Brucellosis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

BRUCELLOSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Brucellosis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00186-1 1. Brucellosis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on brucellosis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BRUCELLOSIS............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Brucellosis ..................................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 10 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BRUCELLOSIS ................................................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding Nutrition Studies on Brucellosis.................................................................................... 55 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 56 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BRUCELLOSIS ............................................................ 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 59 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 64 General References ....................................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON BRUCELLOSIS .............................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Dissertations on Brucellosis......................................................................................................... 67 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON BRUCELLOSIS ......................................................................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Patents on Brucellosis .................................................................................................................. 69 Patent Applications on Brucellosis .............................................................................................. 74 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 78 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON BRUCELLOSIS ............................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 79 Chapters on Brucellosis................................................................................................................ 80 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BRUCELLOSIS ............................................................... 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 83 Academic Periodicals covering Brucellosis .................................................................................. 84 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 87 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 88 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 93 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 95 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 97 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 99 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 99 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 99 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 101 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 103 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 103 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 103

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 109 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 113 BRUCELLOSIS DICTIONARY................................................................................................... 115 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 151

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with brucellosis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about brucellosis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to brucellosis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on brucellosis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to brucellosis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on brucellosis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BRUCELLOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on brucellosis.

Federally Funded Research on Brucellosis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to brucellosis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to brucellosis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore brucellosis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for brucellosis: •

Project Title: BRUCELLA ABORTUS ALTERS TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN MONOCYTES Principal Investigator & Institution: Bellaire, Bryan H.; Microbiology and Immunology; Louisiana State Univ Hsc Shreveport P. O. Box 33932 Shreveport, La 71103 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: (provided by applicant): Brucella abortus is a highly infectious intracellular pathogen of humans that is classified as a Category B Bioterrorism agent. Virulence of this organism depends on its ability to survive and replicate within phagosomes of host monocytes. The experiments outlined in this proposal will characterize the maturation of the B. abortus phagosome that becomes acidified but does not fuse with lysosomes. Characterizing how B. abortus phagosomes interact with endosomes, phagosomes and lysosomes will give considerable insight into the host-pathogen relationship. Based on preliminary data and published reports, it is hypothesized that Brucella abortus establishes an intracellular niche within monocytes by interfering with host trafficking machinery to form a modified phagosome that does not fuse with lysosomes. The first set of experiments will use immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blot analysis on purified phagosomes containing live B. abortus to characterize these modified phagosomes. Phagosome maturation is a highly regulated process and key regulators of this pathway are the Rab GTPases Rab5 and Rab7. Altering the activity of these regulators contributes to the survival of other intracellular pathogens by preventing phagosome maturation and fusion with lysosomes. To determine if such a phenomenon is associated with the survival of intracellular B. abortus, phagosome maturation and bacterial survival will be examined in monocytes expressing the dominant-negative and constitutively active forms of Rab5 and Rab7. The goal of these studies is to identify which events in phagosome maturation B. abortus alters for intracellular survival and if Rab5 and Rab7 contribute to or antagonize the development of Brucella's modified phagosome. Completion of these studies will greatly increase our understanding of Brucella pathogenesis that will in turn aid the development a human vaccine and treatments for human brucellosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BRUCELLA STATIONARY PHASE GENE EXPRESSION AND VIRULENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Roop, Roy M.; Microbiology and Immunology; East Carolina University 1000 E 5Th St Greenville, Nc 27858 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: Brucella spp. have several pathogenic properties that make them a serious potential threat for use as agents of biological warfare and bioterrorism. Specifically, they are highly infectious by the aerosol route, they produce a chronic, debilitating disease in humans that is difficult to treat, and there is no safe and effective vaccine available to prevent human brucellosis. Prolonged survival and replication in host macrophages is critical to the capacity of the brucellae to establish and maintain chronic infection in the host. During their long term residence in host macrophages, the brucellae encounter a variety of harsh environmental conditions including nutrient limitation and exposure to reactive oxygen intermediates and acidic pH. Experimental evidence indicates that the B. abortus hfq gene product (also known as host factor I, or HF-I) is essential for the capacity of this organism to withstand exposure to these environmental stresses in host macrophages. Based on the well documented function of its enteric counterparts, the Principal Investigator's working hypothesis is that the B. abortus hfq gene product performs this function by facilitating optimal translation of the gene encoding a homologue of the stationary phase specific RNA polymerase sigma factor RpoS. The specific aims of this project are: 1) to clone the B. abortus rpoS gene, confirm its regulatory link to HF-I, and evaluate its contribution to stationary phase physiology in vitro and virulence in the mouse model; 2) to determine if HF-I and RpoS control stationary phase expression of the B. abortus katE and sodC genes, which

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encode important primary antioxidants linked to virulence in mice; and 3) to identify other HF-I and RpoS-regulated genes in B. abortus that play critical roles in the capacity of this bacterium to establish and maintain chronic infection in the murine host. Defining the physiologic state of the intracellular brucellae during chronic infection in the host and elucidating the contributions of individual stationary phase gene products to successful survival and replication in host macrophages should provide important basic information regarding host-pathogen interactions in Brucella infections. This information may also be useful for the design of novel vaccine candidates and improved chemotherapeutic approaches. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BRUCELLA, AGING AND ROLE OF IL-17 IN HOST DEFENSE Principal Investigator & Institution: High, Kevin P.; Internal Medicine; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUL-2004; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Adults over the age of 65 comprise the fastest growing segment of the U.S. population. Aging increases susceptibility to most intracellular microbes (e.g. Mycobacterium, Salmonella, influenza and other viruses), likely due to waning immunity with advanced age termed 'immune senescence'. Immune senescence is characterized by impaired Th1 immunity, and efforts to reverse the responses that wane in immune senescence have been largely unsuccessful. However, recent data suggest augmenting immune responses that remain intact, even in far advanced age, may be a more achievable strategy to reduce the burden of infectious diseases in older adults. Brucella spp., important causes of disease in both human and animals, represent an exception to the rule that age increases the risk of infection due to intracellular pathogens. Scant published literature and our preliminary experiments suggest older adult mice and humans are no more susceptible to Brucella infection, and may in fact be less susceptible to this pathogen. In this proposal, we will use murine models to explore the immune mechanisms that remain intact or are enhanced with age, that allow efficient clearance of Brucella infection. Our preliminary data demonstrate marked increases in the poorly studied T cell cytokine IL-17 in response to whole Brucella organisms and specific Brucella antigens, particularly in older mice when compared to young adult mice. We suspect that the enhanced resistance of older adult mice may be due to IL-17, and the first aim of this proposal is to better define this association across the age spectrum. Very recent data have suggested IL-17 responses may be mediated by the antigen presenting cell-derived cytokine IL-23. This recently discovered feedback loop at the innate/adaptive interface may be an IL-12 independent mechanism to activate Th1 immune responses, a critical need to enhance resistance to intracellular pathogens in older adults. Initial investigations in this regard form the basis of our second aim. Finally, we will determine the clinical relevance of IL-17 in host defense by blocking the activity of this cytokine in murine models of brucellosis, and assessing the presence of IL-17 secreting memory T cells in humans with active or past Brucella infection. The data generated in this proposal will form the foundation of future R01 proposals aimed at enhancing immunity vs. intracellular pathogens in our aging population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BRUCELLA ABORTUS VIRB LOCUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Tsolis, Renee M.; Assistant Professor; Medical Microbiol & Immunology; Texas A&M University Health Science Ctr College Station, Tx 778433578 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Brucella abortus is a facultative intracellular pathogen that is highly infectious by the aerosol route and causes chronic, debilitating disease. A key step in B. abortus infection is the establishment of persistent infection within macrophages. The bacterial genes encoding virulence mechanisms required for specific interactions between Brucella and the macrophage remain largely undiscovered. We have identified a genetic locus of B. abortus, virB, that is required for establishing infection both in macrophages and In the mouse model. The B. abortus virB locus is predicted by sequence homology to encode a type IV secretion system. Our long- range goal is to elucidate the mechanism by which the virB locus mediates intracellular survival and persistent infection. The objective of this application is to study the expression of the virB genes and compare the interaction of wild type B. abortus and virB mutants with regard to vacuolar trafficking in the macrophage. The central hypothesis of this application is that the virB locus mediates a critical interaction with the macrophage that allows B. abortus to establish infection. The rationale for the proposed research is that characterization of B. abortus virulence factors mediating specific interactions with macrophages will form the basis for new approaches to treat or prevent brucellosis. We are uniquely prepared to undertake the proposed research, because we have generated tools for studying virB expression at both the transcriptional and translational level. Furthermore, the work will be performed in an excellent research environment that is conducive to its completion. Our Department contains several funded investigators working on intracellular bacterial pathogens and excellent BL-3 facilities, as well as other shared resources available for the study of host/pathogen interactions. The central hypothesis will be tested, and the objectives of this application accomplished by pursuing the following two specific aims: (1) Identify conditions for In vitro and in vivo expression of the B. abortus virB locus and localize protein products in the bacterium, and (2) Determine the mechanism by which the virB locus enables B. abortus to survive and grow intracellularly within macrophages. We expect that the results of this work will provide the first direct evidence for expression of the B. abortus virB proteins as well as define the environmental signals that induce expression of this locus. Furthermore, our results will provide information essential to defining the cellular interaction mediated by the virB locus. These results will be significant, because they are expected to provide new targets for preventive or therapeutic interventions to be employed in the case of illegitimate use of this bacterial pathogen. In addition, it is expected that these results will advance our knowledge of type IV secretion systems, which are used by a number of different bacterial pathogens to subvert the host's defense mechanisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF HUMAN BRUCELLOSIS VACCINES Principal Investigator & Institution: Adams, Leslie G.; Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Williams Admin. Bldg., Rm 113 College Station, Tx 778432147 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008

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Summary: Brucella melitensis (Category B) is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes a debilitating acute disease and establishes a chronic undulating febrile disease in man. Current vaccine strains are virulent in humans which makes them unsuitable for human use. Biological terrorism and the potential use of B. melitensis for biological warfare clearly warrants direct measures for prevention of human brucellosis. The immediate goal of the proposed studies is to generate and classify mutations in these genes according to their effect on survival and persistence in the mouse model. The long-range goal of this project is to expand the fundamental knowledge base for improved disease prevention through safer, more effective vaccines for human brucellosis. Signature-tagged transposon mutagenesis and the TRASH system (transposon site hybridization) based on the mariner transposon will be used to mutate Brucella to identify microbial genes and mechanisms responsible for in vivo survival. Identification of specific virulence genes will be used to derive protective attenuated candidate vaccine strains in mice. Based on the safety and protective immunity of the mouse model, the overall goal is to perform vaccination/challenge experiments using Macaca mulatta non-human primates to predict the safety and efficacy of these strains for human use. Our specific aims are to: 1) Identify B. melitensis genes necessary for survival and virulence using the TraSH system for generating and screening mutants; 2) Determine the safety and protection induced by B. melitensis vaccine candidates in the mouse model; 3) Evaluate safety, protection and host gene expression in response to candidate live B. melitensis vaccines in non-human primates. The central hypothesis is that the genes that compromise survival of B. melitensis are candidates for inactivation in human vaccine strains. Organisms defective in the gene products necessary for intracellular persistence are expected to retain immune stimulation, but should be unable to persist within the host. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FALGELLAR GENE HOMOLOGUES IN BRUCELLA MELITENSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Soto-Bonilla, Brenda L.; Animal Hlth & Biomedical Scis; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Brucella melitensis is an intracellular facultative Gram-negative, nonmotile bacterium that causes Brucellosis. The purpose of this work is to investigate the expression of flagellar machinery, and the function of flagellar-like genes recently identified in Brucella melitensis. B. melitensis flagellar gene homologues may encode proteins that form a flagellar type and/or type III secretion system which contributes to host colonization, intracellular survival of Brucella spp. and/or inhibit the host immune system. The major aims of this work are: 1) to generate knockouts of flagellar-related genes, 2) to perform gene complimentation of flagellar-like genes disrupted in B. melitensis, 3) to investigate the extent of infection using flagellar-related gene mutants of B. melitensis, and 4) to perform microarray analysis of the B. melitensis gene expression profile upon host infection focusing on the flagellar-like genes. The proposed studies will provide information on potential pathogenic mechanisms of B. melitensis and related organisms. Knowledge of the effector mechanisms involved in pathogenicity will allow us to develop target specific therapies (e.g. vaccines) and will shed light on potential pathways of immune modulation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENE EXPRESSION IN BRUCELLA-INFECTED MACROPHAGES Principal Investigator & Institution: He, Yongqun; None; Virginia Polytechnic Inst and St Univ 460 Turner Street, Suite 306 Blacksburg, Va 24060 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-FEB-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Brucella are intracellular facultative bacteria causing brucellosis in animals and humans. Four Brucella species are pathogenic to humans and classified as NIAID category B priority pathogens. However, no safe and effective Brucella vaccine is available for human use and the basic mechanisms by which Brucella successfully replicate intracellularly in host tissues remains unclear. B. melitensis, B. suis, and B. abortus are the most virulent to humans. The presence of the O-side chain in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) distinguishes smooth virulent Brucella strains from rough attenuated or avirulent strains. Brucella O-side chain has been shown to induce protective cell mediated immunity. Smooth Brucella infect and replicate within host macrophages whereas rough strains infect and replicate for a limited time. We propose to use high throughput DNA microarray technology to study differential and coordinated gene expression in the time course of murine macrophage responses to infection with smooth and rough Brucella strains. The role of Brucella O-side chain in stimulation of specific macrophage gene responses will be analyzed. The gene expression profiles detected by DNA microarray experiments will be confirmed by realtime RT-PCR. The proposed research will greatly help in understanding the genetic basis of host defenses against infection by virulent and attenuated Brucella strains and make possible development of novel strategies to treat and prevent infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IMPROVED BRUCELLA VACCINE STRAINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ficht, Thomas A.; Professor; Veterinary Pathobiology; Texas A&M University System College Station, Tx 778433578 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Despite awareness of brucellosis for more than two millennia, identification and treatment of human illness is documented only within the last century. Reduction in animal disease has been used strategically to reduce human disease. Treatment of human infection relies upon antibiotic therapies, but relapse is not uncommon and with the advent of bioengineering, the ability to introduce antibiotic resistance into Brucella may negate the only method for direct treatment of human brucellosis. Brucellosis in humans can affect a number of different tissues, but is most typically associated with the lympho-histiocytic disease that if left untreated invades other tissues and can kill the host. Disease depends upon the ability of the organism to survive intracellularly, and includes persistence within professional phagocytic cells. Protective immunity in the host requires both the humoral and cellular responses, and although much effort has been invested in the development of subunit vaccines there has been little of success along these lines. The safety of currently available vaccine strains for human use is questionable, since these are often used to prevent abortion with less concern for protection against infection. The aim of the work proposed is the development of improved vaccines based on attenuated intracellular survival to minimize persistence of the organism while stimulating a protective immune response. Signature-tagged mutagenesis will be used to identify mutants of attenuated virulence in the mouse model and the defect in intracellular survival will be verified in vitro in human macrophages. The mouse model of infection will be employed, since survival and persistence of the pathogen in this model relies upon intracellular survival in

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macrophages. Similarities in survival of the organism, disease and organ involvement support the use of the mouse model for the study of human brucellosis. Vaccination in mice will be evaluated for protection against both intraperitoneal and oral challenge. Many of the gene products identified may serve as targets for new therapeutic regimens, but that is beyond the scope of the current proposal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REGION VI CENTER FOR BIODEFENCE AND EMERGING INFECTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Walker, David H.; Professor; Pathology; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 04-SEP-2003; Project End 29-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): In response to NIAID's call for the creation of strong infrastructure and multifaceted research and development activities applying the best basic, translational, and clinical science to the generation of new diagnostic, therapeutic and vaccine countermeasures for Category A, B, and C pathogens posing threats as agents of bioterrorism, 22 institutions in Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana have combined their energy, creativity, and resources to propose creation of the Region Vl Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases (Region Vl RCE). Nine scientific cores will provide access to state-of-the-art proteomics, genomics, standardized small animal and non-human primate models of infectious diseases, BSL-4 laboratory facilities, and GLP scale-up production, as well as crosscutting functions in computational biology and a streamlined process for translational development of vaccines and drugs leading to FDA approval. A wealth of scientific expertise on biothreat agents and contemporary biomedical technology will be applied to establishing the scientific basis and translating it through 11 major research projects, 3 developmental research projects, and 4 career development projects to the development of vaccines against Rift Valley fever, tularemia, smallpox, Venezuelan, eastern, and western equine encephalitis, brucellosis, and typhus; new therapeutic agents against Bacillus anthracis (including the spore), arenaviruses, filoviruses, alphaviruses, flaviviruses, and poxviruses, as well as novel approaches to synthesis of chemical libraries that will promote future drug discovery; and advanced diagnostic methods for Q fever and typhus as well as computational analysis of all host response biosignatures observed within the RCE for the construction of diagnostic and prognostic algorithms and analysis of host responses to infection and immunization. A consistently strong spirit of cooperation among traditionally competing institutions has established an interlocking network of projects, cores, and administration that will strengthen and flourish as the Center is implemented. The guidance of this network of interactive research projects and core resource facilities will be executed under a comprehensive administrative plan to contribute substantially to the nation's biodefense mission by fulfilling a carefully crafted scientific strategy on a common theme; Collaborations for host-pathogen biology based development of novel vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics against biothreat agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “brucellosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for brucellosis in the PubMed Central database: •

Ability of mononuclear phagocytes from cattle naturally resistant or susceptible to brucellosis to control in vitro intracellular survival of Brucella abortus. by Price RE, Templeton JW, Smith R 3rd, Adams LG.; 1990 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258555

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Analysis of 506 consecutive positive serologic tests for brucellosis in Saudi Arabia. by Kiel FW, Khan MY.; 1987 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269230

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Comparative analysis of Brucella serotype A and M and Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 polysaccharides for serological diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle, sheep, and goats. by Diaz-Aparicio E, Aragon V, Marin C, Alonso B, Font M, Moreno E, Perez-Ortiz S, Blasco JM, Diaz R, Moriyon I.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266364

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Comparison of immune responses and resistance to brucellosis in mice vaccinated with Brucella abortus 19 or RB51. by Stevens MG, Olsen SC, Pugh GW Jr, Brees D.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=172987

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Diagnosis of brucellosis by using blood cultures. by Ruiz J, Lorente I, Perez J, Simarro E, Martinez-Campos L.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229981

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Diagnosis of recent and relapsed cases of human brucellosis by PCR assay. by Nimri LF.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156630

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Differentiation between active and inactive human brucellosis by measuring antiprotein humoral immune responses. by Goldbaum FA, Rubbi CP, Wallach JC, Miguel SE, Baldi PC, Fossati CA.; 1992 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265118

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Direct Urease Test on BACTEC Blood Cultures: Early Presumptive Diagnosis of Brucellosis in an Area of Endemicity. by Rich M, Bannatyne RM, Memish ZA.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86537

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Doxycycline-rifampin versus doxycycline-streptomycin in treatment of human brucellosis due to Brucella melitensis. The GECMEI Group. Grupo de Estudio de Castilla-la Mancha de Enfermedades Infecciosas. by Solera J, Rodriguez-Zapata M, Geijo P, Largo J, Paulino J, Saez L, Martinez-Alfaro E, Sanchez L, Sepulveda MA, RuizRibo MD.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162881

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Effect of recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 on immunopathology of experimental brucellosis in mice. by Doyle AG, Halliday WJ, Barnett CJ, Dunn TL, Hume DA.; 1992 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257019

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Evaluation of Dipstick Serologic Tests for Diagnosis of Brucellosis and Typhoid Fever in Egypt. by Ismail TF, Smits H, Wasfy MO, Malone JL, Fadeel MA, Mahoney F.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130816

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Evaluation of Lipopolysaccharides and Polysaccharides of Different Epitopic Structures in the Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Diagnosis of Brucellosis in Small Ruminants and Cattle. by Alonso-Urmeneta B, Marin C, Aragon V, Blasco JM, Diaz R, Moriyon I.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96196

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Evaluation of North American Antibody Detection Tests for Diagnosis of Brucellosis in Goats. by Mikolon AB, Gardner IA, Hietala SK, Hernandez de Anda J, Chamizo Pestana E, Hennager SG, Edmondson AJ.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104906

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Evaluation of PCR and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on milk samples for diagnosis of brucellosis in dairy cattle. by Romero C, Pardo M, Grillo MJ, Diaz R, Blasco JM, Lopez-Goni I.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228673

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Evaluation of Primary Binding Assays for Presumptive Serodiagnosis of Swine Brucellosis in Argentina. by Paulo PS, Vigliocco AM, Ramondino RF, Marticorena D, Bissi E, Briones G, Gorchs C, Gall D, Nielsen K.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95964

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Immune responses and resistance to brucellosis in mice vaccinated orally with Brucella abortus RB51. by Stevens MG, Olsen SC, Palmer MV, Pugh GW Jr.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174409

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Immune serum-mediated effects on brucellosis evolution in mice. by Plommet M, Plommet AM.; 1983 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264748

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Brucellosis

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Indirect hemagglutination employing enterobacterial common antigen and Yersinia somatic antigen: a technique to differentiate brucellosis from infections involving cross-reacting Yersinia enterocolitica. by Mittal KR, Ricciardi ID, Tizard IR.; 1980 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273342

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Multicenter prospective study of treatment of Brucella melitensis brucellosis with doxycycline for 6 weeks plus streptomycin for 2 weeks. by Cisneros JM, Viciana P, Colmenero J, Pachon J, Martinez C, Alarcon A.; 1990 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171710

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Persistence of Brucella Antibodies after Successful Treatment of Acute Brucellosis in an Area of Endemicity. by Memish ZA.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130836

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Posttreatment Follow-Up of Brucellosis by PCR Assay. by Morata P, Queipo-Ortuno MI, Reguera JM, Garcia-Ordonez MA, Pichardo C, Colmenero JD.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85913

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Prophylaxis or treatment of experimental brucellosis with interleukin-1. by Zhan YF, Stanley ER, Cheers C.; 1991 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257917

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Protection of Mice against Brucellosis by Intranasal Immunization with Brucella melitensis Lipopolysaccharide as a Noncovalent Complex with Neisseria meningitidis Group B Outer Membrane Protein. by Bhattacharjee AK, Van De Verg L, Izadjoo MJ, Yuan L, Hadfield TL, Zollinger WD, Hoover DL.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128042

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Protection of Mice against Brucellosis by Vaccination with Brucella melitensis WR201(16M[Delta]purEK). by Hoover DL, Crawford RM, Van De Verg LL, Izadjoo MJ, Bhattacharjee AK, Paranavitana CM, Warren RL, Nikolich MP, Hadfield TL.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96969

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Rapid diagnosis of human brucellosis by peripheral-blood PCR assay. by QueipoOrtuno MI, Morata P, Ocon P, Manchado P, Colmenero JD.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230089

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Rapid laboratory confirmation of human brucellosis by PCR analysis of a target sequence on the 31-kilodalton Brucella antigen DNA. by Matar GM, Khneisser IA, Abdelnoor AM.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228827

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Serologic responses in diagnostic tests for brucellosis in cattle vaccinated with Brucella abortus 19 or RB51. by Stevens MG, Hennager SG, Olsen SC, Cheville NF.; 1994 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267184

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Serum Is the Preferred Clinical Specimen for Diagnosis of Human Brucellosis by PCR. by Zerva L, Bourantas K, Mitka S, Kansouzidou A, Legakis NJ.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87995

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Specific bovine brucellosis diagnosis based on in vitro antigen-specific gamma interferon production. by Weynants V, Godfroid J, Limbourg B, Saegerman C, Letesson JJ.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228018

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Therapy of experimental murine brucellosis with streptomycin alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and rifampin. by Lang R, Shasha B, Rubinstein E.; 1993 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=192388

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Therapy of experimental murine brucellosis with streptomycin, co-trimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, doxycycline, and rifampin. by Shasha B, Lang R, Rubinstein E.; 1992 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=188798

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Treatment of human brucellosis with doxycycline and gentamicin. by Solera J, Espinosa A, Martinez-Alfaro E, Sanchez L, Geijo P, Navarro E, Escribano J, Fernandez JA.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163664

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with brucellosis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “brucellosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for brucellosis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

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A case of laboratory acquired brucellosis. Author(s): Arlett PR. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 November 2; 313(7065): 1130-2. Erratum In: Bmj 1997 January 11; 314(7074): 134. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8916703

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Brucellosis

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A clinical study of brucellosis in adults in the Asir region of southern Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Malik GM. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1997 April; 56(4): 3757. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9158043

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A fatal case of systemic brucellosis. Author(s): Gupta S, Varadarajulu R, Mehta SR, Jaswal DS, Mehdi S, Kumar K, Mishra A. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 December; 49: 1200-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11996446

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A knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) study of brucellosis in the Asir region of southern Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Malik GM, Mekki TE, Elhiday AA. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1995 June; 89(3): 323-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7668927

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A panel of eight tests in the serodiagnosis and immunological evaluation of acute brucellosis. Author(s): Dabdoob WA, Abdulla ZA. Source: East Mediterr Health J. 2000 March-May; 6(2-3): 304-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11556017

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A seroepidemiologic survey on brucellosis antibodies in southern Italy. Author(s): Torre I, Ribera G, Pavia M, Angelillo IF. Source: Infection. 1997 May-June; 25(3): 150-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9181381

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Accumulation of Tc-99m HIG in brucellosis. Author(s): Sarikaya A, Cermik TF, Otkun M, Ogutlu A, Pekindil G, Berkarda S. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1998 March; 23(3): 182-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9509942

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Acute brucellosis associated with massive proteinuria. Author(s): Odeh M, Oliven A. Source: Nephron. 1996; 72(4): 688-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8730444

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Acute brucellosis of childhood: a case report with unusual features. Author(s): Sachdev A, Vohra R, Bijarnia S. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2001 December; 38(12): 1421-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11752745

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Acute calcular cholecystitis in a patient with brucellosis. Author(s): Fasquelle D, Charignon G, Rami M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 August; 18(8): 599600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10517200

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Acute focal bacterial nephritis in childhood brucellosis. Author(s): Loberant N, Salamon V, Jerushalmi J, Herskovits M, Goldfeld M, Noi I. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1995 November; 25 Suppl 1: S62-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8577557

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Acute pancreatitis associated with brucellosis. Author(s): Odeh M, Oliven A. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1995 November-December; 10(6): 691-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8580415

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Acute thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood brucellosis. Author(s): Benjamin B. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1995 September; 15(3): 189-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8534035

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An overview of human brucellosis. Author(s): Young EJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1995 August; 21(2): 283-9; Quiz 290. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8562733

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An unusual case of brucellosis in Japan: difficulties in the differential diagnosis from pulmonary tuberculosis. Author(s): Takahashi H, Tanaka S, Yoshida K, Hoshino H, Sasaki H, Takahashi K, Kimura K, Fujii N, Kimura H, Mori M, Abe S. Source: Intern Med. 1996 April; 35(4): 310-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8739788

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Brucellosis

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Antigen-specific activation and proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from brucellosis patients. Author(s): Moreno-Lafont MC, Lopez-Santiago R, Zumaran-Cuellar E, ParedesCervantes V, Lopez-Merino A, Estrada-Aguilera A, Santos-Argumedo L. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 MayJune; 96(3): 340-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12174793

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Anti-phosphatidylcholine antibodies in patients with brucellosis. Author(s): Casao MA, Leiva J, Diaz R, Gamazo C. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1998 January; 47(1): 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9449949

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Ascites caused by brucellosis: a report of two cases. Author(s): Akritidis N, Pappas G. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 January; 36(1): 110-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11218233

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Assessment of the Rose-Bengal plate test for the diagnosis of human brucellosis in health facilities in Narok district, Kenya. Author(s): Maichomo MW, McDermott JJ, Arimi SM, Gathura PB. Source: East Afr Med J. 1998 April; 75(4): 219-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9745838

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Azithromycin and gentamicin therapy for the treatment of humans with brucellosis. Author(s): Solera J, Beato JL, Martinez-Alfaro E, Segura JC, de Tomas E; Grupo de Estudio de Castilla la Mancha de Enfermedades Infecciosas Group. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 February 1; 32(3): 506-9. Epub 2001 January 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11170962

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Branchial cyst empyema due to Brucella melitensis infection as a form of focal Brucellosis. Author(s): Apostolova E, Papadopoulos V, Leptidou-Kerestetzi T. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2002 May; 44(4): 271. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12099739

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Brucella glomerulonephritis: review of the literature and report on the first patient with brucellosis and mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis. Author(s): Altiparmak MR, Pamuk GE, Pamuk ON, Tabak F. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(6): 477-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12160181

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Brucella peritonitis in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis with acute brucellosis. Author(s): Taskapan H, Oymak O, Sumerkan B, Tokgoz B, Utas C. Source: Nephron. 2002 May; 91(1): 156-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12021533

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Brucellosis (Mediterranean fever, Gibralter fever, Malta fever, Cyprus fever, undulant fever, typhomalarial fever). Author(s): Roberts A, Kemp C. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2001 March; 13(3): 1067. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11930580

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Brucellosis and thrombocytopenia. Author(s): Khan LA, Al-Hateeti HS. Source: Saudi Med J. 2001 February; 22(2): 181-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11299421

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Brucellosis as a cause of septic loosening of total hip arthroplasty. Author(s): Ortega-Andreu M, Rodriguez-Merchan EC, Aguera-Gavalda M. Source: The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2002 April; 17(3): 384-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11938520

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Brucellosis associated with thrombocytopenia. Author(s): Hussein I, Gokul BN, Paul A. Source: Saudi Med J. 2000 September; 21(9): 877-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11376368

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Brucellosis control in Saudi Arabia: prospects and challenges. Author(s): Memish Z. Source: J Chemother. 2001 April; 13 Suppl 1: 11-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11434523

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Brucellosis due to blood transfusion. Author(s): Doganay M, Aygen B, Esel D. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2001 October; 49(2): 151-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11567568

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Brucellosis in children in south Jordan. Author(s): Issa H, Jamal M. Source: East Mediterr Health J. 1999 September; 5(5): 895-902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10983528

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Brucellosis

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Brucellosis in immigrants in Denmark. Author(s): Eriksen N, Lemming L, Hojlyng N, Bruun B. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(7): 540-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12195884

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Brucellosis in laboratory workers at a Saudi Arabian hospital. Author(s): Memish ZA, Mah MW. Source: American Journal of Infection Control. 2001 February; 29(1): 48-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11172318

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Brucellosis in Mexico: current status and trends. Author(s): Luna-Martinez JE, Mejia-Teran C. Source: Veterinary Microbiology. 2002 December 20; 90(1-4): 19-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12414130

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Brucellosis in pregnant women. Author(s): Khan MY, Mah MW, Memish ZA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 April 15; 32(8): 1172-7. Epub 2001 Apr 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11283806

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Brucellosis in the etiology of febrile neutropenia: case report. Author(s): Sari R, Buyukberber N, Sevinc A, Bayindir Y, Buyukberber S. Source: J Chemother. 2002 February; 14(1): 88-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11892906

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Brucellosis in wildlife. Author(s): Godfroid J. Source: Rev Sci Tech. 2002 August; 21(2): 277-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11974615

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Brucellosis transmitted by bone marrow transplantation. Author(s): Ertem M, Kurekci AE, Aysev D, Unal E, Ikinciogullari A. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2000 July; 26(2): 225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10918436

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Brucellosis with acute acalculous cholecystitis. Author(s): Ashley D, Vade A, Challapalli M. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2000 November; 19(11): 1112-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11099103

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Brucellosis: a worldwide zoonosis. Author(s): Boschiroli ML, Foulongne V, O'Callaghan D. Source: Current Opinion in Microbiology. 2001 February; 4(1): 58-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11173035

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Brucellosis: unusual presentations in two adolescent boys. Author(s): Piampiano P, McLeary M, Young LW, Janner D. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2000 May; 30(5): 355-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10836605

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Cell response to a salt-extractable and sonicated Brucella melitensis 16M antigen in human brucellosis. Author(s): Moreno-Lafont MC, Lopez-Merino A, Lopez-Santiago R. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1995 May; 2(3): 377-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7664186

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Central nervous system brucellosis: presentation, diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Akdeniz H, Irmak H, Anlar O, Demiroz AP. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1998 May; 36(3): 297-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9661940

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Central nervous system involvement in childhood brucellosis. Author(s): Caksen H, Odabas D, Arslan S, Oner AF. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2001 October; 21(3): 291-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11604291

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Chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) for the detection of brucellosis and tularaemia antigens. Author(s): Vidziunaite R, Mikulskis P, Kulys J. Source: Journal of Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence. 1995 July-August; 10(4): 199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8533600

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Childhood brucellosis in Israel. Author(s): Gottesman G, Vanunu D, Maayan MC, Lang R, Uziel Y, Sagi H, Wolach B. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1996 July; 15(7): 610-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8823856

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Childhood brucellosis in north-western Greece: a retrospective analysis. Author(s): Galanakis E, Bourantas KL, Leveidiotou S, Lapatsanis PD. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1996 January; 155(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8750800

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Childhood brucellosis is still a severe problem in the eastern region of Turkey. Author(s): Caksen H, Arslan S, Oner AF, Cesur Y, Ceylan A, Atas B, Abuhandan M. Source: Trop Doct. 2002 April; 32(2): 91-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11931209

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Chronic brucellosis in workers in a meat-packing plant. Author(s): Landau Z, Green L. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999; 31(5): 511-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10576135

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Chronic hepatosplenic abscesses in Brucellosis. Clinico-therapeutic features and molecular diagnostic approach. Author(s): Colmenero Jde D, Queipo-Ortuno MI, Maria Reguera J, Angel Suarez-Munoz M, Martin-Carballino S, Morata P. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2002 March; 42(3): 159-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11929686

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Ciprofloxacin and rifampicin versus doxycycline and rifampicin in the treatment of brucellosis. Author(s): Agalar C, Usubutun S, Turkyilmaz R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 August; 18(8): 535-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10517189

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Clinical features, complications and treatment outcome of childhood brucellosis in central Greece. Author(s): Tsolia M, Drakonaki S, Messaritaki A, Farmakakis T, Kostaki M, Tsapra H, Karpathios T. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2002 May; 44(4): 257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12099734

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Cloning of a Brucella melitensis group 3 antigen gene encoding Omp28, a protein recognized by the humoral immune response during human brucellosis. Author(s): Lindler LE, Hadfield TL, Tall BD, Snellings NJ, Rubin FA, Van De Verg LL, Hoover D, Warren RL. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1996 July; 64(7): 2490-9. Erratum In: Infect Immun 1996 October; 64(10): 4414. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8698471

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Cold agglutinins as a fast clue to brucellosis? Author(s): Spronk PE, Bergkamp FJ, Roggeveen C. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1999 November; 55(5): 247-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10593136

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Competitive enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of human brucellosis. Author(s): Lucero NE, Foglia L, Ayala SM, Gall D, Nielsen K. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 October; 37(10): 3245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10488186

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Congenital brucellosis in a premature infant. Author(s): Chheda S, Lopez SM, Sanderson EP. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1997 January; 16(1): 81-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9002111

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Congenital brucellosis. Author(s): Shamo'on H, Izzat M. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1999 December; 18(12): 1110-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10608639

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Criteria for better detection of brucellosis in the Narok District of Kenya. Author(s): Muriuki SM, McDermott JJ, Arimi SM, Mugambi JT, Wamola IA. Source: East Afr Med J. 1997 May; 74(5): 317-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9337012

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Current understanding and management of chronic hepatosplenic suppurative brucellosis. Author(s): Ariza J, Pigrau C, Canas C, Marron A, Martinez F, Almirante B, Corredoira JM, Casanova A, Fabregat J, Pahissa A. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 April 1; 32(7): 1024-33. Epub 2001 March 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11264030

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Cutaneous findings encountered in brucellosis and review of the literature. Author(s): Metin A, Akdeniz H, Buzgan T, Delice I. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2001 July; 40(7): 434-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11678996

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Cutaneous manifestations in brucellosis: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Milionis H, Christou L, Elisaf M. Source: Infection. 2000 March-April; 28(2): 124-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10782403

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Dactylitis in a patient with brucellosis. Author(s): Ozgocmen S, Ardicoglu O, Ozcakar L. Source: Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Lothian). 2001 April; 26(2): 171-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11281675

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Deep femoral artery pseudoaneurysm due to brucellosis. Author(s): Ustuner E, Erden A, Fitoz S, Erden I, Sancak T. Source: Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine : Official Journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2001 December; 20(12): 1353-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11762547

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Deep venous thrombosis associated with acute brucellosis--a case report. Author(s): Odeh M, Pick N, Oliven A. Source: Angiology. 2000 March; 51(3): 253-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10744014

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Defective interferon-gamma production by T-lymphocytes from patients with acute brucellosis. Author(s): Rodriguez-Zapata M, Salmeron I, Manzano L, Salmeron OJ, Prieto A, Alvarez-Mon M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1996 February; 26(2): 136-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8904523

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Defective reactive oxygen metabolite generation by macrophages from acute brucellosis patients. Author(s): Rodriguez-Zapata M, Reyes E, Sanchez L, Espinosa A, Solera J, Alvarez-Mon M. Source: Infection. 1997 May-June; 25(3): 187-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9181390

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Development and evaluation of a rapid dipstick assay for serodiagnosis of acute human brucellosis. Author(s): Smits HL, Basahi MA, Diaz R, Marrodan T, Douglas JT, Rocha A, Veerman J, Zheludkov MM, Witte OW, de Jong J, Gussenhoven GC, Goris MG, van Der Hoorn MA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 December; 37(12): 4179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10565959

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Development, testing and commercialization of a new brucellosis vaccine for cattle. Author(s): Cheville NF. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2000; 916: 147-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11193615

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Diagnosis and treatment of 106 cases of human brucellosis. Author(s): Shehabi A, Shakir K, el-Khateeb M, Qubain H, Fararjeh N, Shamat AR. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1990 January; 20(1): 5-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2299182

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Diagnosis and treatment of brucellosis. Author(s): Shamelian SO. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 2000 May; 56(5): 198-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10781713

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Diagnosis of brucellosis by using blood cultures. Author(s): Ruiz J, Lorente I, Perez J, Simarro E, Martinez-Campos L. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 September; 35(9): 2417-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9276429

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Diagnosis of human and animal brucellosis by the indirect haemagglutination test. Author(s): Versilova PA, Cernyseva MI, Aslanjan RG, Knjazeva EN. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1974; 51(2): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4549484

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Diagnostic usefulness of antibodies against ribosome recycling factor from Brucella melitensis in human or canine brucellosis. Author(s): Cassataro J, Delpino MV, Velikovsky CA, Bruno L, Fossati CA, Baldi PC. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2002 March; 9(2): 366-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11874879

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Diagnostic value of Brucella ELISA IgG and IgM in bacteremic and non-bacteremic patients with brucellosis. Author(s): Osoba AO, Balkhy H, Memish Z, Khan MY, Al-Thagafi A, Al Shareef B, Al Mowallad A, Oni GA. Source: J Chemother. 2001 April; 13 Suppl 1: 54-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11434531

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Diagnostic yield of a PCR assay in focal complications of brucellosis. Author(s): Morata P, Queipo-Ortuno MI, Reguera JM, Miralles F, Lopez-Gonzalez JJ, Colmenero JD. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 October; 39(10): 3743-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11574607

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Diarrhoea as the first manifestation of brucellosis. Author(s): Locutura J, Duenas C, Mijan A, Lorenzo JF, Palacios T. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 February; 17(2): 1356. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9629985

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Diminished production of T helper 1 cytokines correlates with T cell unresponsiveness to Brucella cytoplasmic proteins in chronic human brucellosis. Author(s): Giambartolomei GH, Delpino MV, Cahanovich ME, Wallach JC, Baldi PC, Velikovsky CA, Fossati CA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 July 15; 186(2): 252-9. Epub 2002 June 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12134263

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Diminished T lymphocyte proliferative response to polyclonal mitogens in acute brucellosis patients. Author(s): Rodriguez-Zapata M, Alvarez-Mon M, Salmeron I, Prieto A, Manzano L, Salmeron OJ, Carballido J. Source: Infection. 1996 March-April; 24(2): 115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8740102

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Direct urease test on BACTEC blood cultures: early presumptive diagnosis of brucellosis in an area of endemicity. Author(s): Rich M, Bannatyne RM, Memish ZA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 April; 38(4): 1706. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10819622

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Doxycycline-rifampin versus doxycycline-streptomycin in treatment of human brucellosis due to Brucella melitensis. The GECMEI Group. Grupo de Estudio de Castilla-la Mancha de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Author(s): Solera J, Rodriguez-Zapata M, Geijo P, Largo J, Paulino J, Saez L, MartinezAlfaro E, Sanchez L, Sepulveda MA, Ruiz-Ribo MD. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1995 September; 39(9): 2061-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8540716

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Duration of chemotherapy for childhood brucellosis. Author(s): al-Eissa YA, al-Zamil FA, al-Nasser MN. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1994 April; 13(4): 335-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8036060

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Early clinical response to different therapeutic regimens for human brucellosis. Author(s): Malik GM. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1998 February; 58(2): 190-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9502602

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Effect of age and duration of disease on the clinical manifestations of brucellosis. A study of 73 consecutive patients in Israel. Author(s): Yinnon AM, Morali GA, Goren A, Rudensky B, Isacsohn M, Michel J, Hershko C. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1993 January; 29(1): 11-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8454438

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Efficacy of indirect haemolysis test in the diagnosis of human brucellosis. Author(s): Barbuddhe SB, Yadava VK. Source: J Commun Dis. 1997 September; 29(3): 283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9465535

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Epidemiological aspects of brucellosis in Jordan. Author(s): Abu Shaqra QM. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 June; 16(6): 581-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11049102

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Epidemiological study of brucellosis in eight Greek villages using a computerised mapping programme. Author(s): Hadjichristodoulou C, Papatheodorou C, Soteriades E, Panagakos G, Kastritis I, Goutziana G, Charvalos E, Tselentis Y. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 August; 15(7): 671-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10543359

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Epidemiological study on brucellosis of the Mongolian People's Republic. Author(s): Jezek Z, Rusinko M, Ochirvan S, Baldandordj C, Mingir G. Source: J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1974; 18(2): 160-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4213085

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Epidemiology and control of brucellosis in ruminants from 1986 to 1996 in Malta. Author(s): Abela B. Source: Rev Sci Tech. 1999 December; 18(3): 648-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10588008

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Epidemiology and diagnosis of human brucellosis in Jordan. Author(s): Dajani YF, Masoud AA, Barakat HF. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1989 June; 92(3): 209-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2738993

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Epidemiology of human brucellosis in Israel. Author(s): Slater PE, Costin C, Seidenbaum M, Ever-Hadani S. Source: Public Health Rev. 1990-91; 18(2): 159-69. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2134722

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Epidemiology of human brucellosis in southern Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Alballa SR. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1995 June; 98(3): 185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7783277

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Epididymo-orchitis and Brucellosis. Author(s): Khan MS, Humayoon MS, Al Manee MS. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1989 January; 63(1): 87-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2920268

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Epididymo-orchitis as a complication of brucellosis. Author(s): Yurdakul T, Sert U, Acar A, Karalezli G, Akcetin Z. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1995; 55(3): 141-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8540157

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Epididymo-orchitis due to brucellosis. Author(s): Afsar H, Baydar I, Sirmatel F. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1993 July; 72(1): 104-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8149154

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Esophageal brucellosis: a new location of Brucella infection. Author(s): Laso FJ, Cordero M, Garcia-Sanchez JE. Source: Clin Investig. 1994 May; 72(5): 393-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8086774

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Evaluation of an ELISA for the diagnosis of brucellosis. Author(s): Mathai E, Singhal A, Verghese S, D'Lima D, Mathai D, Ganesh A, Thomas K, Moses P. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1996 June; 103: 323-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8707374

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Evaluation of an immunocapture-agglutination test (Brucellacapt) for serodiagnosis of human brucellosis. Author(s): Orduna A, Almaraz A, Prado A, Gutierrez MP, Garcia-Pascual A, Duenas A, Cuervo M, Abad R, Hernandez B, Lorenzo B, Bratos MA, Torres AR. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 November; 38(11): 4000-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11060059

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Evaluation of dipstick serologic tests for diagnosis of brucellosis and typhoid Fever in egypt. Author(s): Ismail TF, Smits H, Wasfy MO, Malone JL, Fadeel MA, Mahoney F. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 September; 40(9): 3509-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12202606

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Evaluation of microtitre spin agglutination assay in the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. Author(s): Maichomi MW, Mugambi TJ. Source: East Afr Med J. 1999 December; 76(12): 713. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10734548

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Exploration of the cellular mediated immunity by the blastogenesis test during chronic brucellosis in human. Author(s): Person JM, Frottier J, le Garrec Y, Barrat F, Bastin R, Pilet C. Source: Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 1987; 10(1): 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3107887

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Extradural brucellosis granuloma with 'subtle' spondylosis: a rare cause of spinal cord compression. Author(s): Sharma RR, Chandy MJ, Lad SD. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 1990; 4(5): 441-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2261109

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Failure of ceftriaxone in the treatment of acute brucellosis. Author(s): Lang R, Dagan R, Potasman I, Einhorn M, Raz R. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1992 February; 14(2): 506-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1554839

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Failure of routine methods in the diagnosis of chronic brucellosis. Author(s): Carpenter JL, Tramont EC, Branche W. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1979 January; 72(1): 90-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=104395

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Failure of short antimicrobial treatments for human brucellosis. Author(s): Abramson O, Abu-Rashid M, Gorodischer R, Yagupsky P. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1997 July; 41(7): 1621-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9210701

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Failure of short-term antimicrobial therapy in childhood brucellosis. Author(s): Sanchez-Tamayo T, Colmenero JD, Martinez-Cortes F, Moreiras A, RamosDiaz JC, Garcia-Martin FJ, Martinez Valverde A. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1997 March; 16(3): 323-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9076822

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Familial studies in human brucellosis. Author(s): Alarcon GS, Gotuzzo E, Bocanegra TS, Castaneda O, Calvo A, Carrillo C, Go RC, Acton RT, Barger BO. Source: Tissue Antigens. 1985 July; 26(1): 77-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3862265

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Fasciitis-panniculitis in acute brucellosis. Author(s): Zuckerman E, Naschitz JE, Yeshurun D, Wellisch G, Shajrawi I, Boss JH. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1994 January; 33(1): 57-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8112946

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Fatigability in brucellosis. An electromyographic study. Author(s): Wochnik-Dyjas D, Niewiadomska M. Source: Pol Med J. 1972; 11(2): 422-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4341947

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Fluorescence polarization assay for diagnosis of human brucellosis. Author(s): Lucero NE, Escobar GI, Ayala SM, Silva Paulo P, Nielsen K. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2003 October; 52(Pt 10): 883-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12972582

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Fluorescence polarization assay for the diagnosis of brucellosis: a review. Author(s): Nielsen K, Gall D. Source: Journal of Immunoassay & Immunochemistry. 2001; 22(3): 183-201. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11506271

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Frequency analysis of the CCR5delta32 mutation in patients with brucellosis. Author(s): Skendros P, Boura P, Tsantas N, Debre P, Theodorou I. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(12): 944-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12587636

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Frequency of human lymphocyte antigens in patients with brucellosis. Author(s): Middleton D, Sleator C, Milliken T. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1988 March; 16(2): 207-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3351322

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Further attainments in the standardization of the complement fixation test (CFT) for brucellosis. V. Usefulness of the test. Author(s): Anczykowski F. Source: Pol Arch Weter. 1982; 23(2): 51-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7167396

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Further attainments on the standardization of the complement fixation test (CFT) for brucellosis. III. Erythrocytes, haemolysin, antigen. Author(s): Anczykowski F. Source: Pol Arch Weter. 1982; 23(2): 25-36. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6820141

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Further attainments on the standardization of the complement fixation test (CFT) in brucellosis. II. Complement. Author(s): Anczykowski F. Source: Pol Arch Weter. 1982; 23(2): 13-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7167395

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Further attainments on the standardization of the complement fixation test (CFT) in brucellosis. IV. Techniques. Author(s): Anczykowski F. Source: Pol Arch Weter. 1982; 23(2): 37-49. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6820142

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Further serological investigations in humans and domestic animals on the Cape Verde Islands (Q-fever, brucellosis, listeriosis, shigellosis, campylobacteriosis, yersiniosis, toxoplasmosis and chlamydia of PLT-group). Author(s): Miorini T, Brosch R, Buchrieser C, Buchrieser V, Sixl W. Source: Geogr Med Suppl. 1988; 1: 19-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3139491

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Gastrointestinal manifestations of brucellosis in Saudi Arabian patients. Author(s): al-Aska AK. Source: Trop Gastroenterol. 1989 October-December; 10(4): 217-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2626779

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Genito-urinary brucellosis in men. Author(s): Patil CS, Hemashettar BM, Nagalotimath SJ. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1986 October; 29(4): 364-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3817966

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Genito-urinary complications of brucellosis. Author(s): Ibrahim AI, Awad R, Shetty SD, Saad M, Bilal NE. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1988 April; 61(4): 294-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3382881

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Granulomatous epididymo-orchitis: sonographic features and clinical outcome in brucellosis, tuberculosis and idiopathic granulomatous epididymo-orchitis. Author(s): Salmeron I, Ramirez-Escobar MA, Puertas F, Marcos R, Garcia-Marcos F, Sanchez R. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1998 June; 159(6): 1954-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9598496

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Granulomatous hepatitis in brucellosis. Author(s): Nagalotimath SJ, Darbar RD, Jogalekar MD. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1979 January 1; 72(1): 1-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=501105

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Haematological manifestations of childhood brucellosis. Author(s): al-Eissa Y, al-Nasser M. Source: Infection. 1993 January-February; 21(1): 23-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8449576

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Hearing status in brucellosis. Author(s): Bayazit YA, Namiduru M, Bayazit N, Ozer E, Kanlikama M. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2002 July; 127(1): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12161737

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Hematologic changes in brucellosis. Author(s): Crosby E, Llosa L, Miro Quesada M, Carrillo C, Gotuzzo E. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1984 September; 150(3): 419-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6481187

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Hematologic manifestations of brucellosis in children. Author(s): Shalev H, Abramson O, Levy J. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1994 June; 13(6): 543-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8078747

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Hematological manifestations in brucellosis cases in Turkey. Author(s): Akdeniz H, Irmak H, Seckinli T, Buzgan T, Demiroz AP. Source: Acta Medica Okayama. 1998 February; 52(1): 63-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9548996

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High serum calcium in human brucellosis: a case-control study. Author(s): Malik GM. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1998 September; 59(3): 397-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9749632

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Hip involvement in childhood brucellosis. Author(s): Benjamin B, Khan MR. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 1994 July; 76(4): 544-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8027136

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HLA antigens in brucellosis. Author(s): Pareja E, Bonal FJ, Paule P, Salvatierra D, Garrido F. Source: Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics. 1985; 2(1): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3917141

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HLA-B27-associated spondylarthritis in chronic brucellosis. Author(s): Hodinka L, Gomor B, Meretey K, Zahumenszky Z, Geher P, Telegdy L, Bozsoky S. Source: Lancet. 1978 March 4; 1(8062): 499. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=76040

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Human brucellosis in Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman. Author(s): Idris MA, Maiwald M, el-Mauly KN, Ruppel A. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1993 February; 96(1): 46-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8429574

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Human brucellosis in Hawaii. Author(s): Satta S. Source: Hawaii Med J. 1988 December; 47(12): 557. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3220755

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Human brucellosis in Multan. Author(s): Noor NA, Qazi AW, Saleem M, Masood M, Ali Z. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1986 November; 36(11): 288-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3100832

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Human brucellosis. Author(s): Young EJ. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1983 September-October; 5(5): 821-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6356268

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Human brucellosis. Author(s): Sauret JM, Vilissova N. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 2002 September-October; 15(5): 401-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12350062

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Human brucellosis: a classical infectious disease with persistent diagnostic challenges. Author(s): Araj GF. Source: Clin Lab Sci. 1999 July-August; 12(4): 207-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10558306

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Human brucellosis: eradication of the major source of infection. Author(s): Skilbeck N. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1990 June 4; 152(11): 615. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2393424

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Human brucellosis--an emerging public health problem. Author(s): Wallis E. Source: Ir Med J. 1977 October 28; 70(16): 484-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=924757

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Humoral immune abnormalities in human brucellosis. Author(s): Gotuzzo E, Bocanegra TS, Alarcon GS, Carrillo C, Espinoza LR. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1985 September-October; 13(5): 417-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4083235

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Hydrogen peroxide improves the efficiency of a peripheral blood PCR assay for diagnosis of human brucellosis. Author(s): Queipo-Ortuno MI, Garcia-Ordonez MA, Colmenero JD, Morata P. Source: Biotechniques. 1999 August; 27(2): 248-50, 252. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10457823

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Hypothermia as a presenting sign of brucellosis. Author(s): Casariego Vales E, Lopez Alvarez MJ, Varela Otero J, Corredoira Sanchez JC. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 April; 16(4): 588. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8513071

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IgE anti-brucella antibodies in the course of human brucellosis and after specific vaccination. Author(s): Escande A, Serre A. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1982; 68(2): 172-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7076328

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Imaging features of musculoskeletal brucellosis. Author(s): al-Shahed MS, Sharif HS, Haddad MC, Aabed MY, Sammak BM, Mutairi MA. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 1994 March; 14(2): 333-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8190957

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Immune thrombocytopenia attributed to brucellosis and other mechanisms of Brucella-induced thrombocytopenia. Author(s): Pappas G, Kitsanou M, Christou L, Tsianos E. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2004 March; 75(3): 139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14978693

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Immunoglobulin profiles of the chronic antibody response: discussion in relation to brucellosis infections. Author(s): White RG. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1978 September; 54(635): 595-602. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=364451

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Immunosuppression in chronic brucellosis. Author(s): Chung SC. Source: Ir J Med Sci. 1978 March; 147(3): 103-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=306383

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Immunotherapy in chronic brucellosis. Effect of levamisole and interferon; mechanisms of action and clinical value. Author(s): Printzis S, Raptopoulou-Gigi M, Orphanou-Koumerkeridou H, Lagre F, Goulis G. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 1994 November; 16(4): 679-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7876467

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Impaired activity of natural killer cells in patients with acute brucellosis. Author(s): Salmeron I, Rodriguez-Zapata M, Salmeron O, Manzano L, Vaquer S, Alvarez-Mon M. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1992 November; 15(5): 764-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1445973

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In vitro effect of interferon alpha-2b on T lymphocyte transformation and leukocyte migration inhibition in patients with chronic brucellosis. Author(s): Lagra F, Raptopoulou-Gigi M, Orphanou-Koumerkeridou H, Goulis G. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 1989; 11(2-3): 223-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2621318

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Incidence and control of brucellosis in the Near East region. Author(s): Refai M. Source: Veterinary Microbiology. 2002 December 20; 90(1-4): 81-110. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12414137

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Incidence and seasonal prevalence among an occupationally-exposed population to brucellosis. Author(s): Alausa OK. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1980 March; 32(1): 12-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6771907

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Incidence of tuberculosis, hepatitis, brucellosis, and shigellosis in British medical laboratory workers. Author(s): Harrington JM, Shannon HS. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 March 27; 1(6012): 759-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1260318

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Incidental identification of Brucellosis in a patient with a gun-shot injury. Author(s): Lane JE, Stephens JL. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2002 April 1; 112(5): 424. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11904122

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Increased interferon-gamma and neopterin concentrations in patients with acute brucellosis. Author(s): Diez-Ruiz A, al-Amrani M, Weiss G, Gutierrez-Gea F, Wachter H, Fuchs D. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993 February; 167(2): 504-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8421195

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Increased pleural fluid adenosine deaminase in brucellosis is difficult to differentiate from tuberculosis. Author(s): Dikensoy O, Namiduru M, Hocaoglu S, Ikidag B, Filiz A. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2002; 69(6): 556-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12457012

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Increased serum levels of interferon-gamma and interleukin-12 during human brucellosis. Author(s): Ahmed K, Al-Matrouk KA, Martinez G, Oishi K, Rotimi VO, Nagatake T. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1999 September; 61(3): 425-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10497984

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Index of suspicion. Case 2. Brucellosis. Author(s): Rogoff S. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 1999 August; 20(8): 273; Discussion 274-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10465721

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Inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter polymorphism in human brucellosis. Author(s): Orozco G, Sanchez E, Lopez-Nevot MA, Caballero A, Bravo MJ, Morata P, de Dios Colmenero J, Alonso A, Martin J. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2003 November; 5(13): 1165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14623011

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Interferon-A 2a administration in chronic anergic brucellosis. Author(s): Boura P, Tsapas G, Kountouras J, Zaharioudaki E. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 1995 November-December; 42(6): 919-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8847046

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Interleukin-3 and interleukin-4 in childhood brucellosis. Author(s): Galanakis E, Makis A, Bourantas KL, Papadopoulou ZL. Source: Infection. 2002 January; 30(1): 33-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11876513

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Isolated cervical lymphadenopathy as unique manifestation of Brucellosis. Author(s): Varona JF, Guerra JM, Guillen V, Guillen S, Menassa A, Palenque E. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(7): 538-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12195883

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Knowledge-based patient screening for rare and emerging infectious/parasitic diseases: a case study of brucellosis and murine typhus. Author(s): Carter CN, Ronald NC, Steele JH, Young E, Taylor JP, Russell LH Jr, Eugster AK, West JE. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1997 January-March; 3(1): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9126449

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Laboratory diagnosis of human brucellosis. Author(s): McAllister TA. Source: Scott Med J. 1976 July; 21(3): 129-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=941012

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Laboratory-acquired brucellosis. Author(s): al-Aska AK, Chagla AH. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1989 July; 14(1): 69-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2570105

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Laboratory-based diagnosis of brucellosis--a review of the literature. Part I: Techniques for direct detection and identification of Brucella spp. Author(s): Al Dahouk S, Tomaso H, Nockler K, Neubauer H, Frangoulidis D. Source: Clin Lab. 2003; 49(9-10): 487-505. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14572205

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Laboratory-based diagnosis of brucellosis--a review of the literature. Part II: serological tests for brucellosis. Author(s): Al Dahouk S, Tomaso H, Nockler K, Neubauer H, Frangoulidis D. Source: Clin Lab. 2003; 49(11-12): 577-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14651329

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Late reactivation of calcified granuloma in a patient with chronic suppurative brucellosis. Author(s): Colmenero JD, Suarez-Munoz MA, Queipo-Ortuno MI, Reguera JM, Morata P. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 December; 21(12): 897-9. Epub 2002 December 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12525929

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Letter: Brucellosis eradication. Author(s): Bisby JA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1975 April 26; 1(17): 545. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1152704

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Letter: Brucellosis. Author(s): Henderson RJ. Source: Lancet. 1975 March 8; 1(7906): 585. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=47071

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Letter: Brucellosis: a diagnostic problem. Author(s): Liu PI, McHone JS, Acherman NB, Glassman AB. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1976 June; 69(6): 814. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=935920

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Letter: Chronic brucellosis. Author(s): Payne DJ. Source: British Medical Journal. 1974 April 27; 2(912): 221-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4208904

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Letter: Chronic brucellosis. Author(s): Howie JW. Source: British Medical Journal. 1974 March 16; 1(906): 516. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4817169

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Letter: Contracting brucellosis from S19 vaccine. Author(s): Andrew H, Love J, Leahy PN, Miller A. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1973 September 29; 93(13): 380. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4772219

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Letter: Erythema nodosum and brucellosis. Author(s): MacGregor GA. Source: British Medical Journal. 1976 May 15; 1(6019): 1214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1268643

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Letter: The brucellosis damages case and zoonoses risks. Author(s): Parnas J. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1975 September 6; 97(10): 189. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1172321

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Leukocyte migration inhibition in relation to human brucellosis. Author(s): Mann PG, Richens E. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1973 May; 26(5): 386. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4714965

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Levamisole in the treatment of chronic brucellosis. Author(s): Raptopoulou-Gigi M, Kountouras J, Goulis G. Source: J Immunopharmacol. 1980; 2(1): 85-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7005350

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Limited diagnostic usefulness of antibodies to cytoplasmic proteins of Brucella in early-treated human brucellosis. Author(s): Baldi PC, Giambartolomei GH, Wallach JC, Velikovsky CA, Fossati CA. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(3): 200-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11303810

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Liquefactive panniculitis in the inguinal area as the first sign of chronic renal brucellosis. Author(s): Bartralot R, Garcia-Patos V, Repiso T, Alegre J, Fernandez de Sevilla T, Marques A, Castells A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 August; 35(2 Pt 2): 33941. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8698922

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Liver disease in brucellosis. A clinical and pathological study of 40 cases. Author(s): Cervantes F, Bruguera M, Carbonell J, Force L, Webb S. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1982 June; 58(680): 346-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7122367

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Localized brucellosis: popliteal artery aneurysm, mediastinitis, dementia, and pneumonia. Author(s): Gelfand MS, Kaiser AB, Dale WA. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1989 September-October; 11(5): 783-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2814164

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Lymphocyte population and transformation studies in chronic brucellosis. Author(s): Murphy AM, Blake P, Redington F, Cooney M, Devlin JG. Source: Ir Med J. 1983 December; 76(12): 484-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6607908

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Macrophage activation in human brucellosis. Author(s): Magliulo E, Carosi G, Scevola DF, Filice G, Saladino I. Source: Infection. 1973; 1(3): 144-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4597097

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Management of spinal brucellosis and outcome of rehabilitation. Author(s): Nas K, Gur A, Kemaloglu MS, Geyik MF, Cevik R, Buke Y, Ceviz A, Sarac AJ, Aksu Y. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2001 April; 39(4): 223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11420738

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Meningoencephalitis in brucellosis. Author(s): Kochar DK, Kumawat BL, Agarwal N, Shubharakaran, Aseri S, Sharma BV, Rastogi A. Source: Neurology India. 2000 June; 48(2): 170-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10878784

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Meningomyelitis due to brucellosis. Author(s): Sahadevan MG, Singh M, Joseph PP, Hoon RS. Source: British Medical Journal. 1968 November 16; 4(628): 432-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5687610

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Microbiological diagnosis of brucellosis. Author(s): Roiz MP, Peralta FG, Valle R, Arjona R. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 June; 36(6): 1819. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9620433

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Microtechnique for serological diagnosis of brucellosis. Comparison with the agglutination and the surface fixation tests. Author(s): de Mello MT, de Mello AM. Source: An Microbiol (Rio J). 1966-67; 14: 109-25. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4917410

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Microtiter-adapted method that facilitates the Coombs test for brucellosis. Author(s): Otero JR, Fuertes A, Palenque E, Noriega AR. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1982 October; 16(4): 737-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7153321

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Modern chemotherapy for brucellosis in humans. Author(s): Hall WH. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1990 November-December; 12(6): 1060-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2267485

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Monocyte and lymphocyte apoptosis resistance in acute and chronic brucellosis and its possible implications in clinical management. Author(s): Tolomeo M, Di Carlo P, Abbadessa V, Titone L, Miceli S, Barbusca E, Cannizzo G, Mancuso S, Arista S, Scarlata F. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 June 15; 36(12): 1533-8. Epub 2003 Jun 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12802752

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Monocyte locomotion in anergic chronic brucellosis patients: the in vivo effect of ascorbic acid. Author(s): Boura P, Tsapas G, Papadopoulou A, Magoula I, Kountouras G. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 1989; 11(1): 119-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2760414

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Multicenter prospective study of treatment of Brucella melitensis brucellosis with doxycycline for 6 weeks plus streptomycin for 2 weeks. Author(s): Cisneros JM, Viciana P, Colmenero J, Pachon J, Martinez C, Alarcon A. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1990 May; 34(5): 881-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2193624

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Multifocal brucellosis spondylodiscitis. Author(s): Baqer MM, Qurtom MA, Abdulhadi Ali Al-Ajmi J, Collier BD, Elgazzar AH. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 November; 27(11): 842-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12394151

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Multivariate model for predicting relapse in human brucellosis. Author(s): Solera J, Martinez-Alfaro E, Espinosa A, Castillejos ML, Geijo P, RodriguezZapata M. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1998 January; 36(1): 85-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9515675

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Musculoskeletal brucellosis in Saudia Arabia. Author(s): Shaheen MA. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1988 October; 33(5): 25760. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3230546

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Musculoskeletal involvement of brucellosis in different age groups: a study of 195 cases. Author(s): Geyik MF, Gur A, Nas K, Cevik R, Sarac J, Dikici B, Ayaz C. Source: Swiss Medical Weekly : Official Journal of the Swiss Society of Infectious Diseases, the Swiss Society of Internal Medicine, the Swiss Society of Pneumology. 2002 February 23; 132(7-8): 98-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11971204

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Musculoskeletal manifestations of brucellosis: a study of 90 cases in Israel. Author(s): Zaks N, Sukenik S, Alkan M, Flusser D, Neumann L, Buskila D. Source: Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1995 October; 25(2): 97-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8578316

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Neonatal brucellosis and blood transfusion: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): al-Kharfy TM. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 2001 December; 21(4): 349-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11732154

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Neonatal brucellosis possibly transmitted during delivery. Author(s): Singer R, Amitai Y, Geist M, Shimonovitz S, Herzog N, Reiss A, Maayan S. Source: Lancet. 1991 July 13; 338(8759): 127-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1676462

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Neonatal brucellosis. Author(s): Carbajo-Ferreira AJ, Ochoa-Sangrador C, Canut-Blasco A, Castano-Garcia MT. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1995 May; 14(5): 406-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7638028

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Neonatal brucellosis. Author(s): Lubani MM, Dudin KI, Sharda DC, Abu Sinna NM, Al-Shab T, Al-Refe'ai AA, Labani SM, Nasrallah A. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1988 June; 147(5): 520-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3409928

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Nervous system brucellosis: diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Bashir R, Al-Kawi MZ, Harder EJ, Jinkins J. Source: Neurology. 1985 November; 35(11): 1576-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3877254

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Neurobrucellosis in an endemic area of brucellosis. Author(s): Bodur H, Erbay A, Akinci E, Colpan A, Cevik MA, Balaban N. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(2): 94-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12693557

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Neuro-brucellosis. Author(s): Joglekar MD, Nagalotimath SJ. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1976 March; 24(3): 183-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1010818

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Neurological features as presenting manifestations of brucellosis. Author(s): Abramsky O. Source: European Neurology. 1977; 15(5): 281-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=913441

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Neurological syndromes of brucellosis. Author(s): Bahemuka M, Shemena AR, Panayiotopoulos CP, al-Aska AK, Obeid T, Daif AK. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1988 August; 51(8): 101721. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3145961

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Obstetric and gynecologic implication of brucellosis in Kuwait. Author(s): Makhseed M, Harouny A, Araj G, Moussa MA, Sharma P. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 1998 May-June; 18(3): 196-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9659648

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Ocular Brucellosis. Author(s): al-Kaff AS. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 1995 Summer; 35(3): 139-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8964663

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Ocular brucellosis. Author(s): Tabbara KF, al-Kassimi H. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1990 April; 74(4): 249-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2337555

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Ocular brucellosis. Author(s): Lyall M. Source: Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1973; 93(0): 689-97. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4210605

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Ocular complications associated with brucellosis in an endemic area. Author(s): Gungur K, Bekir NA, Namiduru M. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 2002 May-June; 12(3): 232-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12113571

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Open, randomized therapeutic trial of six antimicrobial regimens in the treatment of human brucellosis. Author(s): Montejo JM, Alberola I, Glez-Zarate P, Alvarez A, Alonso J, Canovas A, Aguirre C. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 May; 16(5): 671-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8507759

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Osteoarthricular involvement of brucellosis in Turkey. Author(s): Tasova Y, Saltoglu N, Sahin G, Aksu HS. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1999; 18(3): 214-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11206346

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Osteoarticular brucellosis in children. Author(s): al-Eissa YA, Kambal AM, Alrabeeah AA, Abdullah AM, al-Jurayyan NA, alJishi NM. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1990 November; 49(11): 896-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2256735

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Osteoarticular brucellosis resembling microcrystalline arthropathy. Author(s): Gonzalez-Alvaro I, Estevez M, Carmona-Ortels L, Alvaro-Gracia JM, LopezBote JP, Humbria A. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1994 September; 21(9): 1783-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7799378

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Osteoarticular brucellosis with long latent period. Author(s): Kubler PA, Klestov AC. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2001; 20(6): 444-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11771533

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Osteoarticular brucellosis: results of bone scintigraphy in 140 patients. Author(s): Madkour MM, Sharif HS, Abed MY, Al-Fayez MA. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1988 May; 150(5): 1101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3258712

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Osteoarticular complications of brucellosis in an Atlantic area of Spain. Author(s): Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Ibanez D, Garcia-Pais MJ. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999 January; 26(1): 141-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9918255

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Osteoarticular complications of brucellosis. Author(s): Colmenero JD, Reguera JM, Fernandez-Nebro A, Cabrera-Franquelo F. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1991 January; 50(1): 23-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1994863

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Osteoarticular complications of brucellosis: a study of 169 cases. Author(s): Mousa AR, Muhtaseb SA, Almudallal DS, Khodeir SM, Marafie AA. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1987 May-June; 9(3): 531-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3496650

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Osteoarticular complications of childhood brucellosis: a study of 57 cases in Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Benjamin B, Annobil SH, Khan MR. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1992 November-December; 12(6): 801-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1452754

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Other bacterial diseases as a potential consequence of bioterrorism: Q fever, brucellosis, glanders, and melioidosis. Author(s): Voskuhl GW, Cornea P, Bronze MS, Greenfield RA. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 2003 May; 96(5): 214-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12833721

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Outbreak of brucellosis at a South-Australian abattoir. 1. Clinical and serological findings. Author(s): Jamieson JA, Rich GE, Kyrkou MR, Cargill CF, Davos DE. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1981 November 28; 2(11): 593-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6801448

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Outbreak of brucellosis at a South-Australian abattoir. 2. Epidemiological investigations. Author(s): Davos DE, Cargill CF, Kyrkou MR, Jamieson JA, Rich GE. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1981 December 12-26; 2(12-13): 657-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7334991

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Outbreak of brucellosis at a United States pork packing plant. Author(s): Trout D, Gomez TM, Bernard BP, Mueller CA, Smith CG, Hunter L, Kiefer M. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1995 June; 37(6): 697-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7670916

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Outbreak of brucellosis in upstate New York. Author(s): Filstein MR, Potter ME, Payne R. Source: N Y State J Med. 1980 June; 80(7 Pt 1): 1081-84. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6930571

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Pacemaker infection by Brucella melitensis: A rare cause of relapsing brucellosis. Author(s): Francia E, Domingo P, Sambeat MA, Montiel JA, Pericas R, Sanchez F, Gurgui M. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000 November 27; 160(21): 3327-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11088098

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Pancytopenia in children with brucellosis: clinical manifestations and bone marrow findings. Author(s): al-Eissa YA, Assuhaimi SA, al-Fawaz IM, Higgy KE, al-Nasser MN, alMobaireek KF. Source: Acta Haematologica. 1993; 89(3): 132-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8362601

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Paravertebral abscess formation and knee arthritis due to brucellosis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): Duyur B, Erdem HR, Ozgocmen S. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2001 October; 39(10): 554-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11641802

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Paravertebral abscess formation due to brucellosis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ozgocmen S, Ardicoglu A, Kocakoc E, Kiris A, Ardicoglu O. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2001 December; 68(6): 521-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11808992

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Pathological case of the month. Disseminated brucellosis. Author(s): Savell VH, Parham DM, Jacobs RF. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2000 March; 154(3): 311-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10710035

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PCR assay for diagnosis of human brucellosis. Author(s): Navarro E, Fernandez JA, Escribano J, Solera J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 May; 37(5): 1654-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10328689

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Persistence of Brucella antibodies after successful treatment of acute brucellosis in an area of endemicity. Author(s): Almuneef M, Memish ZA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 June; 40(6): 2313. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12037121

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Phagocytic cell function in active brucellosis. Author(s): Ocon P, Reguera JM, Morata P, Juarez C, Alonso A, Colmenero JD. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1994 March; 62(3): 910-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8112863

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Pleural fluid characteristics in pulmonary brucellosis. Author(s): Kerem E, Diav O, Navon P, Branski D. Source: Thorax. 1994 January; 49(1): 89-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8153949

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Pneumonia as the sole presentation of brucellosis. Author(s): Abu-Ekteish F, Kakish K. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2001 September; 95(9): 766-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11575899

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Possible implications of doxycycline-rifampin interaction for treatment of brucellosis. Author(s): Colmenero JD, Fernandez-Gallardo LC, Agundez JA, Sedeno J, Benitez J, Valverde E. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1994 December; 38(12): 2798-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7695265

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Posttreatment follow-Up of brucellosis by PCR assay. Author(s): Morata P, Queipo-Ortuno MI, Reguera JM, Garcia-Ordonez MA, Pichardo C, Colmenero JD. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 December; 37(12): 4163-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10565954

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Prevalence of brucellosis among abattoir workers in Saudi Arabia. Author(s): al-Sekait MA. Source: J R Soc Health. 1993 October; 113(5): 230-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8230072

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Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infestation, salmonellosis, brucellosis, tuberculosis, and hepatitis B among immigrant children in Glasgow. Author(s): Goel KM, Shanks RA, McAllister TA, Follett EA. Source: British Medical Journal. 1977 March 12; 1(6062): 676-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=843867

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Probable breast-milk borne brucellosis in a young infant. Author(s): al-Eissa YA. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1990; 10(3): 305-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1703749

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Proceedings: Brucellosis as a human health hazard in Australia. Author(s): Alton GG, Gulasekharam J. Source: Aust Vet J. 1974 May; 50(5): 209-15. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4415244

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Production and targeting of the Brucella abortus antigen L7/L12 in Lactococcus lactis: a first step towards food-grade live vaccines against brucellosis. Author(s): Ribeiro LA, Azevedo V, Le Loir Y, Oliveira SC, Dieye Y, Piard JC, Gruss A, Langella P. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2002 February; 68(2): 910-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11823235

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Promotion of platelet aggregation by sera from brucellosis patients with antiphosphatidylcholine antibodies. Author(s): Casao MA, Diaz R, Orduna A, Gamazo C. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2001 November; 50(11): 965-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11699593

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Pulmonary brucellosis. Author(s): Lubani MM, Lulu AR, Araj GF, Khateeb MI, Qurtom MA, Dudin KI. Source: The Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 1989 April; 71(264): 319-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2594962

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Pulmonary complication in brucellosis. Author(s): Qurtom MA, Abdella NA, Araj GF. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1989 January; 18(1): 92-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2915135

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Q fever, brucellosis and leptospirosis among abattoir workers in New South Wales. Author(s): Hansman D, Murphy AM, Wannan JS, Woolard TJ, Boger JR. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1966 July 2; 2(1): 20-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5947538

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Quinolones for the treatment of brucellosis. Author(s): Lang R, Rubinstein E. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1992 April; 29(4): 357-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1607324

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Quinolones in treatment of human brucellosis: comparative trial of ofloxacinrifampin versus doxycycline-rifampin. Author(s): Akova M, Uzun O, Akalin HE, Hayran M, Unal S, Gur D. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1993 September; 37(9): 1831-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8239591

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Rapid diagnosis of central nervous system brucellosis by ELISA. Author(s): Araj GF, Lulu AR, Saadah MA, Mousa AM, Strannegard IL, Shakir RA. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 1986 September; 12(3): 173-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3734058

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Rapid diagnosis of human brucellosis by peripheral-blood PCR assay. Author(s): Queipo-Ortuno MI, Morata P, Ocon P, Manchado P, Colmenero JD. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 November; 35(11): 2927-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9350761

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Rate of slaughter may increase risk of human brucellosis in a meat-packing plant. Author(s): Alleyne BC, Orford RR, Lacey BA, White FM. Source: J Occup Med. 1986 June; 28(6): 445-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3723217

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Recent advances in brucellosis. Author(s): Corbel MJ. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1997 February; 46(2): 101-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9060868

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Recent progress in the diagnosis of brucellosis. Author(s): Stemshorn BW. Source: Dev Biol Stand. 1984; 56: 325-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6436099

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Recognition and optimum treatment of brucellosis. Author(s): Solera J, Martinez-Alfaro E, Espinosa A. Source: Drugs. 1997 February; 53(2): 245-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9028744

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Recurrent episcleritis associated with brucellosis. Author(s): Gungor K, Bekir NA, Namiduru M. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 2001 February; 79(1): 76-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11167294

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Reevaluation of the effect of levamisole in chronic brucellosis: in vitro and in vivo effect on monocyte phagocytosis. Author(s): Boura P, Raptopoulou-Gigi M, Acriviadis E, Goulis G. Source: J Immunopharmacol. 1984; 6(3): 135-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6333466

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Relapsing leucocytoclastic vasculitis as the initial manifestation of acute brucellosis. Author(s): Perez C, Hernandez R, Murie M, Vives R, Guarch R. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1999 June; 140(6): 1177-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10354097

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Relevance of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Brucella melitensis to relapse rate in human brucellosis. Author(s): Ariza J, Bosch J, Gudiol F, Linares J, Viladrich PF, Martin R. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1986 December; 30(6): 958-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3813520

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Retinal detachment in chronic brucellosis. Author(s): Rolando I, Carbone A, Haro D, Gotuzzo E, Carrillo C. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1985 June 15; 99(6): 733-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4014404

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Reversible renal failure in a child with brucellosis: a case report. Author(s): Fattah HA, Khuffash FA. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1984 December; 4(4): 247-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6210045

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Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure: a new presentation of acute brucellosis. Author(s): Wasserheit JN, Dugdale DC, Agosti JM. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1984 November; 150(5): 782-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6333471

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Rheumatic manifestations of brucellosis. Author(s): Bocanegra TS, Gotuzzo E, Castaneda O, Alarcon GS, Espinoza LR. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1986 June; 45(6): 526. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3488037

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Risk factors for human brucellosis in Yemen: a case control study. Author(s): Al-Shamahy HA, Whitty CJ, Wright SG. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2000 October; 125(2): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11117954

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Royal Navy surgeons and the transmission of brucellosis by goats' milk. Author(s): Wyatt HV. Source: J R Nav Med Serv. 1999; 85(2): 112-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10707453

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Serological diagnosis of human brucellosis: analysis of seven cases with neurological and cardiological manifestations. Author(s): Katti MK, Sarada C, Sivasankaran S, Shanmugham J. Source: J Commun Dis. 2001 March; 33(1): 36-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11898461

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Serological evidence of brucellosis among predisposed patients with pyrexia of unknown origin in the north eastern Nigeria. Author(s): Baba MM, Sarkindared SE, Brisibe F. Source: Cent Eur J Public Health. 2001 August; 9(3): 158-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11505741

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Seroprevalence of brucellosis antibodies in blood donors in North Lebanon. Author(s): Kalaajieh WK, Rima AC, Al Khodayry RM, Dennaoui MS. Source: Revue D'epidemiologie Et De Sante Publique. 2001 June; 49(3): 315-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11561545

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Seroprevalence of brucellosis in Kashmir (India) among patients with pyrexia of unknown origin. Author(s): Kadri SM, Rukhsana A, Laharwal MA, Tanvir M. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2000 April; 98(4): 170-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11016178

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Serum is the preferred clinical specimen for diagnosis of human brucellosis by PCR. Author(s): Zerva L, Bourantas K, Mitka S, Kansouzidou A, Legakis NJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 April; 39(4): 1661-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11283112

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Severe epistaxis in brucellosis-induced isolated thrombocytopenia: a report of two cases. Author(s): Sevinc A, Kutlu NO, Kuku I, Ozgen U, Aydogdu I, Soylu H. Source: Clinical and Laboratory Haematology. 2000 December; 22(6): 373-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11318806

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Severe thrombocytopenic purpura due to brucellosis. Author(s): Tsirka A, Markesinis I, Getsi V, Chaloulou S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(7): 535-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12195881

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Single-tube, nested PCR for the diagnosis of human brucellosis in Kuwait. Author(s): Al Nakkas AF, Wright SG, Mustafa AS, Wilson S. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2002 June; 96(4): 397-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12171621

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Specificity of a polymerase chain reaction assay of a target sequence on the 31kilodalton Brucella antigen DNA used to diagnose human brucellosis. Author(s): Casanas MC, Queipo-Ortuno MI, Rodriguez-Torres A, Orduna A, Colmenero JD, Morata P. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 February; 20(2): 12731. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11305467

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Spinal brucellosis: case report in the United States. Author(s): Reitman CA, Watters WC 3rd. Source: Spine. 2002 May 1; 27(9): E250-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11979184

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The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) brucellosis eradication program in the United States. Author(s): Ragan VE; Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Source: Veterinary Microbiology. 2002 December 20; 90(1-4): 11-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12414129

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The correlation of agglutination titer with positive blood cultures in brucellosis: A comparison of two study periods. Author(s): Memish Z, Oni G, Mah M. Source: J Chemother. 2001 April; 13 Suppl 1: 60-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11434532

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The saga of brucellosis: controversy over credit for linking Malta fever with goats' milk. Author(s): Vassallo DJ. Source: Lancet. 1996 September 21; 348(9030): 804-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8813991

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Thrombocytopenic purpura associated with brucellosis: report of 2 cases and literature review. Author(s): Young EJ, Tarry A, Genta RM, Ayden N, Gotuzzo E. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 October; 31(4): 904-9. Epub 2000 October 17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11049768

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Thrombocytopenic purpura secondary to brucellosis. Author(s): Benecos P, Spingou T, Galanakis E, Lapatsanis PD. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 August; 157(8): 698. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9727862

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Time-space clustering of human brucellosis, California, 1973-1992. Author(s): Fosgate GT, Carpenter TE, Chomel BB, Case JT, DeBess EE, Reilly KF. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002 July; 8(7): 672-8. Erratum In: Emerg Infect Dis 2002 August; 8(8): 877. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12095433

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TNFA promoter polymorphism and susceptibility to brucellosis. Author(s): Caballero A, Bravo MJ, Nieto A, Colmenero JD, Alonso A, Martin J. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2000 September; 121(3): 480-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10971514

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Transplacentally transmitted congenital brucellosis due to Brucella abortus. Author(s): Giannacopoulos I, Eliopoulou MI, Ziambaras T, Papanastasiou DA. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2002 October; 45(3): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12387783

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Treatment of human brucellosis with doxycycline and gentamicin. Author(s): Solera J, Espinosa A, Martinez-Alfaro E, Sanchez L, Geijo P, Navarro E, Escribano J, Fernandez JA. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1997 January; 41(1): 80-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8980759

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Treatment of human brucellosis. Author(s): Solera J. Source: J Med Liban. 2000 July-August; 48(4): 255-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11214198

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Under-diagnosis of brucellosis. Author(s): Cox PS. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1976; 70(3): 261. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=982526

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Unsuspected brucellosis diagnosed in a child as a result of an outbreak of laboratoryacquired brucellosis. Author(s): Chusid MJ, Russler SK, Mohr BA, Margolis DA, Hillery CA, Kehl KC. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1993 December; 12(12): 1031-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8108214

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Unusual features of brucellosis complicating beta thalassaemia major. Author(s): Babiker MA, Kambal AM, Ashong EF. Source: Acta Haematologica. 1985; 73(1): 61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3923774

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Unusual presentation of culture positive brucellosis. Author(s): Jayakumar RV, Al-Aska AK, Subesinghe N, Wright SG. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1988 February; 64(748): 118-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3174521

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Unusual skin manifestation of brucellosis. Author(s): Gee-Lew BM, Nicholas EA, Hirose FM, Yoshimori RN, Keller MA. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1983 January; 119(1): 56-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6849567

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Unusual suppurative complications of brucellosis in children. Author(s): al-Eissa YA. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1993 November; 82(11): 987-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8111184

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Urban outbreak of goat cheese brucellosis. Author(s): Thapar MK, Young EJ. Source: Pediatr Infect Dis. 1986 November-December; 5(6): 640-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3797296

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Use of ciprofloxacin in the treatment of brucellosis. Author(s): Doganay M, Aygen B. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1992 January; 11(1): 74-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1563389

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Use of dot immunobinding assay (DIB) for the rapid diagnosis of human brucellosis. Author(s): Delia S, Vullo V, Mastroianni CM, Contini C, Massetti AP, Cignarella L, Sorice F. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1987 January; 14(1): 88-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3546512

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Uveitis due to brucellosis. Author(s): Hewson GE. Source: Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1964; 84: 297-304. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5227424

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Vaccines, vaccination in brucellosis. Author(s): Plommet M, Serre A, Fensterbank R. Source: Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol. 1987 January-February; 138(1): 117-21. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3300716

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Veterinary diseases and man: brucellosis. Author(s): West G. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1981 June 3; 152(23): 42-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6909980

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Veterinary surgeons and the spread of brucellosis. Author(s): Subathu HS. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1968 November 9; 83(19): 500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5748956

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WHO consultation on the development of new/improved brucellosis vaccines. 17 December 1997, Geneva, Switzerland. Author(s): Cosivi O, Corbel MJ. Source: Biologicals : Journal of the International Association of Biological Standardization. 1998 December; 26(4): 361-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10403040

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BRUCELLOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and brucellosis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Brucellosis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “brucellosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “brucellosis” (or a synonym): •

Comparative analysis of Brucella serotype A and M and Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 polysaccharides for serological diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle, sheep, and goats. Source: Diaz Aparicio, E. Aragon, V. Marin, C. Alonso, B. Font, M. Moreno, E. Perez Ortiz, S. Blasco, J.M. Diaz, R. Moriyon, I. J-clin-microbiol. Washington : American Society for Microbiology,. December 1993. volume 31 (12) page 3136-3141. 0095-1137

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Effect of vitamin E and selenium supplementation on some immune parameters following vaccination against brucellosis in cattle. Author(s): Agriculture Canada, Ontario. Source: Nemec, M Hidiroglou, M Nielsen, K Proulx, J J-Anim-Sci. 1990 December; 68(12): 4303-9 0021-8812

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Venezuelan field trials of vaccines against brucellosis in swine. Source: Lord, V.R. Cherwonogrodzky, J.W. Schurig, G.G. Lord, R.D. Marcano, M.J. Melendez, G.E. Am-j-vet-res. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association. May 1998. volume 59 (5) page 546-551. 0002-9645

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BRUCELLOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to brucellosis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to brucellosis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “brucellosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to brucellosis: •

Articular involvement in human brucellosis: a retrospective analysis of 304 cases. Author(s): Gotuzzo E, Alarcon GS, Bocanegra TS, Carrillo C, Guerra JC, Rolando I, Espinoza LR. Source: Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1982 November; 12(2): 245-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6101216

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Assessment of the EDTA seroagglutination test for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. Author(s): Garin B, Trap D, Gaumont R. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1985 October 26; 117(17): 444-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3934838

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Attenuation of a Brucella abortus mutant lacking a major 25 kDa outer membrane protein in cattle.

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Author(s): Edmonds MD, Cloeckaert A, Booth NJ, Fulton WT, Hagius SD, Walker JV, Elzer PH. Source: Am J Vet Res. 2001 September; 62(9): 1461-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11560278 •

Autoimmune hepatitis triggered by Brucella infection or doxycycline or both. Author(s): Selimoglu MA, Ertekin V. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2003 September; 57(7): 639-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14529072

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Brucella sp. antibodies in polar bears from Svalbard and the Barents Sea. Author(s): Tryland M, Derocher AE, Wiig Y, Godfroid J. Source: J Wildl Dis. 2001 July; 37(3): 523-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11504225

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Brucellosis associated with a beauty parlour. Author(s): Grave W, Sturm AW. Source: Lancet. 1983 June 11; 1(8337): 1326-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6134109

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Brucellosis or undulant fever. Author(s): PARRY WH. Source: Nurs Times. 1963 November 22; 59: 1479-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14084303

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Brucellosis: a rare cause of the unstable spine. Author(s): Wyatt LH. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1990 NovemberDecember; 13(9): 554. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2273339

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Brucellosis: a rare cause of the unstable spine. Author(s): Aspegren DD. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1990 March-April; 13(3): 165-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2094231

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Brucellosis: a study of five calves from reactor dams. Author(s): Lapraik RD, Brown DD, Mann H, Brand T. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1975 July 19; 97(3): 52-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=808019

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Comparative immunopharmacology and toxicology of the bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids tetrandrine and berbamine. Author(s): Wong CW, Seow WK, Zeng TS, Halliday WJ, Thong YH. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1991; 13(5): 579-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1783472

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Development and validation of an indirect enzyme immunoassay for detection of antibody to Brucella abortus in milk. Author(s): Nielsen K, Smith P, Gall D, Perez B, Cosma C, Mueller P, Trottier J, Cote G, Boag L, Bosse J. Source: Veterinary Microbiology. 1996 September; 52(1-2): 165-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8914260

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Effect of vitamin E and selenium supplementation on some immune parameters following vaccination against brucellosis in cattle. Author(s): Nemec M, Hidiroglou M, Nielsen K, Proulx J. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1990 December; 68(12): 4303-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2126787

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Enhancement of resistance to infectious diseases by oral administration of brewer's yeast. Author(s): Sinai Y, Kaplun A, Hai Y, Halperin B. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1974 May; 9(5): 781-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4132909

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Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (disodium salt)-labile bovine immunoglobulin M Fc binding to Brucella abortus: a cause of nonspecific agglutination. Author(s): Nielsen K, Stilwell K, Stemshorn B, Duncan R. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1981 July; 14(1): 32-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6790568

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Evaluation of an indirect ELISA for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in milk and serum samples in dairy cattle in Argentina. Author(s): Vanzini VR, Aguirre N, Lugaresi CI, de Echaide ST, de Canavesio VG, Guglielmone AA, Marchesino MD, Nielsen K. Source: Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 1998 September 1; 36(3): 211-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9785376

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Evidence of Brucella infection in marine mammals in the North Atlantic Ocean. Author(s): Tryland M, Kleivane L, Alfredsson A, Kjeld M, Arnason A, Stuen S, Godfroid J.

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Source: The Veterinary Record. 1999 May 22; 144(21): 588-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10378290 •

Failure of Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to activate the alternative pathway of complement. Author(s): Hoffmann EM, Houle JJ. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 1983 November; 5(1): 65-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6419447

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Florence Nightingale. Her Crimean fever and chronic illness. Author(s): Dossey BM. Source: Journal of Holistic Nursing : Official Journal of the American Holistic Nurses' Association. 1998 June; 16(2): 168-96; Discussion 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9801534

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Homeotherapeutics in dysentery and brucellosis. Author(s): GOLDBERG B. Source: J Am Inst Homeopath. 1964 April; 57: 34-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14139518

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Identification of a Mycobacterium leprae specific protein antigen(s) and its possible application for the serodiagnosis of leprosy. Author(s): Caldwell HD, Kirchheimer WF, Buchanan TM. Source: International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases : Official Organ of the International Leprosy Association. 1979 September; 47(3): 477-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=90666

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Identification of non-specific agglutination to Brucella abortus using an EDTAmodified SAT. Author(s): De Geus H, Nowlan PF. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1988 August 13; 123(7): 184. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3146155

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Immunosuppression in murine brucellosis. Author(s): Zhang J, Gao B, Cun C, Lu X, Wang H, Chen X, Tang L. Source: Chinese Medical Sciences Journal = Chung-Kuo I Hsueh K'o Hsueh Tsa Chih / Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. 1993 September; 8(3): 134-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8142626

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Non-specific reactions to the Brucella abortus SAT. Author(s): Nielsen KH, Duncan JR, Stemshorn BW.

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Source: The Veterinary Record. 1985 May 18; 116(20): 550. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3925612 •

Protection of rams against epididymitis by a Brucella ovis-vitamin E adjuvant vaccine. Author(s): Afzal M, Tengerdy RP, Ellis RP, Kimberling CV, Morris CJ. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 1984 October; 7(3-4): 293-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6506451

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Purification and characterization of an immunogenic aminopeptidase of Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Contreras-Rodriguez A, Ramirez-Zavala B, Contreras A, Schurig GG, Sriranganathan N, Lopez-Merino A. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 September; 71(9): 5238-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12933870

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Rapid laboratory confirmation of human brucellosis by PCR analysis of a target sequence on the 31-kilodalton Brucella antigen DNA. Author(s): Matar GM, Khneisser IA, Abdelnoor AM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1996 February; 34(2): 477-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8789045

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Reduction of non-specific reactions to the Brucella abortus serum agglutination test by the addition of EDTA. Author(s): Macmillan AP, Cockrem DS. Source: Research in Veterinary Science. 1985 May; 38(3): 288-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3925508

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Routine application of the nitroblue tetrazolium test in the clinical laboratory. Author(s): Gordon AM, Rowan RM, Brown T, Carson HG. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1973 January; 26(1): 52-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4632760

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Serological responses of rams to a Brucella ovis-vitamin E adjuvant vaccine. Author(s): Tengerdy RP, Ameghino E, Riemann H. Source: Vaccine. 1991 April; 9(4): 273-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2058270

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Significance of the sulfonamide component for the clinical efficacy of trimethoprimsulfonamide combinations. Author(s): Burman LG.

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Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1986; 18(2): 89-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3518051 •

The bovine immune response to Brucella abortus. II. Elimination of some sporadic serological reactions by chelation of divalent cations. Author(s): Nielsen K, Samagh BS, Speckmann G, Stemshorn B. Source: Can J Comp Med. 1979 October; 43(4): 420-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=121242

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The use of EDTA in the microtitration serum agglutination test in bovine brucellosis. Author(s): Potts AD. Source: The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research. 1993 March; 60(1): 47-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8332316

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Use of EDTA modified antigen in the serodiagnosis of bovine brucellosis. Author(s): Nowlan PF, de Geus H. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1985 January 5; 116(1): 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3920812

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON BRUCELLOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to brucellosis. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “brucellosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on brucellosis, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Brucellosis ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to brucellosis. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A descriptive and epizootiologic study of brucellosis and tuberculosis in bison in northern Canada by Tessaro, Stacy Victor; PhD from The University of Saskatchewan (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL40826

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ECONOMIC AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC IMPLICATIONS OF NATIONAL BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS PROGRAMS - A CASE STUDY by AMOSSON, STEPHEN HAROLD, PHD from Texas A&M University, 1983, 327 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8408397

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Evaluation of management options for bison and brucellosis in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming by Angliss, Robyn Phyllis; PhD from University of Minnesota, 2003, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076312

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The role of narratives in bureaucratic problem-solving: The case of bison and brucellosis in Yellowstone National Park by Morris, Joseph Martin, DA from Idaho State University, 2000, 234 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9974236

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON BRUCELLOSIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “brucellosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on brucellosis, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Brucellosis By performing a patent search focusing on brucellosis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on brucellosis: •

Brucellosis vaccine for cattle containing mycolate esters of trehalose Inventor(s): Woodard; Lynn F. (Lewiston, ID) Assignee(s): Research Corporation (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,340,588 Date filed: March 11, 1981 Abstract: Vaccine utilizing killed Brucella abortus strain 45/20 whole cells is useful for immunizing bovines. The vaccine contains trehalose dimycolate or an analog as an adjuvant. Excerpt(s): Recent increases in bovine brucellosis have raised serious doubts as to whether the disease can be eradicated using present techniques. While the conventional use of live strain 19 Brucella abortus vaccine has dramatically decreased the disease incidence over the past several decades, it now appears that either improved vaccines or improved diagnostic tests may be required to complete the eradication process. We now know that there are two types of immunity involved in disease resistance. The first type of protection-humoral immunity-is afforded by antibodies in the circulation and body secretions. A second type of immunity is mediated by specialized whole blood cells (lymphocytes) and is thus deemed cell-mediated immunity (CMI). Recent studies have shown that cell-mediated rather than humoral immunity is involved in brucellosis resistance. Many of the problems regarding brucellosis eradication arise from the fact that persistant antibody levels from the standard calfhood strain 19 vaccine interfere with laboratory techniques utilized in diagnosing naturally infected animals. Standard tube and plate agglutination tests record increased antibody titers which make it very undesirable to immunize adult cattle in infected herds, since immunized animals cannot be readily distinguished from infected animals. Also, the protection resulting from strain 19 vaccination is only 65-75% effective. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04340588__

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Differential diagnostic assay for brucellosis Inventor(s): Adams; Leslie G. (College Station, TX), Overholt; Kathleen A. (Silver Spring, MD), Smith, III; Roger (College Station, TX), Templeton; Joe W. (College Station, TX) Assignee(s): The Texas A & M University System (College Station, TX) Patent Number: 5,190,860 Date filed: October 30, 1989 Abstract: An immunoassay procedure is provided which exhibits increased specificity over current procedures. The procedure allows the differentiation of animals infected with Brucella abortus from animals vaccinated with Brucella abortus Strain 19. The invention employs unique monospecific monoclonal antibodies having particular affinity, specificity and binding characteristics directed to a B. abortus lipopolysaccharide antigen. The invention also concerns continuous hybrid cell lines for producing the unique monoclonal antibodies.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to immunological procedures and corresponding reagents for the diagnosis of brucellosis in animals. More specifically, the invention relates to the discovery of unique monospecific antibodies to an antigenic determinant of a Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide molecule and continuous cell lines capable of producing and secreting the monoclonal antibodies. In addition, the invention comprises methods for the differential diagnosis of animals infected with field strains or Strain 19 of Brucella abortus and animals vaccinated with B. abortus Strain 19. Brucella abortus (hereinafter "B. abortus") is a bacterial organism which causes brucellosis which is characterized by spontaneous abortion and chronic infection within the lymph nodes and in the mammary glands of animals such as cattle or bison. This disease causes extensive economic loss due to abortion, the birth of weak debilitated calves, decreased milk production and infertility. To reduce the incidence and economic loss caused by brucellosis, animals are often vaccinated with either live or killed organisms of B. abortus. Production of antibodies specific for B. abortus is a serological defense against bovine brucellosis and is the partial premise for prophylactic vaccination. The vaccine of choice is the attenuated B. abortus strain 19, which like the field Strain 2308, is strongly antigenic. Unfortunately, a consistently effective means for distinguishing Strain 19 vaccinated animals from those infected by pathogenic strains of B. abortus or Strain 19 is not available. Both the vaccine and the pathogenic strains stimulate the production of cross-reacting antibodies which serve as the basis for current serological tests for brucellosis. Hence, the current serological tests are often unable to distinguish Strain 19 vaccinated animals from field strain or Strain 19 infected animals, including cattle and bison. Inaccurate diagnosis often results in economic losses due to unnecessary testing of herds and unnecessary quarantine of cattle which in turn inhibits the movement and marketing of cattle through livestock marketing systems. Thus, a need exists for an assay which is capable of distinguishing between infected and vaccinated animals. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05190860__ •

Immunoassays for discriminating between brucellosis infections and vaccinations Inventor(s): Bundle; David R. (Ottawa, CA), Cherwonogrodzky; John W. (Kanata, CA), Duncan; J. Robert (Nepean, CA), Nielsen; Klaus (Richmond, CA), Perry; Malcolm B. (Ottawa, CA), Wright; Peter F. (Richmond, CA) Assignee(s): National Research Council of Canada (Ottawa, CA) Patent Number: 5,006,463 Date filed: September 25, 1987 Abstract: A method is disclosed for discriminating between cattle vaccinated against and those infected with Brucella spp. The method involves immunoassay using a purified polysaccharide containing 4,6-dideoxy-4-acylamido-D-mannopyranosyl units obtained from B. abortus or from cross-reacting organisms, and results in improved differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals. Test kits are also disclosed for performing the assay and a process is disclosed for obtaining the O-chain polysaccharides in high purity and yield. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of immunoassay for discrimination between animals vaccinated against and those infected with Brucella spp. Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria which are the causative agents of brucellosis, an important disease of animals and humans. In animals, for example cattle, brucellosis causes abortions and in addition decreased meat and milk production. In humans, it

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produces intermittent debilitation with high fever which may resist antibiotic therapy and recur over a period of several years. The disease can therefore be the cause of serious health problems and substantial economic losses. The species B. abortus, which is one example of this genus, remains a problem throughout the world. In South American countries, for example, up to 40% of cattle herds are affected by brucellosis, thousands of human cases are known, and economic losses are estimated at tens of millions of dollars annually. Other economically significant species include B. melitensis (which affects humans, sheep and goats), B. suis (which affects pigs, reindeer and humans), B. ovis (affecting sheep) and B. canis (affecting dogs and humans). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05006463__ •

Method of identification of animals resistant or susceptible to disease such as ruminant brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis and salmonellosis Inventor(s): Adams; L. Garry (College Station, TX), Davis; Donald S. (College Station, TX), Feng; Jianwei (College Station, TX), Gros; Philippe (Montreal, CA), Schurr; Erwin (Montreal, CA), Smith, III; Roger (College Station, TX), Templeton; Joe W. (College Station, TX) Assignee(s): McGill University (Montreal, CA), Texas A&M University System (College Station, TX) Patent Number: 6,114,118 Date filed: July 30, 1997 Abstract: The present invention relates to materials and methods for identifying animals that are resistant or susceptible to diseases associated with intracellular parasites such as brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis and salmonellosis. More particularly, the present invention relates to the identification of a gene, called NRAMP1, which is associated with the susceptibility or resistance of an animal, such as an artiodactyla to diseases such as brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis and salmonellosis. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to the identification of specific sequences of bovine NRAMP1 which associate with resistance or susceptibility to ruminant brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis and salmonellosis, and to the method of identifying said sequences to identify animals who are susceptible or resistant to disease. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for identifying animals that are resistant or susceptible to diseases associated with intracellular parasites. More particularly, the present invention relates to the identification of a gene, called NRAMP1, associated with the susceptibility or resistance of an animal, such as an artiodactyla, to diseases such as brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis and salmonellosis. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to the identification of specific sequences of the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of bovine NRAMP1 which associate with resistance or susceptibility to bovine brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis and salmonellosis, and to the use of the general sequence patterns to identify artiodactyl animals containing those sequences in situ, allowing therefore the identification of animals predicted to be either resistant or susceptible to diseases associated with intracellular parasites. Intracellular zoonotic bacterial diseases like brucellosis and tuberculosis cause significant losses in livestock industries despite widespread application of antimicrobials, vaccination, isolation and quarantine, test and slaughter, or a combination of these. The lack of success in eradicating infectious diseases of animals using these approaches indicates a need for a different strategy, such

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as the development of a means to identify genetic sequences associated with resistance and/or susceptibility, where such means could allow the identification of animals that are resistant or susceptible to disease. This could then allow the treatment, prophylactic or therapeutic, or elimination of susceptible animals, and the use of and/or selective breeding of resistant animals (see, for example, Templeton et al. 1988). Diseases such as ruminant brucellosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis and salmonellosis cause an estimated $250,000,000 loss annually to the U.S.A. beef and dairy industry. Further, tuberculosis especially is a health threat to all ungulates including rare and endangered mammals. These are diseases for which the usual eradication programs have been longterm, expensive, and somewhat unsuccessful. For example, bovine tuberculosis was thought to be a disease of antiquity in 1970 but has re-emerged as an endemic disease in the El Paso, Tex. dairy herds. Outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis have been reported in the past 5 years in California, Idaho, Indiana, Louisiana, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Wisconsin, and Virginia (Essey and Koller 1994; and Essey M. A. 1991). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06114118__ •

Plate methods for diagnosing Brucella canis infection Inventor(s): Carmichael; Leland E. (Ithaca, NY), George; Lisle W. (Cortland, NY) Assignee(s): Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. (Ithaca, NY) Patent Number: 3,962,413 Date filed: May 14, 1974 Abstract: This invention relates to the use of Brucella ovis antigens to diagnose the presence of Brucella canis in an animal. B. canis is the causative agent of canine brucellosis. Further, this invention relates to a plate test where B. ovis antigens are employed for rapid accurate determination of B. canis. Excerpt(s): A disease of dogs, canine brucellosis, caused by Brucella canis, is known to affect dogs. The beagle breed is one which is primarily affected by the disease. Characteristic features of canine brucellosis in dogs are generalized lymphadentitis and splenitis, early undetected embryonic deaths or abortions, overt abortions at approximately 50 days of gestation, and prolonged vaginal discharge following abortion. Epididymitis, dermatitis of the scrotum and testicular atrophy, often unilateral, appear in infected males. Some males become sterile. Many infected dogs are free of clinical signs, though suffering from reproductive failures and loss of vigor. Persistent bacteremia is common and organisms persist in various tissues for more than a year. Infected dogs generally do not have elevated temperatures and presently, infections are only recognized by a positive agglutination test, and, if possible, by isolation of B. canis. B. canis, canine brucellosis and the tube agglutination test for its detection are described inter alia by Carmichael, Proc. U.S. Livestock San. A., 71 (1969): 517-527; Carmichael et al. J.A.V.M.A., 152 (1968): 605-616; and J.A.V.M.A., 156 (1970): 1726-1734; Hall, Journal of Infectious Diseases, 124 (1971), pgs. 615-618, and Diaz et al, Journal of Bacteriology, 95 (1968), pgs. 618-624, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03962413__

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Polysaccharide vaccine to enhance immunity against brucellosis Inventor(s): Cherwonogrodzky; John W. (Medicine Hat, CA), Di Ninno; Vincent L. (Redcliff, CA), Wong; Jonathan P. (Medicine Hat, CA) Assignee(s): Her Majesty the Queen as represented by the Minister of National Defence (Ontario, CA) Patent Number: 5,951,987 Date filed: September 16, 1996 Abstract: A vaccine comprising purified outer-polysaccharide (OPS) is effective for protection against brucellosis. The vaccine is derived from Brucella or a variety of cross reactive bacteria. The vaccine can be administered by different routes (intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, orally). The vaccine is effective in protecting against other infectious bacteria, aside from Brucella. It is likely that the vaccine can be given after infection to reduce illness. Excerpt(s): Brucellosis is a debilitating disease that can cause abortions and weight loss in animals, "undulating" fevers, "night sweats", incapacitation and arthritis in humans. It is very hardy to environmental factors, easily aerosolized and infectious through skin abrasions, ingestion and the pulmonary route. It is difficult to treat with antibiotics and often persists as a life-long infection. Brucellosis is a disease endemic to most countries, especially under-developed nations where it infects 0.1 to 10% of the livestock (e.g. cattle, swine, sheep, goats, dogs and poultry), wild life (e.g. bison, caribou, wolves, dolphins) and people. Currently, there are no vaccines for human use to protect against brucellosis. In the past researchers have vaccinated people at high risk (e.g. veterinarians, abattoir workers) with an attenuated vaccine strain, B. abortus S19, but this appears to be attenuated for cattle and can be pathogenic or cause brucellosis in humans. There was a French vaccine (PI, or phenol insoluble) that removed the toxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component with phenol, but the phenol insoluble residue gave a high rate of reactogenicity (at least 53%) and led to hyper-sensitivity (vaccinates exposed to Brucella antigens were susceptible to anaphylactic shock). This latter vaccine has been discontinued and hence there are no human vaccines for brucellosis presently available. The vaccines presently used for livestock also have their inadequacies. The one used for cattle, an attenuated B. abortus S19 vaccine strain, does not give absolute protection from disease and is about 80% protective, occasionally reverts to a pathogenic form that can cause abortions, the vaccinates cause confusion in serological tests (i.e. in some cases the positive serology can be caused by vaccination, infection, or vaccination and subsequent infection), it is virulent for animals other than cattle and it can be pathogenic for people. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05951987__

Patent Applications on Brucellosis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to brucellosis: 9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Combination vaccine for enhancing immunity against brucellosis Inventor(s): Cherwonogrodzky, John W.; (Medicine Hat, CA) Correspondence: Nixon & Vanderhye P.C.; 1100 North Glebe Road, 8th Floor; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20020122808 Date filed: December 14, 2000 Abstract: A vaccine comprising a combination of Brucella "A" and "M" outerpolysaccharides (OPSs) and "R" protein antigens for enhancing immunity against brucellosis is disclosed. The OPS may be obtained from different strains or species of Brucellae (i.e. combining OPS extracted from different bacteria expressing "A" or "M" OPS, or combining OPS and OPS-protein complexes extracted from different bacteria). The OPS or OPS-protein complexes may also be obtained from a single strain expressing more than one OPS (e.g. from B. suis strain 145 which expresses "A", "M" and possibly other OPSs). The vaccine according to the present invention overcomes the limitation of previously discovered B. abortus "A" OPS which only protects against species and strains of Brucella that had "A" OPS but not against others with different OPS. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a vaccine, comprising a combination of bacterial components derived either from different species of Brucellae, or one strain expressing different components, that enhances immunity against brucellosis. The vaccine formulations are applicable for one or more cross-reactive bacteria thereof. Brucellosis is a debilitating disease that can cause abortions and weight loss in animals as well as undulating fevers, night sweats, incapacitation and arthritis in humans. It is very hardy to environmental factors, easily aerosolized and infectious through skin abrasions, ingestion and the pulmonary route. It is difficult to treat with antibiotics and often persists as a life-long infection. Brucellosis is a disease endemic to most countries, especially under-developed nations where Brucella species infect 0.1 to 10% of the livestock such as cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and camels. A zoonotic disease, these also infect other domestic animals such as dogs and poultry, wildlife such as bison, caribou and wolves and marine mammals such as whales and dolphins. People are especially vulnerable to infection either through handling infected products or ingesting contaminated foods. Up-to-date, effective treatment against brucellosis for animals, including humans, has been limited. For humans, administering high doses of combination antibiotics, for example doxycycline with rifampin over long periods, has been found to be effective to clear the disease, but non-compliance and relapses are common. For animals, the cost and limited effectiveness of antibiotic treatments often lead to the decision of either no treatment or elimination of the infected animal and its associated herd. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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LIVE VACCINE AGAINST BRUCELLOSIS Inventor(s): BOYLE, STEPHEN M.; (BLACKSBURG, VA), HADFIELD, TED L.; (COLESVILLE, MD), HOOVER, DAVID L.; (ROCKVILLE, MD), LINDLER, LUTHER E.; (WHEATON, MD), MCOULSTON, JOHN R.; (BLACKSBURG, VA), NIKOLICH, MIKELJON P.; (TAKOMA PARK, MD), SCHURIG, CERHARDT G.; (BLACKSBURG, VA), SRIRANGANATHAN, NAMMALWAR; (BLACKSBURG, VA), WARREN, RICHARD L.; (BLUE BELL, PA) Correspondence: Mcmr JA Charles H Harris; U S Army Medical Research And; Materiel Command; 504 Scott Street; Fort Detrick; MD; 217025012 Patent Application Number: 20010014673 Date filed: January 22, 1998 Abstract: Live Brucella vaccines and methods for preparing the live vaccines protective against brucellosis are described. The vaccines are prepared by introducing a deletion in the rfbU gene of a strain of Brucella which results in attenuation of the strain while retaining the desired immunogenicity to initiate a protective immunogenic response. Other strains with varying levels of attenuation are described. Excerpt(s): Brucella infects a significant number of people and livestock in developing countries and infects wild as well as domestic animals in the United States. In addition, Brucella is a potential biowarfare agent; strains of Brucella have been constructed with resistance to multiple antibiotics used to treat the disease. These strains pose a significant morbidity and mortality threat to exposed personnel. Brucellosis symptoms include recurring fever, chills and anxiety. Even though the disease is rarely fatal, once well established, the disease is difficult to treat since the bacteria reside in the bone marrow. Two live attenuated Brucella strains currently approved for use as animal vaccines, B. abortus Strain 19 [Cheville, et al. (1993) Am. J. Vet. Res. 54:1591-1597; Brucellosis research: an evaluation. Report of the subcommittee on Brucellosis Research, National Academy of Sciences. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1977:61-77] and B. melitensis strain Rev 1 [Jimenez de Bagues, M. P. et al. (1989) Ann. Rech. Vet. 20:205-213; Pardon, P. et al. (1990) Ann. Rech. Vet. 21:153-160], are not ideal vaccine strains. Both strains cause vaccinated animals to seroconvert and thus make subsequent serological diagnosis of brucellosis difficult [Jimenez de Bagues, M. P. et al. (1992) Vet. Microbiol. 30:233-241]. Both strains can induce abortion (Jimenez de Bagues, 1989, supra; Corner, L. A. and Alton G. G. (1981) Res. Vet. Sci. 31:342-344] and both can cause disease in humans [Blasco, J. M. and R. Diaz (1993) Lancet 342:805; Young, E. J. (1983) Rev. Inf. Dis. 5:821-842]. A more recent attenuated strain of B. abortus, RB51 [Schurig, G. G. et al. (1991) Vet. Microbiol. 28:171-188], shows more promise as a live vaccine strain. RB51 is a rough strain that confers protection against infection by Brucella, yet does not cause seroconversion [Cheville, N. F. 1993, supra; Jimenez de Bagues, M. P. et al. (1994) Infect. Immun. 62:4990-4996]. However, neither the genetic basis of the RB51 rough mutation nor the basis of attenuation is known. Also, RB51 carries resistance to rifampin, an antibiotic currently used to treat brucellosis. Therefore, there is a need for a live attenuated Brucella vaccine strain, with a defined nonreverting genetic mutation, which does not cause seroconversion in the vaccinee, and which does not retain resistance to antibiotics used in the treatment of brucellosis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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METHOD OF DETECTING A PATHOGEN USING A VIRUS Inventor(s): CHERWONOGRODZKY, JOHN W.; (MEDICINE HAT, CA), LOTFALI, KAMIL; (WEST VANCOUVER, CA) Correspondence: Nixon And Vanderhye; 1100 North Glebe Road; 8th Floor; Arlington; VA; 222014714 Patent Application Number: 20010055780 Date filed: August 11, 1995 Abstract: A bacteriophage linked to an enzyme can replace an antibody in a system for detecting the presence of a bacteria in a sample. Specifically Brucella abortus (a pathogen which causes brucellosis in cattle) can be detected using Brucella bacteriophage for the virus, urease for the enzyme linked to the bacteriophage, mmaleimidobenzoyl-N-hydrosysuccimide ester as a coupling reagent, sera from mice immunized with Brucella bacteriophage for a detector antibody, urease conjugated to anti-mouse sheep antibody for an indicator, and urea with bromcresol purple as the substrate. The materials can be used in indirect (sandwich) or direct enzyme-linked viral assays (ELVirA). Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of detecting a pathogen using a virus. More specifically, the invention relates to the detection of the pathogen Brucella abortus using the virus Brucella bacteriophage. Brucellosis is a disease caused by the bacterial genus, Brucella, named after Dr. David Bruce who discovered the organism in 1887. The disease is zoonotic, although different species are usually found in specific domestic animals, such as cattle (B. abortus), swine (B. suis), sheep (B. ovis), goats (B. melitensis) and dogs (B. canis). The manifestations of these bacteria in animals are usually reproductive complications (aborted fetuses, inflamed uterus or orchitis). While vaccinations in animals have proven partially effective in offering protection, the vaccines are pathogenic for other animals and humans. Infection is passed to humans through the ingestion of milk, milk products, the handling of contaminated carcases or aborted fetuses, and by the contact of infected tissues or body fluids. The disease is rarely passed form human to human, and then usually by exposure to contaminated blood specimens. Brucella is the number one cause of laboratory acquired infection. The great majority of patients with the disease survive, but only a small percentage ever recover completely. Usually the people infected are subject to relapses of recurrent, or undulant, fever, incapacitation, nausea and arthritis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Rapid diagnostic test to identify animals vaccinated with brucella abortus RB 51 Inventor(s): Schurig, Gerhardt; (Blacksburg, VA) Correspondence: The Technology Law Offices OF Virginia; P.O. Box 818; Middleburg; VA; 20118; US Patent Application Number: 20020160457 Date filed: March 14, 2002 Abstract: This invention relates to a kit for rapid detection of whether animals, particularly cattle, have been vaccinated with B. abortus RB 51. This vaccination is a brucellosis inhibitor in cattle and the kit includes latex beads which are used, in the

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latex agglutination test or enzyme-liked immunosorbent assay, to determine whether an animal has, in fact, been vaccinated. Excerpt(s): This invention is based upon and relies upon and incorporates the subject matter of an earlier filed provisional application Serial No. 60/286,281, filed Apr. 25, 2001, by the same inventor, Gerhardt Schurig, and upon which priority is based. This invention relates to a diagnostic method capable of detecting animals vaccinated with Brucella abortus RB 51. Specifically, the present invention provides methods for the preparation of appropriate antigens from B. abortus RB 51, and procedures to carry out a rapid, on-the-site test to identify the B. abortus RB 51 vaccinated animals. B. abortus is a bacterium that causes brucellosis in animals and humans. See "Zoonoses and communicable diseases common to man and animals", by P. Acha et al, 1980, Pan American Health Organization, pp. 28-45, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. This bacterium is the primary causative agent of brucellosis in cattle. The disease results in abortions and infertility in the affected cattle herds, leading to devasting economic losses to farmers as well as beef and dairy industries. Specific cellmediated, but not, antibody, immune responses are crucial for protecting animals against brucellosis. B. abortus vaccine strain RB51 confers protection by inducing such cell-mediated immune responses. See "Biological properties of RB 51: a stable rough strain of Brucella abortus, by G. Schurig et al, 1991, Veterinary Microbiology, 28: 171188, and "Overexpression of protective antigen as a novel approach to enhance vaccine efficacy of Brucella abortus strain RB 51" by Vemulapalli et al, 2000, Infectious Immunity, 68: 3286-3289, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with brucellosis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “brucellosis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on brucellosis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning brucellosis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON BRUCELLOSIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to brucellosis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on brucellosis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “brucellosis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “brucellosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “brucellosis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Advances in Brucellosis Research by L. Garry Adams; ISBN: 0890964475; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890964475/icongroupinterna

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Brucellosis: Report by the Industrial Injuries Advisory Council in accordance with section 62 of the National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) Act 1965 on the question whether Brucellosis should be prescribed under the Act ([Great Britain. Parliament. Papers by command] cmnd) by Great Britain; ISBN: 0101497105; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0101497105/icongroupinterna

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Cooperative state-federal brucellosis eradication program, statistical tables of fiscal year (SuDoc A 77.212/4:) by U.S. Dept of Agriculture; ISBN: B000100OSC; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000100OSC/icongroupinterna

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Developments in Biological Standardization: Brucellosis (Developments in biological standardization) by L. Valette, W. Hennessen; ISBN: 3805539444; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805539444/icongroupinterna

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Diagnosis and Vaccination for the Control of Brucellosis in the Near East (Fao Animal Production and Health Paper; 38) by Paul Nicoletti; ISBN: 9251012784; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9251012784/icongroupinterna

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Guidelines for Coordinated Human and Animal Brucellosis Surveillance (Fao Plant Production and Protection Paper, 156); ISBN: 9251049521; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9251049521/icongroupinterna

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Laboratory techniques in brucellosis (Monograph series - World Health Organization; no. 55) by G. G Alton; ISBN: 9241400552; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241400552/icongroupinterna

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Networking in Brucellosis Research: Report of the United Nations University, Brucellosis Research Network/Sales No. E.91.Iii.A.8 by Julius F. Frank, United Nations University Brucellosis Research Network; ISBN: 9280807560; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9280807560/icongroupinterna

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Reimbursement for Brucellosis testing : report together with additional views (to accompany S. 1767) (SuDoc Y 1.1/5:101-501) by U.S. Congressional Budget Office; ISBN: B0001043G6; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001043G6/icongroupinterna

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Swine brucellosis control/eradication state-federal-industry uniform methods and rules (SuDoc A 101.10/2:91-55-016) by U.S. Dept of Agriculture; ISBN: B00010LT7C; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010LT7C/icongroupinterna

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Techniques for the Brucellosis Laboratory (Techniques Et Pratiques) by G.G. Alton, et al; ISBN: 2738000428; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2738000428/icongroupinterna

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The Brucellosis (England) Order 2000 (SI); ISBN: 0110997603; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0110997603/icongroupinterna

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The Brucellosis and Tuberculosis (England and Wales) Compensation (Amendment) Order 1996: Animals (Statutory Instruments: 1996: 1352) by Great Britain; ISBN: 0110626737; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0110626737/icongroupinterna

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The eradication of brucellosis from the Seale-Hayne College Guernsey herd, by John Gordon Jenkinson; ISBN: 0901142077; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0901142077/icongroupinterna

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Yellowstone National Park bison: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Parks, Historic Preservation, and Recreation of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, on S. 745 to require the National Park Service to eradicate brucellosis afflicting the bison in Yellowstone National Park, and other purposes, Helena, MT, July 29, 1995 (S. hrg) by United States; ISBN: 0160477980; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160477980/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Brucellosis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to brucellosis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and brucellosis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the

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bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “brucellosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on brucellosis: •

Brucellar Arthritis Source: in Maddison, P.J.; et al., Eds. Oxford Textbook of Rheumatology. Volume 2. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. 1993. p.581-589. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, NY. Summary: This chapter for health professionals presents an overview of brucellar arthritis. The epidemiology and general characteristics of brucellosis are discussed. The general characteristics of the brucellae organism are identified. The defense mechanisms of the host are highlighted. The clinical and radiographic characteristics of brucellararthritis are described, including arthritis of the peripheral joints, sacroiliitis, spondylitis, osteomyelitis, and reactive arthritis. General laboratory features of brucellosis are summarized. Diagnostic investigations are discussed, focusing on bacteriological and serological investigations. The treatment of brucellar arthritis is explained. 60 references, 7 figures, and 2 tables.

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Bacterial Diseases Source: in Bork, K., et al. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips. Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. p. 123-151. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522 (individuals) or (800) 782-4479 (schools); Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445; http://www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $99.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: This lengthy chapter, from a textbook on diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips, discusses the etiology, clinical features, histopathology, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis for a variety of bacterial diseases that demonstrate oral manifestations. Diseases covered include impetigo, furuncle and carbuncle (deep staphylococcal infections of the hair follicle), acute bacterial cheilitis with ectropion, chancriform pyoderma, erysipelas, periodontal disease, simple gingivitis, hyperplastic or chronic gingivitis, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis (ANUG), noma (cancrum oris), chronic periodontitis, juvenile periodontitis, periodontal abscess, parodontal pseudocysts, dental sinus tracts, dental infection as a cause of other diseases, nonodontogenic oral abscesses, scarlet fever, diphtheria, cat-scratch disease, gonorrhea, chancroid, syphilis, congenital syphilis, yaws, tuberculosis (including lupus vulcagis), leprosy, actinomycosis, and miscellaneous bacterial infections, including anthrax, brucellosis, listeriosis, glanders, meningococcemia, granuloma inguinale, pertussis, and tularemia. Full-color photographs illustrate the chapter; references are provided for each section. 57 figures. 100 references. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BRUCELLOSIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover brucellosis.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on brucellosis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “brucellosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to brucellosis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “brucellosis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for brucellosis: •

Suspected brucellosis case raises false suspicions of bioterrorism in US Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 16, 2000

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “brucellosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “brucellosis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to brucellosis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “brucellosis” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Brucellosis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to brucellosis. In addition to

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these sources, you can search for articles covering brucellosis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for brucellosis. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with brucellosis. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to brucellosis: Aminoglycosides •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amikin; Garamycin; G-Mycin; Jenamicin; Kantrex; Nebcin; Netromycin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202027.html

Ciprofloxacin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Ciloxan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202655.html

Doxycycline •

Dental - U.S. Brands: Atridox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203716.html

Gentamicin •

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Garamycin; Genoptic Liquifilm; Genoptic S.O.P.; Gentacidin; Gentafair; Gentak; Ocu-Mycin; Spectro-Genta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202604.html

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Topical - U.S. Brands: Garamycin; Gentamar; G-Myticin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202258.html

Hepatitis A Vaccine Inactivated •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Havrix; Vaqta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202902.html

Hepatitis B Vaccine Recombinant •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Engerix-B; Recombivax HB; Recombivax HB Dialysis Formulation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202281.html

Rifampin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Rifadin; Rifadin IV; Rimactane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202511.html

Trimethoprim •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Proloprim; Trimpex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202579.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

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Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “brucellosis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 8795 231 15 19 14 9074

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “brucellosis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on brucellosis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to brucellosis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to brucellosis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “brucellosis”:

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AIDS http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aids.html Bacterial Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bacterialinfections.html Biodefense and Bioterrorism http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/biodefenseandbioterrorism.html Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/creutzfeldtjakobdisease.html Dengue http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dengue.html Malaria http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malaria.html Pets and Pet Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/petsandpethealth.html Smallpox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/smallpox.html Viral Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/viralinfections.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to brucellosis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. NORD (The National Organization of Rare Disorders, Inc.) NORD provides an invaluable service to the public by publishing short yet comprehensive guidelines on over 1,000 diseases. NORD primarily focuses on rare diseases that might not be covered by the previously listed sources. NORD’s Web address is http://www.rarediseases.org/. A complete guide on brucellosis can be purchased from NORD for a nominal fee.

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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to brucellosis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with brucellosis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about brucellosis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “brucellosis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given

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the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “brucellosis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “brucellosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “brucellosis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on brucellosis: •

Basic Guidelines for Brucellosis Brucellosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000597.htm DVT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000156.htm TB Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000077.htm

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Signs & Symptoms for Brucellosis Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Arthralgia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm

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Back pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003108.htm Chills Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003091.htm Cough Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Depression Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003213.htm Enlarged liver Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003275.htm Eye pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003032.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Glands, swollen Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003097.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Hepatomegaly Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003275.htm Hepatosplenomegaly Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003275.htm Irritability Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003214.htm Joint pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Loss of appetite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003121.htm Malaise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Muscle pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003178.htm

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Purpura Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003232.htm Rashes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Splenomegaly Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003276.htm Sweating, excessive Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm Weight loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003107.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Brucellosis ALT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003473.htm AMP Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003368.htm ANA Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003535.htm Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Blood culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003744.htm Bone marrow culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003682.htm Bone scan Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003833.htm C3 Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003539.htm C4 Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003354.htm CSF culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003769.htm CT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003330.htm

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Echocardiogram Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003869.htm ELISA Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003332.htm Febrile/cold agglutinins Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003549.htm Immunoelectrophoresis - serum Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003541.htm MRI Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003335.htm Quantitative immunoglobulins (nephelometry) Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003545.htm RF Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003548.htm Serology Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003511.htm Ultrasound Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003336.htm Urine culture (clean catch) Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003751.htm WBC count Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003643.htm X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm •

Surgery and Procedures for Brucellosis Valve replacement Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002954.htm

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Background Topics for Brucellosis Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Antigen Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002224.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm

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Inspection Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002388.htm Safety Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001931.htm Skin breaks Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000043.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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BRUCELLOSIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Actinomycosis: Infections with bacteria of the genus Actinomyces. [NIH] Acute Disease: Disease having a short and relatively severe course. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Deaminase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine to inosine with the elimination of ammonia. Since there are wide tissue and species variations in the enzyme, it has been used as a tool in the study of human and animal genetics and in medical diagnosis. EC 3.5.4.4. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of

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antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Agglutinins: Substances, usually of biological origin, that cause cells or other organic particles to aggregate and stick to each other. They also include those antibodies which cause aggregation or agglutination of a particulate or insoluble antigen. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylactic: Pertaining to anaphylaxis. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anergic: 1. Characterized by abnormal inactivity; inactive. 2. Marked by asthenia or lack of

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energy. 3. Pertaining to anergy. [EU] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anthrax: An acute bacterial infection caused by ingestion of bacillus organisms. Carnivores may become infected from ingestion of infected carcasses. It is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The most common form in humans is cutaneous anthrax. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH]

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Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthropathy: Any joint disease. [EU] Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asthenia: Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH]

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Bioengineering: The application of engineering principles to the solution of biological problems, for example, remote-handling devices, life-support systems, controls, and displays. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological Warfare: Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Biomedical Technology: The application of technology to the solution of medical problems. [NIH]

Biopterin: A natural product that has been considered as a growth factor for some insects. [NIH]

Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bioterrorism: The use of biological agents in terrorism. This includes the malevolent use of bacteria, viruses, or toxins against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or

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animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bromcresol Purple: An indicator and reatgent. It has been used for several purposes including the determination of serum albumin concentrations [NIH] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Brucella: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that causes brucellosis. Its cells are nonmotile coccobacilli and are animal parasites and pathogens. The bacterium is transmissible to humans through contact with infected dairy products or tissue. [NIH] Brucella abortus: A species of the genus Brucella whose natural hosts are cattle and other Bovidae. Other mammals, including man, may be infected. Abortion and placentitis are frequently produced in the pregnant animal. [NIH] Brucellosis: Infection caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella mainly involving the reticuloendothelial system. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carbuncle: An infection of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue that consists of a cluster of boils. Commonly, the causative agent is Staphylococcus aureus. Carbuncles produce fever, leukocytosis, extreme pain, and prostration. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiological: Relating to the study of the heart. [EU] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH]

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Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cat-Scratch Disease: A self-limiting bacterial infection of the regional lymph nodes caused by Afipia felis, a gram-negative bacterium recently identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and by Bartonella henselae. It usually arises one or more weeks following a feline scratch, with raised inflammatory nodules at the site of the scratch being the primary symptom. [NIH] Ceftriaxone: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to usually inaccessible infections, including those involving the meninges, eyes, inner ears, and urinary tract. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chancroid: Acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. Caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas. [NIH] Cheilitis: Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology. [NIH] Chelation: Combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. [EU] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlamydia: A genus of the family Chlamydiaceae whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or

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chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Clathrin: The main structural coat protein of coated vesicles which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coated Vesicles: Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as clathrin, coat protein complex proteins, or caveolins. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Communicable disease: A disease that can be transmitted by contact between persons. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a

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bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH]

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Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoplasmic Vesicles: Membrane-limited structures derived from the plasma membrane or various intracellular membranes which function in storage, transport or metabolism. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Diphtheria: A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. Diphtheria toxin, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention

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of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]

Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Empyema: Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU]

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Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endosomes: Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when coated vesicles shed their clathrin coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Episcleritis: Inflammation of the episclera and/or the outer layers of the sclera itself. [NIH] Epistaxis: Bleeding from the nose. [NIH] Erysipelas: An acute infection of the skin caused by species of streptococcus. This disease

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most frequently affects infants, young children, and the elderly. Characteristics include pink-to-red lesions that spread rapidly and are warm to the touch. The commonest site of involvement is the face. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibula: The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH]

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Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]

Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glanders: A contagious disease of horses that can be transmitted to humans. It is caused by Pseudomonas mallei and characterized by ulceration of the respiratory mucosa and an eruption of nodules on the skin. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Gonorrhoea: Infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted sexually in most cases, but

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also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Granuloma Inguinale: Anogenital ulcers caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis as distinguished from lymphogranuloma inguinale (see lymphogranuloma venereum) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of typical intracellular Donovan bodies in crushed-tissue smears. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Haemolysis: Disruption of the integrity of the red cell membrane causing release of haemoglobin. Haemolysis may be caused by bacterial haemolysins, by antibodies that cause complement-dependent lysis, by placing red cells in a hyptonic solution, or by defects in the red cell membrane. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage;

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craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions

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upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Iliac Artery: Either of two large arteries originating from the abdominal aorta; they supply blood to the pelvis, abdominal wall and legs. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulins: Glycoproteins present in the blood (antibodies) and in other tissue. They are classified by structure and activity into five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impetigo: A common superficial bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus aureus or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH]

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Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH]

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Interleukin-12: A heterodimeric cytokine that stimulates the production of interferon gamma from T-cells and natural killer cells, and also induces differentiation of Th1 helper cells. It is an initiator of cell-mediated immunity. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukins: Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Killer Cells: Lymphocyte-like effector cells which mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. They kill antibody-coated target cells which they bind with their Fc receptors. [NIH]

Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Latent period: A seemingly inactive period, as that between exposure of tissue to an injurious agent and the manifestation of response, or that between the instant of stimulation and the beginning of response. [EU] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the

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peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Leptospirosis: Infections with bacteria of the genus Leptospira. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukocytosis: A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid. [NIH] Levamisole: An antiparasitic drug that is also being studied in cancer therapy with fluorouracil. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte Transformation: Morphologic alteration of small lymphocytes in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by interleukins, mitogens such as phytohemagglutinins, and by specific antigens. It may also occur in vivo, as in graft rejection and chronic myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphogranuloma Venereum: Subacute inflammation of the inguinal lymph glands caused by certain immunotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis. It is a sexually transmitted disease in the U.S. but is more widespread in developing countries. It is distinguished from granuloma venereum (granuloma inguinale), which is caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. [NIH]

Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH]

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Lysosome: A sac-like compartment inside a cell that has enzymes that can break down cellular components that need to be destroyed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor: A mononuclear phagocyte colony-stimulating factor synthesized by mesenchymal cells. The compound stimulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. M-CSF is a disulfide-bonded glycoprotein dimer with a MW of 70 kDa. It binds to a specific high affinity receptor (receptor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor). [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Mediastinitis: Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs. [NIH] Mediastinum: The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melioidosis: A disease of humans and animals that resembles glanders. It is caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei and may range from a dormant infection to a condition that causes multiple abscesses, pneumonia, and bacteremia. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH]

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Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Mutate: To change the genetic material of a cell. Then changes (mutations) can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH]

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Natural killer cells: NK cells. A type of white blood cell that contains granules with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or microbial cells. Also called large granular lymphocytes (LGL). [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neopterin: A pteridine derivative present in body fluids; elevated levels result from immune system activation, malignant disease, allograft rejection, and viral infections. (From Stedman, 26th ed) Neopterin also serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of biopterin. [NIH] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Niche: The ultimate unit of the habitat, i. e. the specific spot occupied by an individual organism; by extension, the more or less specialized relationships existing between an organism, individual or synusia(e), and its environment. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by

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volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ofloxacin: An orally administered broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial drug active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Oral Manifestations: Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury. [NIH]

Orchitis: Inflammation of a testis. The disease is marked by pain, swelling, and a feeling of weight. It may occur idiopathically, or it may be associated with conditions such as mumps, gonorrhoea, filarial disease, syphilis, or tuberculosis. [EU] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Panniculitis: General term for inflammation of adipose tissue, usually of the skin, characterized by reddened subcutaneous nodules. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH]

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Parasitic Diseases: Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure. [NIH] Paratuberculosis: An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Characteristics include chronic debilitation and weight loss. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pefloxacin: An orally administered broad spectrum quinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is effective against urinary tract infections as well as against many other systemic infections. The drug is well tolerated in adults, but should not be given to children and pregnant women. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Periodontal Abscess: Localized circumscribed purulent area of inflammation in the periodontal tissue. It is a derivative of marginal periodontitis and commonly associated with suprabony and infrabony pockets and interradicular involvements, in contrast to periapical abscess which is attributable to pulp necrosis. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal

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layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Phagosomes: Membrane-bound cytoplasmic vesicles formed by invagination of phagocytized material. They fuse with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes in which the hydrolytic enzymes of the lysosome digest the phagocytized material. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Phytohemagglutinins: Mucoproteins isolated from the kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris); some of them are mitogenic to lymphocytes, others agglutinate all or certain types of erythrocytes or lymphocytes. They are used mainly in the study of immune mechanisms and in cell culture. [NIH] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized

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regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polyneuritis: Inflammation of several peripheral nerves at the same time. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Popliteal: Compression of the nerve at the neck of the fibula. [NIH] Popliteal Artery: The continuation of the femoral artery coursing through the popliteal fossa; it divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH]

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Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Presumptive: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Pseudocysts: A collection of enzyme-rich pancreatic fluid and tissue debris arising within areas of necrosis or an obstructed smaller duct. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and

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treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pustular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). [EU] Pyoderma: Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed). [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Pyrexia: A fever, or a febrile condition; abnormal elevation of the body temperature. [EU] Rabies: A highly fatal viral infection of the nervous system which affects all warm-blooded animal species. It is one of the most important of the zoonoses because of the inevitably fatal outcome for the infected human. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH]

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Regional lymph node: In oncology, a lymph node that drains lymph from the region around a tumor. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Ruminants: A suborder of the order Artiodactyla whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males. [NIH]

Salmonellosis: Infection by salmonellae. [NIH] Scarlet Fever: Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Senescence: The bodily and mental state associated with advancing age. [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH]

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Seroconversion: The change of a serologic test from negative to positive, indicating the development of antibodies in response to infection or immunization. [EU] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serologic Tests: Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Shigellosis: Infection with the bacterium Shigella. Usually causes a high fever, acute diarrhea, and dehydration. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigma Factor: A protein which is a subunit of RNA polymerase. It effects initiation of specific RNA chains from DNA. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU]

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Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Compression: Acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the spinal cord due to extramedullary neoplasm; epidural abscess; spinal fractures; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence. [NIH] Spinal Fractures: Broken bones in the vertebral column. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spondylarthritis: A condition occurring most commonly in children by narrowing of intervertebral disc spaces and some destruction of adjacent vertebrae, followed by slow healing over a period of months. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Staphylococcal Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Staphylococcus aureus: Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH]

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Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Tenesmus: Straining, especially ineffectual and painful straining at stool or in urination. [EU] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and

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multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translating: Conversion from one language to another language. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tularemia: A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by Francisella tularensis and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

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Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal Discharge: A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH]

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Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinarians: Individuals with a degree in veterinary medicine that provides them with training and qualifications to treat diseases and injuries of animals. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Yaws: A systemic non-venereal infection of the tropics caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue. [NIH] Zoonoses: Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to man or may be transmitted from man to non-human animals. [NIH] Zoonosis: Disease of animals, e. g. rabies, that can be transmitted to humans. A risk in major disasters; any disease and/or infection which is likely to be naturally transmitted from animals to man; disease caused by animal parasites. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal, 109, 115, 124, 131, 133, 138, 139, 140 Abdominal Pain, 115, 140 Abscess, 45, 115, 129, 139, 146 Acetylcholine, 115, 137 Actinomycosis, 81, 115 Acute Disease, 7, 115 Acute renal, 49, 115, 130 Adenine, 115 Adenosine, 35, 115, 140 Adenosine Deaminase, 35, 115 Adipose Tissue, 115, 138 Adjuvant, 63, 70, 115 Adverse Effect, 115, 145 Aerobic, 115, 120 Aerosol, 4, 6, 115 Affinity, 70, 115, 135 Age Groups, 41, 116 Aged, 80 and Over, 116 Agglutinins, 21, 112, 116 Algorithms, 9, 116, 119 Alkaline, 116, 120 Allograft, 116, 137 Alternative medicine, 84, 116 Amber, 116, 131 Amino Acid Sequence, 116, 117 Amino Acids, 116, 139, 141, 142, 144, 148, 149 Ammonia, 115, 116, 149 Anal, 116, 127 Analog, 70, 116, 127 Anaphylactic, 74, 116 Anaphylatoxins, 116, 123 Anaphylaxis, 116 Anemia, 116, 135 Anergic, 35, 40, 116 Anergy, 117 Aneurysm, 38, 117 Annealing, 117, 141 Anthrax, 81, 117 Antibacterial, 117, 138, 139, 145 Antibiotic, 8, 72, 75, 76, 117, 120, 121, 145, 146, 147 Antibodies, 12, 14, 16, 23, 33, 38, 46, 47, 50, 60, 70, 71, 116, 117, 129, 131, 136, 141, 145

Antibody, 11, 33, 61, 70, 77, 78, 116, 117, 122, 126, 129, 131, 132, 133, 136, 145 Anticoagulant, 117, 142 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 117, 123 Antimicrobial, 24, 28, 40, 43, 46, 48, 49, 52, 117, 122, 125 Antioxidant, 117, 118 Anxiety, 76, 117 Apoptosis, 40, 117 Aqueous, 117, 118, 124, 125 Arginine, 116, 118, 137 Arteries, 118, 119, 131, 141 Artery, 117, 118, 127 Arthropathy, 43, 118 Arthroplasty, 17, 118 Ascorbic Acid, 40, 118 Assay, 10, 12, 22, 23, 27, 28, 32, 46, 48, 51, 54, 70, 71, 78, 118, 131 Asthenia, 116, 118 Asymptomatic, 118, 129, 138 Atrophy, 73, 118 Attenuated, 7, 8, 71, 74, 76, 118 Attenuation, 59, 76, 118 Autodigestion, 118, 138 B Bacillus, 9, 117, 118, 120 Bacteremia, 73, 118, 135 Bacterial Infections, 81, 100, 118 Bacterium, 5, 6, 7, 78, 118, 120, 121, 130, 145, 148 Base, 7, 115, 118, 133, 149 Bewilderment, 118, 123 Bile, 118, 127, 130, 134 Biliary, 118, 138 Biliary Tract, 118, 138 Bioengineering, 8, 94, 119 Biological response modifier, 119, 132 Biological Warfare, 4, 7, 119 Biomedical Technology, 9, 119 Biopterin, 119, 137 Biosynthesis, 119, 137 Biotechnology, 10, 13, 84, 95, 119 Bioterrorism, 4, 9, 44, 83, 100, 119 Bladder, 119, 123, 131, 149 Blood Coagulation, 119, 120, 147 Blood Platelets, 119, 147 Blood transfusion, 17, 41, 119

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Brucellosis

Blood vessel, 119, 126, 128, 130, 133, 134, 135, 136, 145, 149 Blot, 4, 119 Body Fluids, 77, 119, 125, 137 Bone Marrow, 18, 45, 76, 119, 121, 131, 134 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 18, 119 Bradykinin, 119, 137 Breeding, 73, 119 Broad-spectrum, 120, 121, 138 Bromcresol Purple, 77, 120 Bronchiseptica, 120, 140 Brucella abortus, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 47, 52, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 70, 71, 77, 78, 120 Buccal, 120, 134 C Calcium, 31, 120, 122 Carbohydrate, 120, 141 Carbon Dioxide, 120, 127, 149 Carbuncle, 81, 120 Carcinogenic, 120, 132, 142 Cardiological, 50, 120 Case report, 14, 18, 21, 22, 41, 49, 51, 120, 122 Case series, 120, 122 Cathode, 120, 121, 125 Cations, 64, 121, 133 Cat-Scratch Disease, 81, 121 Ceftriaxone, 27, 121 Cell Death, 117, 121, 137 Cell Division, 118, 121, 136, 141 Cell membrane, 121, 129 Central Nervous System, 48, 115, 121, 127, 130 Cervical, 35, 121 Cervix, 121 Chancroid, 81, 121 Cheilitis, 81, 121 Chelation, 64, 121 Chemotactic Factors, 121, 123 Chemotherapy, 24, 28, 39, 40, 46, 48, 49, 52, 121 Chlamydia, 29, 121, 129, 134 Cholecystitis, 15, 18, 121 Chromatin, 117, 121, 134, 137 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 121, 134 Chronic renal, 38, 122, 149 Ciprofloxacin, 13, 20, 54, 88, 122 Clathrin, 122, 126 Clinical study, 14, 122 Clinical trial, 3, 95, 122, 143 Cloning, 20, 119, 122 Coated Vesicles, 122, 126

Coenzyme, 118, 122 Collagen, 122, 141 Colon, 122, 125 Communicable disease, 78, 122 Complement, 29, 62, 116, 122, 123, 129 Complementary and alternative medicine, 59, 65, 123 Complementary medicine, 59, 123 Compliance, 75, 123 Computational Biology, 9, 95, 123 Confusion, 74, 123, 125, 149 Conjugated, 77, 123 Conjunctiva, 123, 132 Connective Tissue, 118, 119, 122, 123, 127, 134, 136, 139 Consciousness, 123, 124, 125 Constipation, 123, 140 Consultation, 54, 123 Contraindications, ii, 123 Cortex, 123, 138 Curative, 123, 147 Cutaneous, 21, 117, 120, 123, 129, 133, 134 Cyclic, 124, 129, 137 Cyst, 16, 124 Cytokine, 5, 124, 133 Cytoplasm, 117, 121, 124, 126, 134, 137, 144 Cytoplasmic Vesicles, 124, 140 D Dairy Products, 120, 124 Deamination, 124, 149 Defense Mechanisms, 6, 81, 124 Degenerative, 124, 130 Dehydration, 124, 145 Deletion, 76, 117, 124 Dementia, 38, 124 Denaturation, 124, 141 Dermatitis, 73, 124 Developing Countries, 76, 124, 134 Diagnostic procedure, 69, 84, 124, 145 Diaphragm, 124, 141 Diarrhea, 124, 145 Digestion, 118, 124, 134, 146 Diphtheria, 81, 124 Direct, iii, 6, 7, 8, 11, 24, 36, 77, 87, 124, 139, 143 Discrimination, 71, 125 Disorientation, 123, 125 Dissociation, 115, 125 Doxycycline, 11, 12, 13, 20, 24, 40, 46, 48, 52, 60, 75, 88, 125 Drug Interactions, 89, 125

153

Duct, 125, 142 Dysentery, 62, 125 E Effector, 7, 115, 122, 125, 133 Efficacy, 7, 25, 63, 78, 125, 148 Electrolysis, 121, 125 Electrons, 117, 118, 120, 125, 133, 138 Embryo, 125, 146 Empyema, 16, 125 Emulsion, 125, 127 Encephalitis, 9, 126 Encephalitis, Viral, 126 Endemic, 42, 43, 73, 74, 75, 126, 135, 146 Endosomes, 4, 126 Endothelium, 126, 137 Endothelium-derived, 126, 137 Endotoxins, 123, 126 End-stage renal, 122, 126 Environmental Health, 94, 96, 126 Enzymatic, 120, 123, 126, 141 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 11, 126 Epidemic, 126, 146 Epidermis, 126, 143 Epidural, 126, 146 Episcleritis, 49, 126 Epistaxis, 51, 126 Erysipelas, 81, 126 Erythrocytes, 29, 116, 119, 127, 140 Exhaustion, 127, 135 F Family Planning, 95, 127 Fat, 115, 119, 127, 134, 145 Febrile, 7, 18, 112, 127, 135, 143 Femoral, 22, 127, 141 Femoral Artery, 22, 127, 141 Femur, 127 Fetus, 127, 146, 149 Fibrin, 119, 127, 140, 147 Fibula, 127, 141 Fixation, 29, 39, 127 Fluorouracil, 127, 134 Fossa, 127, 141 Fovea, 127 G Gallbladder, 115, 118, 121, 127 Ganglia, 115, 127, 137 Gas, 116, 120, 127, 130, 137 Gastrointestinal, 29, 119, 122, 127, 135, 147 Gene, 4, 7, 8, 9, 20, 72, 76, 119, 128 Gene Expression, 7, 8, 128 Genetic testing, 128, 141

Genetics, 115, 128 Genital, 122, 128, 149 Genomics, 9, 128 Gestation, 73, 128, 146 Gingivitis, 81, 128 Gland, 128, 134, 138, 144 Glanders, 44, 81, 128, 135 Glomerular, 128, 144 Glomeruli, 128 Glomerulonephritis, 16, 128 Glomerulus, 128, 137 Glottis, 128, 140 Glucose, 118, 128 Glutathione Peroxidase, 128, 144 Glycogen, 121, 128 Glycoprotein, 128, 135, 147 Goats, 10, 11, 50, 52, 56, 72, 74, 75, 77, 124, 128 Gonorrhea, 81, 128 Gonorrhoea, 128, 138 Governing Board, 129, 142 Grade, 47, 129 Graft, 129, 134 Graft Rejection, 129, 134 Gram-negative, 7, 71, 120, 121, 129, 138, 139 Gram-positive, 129, 138, 139, 146 Granule, 129, 144 Granuloma, 27, 36, 81, 129, 134 Granuloma Inguinale, 81, 129, 134 Groin, 129, 132 Guanylate Cyclase, 129, 137 H Habitat, 129, 137 Haemolysis, 25, 129 Half-Life, 121, 129 Haptens, 115, 129 Headache, 110, 129, 132, 148 Helminths, 130, 132 Hemolytic, 130, 131 Hemorrhage, 129, 130, 143 Hepatitis, 30, 34, 47, 60, 88, 130 Hepatocytes, 130 Heredity, 128, 130 Heterogeneity, 115, 130 Hormonal, 118, 130 Hormone, 130, 144 Horseradish Peroxidase, 126, 130 Humoral, 8, 10, 20, 32, 70, 129, 130 Humour, 130 Hybrid, 70, 130 Hybridization, 7, 130

154

Brucellosis

Hydrogen, 32, 118, 120, 124, 128, 130, 136, 138 Hydrolysis, 115, 130, 141, 142 Hypersensitivity, 116, 130, 144 I Idiopathic, 30, 131 Iliac Artery, 127, 131 Immune response, 5, 8, 10, 11, 20, 64, 78, 115, 117, 129, 131, 147, 149, 150 Immune Sera, 131 Immune system, 7, 131, 135, 137, 140, 149, 150 Immunity, 5, 7, 8, 20, 27, 46, 61, 63, 70, 74, 75, 78, 131, 133, 148 Immunization, 9, 12, 131, 145 Immunoassay, 19, 21, 28, 61, 70, 71, 126, 131 Immunofluorescence, 4, 131 Immunogenic, 63, 76, 131 Immunoglobulins, 112, 131 Immunologic, 121, 131 Immunology, 3, 4, 6, 19, 23, 27, 52, 62, 63, 115, 130, 131 Impetigo, 81, 131 Impotence, 131, 146 In situ, 72, 131 In vitro, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13, 34, 49, 131, 141, 145 In vivo, 6, 7, 40, 49, 131, 134 Incontinence, 131, 146 Incubation, 131, 140 Incubation period, 131, 140 Infant, Newborn, 116, 132 Infertility, 71, 78, 132 Infestation, 47, 132 Infiltration, 128, 132 Influenza, 5, 132 Ingestion, 74, 75, 77, 117, 132, 141 Inguinal, 38, 132, 134 Inhalation, 115, 132, 141 Initiation, 132, 145, 146 Initiator, 132, 133 Inner ear, 121, 132 Insight, 4, 132 Interferon, 13, 22, 33, 34, 35, 132, 133 Interferon-alpha, 132 Interleukin-1, 12, 35, 132, 133 Interleukin-12, 35, 133 Interleukin-2, 132, 133 Interleukins, 133, 134 Intermittent, 72, 133, 139 Interstitial, 133, 137, 144 Intervertebral, 133, 146

Intestinal, 47, 133 Intestines, 115, 125, 127, 133 Intracellular, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 72, 122, 124, 129, 132, 133, 137, 144 Intraperitoneal, 9, 133 Intrinsic, 116, 133 Invasive, 131, 133 Ions, 118, 125, 130, 133 Irritants, 125, 133 Ischemia, 118, 133 K Kb, 94, 133 Killer Cells, 133 L Labile, 61, 122, 133 Latent, 43, 133 Latent period, 43, 133 Leprosy, 62, 81, 133 Leptospirosis, 48, 134 Lesion, 129, 134, 146 Leukocytosis, 120, 134 Levamisole, 33, 38, 49, 134 Lipid, 134 Lipopolysaccharide, 8, 12, 62, 70, 71, 74, 129, 134 Liver, 38, 110, 115, 118, 125, 127, 128, 130, 134, 149 Localized, 38, 115, 121, 124, 127, 132, 134, 138, 139, 140, 146 Locomotion, 40, 134, 141 Loop, 5, 134 Lupus, 81, 134 Lymph, 35, 71, 121, 126, 130, 134, 135, 144 Lymph node, 71, 121, 134, 135, 144 Lymphadenopathy, 35, 134 Lymphatic, 126, 132, 134, 136, 147 Lymphatic system, 134, 147 Lymphocyte Transformation, 34, 134 Lymphocytes, 16, 22, 70, 117, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 140, 147, 150 Lymphogranuloma Venereum, 129, 134 Lymphoid, 117, 134 Lysosome, 135, 140 Lytic, 135, 145, 150 M Macrophage, 6, 8, 11, 38, 132, 135 Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, 11, 135 Malaise, 110, 120, 135 Malaria, 100, 135 Malaria, Falciparum, 135 Malaria, Vivax, 135

155

Malignant, 135, 137 Malnutrition, 118, 135 Mammary, 71, 135 Meat, 20, 48, 71, 135 Mediastinitis, 38, 135 Mediastinum, 135 MEDLINE, 95, 135 Melioidosis, 44, 135 Membrane, 12, 59, 121, 122, 123, 124, 129, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 148 Memory, 5, 124, 135 Meninges, 121, 135 Mental, iv, 3, 94, 96, 123, 124, 125, 135, 136, 143, 144, 149 Mental Health, iv, 3, 94, 96, 136, 143 Mesenchymal, 135, 136 Metabolite, 22, 136 Microorganism, 136, 139, 150 Microscopy, 4, 130, 136 Migration, 34, 37, 136 Mitosis, 117, 136 Molecular, 20, 95, 97, 116, 119, 123, 136, 148 Molecule, 71, 117, 118, 122, 123, 125, 126, 130, 136, 138, 143, 149 Monoclonal, 70, 71, 136 Monoclonal antibodies, 70, 71, 136 Monocyte, 40, 49, 135, 136 Mononuclear, 10, 129, 135, 136 Motion Sickness, 136, 137 Mucosa, 81, 128, 134, 136 Mucus, 125, 136 Mutagenesis, 7, 8, 136 Mutagens, 136 Mutate, 7, 136 Myalgia, 132, 136 Myocarditis, 124, 136 N Nasal Mucosa, 132, 136 Natural killer cells, 34, 133, 137 Nausea, 77, 137, 149 Necrosis, 117, 137, 139, 142 Neoplasm, 137, 146 Neopterin, 34, 137 Nephritis, 15, 137 Nervous System, 19, 121, 137, 143, 147 Neural, 130, 137 Neurotransmitter, 115, 119, 137, 147 Neutropenia, 18, 137 Neutrophils, 137 Niche, 4, 137 Nitric Oxide, 35, 137

Nitroblue Tetrazolium, 63, 137 Nitrogen, 127, 137 Nucleic acid, 130, 136, 138 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 130, 138 Nucleus, 117, 121, 124, 134, 136, 137, 138, 146 O Ofloxacin, 13, 48, 138 Ophthalmology, 42, 49, 127, 138 Oral Manifestations, 81, 138 Orchitis, 26, 30, 77, 138 Osteomyelitis, 81, 138 Ovum, 128, 138, 150 Oxidation, 117, 128, 138 P Palliative, 138, 147 Pancreas, 115, 138 Pancreatic, 138, 142 Pancreatitis, 15, 138 Panniculitis, 28, 38, 138 Parasite, 138 Parasitic, 36, 47, 125, 130, 132, 138, 139 Parasitic Diseases, 36, 139 Paratuberculosis, 72, 139 Parietal, 139, 141 Paroxysmal, 139, 140, 150 Pathogen, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 77, 131, 139 Pathologic, 117, 130, 139 Pathologic Processes, 117, 139 Pefloxacin, 13, 139 Pelvis, 131, 139, 149 Peptide, 139, 141, 142 Periodontal Abscess, 81, 139 Periodontal disease, 81, 139 Periodontitis, 81, 128, 139 Peripheral blood, 32, 132, 139 Peripheral Nerves, 134, 139, 141 Peritoneal, 17, 133, 139 Peritoneal Cavity, 133, 139 Peritoneal Dialysis, 17, 139 Peritoneum, 139, 140 Peritonitis, 17, 129, 140 Peroxide, 32, 128, 140 Pertussis, 81, 140, 150 Phagocyte, 135, 140 Phagocytosis, 49, 140 Phagosomes, 4, 140 Phallic, 127, 140 Pharmacologic, 129, 140, 148 Pharyngitis, 140, 144 Pharynx, 132, 140 Phosphorus, 120, 140

156

Brucellosis

Physiologic, 5, 119, 129, 140, 143 Physiology, 4, 140 Phytohemagglutinins, 134, 140 Plague, 140, 148 Plants, 119, 120, 128, 140, 148 Plasma, 117, 121, 124, 141, 145 Plasma cells, 117, 141 Platelet Aggregation, 47, 116, 137, 141 Platelets, 137, 141 Pleura, 141 Pleural, 35, 46, 135, 141 Pneumonia, 38, 46, 123, 135, 141 Poisoning, 137, 141 Polymerase, 4, 51, 141, 145 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 51, 141 Polymorphism, 35, 52, 141 Polyneuritis, 124, 141 Polypeptide, 116, 122, 130, 141, 150 Polysaccharide, 71, 74, 117, 141 Popliteal, 38, 141 Popliteal Artery, 38, 141 Posterior, 116, 138, 141, 144 Potentiates, 132, 141 Practicability, 141, 148 Practice Guidelines, 96, 142 Precursor, 125, 126, 137, 142 Presumptive, 11, 24, 142 Prevalence, 34, 46, 47, 142 Progressive, 122, 124, 137, 142, 144 Projection, 124, 142 Promoter, 35, 52, 142 Prophylaxis, 12, 142, 149 Prospective study, 12, 40, 142 Protein C, 75, 116, 122, 142, 149 Protein S, 119, 142, 144, 146, 147 Proteins, 6, 7, 24, 38, 116, 117, 119, 121, 122, 130, 132, 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 145 Proteinuria, 14, 142 Proteolytic, 122, 142 Protozoa, 125, 136, 142 Protozoan, 135, 142 Pseudocysts, 81, 142 Psychiatry, 42, 127, 142 Public Health, 26, 32, 50, 96, 143 Public Policy, 95, 143 Publishing, 10, 100, 143 Pulmonary, 15, 46, 47, 74, 75, 143 Purpura, 15, 51, 52, 111, 143 Purulent, 129, 139, 143 Pustular, 131, 143 Pyoderma, 81, 143 Pyogenic, 138, 143

Pyrexia, 50, 143 R Rabies, 143, 150 Race, 136, 143 Radioactive, 129, 130, 136, 143 Randomized, 43, 125, 143 Reactivation, 36, 143 Reagent, 77, 143 Receptor, 117, 135, 143 Recombinant, 11, 88, 143, 149 Recur, 72, 143 Refer, 1, 120, 122, 127, 134, 143, 148 Refraction, 143, 145 Regimen, 125, 143 Regional lymph node, 121, 144 Relapse, 8, 40, 49, 144 Renal failure, 49, 144 Retrospective, 19, 59, 144 Rheumatoid, 45, 144 Rheumatoid arthritis, 45, 144 Ribose, 115, 144 Ribosome, 23, 144, 148 Risk factor, 50, 142, 144 Rod, 118, 144 Ruminants, 11, 25, 128, 144 S Salmonellosis, 47, 72, 144 Scarlet Fever, 81, 144 Sclera, 123, 126, 144 Screening, 7, 36, 122, 144 Scrotum, 73, 144, 147 Secretion, 6, 7, 130, 133, 136, 144 Selenium, 56, 61, 144 Senescence, 5, 144 Sensory loss, 144, 146 Septic, 17, 144 Sequence Homology, 6, 144 Sequencing, 141, 144 Seroconversion, 76, 145 Serologic, 10, 11, 12, 27, 131, 145 Serologic Tests, 10, 11, 27, 145 Serology, 74, 112, 145 Serum, 11, 12, 31, 35, 50, 61, 63, 64, 112, 116, 120, 122, 131, 140, 145 Serum Albumin, 120, 145 Shigellosis, 29, 34, 145 Shock, 74, 116, 145, 148 Side effect, 87, 115, 145, 148 Sigma Factor, 4, 145 Signs and Symptoms, 144, 145, 149 Smallpox, 9, 100, 145 Sneezing, 140, 145

157

Soft tissue, 119, 145 Soma, 145 Somatic, 12, 130, 136, 145 Spasmodic, 140, 145 Specialist, 101, 145 Specificity, 51, 70, 116, 145 Spectrum, 5, 139, 145 Spinal cord, 27, 121, 126, 135, 137, 139, 146 Spinal Cord Compression, 27, 146 Spinal Fractures, 146 Spirochete, 146, 147 Spondylarthritis, 31, 146 Spondylitis, 45, 81, 146 Spontaneous Abortion, 71, 146 Sporadic, 64, 146 Staphylococcal Infections, 81, 146 Staphylococcus, 120, 131, 146 Staphylococcus aureus, 120, 131, 146 Sterile, 73, 146 Sterility, 132, 146 Stomach, 115, 118, 127, 130, 133, 137, 139, 140, 144, 146 Strand, 141, 146 Streptococci, 131, 144, 146 Streptococcus, 126, 146 Streptomycin, 11, 12, 13, 24, 40, 146 Stress, 137, 144, 146 Subacute, 132, 134, 147 Subclinical, 132, 147 Subcutaneous, 120, 138, 147 Subspecies, 145, 147, 150 Substance P, 136, 144, 146, 147 Substrate, 77, 126, 147 Supplementation, 56, 61, 147 Suppurative, 21, 36, 53, 129, 147 Symptomatic, 138, 147 Syphilis, 81, 138, 147 Systemic, 14, 88, 116, 124, 132, 139, 147, 148, 150 T Tachycardia, 118, 147 Tachypnea, 118, 147 Tenesmus, 125, 147 Testicles, 144, 147 Testicular, 73, 147 Testis, 138, 147 Tetracycline, 125, 147 Therapeutics, 9, 60, 89, 147 Thermal, 125, 141, 147 Thigh, 127, 129, 147 Thrombin, 127, 141, 142, 147 Thrombocytopenia, 17, 33, 51, 147

Thrombomodulin, 142, 147 Thymus, 131, 134, 147 Ticks, 132, 148 Tissue, 28, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 126, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 145, 148 Tonsillitis, 144, 148 Toxic, iv, 74, 124, 131, 144, 148 Toxicity, 125, 148 Toxicology, 61, 96, 148 Toxin, 124, 148 Toxoplasmosis, 29, 148 Transfection, 119, 148 Transfer Factor, 131, 148 Transfusion, 148 Translating, 9, 148 Translation, 4, 148 Translational, 6, 9, 148 Transplantation, 122, 131, 148 Trauma, 130, 137, 138, 148 Treatment Outcome, 20, 148 Tuberculosis, 15, 30, 34, 35, 47, 67, 72, 80, 81, 134, 138, 148 Tularemia, 9, 81, 148 Tunica, 136, 148 U Ulceration, 128, 149 Uraemia, 138, 149 Urea, 77, 149 Urease, 11, 24, 77, 149 Uremia, 144, 149 Urinary, 30, 121, 122, 131, 139, 149 Urinary tract, 121, 139, 149 Urinary tract infection, 139, 149 Urine, 112, 119, 131, 142, 149 Urogenital, 128, 149 Uterus, 77, 121, 149 V Vaccination, 7, 9, 12, 33, 54, 56, 61, 70, 71, 72, 74, 77, 80, 149 Vaccine, 4, 7, 8, 9, 22, 37, 63, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76, 78, 88, 115, 149 Vagina, 121, 149 Vaginal, 73, 149 Vaginal Discharge, 73, 149 Vascular, 116, 126, 132, 137, 149 Vasculitis, 49, 138, 149 Vasodilators, 137, 149 Vector, 139, 149 Vein, 117, 149 Venereal, 147, 149, 150 Venous, 22, 142, 149

158

Brucellosis

Venous Thrombosis, 22, 149 Vertebrae, 133, 146, 150 Vertebral, 146, 150 Vesicular, 145, 150 Veterinarians, 74, 150 Veterinary Medicine, 61, 95, 150 Viral, 77, 100, 126, 132, 137, 143, 150 Virulence, 4, 6, 7, 8, 118, 148, 150 Virulent, 7, 8, 74, 150 Virus, 77, 132, 145, 150 Viscera, 145, 150 Vitro, 150

Vivo, 150 W White blood cell, 117, 121, 134, 135, 136, 137, 141, 150 Whooping Cough, 140, 150 Womb, 149, 150 Y Yaws, 81, 150 Z Zoonoses, 37, 78, 143, 150 Zoonosis, 19, 150 Zymogen, 142, 150

159

160

Brucellosis