different members of the polymyxin group have been identified, each designated by a letter. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyradiculoneuropathy: Diseases characterized by injury or dysfunction involving multiple peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process may primarily affect myelin or nerve axons. Two of the more common demyelinating forms are acute inflammatory polyradiculopathy (Guillain-Barre syndrome) and polyradiculoneuropathy, chronic inflammatory demyelinating. Polyradiculoneuritis refers to inflammation of multiple peripheral nerves and spinal nerve roots. [NIH] Polyradiculopathy: Disease or injury involving multiple spinal nerve roots. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Porins: Protein molecules situated in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that, in dimeric or trimeric form, constitute a water-filled transmembrane channel allowing passage of ions and other small molecules. Porins are also found in bacterial cell walls, and in plant, fungal, mammalian and other vertebrate cell and mitochondrial membranes. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Poultry Products: Food products manufactured from poultry. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a

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designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Proctitis: Inflammation of the rectum. [EU] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Pronase: A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Streptomyces griseus. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Proteome: The protein complement of an organism coded for by its genome. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH]

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Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Ptosis: 1. Prolapse of an organ or part. 2. Drooping of the upper eyelid from paralysis of the third nerve or from sympathetic innervation. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quinones: Hydrocarbon rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. [NIH] Rabies: A highly fatal viral infection of the nervous system which affects all warm-blooded animal species. It is one of the most important of the zoonoses because of the inevitably fatal outcome for the infected human. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons,

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alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reinfection: A second infection by the same pathogenic agent, or a second infection of an organ such as the kidney by a different pathogenic agent. [EU] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration

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(= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Paralysis: Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with motor neuron diseases; peripheral nerve disorders; neuromuscular junction diseases; spinal cord diseases; injury to the phrenic nerve; and other disorders. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rhamnose: A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. [NIH] Rheumatic Diseases: Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribotyping: Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of rRNA genes that is used for differentiating between species or strains. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rotavirus: A genus of Reoviridae, causing acute gastroenteritis in birds and mammals, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. [NIH] Ruminants: A suborder of the order Artiodactyla whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males. [NIH]

Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility. [NIH] Salmonellosis: Infection by salmonellae. [NIH] Sanitation: The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH]

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Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is

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synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shigella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that ferments sugar without gas production. Its organisms are intestinal pathogens of man and other primates and cause bacillary dysentery. [NIH] Shigellosis: Infection with the bacterium Shigella. Usually causes a high fever, acute diarrhea, and dehydration. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Sialyltransferases: A group of enzymes with the general formula CMP-Nacetylneuraminate:acceptor N-acetylneuraminyl transferase. They catalyze the transfer of Nacetylneuraminic acid from CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid to an acceptor, which is usually the terminal sugar residue of an oligosaccharide, a glycoprotein, or a glycolipid. EC 2.4.99.-. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silver Staining: The use of silver, usually silver nitrate, as a reagent for producing contrast or coloration in tissue specimens. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the

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large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases: Hypoxic-ischemic and hemorrhagic disorders of the spinal cord. Arteriosclerosis, emboli, and vascular malformations are potential causes of these conditions. [NIH]

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Spinal Nerve Roots: The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sucralfate: A basic aluminum complex of sulfated sucrose. It is advocated in the therapy of peptic, duodenal, and prepyloric ulcers, gastritis, reflux esophagitis, and other gastrointestinal irritations. It acts primarily at the ulcer site, where it has cytoprotective,

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pepsinostatic, antacid, and bile acid-binding properties. The drug is only slightly absorbed by the digestive mucosa, which explains the absence of systemic effects and toxicity. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Survival Analysis: A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Teicoplanin: Glycopeptide antibiotic complex from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus active against gram-positive bacteria. It consists of five major components each with a different fatty acid moiety. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tenesmus: Straining, especially ineffectual and painful straining at stool or in urination. [EU] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Tetracycline Resistance: Nonsusceptibility of a microbe (usually a bacterium) to the action of tetracycline, which binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevents the normal binding

Dictionary 251

of aminoacyl-tRNA. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torovirus: A genus of the family Coronaviridae characterized by enveloped, peplomerbearing particles containing an elongated tubular nucleocapsid with helical symmetry. Toroviruses have been found in association with enteric infections in horses (Berne virus), cattle (Breda virus), and humans. Transmission takes place probably via the fecal-oral route. [NIH]

Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

252

Campylobacter

Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Trichuris: A genus of nematode worms comprising the whipworms. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tubulin: A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from sperm flagella, cilia, and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to colchicine, vincristine, and vinblastine. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

TYPHI: The bacterium that gives rise to typhoid fever. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH]

Dictionary 253

Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagal: Pertaining to the vagus nerve. [EU] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vagotomy: The interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. Vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH]

254

Campylobacter

Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to ristocetin that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Venoms: Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vermin: Parasitic insects and worms, and depredating rodents. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vesicular Exanthema of Swine: A calicivirus infection of swine characterized by hydropic degeneration of the oral and cutaneous epithelia. [NIH] Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus: The type species of the genus Calicivirus, an RNA virus infecting pigs. The resulting infection is an acute febrile disease which is clinically indistinguishable from foot and mouth disease. Transmission is by contaminated food. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Vibrio Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Vibrio. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH]

Dictionary 255

Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vomitus: 1. Vomiting. 2. Matter vomited. [EU] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yersinia: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rod- to coccobacillus-shaped bacteria that occurs in a broad spectrum of habitats. [NIH] Yersinia Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Yersinia. [NIH] Zoonosis: Disease of animals, e. g. rabies, that can be transmitted to humans. A risk in major disasters; any disease and/or infection which is likely to be naturally transmitted from animals to man; disease caused by animal parasites. [NIH]

257

INDEX A Abdominal, 3, 19, 137, 156, 163, 164, 195, 199, 220, 221, 233, 237, 238, 239, 253 Abdominal Cramps, 19, 137, 199 Abdominal Pain, 3, 163, 164, 199, 220, 221, 253 Abducens, 71, 199 Acatalasia, 199, 207 Acceptor, 199, 223, 247, 252 Acne, 134, 199 Acremonium, 199, 208 Actin, 199, 233 Acuity, 26, 199 Acute leukemia, 95, 199 Acute renal, 199, 225 Adaptability, 199, 207 Adenitis, 136, 199 Adenocarcinoma, 22, 199 Adenovirus, 12, 199 Adrenal Cortex, 199, 212 Adverse Effect, 199, 247 Aerobic, 27, 199, 233, 234 Aerosol, 6, 199 Affinity, 7, 13, 199, 248 Agar, 34, 38, 113, 147, 200, 212, 227, 240 Agarose, 65, 200, 227 Alcian Blue, 36, 75, 200 Algorithms, 18, 200, 205 Alkaline, 9, 64, 200, 201, 206 Alkaline Phosphatase, 64, 200 Alleles, 89, 200 Allergens, 164, 200 Alpha-1, 200, 212 Alpha-helices, 21, 200 Alternative medicine, 170, 200 Aluminum, 200, 249 Amebiasis, 162, 182, 200, 233 Amino Acid Motifs, 200, 211 Amino Acid Sequence, 21, 200, 202, 211, 222, 224 Amino Acids, 7, 24, 200, 201, 211, 218, 222, 238, 241, 242, 247, 250, 252, 253 Ammonia, 52, 144, 201, 253 Amoxicillin, 134, 201 Ampicillin, 134, 201 Amplification, 6, 32, 36, 38, 39, 92, 130, 137, 141, 142, 143, 144, 157, 158, 201 Anaerobic, 146, 201, 218, 245, 247, 255

Anaesthesia, 201, 227 Anal, 201, 218, 230 Analog, 154, 201, 209 Anaphylatoxins, 201, 211 Anatomical, 201, 208, 216, 246 Androgens, 199, 201, 212 Anemia, 201, 225, 231 Animal model, 9, 10, 13, 16, 22, 26, 201 Anions, 201, 229, 250 Annealing, 201, 240 Anorexia, 153, 201, 221 Antecedent, 137, 138, 202 Anthrax, 6, 202 Antiallergic, 202, 212 Antibacterial, 4, 5, 112, 114, 142, 154, 202, 209, 217, 248, 254 Antibiogram, 55, 202 Antifungal, 202, 236 Antigen, 14, 23, 42, 48, 82, 87, 95, 109, 119, 131, 145, 148, 185, 200, 202, 210, 214, 218, 225, 226, 227, 232, 247 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 202, 210 Antigen-presenting cell, 202, 214 Anti-inflammatory, 22, 202, 212, 223 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 202, 212 Antineoplastic, 202, 212 Antiserum, 152, 202 Anus, 163, 201, 202, 206, 210 Anxiety, 15, 202 Apolipoproteins, 203, 230 Apoptosis, 73, 203, 207 Appendicitis, 156, 203 Aqueous, 203, 204, 213, 216, 226 Archaea, 203, 233 Arcobacter, 27, 44, 47, 60, 135, 140, 203 Arginine, 67, 201, 203, 252 Argininosuccinate Lyase, 33, 203 Argininosuccinic Acid, 203 Arterial, 203, 209, 223, 242 Arterioles, 203, 206, 207 Aseptic, 203, 237 Astrovirus, 165, 203 Asymptomatic, 22, 146, 199, 200, 203, 222 Attenuated, 15, 23, 37, 153, 203, 214 Atypical, 19, 30, 38, 203, 237 Autoimmune disease, 25, 203, 204, 235 Autoimmunity, 25, 203 Avian, 12, 77, 90, 122, 123, 204

258

Campylobacter

Axons, 11, 13, 204, 238, 241, 249 Azithromycin, 48, 204 B Bacillus, 7, 13, 149, 165, 202, 204, 212, 241 Bacteraemia, 69, 71, 81, 107, 204 Bacteremia, 49, 69, 72, 204, 245 Bacterial Infections, 5, 25, 134, 163, 182, 204 Bacterial Proteins, 20, 204 Bacterial toxin, 18, 204 Bactericidal, 26, 30, 70, 97, 112, 117, 120, 125, 154, 204, 219 Bacteriocins, 146, 204 Bacteriostatic, 204, 218 Base, 130, 151, 204, 220, 222, 229, 240, 250, 252 Basement Membrane, 204, 219, 230 Beta-glucans, 204, 208 Bile, 17, 35, 83, 146, 148, 204, 205, 221, 230, 250 Bile Acids, 146, 148, 204 Bile Acids and Salts, 204 Bile duct, 205 Biliary, 83, 165, 205, 206 Bioassay, 205 Biochemical, 11, 13, 17, 18, 21, 22, 27, 30, 40, 61, 71, 112, 135, 137, 200, 205, 223, 230 Biofilms, 44, 81, 125, 205 Biogenesis, 27, 205 Biological Assay, 9, 205 Biological Warfare, 5, 205 Biopsy, 121, 150, 164, 205 Biopsy specimen, 121, 150, 205 Biosynthesis, 7, 15, 80, 151, 205, 247 Biotechnology, 26, 65, 170, 177, 205 Bioterrorism, 5, 8, 9, 205 Biotin, 205, 236 Biotype, 31, 71, 205 Bismuth, 113, 114, 115, 117, 142, 206 Bladder, 206, 227, 242, 253 Blastocyst, 206, 211, 240 Blood pressure, 196, 206, 223, 234, 248 Blood vessel, 206, 207, 209, 217, 225, 229, 233, 251, 254 Blot, 152, 206, 236 Body Composition, 18, 206 Body Fluids, 206, 220, 248 Bone Marrow, 199, 206, 222, 226, 231 Bowel, 164, 199, 201, 206, 214, 217, 228, 229, 230, 239, 249, 253 Bowel Movement, 164, 206, 214, 249

Broad-spectrum, 6, 201, 206, 207, 208, 217 C Calcium, 206, 210, 247 Calculi, 206, 230 Calicivirus, 165, 206, 254 Campylobacter Infections, 3, 28, 66, 68, 89, 162, 182, 206 Capillary, 5, 207, 223, 254 Capsules, 207, 215, 223 Carbohydrate, 94, 113, 137, 151, 155, 207, 212, 223, 241, 246 Carbon Dioxide, 207, 208, 240, 244, 253 Carcinogen, 22, 207, 233 Carcinogenic, 207, 228, 242 Carcinoma, 141, 207 Cardiac, 207, 216, 217, 218, 221 Cardiovascular, 207, 239 Carrier State, 200, 207 Caspase, 73, 207 Catalase, 46, 50, 59, 199, 207 Cations, 207, 229 Causal, 13, 207, 218, 246 Cefoperazone, 30, 70, 147, 207 Cell, 7, 10, 11, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 44, 62, 71, 74, 81, 83, 89, 91, 109, 113, 115, 121, 122, 127, 128, 134, 137, 145, 151, 152, 153, 155, 157, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212, 213, 214, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 226, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 234, 235, 237, 239, 240, 241, 243, 244, 246, 247, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255 Cell Cycle, 7, 18, 207 Cell Death, 18, 203, 207, 208, 235 Cell Differentiation, 207, 247 Cell Division, 18, 23, 204, 207, 208, 233, 240, 246 Cell membrane, 71, 89, 115, 151, 207, 214, 239, 241 Cell Physiology, 62, 208 Cell proliferation, 208, 247 Cellular Structures, 208, 234 Cellulase, 159, 208 Cellulitis, 50, 92, 208 Central Nervous System, 15, 208, 216, 223, 239 Cephalosporins, 134, 208 Cephalothin, 50, 208 Ceramide, 151, 208 Cerebrospinal, 95, 208 Cerebrospinal fluid, 95, 208 Cervix, 208, 244

259

Chemokines, 11, 91, 208 Chemoreceptors, 23, 208 Chemotactic Factors, 208, 211 Chemotaxis, 14, 21, 22, 208 Chemotherapy, 68, 70, 82, 88, 90, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 106, 121, 124, 202, 208 Child Care, 165, 166, 182, 208 Chin, 114, 122, 208, 232 Chlamydia, 25, 185, 209 Chlorine, 49, 186, 209 Chlorophyll, 209, 217, 221 Cholecystitis, 73, 209 Cholera, 6, 52, 162, 165, 209, 247, 254 Cholesterol, 204, 205, 209, 230, 231 Cholesterol Esters, 209, 230 Chromaffin System, 209, 217 Chromatin, 203, 209, 231, 236, 248 Chromosomal, 18, 29, 30, 49, 58, 62, 201, 209, 240 Chromosome, 10, 209, 224, 230, 246 Chronic, 12, 22, 25, 26, 32, 40, 114, 122, 140, 150, 164, 200, 209, 219, 228, 229, 241, 246, 249, 253, 255 Chylomicrons, 209, 230 Cimetidine, 115, 143, 209, 239 Ciprofloxacin, 32, 33, 40, 47, 82, 106, 107, 108, 141, 209 Circulatory system, 209, 217 Clindamycin, 106, 209 Clinical trial, 4, 8, 177, 209, 242, 244 Cloning, 7, 24, 32, 33, 53, 115, 136, 137, 154, 155, 205, 210, 228 Coenzyme, 210, 229 Cofactor, 210, 242 Cohort Studies, 210, 218 Colitis, 114, 163, 164, 210 Collagen, 204, 210, 219, 220 Colloidal, 117, 210, 216 Colon, 16, 163, 210, 215, 228, 229, 230, 232, 253 Colostrum, 116, 210 Commensal, 9, 132, 210 Complement, 5, 8, 10, 13, 104, 201, 210, 211, 222, 231 Complementary and alternative medicine, 119, 126, 211 Complementary medicine, 119, 211 Computational Biology, 177, 211 Conception, 211, 220 Concomitant, 142, 211 Conjugated, 139, 146, 205, 211, 213 Conjunctiva, 211

Conjunctivitis, 153, 211 Connective Tissue, 206, 208, 210, 211, 220, 223, 238, 245 Consensus Sequence, 88, 200, 211 Conserved Sequence, 200, 211 Consultation, 166, 211 Contraindications, ii, 211 Convulsion, 205, 212 Cornea, 212, 246, 253 Cortex, 212, 237 Cortical, 212, 225 Corticosteroid, 185, 212 Cranial, 92, 212, 235, 238, 253 Crossing-over, 212, 244 Cross-Sectional Studies, 212, 218 Cryptosporidiosis, 204, 212 Cryptosporidium, 17, 73, 165, 186, 212 Crystallization, 7, 212 Cues, 22, 212 Culture Media, 140, 147, 200, 212 Curative, 212, 251 Cutaneous, 202, 212, 226, 229, 254 Cyclic, 212 Cyclodextrins, 140, 212 Cycloheximide, 147, 213 Cyclospora, 18, 164, 165, 171, 185, 213 Cysteine, 208, 213, 250 Cytochrome, 209, 213 Cytokine, 16, 213 Cytomegalovirus, 68, 164, 213 Cytoplasm, 203, 208, 213, 216, 224, 231, 236 Cytoskeleton, 213, 233 Cytotoxic, 36, 99, 213, 247 Cytotoxins, 83, 213 D Dairy Products, 38, 136, 164, 213 Decidua, 213, 240 Degenerative, 213, 225 Dehydration, 209, 213, 247 Deletion, 203, 213, 224 Denaturation, 213, 240 Dendrites, 214, 235 Dendritic, 11, 214, 232 Dendritic cell, 11, 214 Dental Caries, 140, 214 Dental Plaque, 43, 142, 143, 214 Depolarization, 214, 247 Detoxification, 149, 214 Developed Countries, 14, 136, 137, 214 Developing Countries, 17, 19, 138, 157, 214

260

Campylobacter

Diagnostic procedure, 129, 170, 214 Diarrhoea, 71, 109, 115, 120, 214, 221 Diffusion, 214, 227 Digestion, 144, 204, 205, 206, 214, 215, 229, 230, 238, 249, 253 Digestive system, 162, 214, 221 Digestive tract, 134, 185, 214, 247 Dilution, 34, 146, 214 Diploid, 214, 240 Direct, iii, 12, 13, 16, 24, 34, 36, 38, 55, 59, 60, 64, 76, 214, 215, 222, 238, 244 Discrete, 7, 214 Discrimination, 8, 38, 39, 113, 214 Dissociation, 200, 215 Distal, 215, 216, 238 Diuretic, 215, 232, 248 Diverticulum, 4, 215 Dopamine, 215, 235, 239 Dosage Forms, 142, 215 Drug Interactions, 215 Drug Tolerance, 215, 251 Duodenal Ulcer, 96, 114, 143, 215, 239 Duodenum, 150, 204, 215, 221, 229, 238, 249 Dura mater, 215, 232, 237 Dyes, 215, 236 Dysentery, 6, 69, 136, 200, 215, 247 Dyspepsia, 121, 215 E Effector, 11, 19, 210, 216 Efferent, 216, 234, 249 Efficacy, 17, 41, 216, 217 Egg Yolk, 124, 216 Ejaculation, 216, 246 Elastin, 210, 216, 219 Electrode, 52, 75, 216 Electrolyte, 165, 196, 212, 216, 220, 233, 248 Electrons, 204, 216, 229, 243 Embryo, 206, 207, 216, 227 Emulsions, 200, 216 Enamel, 214, 216 Encephalitis, 70, 153, 216 Encephalitis, Viral, 216 Encephalomyelitis, 67, 216 Endemic, 25, 209, 216, 231, 249 Endocarditis, 81, 216 Endocardium, 216, 217 Endocrine Glands, 217 Endocrine System, 149, 217 Endocytosis, 64, 114, 217 Endonucleases, 134, 217

Endothelial cell, 99, 137, 155, 217 Endothelium, 25, 217 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 217 Endothelium, Vascular, 217 Endotoxin, 137, 155, 217, 252 Enoxacin, 62, 217 Enteric bacteria, 26, 148, 158, 217 Enterocolitis, 11, 72, 82, 88, 136, 156, 217 Enteropeptidase, 217, 252 Environmental Health, 100, 176, 178, 184, 217 Enzymatic, 45, 149, 151, 206, 211, 214, 217, 225, 240 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 28, 36, 51, 55, 57, 93, 124, 218 Epidemic, 39, 42, 48, 110, 218, 249 Epidemiologic Factors, 165, 218 Epidemiologic Studies, 56, 218 Epidemiological, 12, 35, 41, 45, 58, 64, 65, 74, 85, 109, 114, 137, 163, 218 Epidermis, 218, 243 Epigastric, 218, 237 Epinephrine, 215, 218, 235, 253 Epithelial, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 19, 54, 66, 91, 93, 97, 109, 123, 199, 213, 218, 225, 230 Epithelial Cells, 8, 11, 14, 19, 54, 66, 91, 93, 97, 123, 218, 225, 230 Epithelium, 11, 83, 204, 212, 217, 218, 221 Epitope, 11, 218 Erythromycin, 31, 40, 41, 45, 48, 85, 106, 204, 218 Esophagitis, 219, 249 Esophagus, 4, 214, 219, 221, 238, 244, 249 Ethanol, 219, 220 Eukaryotic Cells, 44, 81, 219, 237 Exhaustion, 219, 231 Exocrine, 219, 237 Exogenous, 65, 219 Exotoxin, 7, 219 Extracellular, 32, 71, 205, 211, 217, 219, 220, 248 Extracellular Matrix, 71, 211, 219, 220 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 71, 219 Extracellular Space, 219 Extraction, 124, 219 Eye Infections, 199, 219 F Faecal, 74, 76, 99, 112, 214, 219 Fallopian tube, 219, 244 Family Planning, 177, 219 Fat, 205, 206, 208, 210, 212, 219, 223, 230 Fatigue, 185, 219

261

Fatty acids, 146, 219 Feces, 26, 30, 34, 38, 42, 47, 50, 52, 64, 80, 219, 249 Fermentation, 140, 220, 245 Ferrets, 31, 220 Fibroblasts, 200, 220 Fibronectin, 44, 81, 89, 115, 136, 220 Fibrosis, 220, 246 Filtration, 50, 52, 76, 77, 220 Fish Products, 220, 246 Fistula, 220, 221 Flaccid, 11, 12, 220 Flagellin, 14, 27, 28, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 51, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 65, 82, 91, 96, 109, 132, 154, 220 Flagellum, 150, 152, 155, 220 Flatus, 220, 221 Fluid Therapy, 165, 220 Fluorescence, 141, 220 Fold, 220, 233 Food Contamination, 164, 182, 220 Food Handling, 4, 171, 220 Food Microbiology, 99, 102, 120, 123, 124, 147, 220 Foodborne Illness, 14, 139, 147, 162, 168, 183, 184, 185, 220 Frameshift, 220, 221, 252 Frameshift Mutation, 221, 252 Fungus, 208, 221 G Gallbladder, 199, 205, 209, 214, 221, 230 Ganglioside, 11, 13, 37, 51, 52, 76, 83, 84, 89, 94, 95, 145, 151, 221 Gangrenous, 221, 247 Gas, 57, 65, 74, 201, 207, 209, 214, 220, 221, 226, 236, 247, 250 Gastric Acid, 9, 96, 143, 201, 209, 221 Gastric Juices, 221, 238 Gastric Mucosa, 142, 221 Gastrin, 96, 209, 221, 225 Gastritis, 26, 31, 32, 114, 117, 122, 140, 143, 150, 221, 224, 249 Gastroduodenal, 121, 162, 221 Gastroenteritis, 7, 8, 9, 12, 14, 16, 28, 48, 50, 51, 65, 67, 88, 93, 98, 99, 109, 132, 134, 137, 147, 157, 158, 165, 203, 221, 245 Gastroenterology, 4, 88, 114, 121, 143, 163, 221 Gastrointestinal tract, 5, 9, 14, 15, 16, 19, 21, 22, 146, 149, 165, 219, 221 Gavage, 146, 220, 221 Gels, 36, 38, 221

Gene Expression, 44, 106, 151, 222 Gene Therapy, 199, 222 Genetic Code, 222, 236 Genetic Engineering, 205, 210, 222 Genetic testing, 222, 241 Genetics, 10, 56, 114, 222, 234 Genital, 153, 209, 222, 253 Genitourinary, 222, 253 Genotype, 205, 222, 239 Germfree, 48, 222 Gestation, 153, 222, 240 Giardia, 73, 162, 165, 186, 222 Giardia lamblia, 162, 165, 186, 222 Giardiasis, 222, 233 Gingivitis, 214, 222 Gland, 199, 209, 223, 232, 237, 239, 242, 246, 249, 251 Glomerular, 223, 232 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 223, 232 Glucans, 204, 212, 223 Glucocorticoids, 199, 212, 223 Glucose, 115, 116, 212, 223, 228, 248 Glutathione Peroxidase, 223, 246 Glycine, 205, 223, 235, 247 Glycogen, 209, 223 Glycoprotein, 153, 220, 223, 230, 247, 252 Glycosaminoglycans, 219, 223 Glycosidic, 223, 236 Glycosylation, 15, 145, 223 Glycosyltransferases, 151, 223 Goats, 136, 156, 213, 223 Governing Board, 223, 241 Government Agencies, 133, 186, 223, 241 Gram-negative, 136, 152, 154, 203, 206, 209, 217, 218, 224, 235, 241, 245, 247, 254, 255 Gram-positive, 39, 217, 224, 234, 235, 250 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 217, 224, 250 Gram-Positive Cocci, 39, 224 Granulocytes, 224, 247, 255 Guanine, 21, 224, 243 Gyrase, 62, 224 H Habitat, 224, 234 Hair follicles, 224, 255 Halitosis, 143, 224 Haploid, 224, 240 Haplotypes, 12, 224 Haptens, 200, 224 Health Status, 163, 224 Heavy Chain Disease, 224, 237

262

Campylobacter

Helicobacter pylori, 4, 22, 26, 52, 68, 87, 140, 143, 150, 162, 207, 224 Helminths, 225, 228 Hemolytic, 88, 162, 225 Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome, 162, 225 Hemorrhage, 153, 225, 243 Hepatic, 15, 225 Hepatitis, 162, 166, 171, 185, 186, 225 Hepatocytes, 225 Heredity, 222, 225 Heterogeneity, 25, 45, 61, 120, 200, 225 Hexosyltransferases, 223, 225 Histamine, 201, 209, 225, 226, 244 Homeostasis, 21, 225 Homogeneous, 24, 158, 225, 239 Homologous, 200, 212, 222, 225, 246, 250 Hormonal, 205, 212, 225 Hormone, 205, 212, 218, 221, 225, 228, 232, 247, 251 Horseradish Peroxidase, 218, 225 Humoral, 89, 225, 226 Hybrid, 116, 225, 226, 236 Hybridization, 58, 60, 124, 130, 135, 225, 234, 236 Hybridoma, 157, 226 Hydrogen, 63, 199, 204, 207, 213, 219, 223, 226, 234, 236, 250 Hydrogen Peroxide, 63, 207, 223, 226, 250 Hydrolysis, 34, 42, 46, 57, 217, 223, 226, 239, 241, 242, 252 Hydrophobic, 89, 151, 226, 230 Hyperaemia, 211, 226 Hypersensitivity, 200, 226 Hypersensitivity, Immediate, 200, 226 Hypesthesia, 226, 235 Hypoxic, 226, 233, 248 I Ileum, 115, 150, 226, 229 Imidazole, 205, 225, 226, 244 Immune Sera, 226 Immune system, 22, 163, 186, 202, 203, 204, 226, 227, 231, 253, 255 Immunization, 145, 161, 226 Immunoassay, 37, 57, 75, 76, 218, 226 Immunocompetence, 17, 226 Immunocompromised, 107, 165, 226 Immunodeficiency, 72, 227 Immunodiffusion, 200, 227 Immunoelectrophoresis, 200, 227 Immunofluorescence, 38, 59, 227 Immunogen, 157, 227 Immunogenic, 46, 148, 227

Immunoglobulins, 227, 237 Immunohistochemistry, 25, 227 Immunologic, 208, 226, 227 Immunology, 5, 13, 19, 24, 71, 78, 80, 87, 95, 104, 108, 123, 200, 225, 227 Immunosuppressive, 185, 227 In vivo, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15, 19, 21, 85, 90, 91, 109, 148, 200, 205, 222, 227 Incision, 227, 229 Incontinence, 227, 235 Incubation, 40, 50, 78, 152, 227 Incubator, 65, 227 Induction, 11, 18, 23, 91, 201, 227 Industrial Waste, 136, 227 Infancy, 227 Infantile, 120, 227 Infection Control, 161, 228 Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis, 153, 228 Infectious Diarrhea, 17, 20, 164, 165, 166, 228 Infestation, 159, 228 Inflammatory bowel disease, 72, 164, 228 Infusion, 148, 228 Ingestion, 156, 202, 224, 228, 240 Inhalation, 199, 228, 240 Initiator, 205, 228 Inner ear, 228, 254 Innervation, 228, 243 Inoculum, 40, 228 Inorganic, 223, 228, 234 Insertional, 9, 228 Insulin, 205, 228 Intensive Care, 98, 228 Intermittent, 220, 228 Internal Medicine, 24, 25, 221, 228 Intestinal Flora, 132, 146, 229 Intestinal Mucosa, 217, 222, 229 Intestine, 9, 61, 114, 132, 150, 205, 206, 217, 218, 229, 230 Intoxication, 7, 18, 229, 255 Intracellular, 55, 59, 227, 229, 232, 246, 247 Intracellular Membranes, 229, 232 Intravenous, 92, 196, 228, 229 Intrinsic, 16, 67, 200, 204, 229 Invasive, 18, 20, 53, 165, 226, 229 Ions, 114, 204, 215, 216, 226, 229, 241 Irritants, 215, 229 Ischemia, 221, 229, 235 Ischemic Colitis, 163, 229 J Jejunum, 150, 229

263

K Kanamycin, 32, 37, 39, 229 Kanamycin Resistance, 32, 37, 39, 229 Kb, 19, 176, 229 Keratolytic, 214, 229 Kidney Failure, 229, 232 L Labile, 30, 33, 42, 46, 47, 64, 87, 132, 210, 229 Lactate Dehydrogenase, 99, 229 Lactation, 210, 229 Lactulose, 17, 229 Laminin, 204, 219, 230 Large Intestine, 214, 229, 230, 244, 248 Laxative, 200, 229, 230, 248 Lectin, 51, 62, 93, 115, 230, 232 Lesion, 19, 230, 253 Lethal, 93, 204, 230 Leukemia, 222, 230 Lincomycin, 209, 230 Linkages, 208, 223, 230, 238, 250 Lipid, 22, 32, 116, 151, 203, 216, 228, 230 Lipopolysaccharide, 36, 51, 52, 62, 63, 107, 116, 117, 124, 137, 145, 155, 204, 224, 230 Lipoprotein, 52, 93, 224, 230, 231 Lithiasis, 73, 230 Litter, 53, 144, 159, 230 Liver, 28, 164, 165, 199, 204, 205, 213, 214, 219, 221, 223, 225, 230, 253 Localization, 13, 24, 113, 227, 230 Localized, 12, 15, 24, 214, 227, 230, 235, 237, 240, 246, 253 Locomotion, 220, 230, 240 Longitudinal study, 67, 95, 230 Low-density lipoprotein, 230, 231 Lubricants, 200, 231 Lymph, 209, 217, 231 Lymphatic, 217, 228, 231, 249, 251 Lymphocytes, 11, 202, 214, 223, 226, 231, 249, 251, 255 Lymphocytic, 11, 231 Lymphoid, 22, 202, 226, 231 Lymphoma, 22, 231 Lysine, 231, 252 Lytic, 134, 231, 247, 254 M Macrolides, 67, 231 Macrophage, 127, 231 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 224, 231 Malaria, 162, 231 Malaria, Falciparum, 231

Malaria, Vivax, 231 Malignancy, 26, 72, 232 Malignant, 199, 202, 232 Mammary, 8, 210, 232 Mannitol, 17, 232 Mastitis, 232, 247 Meat, 3, 9, 41, 58, 62, 99, 101, 104, 113, 114, 132, 133, 138, 158, 182, 186, 232 Mediate, 19, 215, 232, 244 Mediator, 16, 232 MEDLINE, 177, 232 Megacolon, 136, 232 Melanin, 232, 239, 253 Melanocytes, 232 Melanoma, 145, 232 Membrane Proteins, 22, 46, 47, 123, 232 Memory, 201, 232 Meninges, 208, 215, 232, 248 Meningitis, 4, 98, 232 Mental, iv, 4, 143, 176, 178, 208, 215, 219, 232, 233, 243, 245 Mental Health, iv, 4, 176, 178, 233, 243 Mesenteric, 136, 233 Mesentery, 233, 239 Metronidazole, 88, 233 Microbe, 233, 250, 251 Microbiological, 105, 112, 147, 233 Microfilaments, 104, 233 Microorganism, 141, 210, 233, 238, 254 Micro-organism, 144, 214, 222, 224, 233, 246 Microscopy, 36, 38, 75, 204, 225, 233 Microtubules, 104, 233 Mineralocorticoids, 199, 212, 233 Mitochondria, 233, 237 Mitochondrial Swelling, 233, 235 Mitosis, 203, 233 Mitotic, 18, 233 Modeling, 128, 233 Modification, 15, 222, 233, 243 Molecular, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 35, 37, 52, 53, 55, 65, 70, 76, 83, 88, 90, 92, 93, 96, 97, 115, 116, 128, 136, 137, 154, 155, 177, 179, 201, 205, 211, 220, 233, 234, 250, 251, 252 Molecular mass, 18, 233 Molecular Probes, 25, 234 Monitor, 208, 234, 236 Monoclonal, 13, 28, 75, 89, 156, 157, 234, 237 Monoclonal antibodies, 28, 75, 156, 157, 234

264

Campylobacter

Mononuclear, 55, 234, 252 Morphogenesis, 149, 234 Morphology, 35, 40, 155, 203, 234 Motility, 14, 22, 48, 59, 85, 152, 155, 222, 234, 239 Motion Sickness, 234, 235 Motor nerve, 11, 234, 239 Mucins, 214, 234 Mucosa, 8, 22, 221, 234, 250 Mucus, 9, 155, 215, 234, 253 Mutagenesis, 14, 15, 16, 22, 24, 44, 48, 53, 234 Mutagens, 221, 234 Mutate, 10, 234 Mycobacterium, 164, 204, 234, 252 Myelin, 235, 241, 246 Myelitis, 104, 235 Myeloma, 226, 235 Myositis, 83, 235 N Nalidixic Acid, 56, 62, 96, 235 Natural selection, 205, 235 Nausea, 3, 182, 185, 196, 213, 215, 221, 235 Necrosis, 153, 203, 225, 228, 235 Neonatal, 49, 53, 97, 98, 235 Nervous System, 208, 232, 235, 243, 249 Networks, 9, 235 Neuritis, 86, 235 Neuromuscular, 8, 94, 235, 241, 245 Neuromuscular Junction, 235, 245 Neuromuscular Junction Diseases, 235, 245 Neurons, 15, 214, 235, 249, 250 Neuropathy, 11, 12, 68, 84, 97, 138, 235, 238 Neurosecretory Systems, 217, 235 Neurotransmitter, 215, 223, 225, 235, 247, 249 Neutrophils, 11, 224, 236 Nitrogen, 200, 201, 219, 234, 236 Nosocomial, 53, 97, 98, 236 Nuclear, 216, 219, 235, 236 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 225, 236 Nucleic Acid Probes, 135, 236 Nucleocapsid, 236, 251 Nucleus, 18, 203, 209, 212, 213, 219, 231, 234, 236, 249 Nystatin, 147, 236 O Ocular, 143, 236, 239 Ointments, 215, 236 Olfaction, 208, 236

Oligonucleotide Probes, 141, 236 Oligosaccharides, 8, 63, 94, 107, 137, 151, 155, 236 Oliguria, 229, 232, 237 Operon, 17, 24, 237, 244 Oral Health, 237 Oral Hygiene, 143, 224, 237 Organ Culture, 19, 237 Organelles, 22, 213, 232, 237, 240 Osmolarity, 232, 237 Osteomyelitis, 101, 237 Ovaries, 237, 244 Ovum, 213, 222, 237, 255 P Pachymeningitis, 232, 237 Paediatric, 108, 237 Palliative, 237, 251 Pancreas, 165, 199, 205, 214, 221, 228, 237, 252 Paralysis, 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 138, 237, 238, 243 Paraproteins, 89, 237 Parasite, 237, 252 Parasitic, 132, 162, 182, 212, 215, 222, 225, 228, 237, 254 Parasitic Diseases, 162, 237 Paresis, 235, 238 Paresthesias, 235, 238 Pathologic, 203, 205, 226, 238, 248 Pathologic Processes, 203, 238 Pathophysiology, 8, 55, 164, 165, 238 Patient Education, 184, 190, 192, 197, 238 Penicillin, 134, 201, 238 Penis, 216, 238, 244 Pentosyltransferases, 223, 238 Pepsin, 209, 238 Pepsin A, 209, 238 Peptic, 4, 26, 140, 142, 143, 167, 224, 238, 249 Peptic Ulcer, 4, 26, 140, 142, 143, 167, 224, 238 Peptide, 217, 238, 241, 242 Periodontitis, 24, 75, 222, 238 Peripheral blood, 104, 238 Peripheral Nerves, 238, 241 Peripheral Neuropathy, 141, 238 Peritoneal, 165, 238 Peritoneum, 233, 238, 239 Peroral, 142, 239 Phagocytosis, 10, 55, 65, 239 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 215, 239 Pharmacologic, 13, 239, 251 Phenotype, 14, 20, 24, 239

265

Phenylalanine, 67, 238, 239, 253 Phospholipases, 239, 247 Phospholipids, 219, 230, 239 Phosphorylated, 123, 210, 239 Phrenic Nerve, 239, 245 Physical Examination, 165, 239 Physiologic, 205, 239, 244 Physiology, 9, 148, 221, 239 Pigment, 232, 239 Pilot study, 117, 239 Pirenzepine, 117, 239 Pituitary Gland, 212, 239 Placenta, 93, 240 Plague, 6, 240 Plant Diseases, 217, 240 Plants, 7, 41, 74, 114, 146, 205, 207, 213, 223, 230, 234, 240, 249, 251 Plaque, 143, 240 Plasma, 7, 17, 202, 207, 209, 217, 220, 223, 229, 233, 235, 240, 246 Plasma cells, 202, 235, 240 Plasmid, 19, 29, 39, 40, 48, 50, 54, 63, 77, 132, 240, 254 Plastids, 237, 240 Platelet Activation, 240, 247 Pneumonia, 212, 240 Point Mutation, 55, 100, 240 Poisoning, 3, 99, 100, 120, 126, 133, 163, 164, 165, 171, 182, 185, 220, 221, 229, 235, 240, 245 Policy Making, 223, 240 Polymerase, 37, 38, 39, 41, 57, 60, 75, 76, 88, 130, 137, 151, 240, 244 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 37, 38, 39, 41, 57, 60, 75, 76, 88, 131, 137, 240 Polymers, 205, 241, 242 Polymorphism, 27, 28, 33, 37, 39, 44, 45, 46, 55, 57, 58, 59, 82, 85, 90, 92, 100, 241, 245 Polymyxin, 147, 241 Polypeptide, 150, 200, 210, 211, 225, 238, 241, 242 Polyradiculoneuropathy, 13, 241 Polyradiculopathy, 241 Polysaccharide, 32, 36, 75, 117, 200, 202, 241, 242 Porins, 121, 241 Posterior, 201, 237, 241, 246 Postsynaptic, 235, 241, 247 Potentiates, 239, 241 Potentiating, 205, 241 Potentiation, 241, 247

Poultry Products, 105, 145, 158, 241 Practice Guidelines, 178, 241 Precursor, 215, 216, 217, 239, 241, 253 Prevalence, 14, 17, 56, 101, 137, 241 Probe, 6, 13, 39, 42, 47, 55, 64, 79, 80, 142, 236, 242 Proctitis, 16, 126, 242 Prognostic factor, 242, 250 Progression, 201, 242 Progressive, 149, 207, 215, 235, 240, 242 Promoter, 11, 63, 77, 131, 242 Pronase, 154, 242 Prophylaxis, 159, 162, 242, 253 Prospective study, 56, 121, 230, 242 Prostate, 242, 244 Protease, 154, 242 Protein C, 201, 203, 204, 230, 242, 253 Protein Conformation, 201, 242 Protein S, 19, 93, 205, 211, 213, 218, 222, 242, 249, 250 Proteoglycans, 204, 219, 242 Proteolytic, 200, 210, 217, 242 Proteome, 13, 242 Protocol, 58, 66, 242 Protozoa, 6, 139, 186, 215, 222, 233, 243, 249 Protozoal, 243 Protozoan, 17, 139, 212, 222, 231, 243, 252 Psychic, 232, 243 Psychoactive, 243, 255 Ptosis, 71, 243 Public Health, 5, 12, 16, 17, 69, 74, 78, 81, 99, 104, 105, 116, 132, 134, 147, 158, 178, 243 Public Policy, 177, 243 Publishing, 26, 243 Pulmonary, 206, 209, 229, 243 Pulmonary Edema, 209, 229, 243 Purines, 243, 247 Purpura, 88, 243 Pyogenic, 218, 237, 243, 246 Pyrimidines, 243, 247 Q Quality of Life, 23, 243 Quinones, 51, 243 R Rabies, 243, 255 Radiation, 220, 233, 243, 244 Radioactive, 226, 234, 236, 244 Radioisotope, 236, 244 Randomized, 216, 244 Ranitidine, 143, 239, 244

266

Campylobacter

Reagent, 209, 244, 247 Receptor, 7, 14, 21, 131, 143, 146, 202, 215, 235, 244, 247 Recombinant, 7, 17, 23, 42, 49, 91, 137, 153, 155, 244, 254 Recombinant Proteins, 17, 244 Recombination, 10, 28, 43, 222, 244 Rectum, 163, 202, 206, 210, 214, 220, 221, 227, 228, 230, 242, 244 Recurrence, 114, 239, 244 Red blood cells, 225, 244 Refer, 1, 210, 230, 236, 244, 251 Reflux, 244, 249 Refraction, 244, 248 Regimen, 216, 244 Reinfection, 43, 244 Relapse, 142, 244 Remission, 244 Repressor, 237, 244 Reproductive system, 153, 244 Respiration, 45, 207, 233, 234, 244, 245 Respiratory Paralysis, 136, 245 Retina, 245, 253 Reversion, 245, 252 Rhamnose, 117, 245 Rheumatic Diseases, 110, 245 Rhinitis, 245, 247 Ribotyping, 35, 45, 85, 103, 245 Rigidity, 240, 245 Risk factor, 18, 22, 58, 66, 68, 77, 82, 87, 99, 103, 104, 107, 116, 186, 218, 242, 245 Ristocetin, 245, 254 Rod, 119, 204, 206, 218, 245, 247, 255 Rotavirus, 18, 157, 165, 166, 245 Ruminants, 223, 245 S Salivary, 213, 214, 239, 245 Salivary glands, 213, 214, 245 Salmonellosis, 138, 145, 158, 162, 165, 245 Sanitation, 6, 245 Schizoid, 245, 255 Schizophrenia, 245, 246, 255 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 246, 255 Sclera, 211, 246, 253 Scleroderma, 25, 246 Sclerosis, 24, 246 Screening, 5, 7, 25, 38, 140, 145, 150, 184, 209, 246 Seafood, 171, 246 Sebaceous, 229, 246, 255 Secretion, 24, 54, 143, 209, 212, 223, 225, 229, 233, 234, 239, 244, 246, 253

Secretory, 22, 154, 246 Segregation, 244, 246 Selenium, 17, 246 Self Care, 162, 246 Semen, 123, 216, 242, 246 Semisynthetic, 201, 207, 209, 246 Sensory loss, 235, 246 Sepsis, 93, 98, 246 Septic, 72, 203, 246 Septicaemia, 246, 247 Sequence Analysis, 21, 32, 33, 246 Sequencing, 13, 24, 33, 39, 107, 224, 241, 246 Serine, 14, 246, 252 Serologic, 90, 226, 247 Serology, 195, 196, 247 Serotypes, 23, 28, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 53, 62, 106, 203, 247 Serous, 210, 217, 247 Serum, 10, 49, 60, 86, 95, 97, 141, 201, 202, 210, 226, 231, 233, 247, 252 Shigella, 6, 8, 18, 19, 23, 95, 139, 148, 163, 164, 165, 166, 185, 186, 247 Shigellosis, 22, 162, 247 Shock, 32, 93, 247, 252 Sialyltransferases, 137, 155, 223, 247 Side effect, 144, 167, 199, 247, 251 Signal Transduction, 21, 23, 114, 247 Signs and Symptoms, 244, 247 Silver Staining, 36, 247 Skull, 247, 250 Small intestine, 150, 159, 209, 215, 217, 222, 225, 226, 229, 247, 252 Smallpox, 6, 248 Social Environment, 243, 248 Sodium, 133, 233, 248 Soma, 248 Somatic, 33, 225, 233, 238, 248, 253 Sorbitol, 232, 248 Spasmodic, 199, 248 Specialist, 187, 248 Specificity, 5, 61, 82, 84, 130, 137, 155, 200, 248 Spectrum, 18, 248, 255 Sperm, 201, 209, 248, 252 Spermatozoa, 246, 248 Spinal cord, 13, 208, 209, 215, 216, 232, 235, 237, 238, 245, 248, 249 Spinal Cord Diseases, 245, 248 Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases, 235, 248 Spinal Nerve Roots, 241, 249 Spleen, 213, 226, 231, 249

267

Spondylitis, 98, 249 Sporadic, 19, 33, 66, 73, 79, 100, 104, 105, 106, 135, 149, 156, 249 Spores, 228, 249 Sterile, 159, 203, 249 Steroids, 212, 249 Stimulus, 216, 228, 238, 249 Stool, 18, 25, 42, 55, 57, 79, 163, 182, 195, 196, 210, 227, 230, 249, 250 Strand, 10, 130, 240, 249 Streptomycin, 213, 249 Stress, 9, 28, 32, 59, 63, 117, 143, 164, 165, 221, 235, 249 Subacute, 228, 249 Subclinical, 15, 227, 249 Subcutaneous, 208, 221, 249 Subspecies, 32, 98, 157, 248, 249 Substance P, 218, 245, 246, 249 Substrate, 17, 61, 139, 218, 249 Sucralfate, 115, 249 Suction, 220, 250 Sulfur, 219, 250 Superoxide, 45, 59, 130, 250 Superoxide Dismutase, 45, 59, 130, 250 Supplementation, 17, 250 Suppression, 212, 250 Suppurative, 208, 221, 250 Survival Analysis, 9, 250 Symptomatic, 157, 250 Synaptic, 235, 247, 250 Systemic, 15, 23, 24, 47, 142, 206, 217, 218, 228, 246, 250, 252 Systemic disease, 23, 250 T Tachycardia, 204, 250 Tachypnea, 204, 250 Teichoic Acids, 224, 250 Teicoplanin, 30, 70, 250 Temporal, 62, 105, 106, 250 Tenesmus, 215, 250 Tetracycline, 32, 36, 39, 40, 51, 106, 250 Tetracycline Resistance, 32, 36, 39, 40, 51, 250 Therapeutics, 21, 148, 251 Thermal, 32, 215, 240, 251 Threonine, 14, 247, 251 Thrombocytopenia, 225, 251 Thrombosis, 242, 251 Thymus, 126, 226, 231, 251 Thyroid, 251, 253 Thyroxine, 239, 251 Ticks, 228, 251

Tolerance, 46, 63, 107, 199, 251 Tone, 237, 251 Tonic, 71, 251 Topical, 134, 142, 185, 219, 226, 251 Torovirus, 165, 251 Toxic, iv, 17, 18, 136, 204, 213, 216, 219, 226, 235, 246, 251, 254 Toxicity, 215, 245, 250, 251 Toxicology, 178, 251 Toxin, 7, 18, 35, 36, 49, 52, 63, 91, 132, 217, 251 Toxoplasmosis, 204, 251 Transduction, 247, 252 Transfection, 205, 222, 252 Transfer Factor, 226, 252 Transferases, 137, 155, 223, 252 Translation, 218, 252 Translocation, 18, 34, 218, 252 Transmitter, 215, 232, 252 Transplantation, 226, 231, 252 Trauma, 219, 235, 252 Trichomoniasis, 233, 252 Trichuris, 16, 154, 252 Trypsin, 154, 217, 252 Tuberculosis, 7, 165, 252 Tubulin, 233, 252 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 185, 252 Tunica, 234, 252 TYPHI, 6, 252 Typhimurium, 6, 23, 116, 151, 252 Typhoid fever, 6, 165, 252 Tyrosine, 123, 215, 253 U Ulcer, 4, 22, 121, 142, 143, 167, 208, 215, 239, 249, 253 Ulceration, 4, 238, 253 Ulcerative colitis, 164, 228, 253 Urea, 203, 253 Urease, 32, 34, 64, 108, 121, 224, 253 Ureters, 253 Urethra, 238, 242, 253 Urinary, 4, 206, 209, 217, 222, 227, 230, 235, 237, 239, 253 Urinary tract, 4, 217, 230, 235, 253 Urinary tract infection, 4, 217, 235, 253 Urine, 206, 215, 224, 227, 237, 253 Urogenital, 185, 222, 253 Uterus, 208, 213, 237, 244, 253 Uvea, 253 Uveitis, 67, 253 V Vaccination, 132, 141, 152, 253

268

Campylobacter

Vaccine, 4, 8, 16, 23, 42, 132, 148, 152, 153, 170, 242, 253 Vacuoles, 217, 237, 253 Vagal, 15, 253 Vagina, 208, 244, 253 Vagotomy, 15, 253 Vagus Nerve, 253 Vancomycin, 147, 254 Vascular, 25, 217, 226, 228, 240, 248, 253, 254 Vector, 66, 228, 238, 252, 254 Venoms, 213, 254 Venous, 242, 254 Ventricles, 208, 254 Venules, 206, 207, 217, 254 Vermin, 159, 254 Vertebrae, 248, 249, 254 Vesicular, 206, 248, 254 Vesicular Exanthema of Swine, 206, 254 Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus, 206, 254 Veterinary Medicine, 99, 113, 115, 116, 177, 254 Vibrio, 6, 7, 23, 51, 128, 135, 142, 162, 163, 165, 172, 185, 209, 254 Vibrio cholerae, 23, 51, 128, 165, 209, 254 Vibrio Infections, 162, 254 Viral, 22, 139, 153, 165, 182, 216, 243, 252, 254

Virulence, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 24, 41, 48, 50, 60, 63, 65, 85, 106, 113, 136, 137, 148, 155, 157, 203, 205, 251, 254 Virulent, 137, 254 Virus, 18, 72, 139, 153, 164, 172, 186, 222, 236, 240, 248, 251, 252, 254 Viscera, 233, 248, 254 Visceral, 15, 239, 253, 254 Vitro, 5, 9, 10, 13, 15, 19, 21, 22, 33, 48, 80, 85, 90, 115, 120, 123, 148, 205, 222, 227, 240, 245, 247, 254 Vivo, 21, 22, 35, 49, 255 Vomitus, 26, 255 Vulgaris, 126, 255 W War, 105, 255 White blood cell, 202, 210, 231, 234, 235, 240, 255 Withdrawal, 113, 255 Womb, 244, 253, 255 Wound Healing, 143, 255 X Xenograft, 201, 255 Y Yeasts, 221, 229, 239, 255 Yersinia, 6, 7, 25, 95, 139, 162, 164, 165, 182, 185, 240, 255 Yersinia Infections, 162, 255 Z Zoonosis, 159, 255

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