Brucella - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

BRUCELLA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P...

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BRUCELLA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Brucella: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00185-3 1. Brucella-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Brucella. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BRUCELLA ................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Brucella ......................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 18 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 56 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BRUCELLA ..................................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 Finding Nutrition Studies on Brucella ...................................................................................... 101 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 107 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 107 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BRUCELLA ............................................................... 109 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 109 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 109 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 116 General References ..................................................................................................................... 116 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON BRUCELLA ................................................................................. 117 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 117 Dissertations on Brucella........................................................................................................... 117 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 118 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON BRUCELLA............................................................................................ 119 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119 Patents on Brucella .................................................................................................................... 119 Patent Applications on Brucella ................................................................................................ 136 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 140 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON BRUCELLA ............................................................................................... 141 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 141 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 141 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 141 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 145 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 145 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 145 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 147 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 149 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 151 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 151 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 151 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 153 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 155 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 155 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 155 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 155 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 155 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 161 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 161 BRUCELLA DICTIONARY.......................................................................................................... 163 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 211

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Brucella is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about brucella, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to brucella, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Brucella. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to brucella, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Brucella. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BRUCELLA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Brucella.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and brucella, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “brucella” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Reactive Arthritis Source: Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America. 24(2): 261-273. May 1998. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on reactive arthritis, a term generally used for the typical oligoarthritis that occurs after Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, and Campylobacter intestinal infections and Chlamydia genital infection. The issue of whether other less common gastrointestinal and genitourinary infections should be included in the reactive arthritis classification scheme remains unresolved. Interpreting similar arthritis after other infections, including Streptococcus, Borrelia, Brucella, and Chlamydia pneumoniae, is even more problematic. A review of recent research on various aspects of reactive arthritis indicates that several investigations have focused on the issue of whether there are differences between enteric and genital infection associated reactive arthritis. Other research has

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attempted to identify the DNA or RNA of enteric pathogens in the joint, determine how human leukocyte antigen B27, also known as HLA-B27, may be related to the role of infectious agents in reactive arthritis and how bacteria or their antigens migrate from primary sites to joints. Other topics include research on the biology of Chlamydia and other infections in the joint and the use of various drugs to treat reactive arthritis. Some drugs that have been effective in studies include sulfasalazine, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents, and methotrexate. 90 references.

Federally Funded Research on Brucella The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Brucella. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Brucella. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Brucella. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for brucella: •

Project Title: ATTENUATION OF BRUCELLA USING DOMINANT REPAIR MUTANTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ennis, Don G.; Biology; University of Louisiana at Lafayette E University Ave Lafayette, La 70504 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The principal goal of this proposal is to develop new genetic tools that permit the rapid construction of repair-defective pathogenic bacteria. Our approach is called TAISR (for Trans-Acting Inhibition of SOS Repair) which introduces vectors carrying dominant mutant genes that "poison" SOS repair activities. A requirement for DNA repair functions in pathogenesis has been documented for some intracellular pathogens. For example, repair-defective mutants of Salmonella were completely attenuated in mice; this loss of virulence was traced to their inability to repair DNA damage within macrophages. A number of pathogens not only survive but even flourish within professional phagocytes; these include some Brucelleae, Campylobactereae, Edwardsielleae, Franciellaea, Listereae, Mycobacterieae and Yersineae. We are investigating the role of repair in pathogenesis by Brucella abortus an intracellular pathogen that causes undulant fever in humans and induces abortions in animals. We found that some B. abortus repair mutants, constructed by genedisruptions, can decrease its ability to survive and grow in macrophages by 3,000-fold. Preliminary studies using a lexA-based TAISR system revealed partial poisoning of B.

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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abortus SOS repair and a 100-fold greater killing in macrophages. We are proposing to improve TAISR by developing more effective dominant genes as well as use mutant combinations to inactivate repair in B. abortus. Attenuated mutants or mutant combinations generated by TAISR will provide insights into the design of live vaccines against Brucella. These genetic tools will have broad applications; they may be used to construct attenuated mutants in variety of bacterial pathogens. We are proposing the following specific aims for developing convenient genetic tools to construct attenuated mutants of Brucella. 1) Characterization of repair-defective B. abortus carrying dominant mutants from E. coli (lexA, recA and ruvB) as well as mutant combinations. 2.) Functional and molecular characterization of cloned copies of the lexA, recA and ruvB homologs from B. abortus. 3) Site-directed mutagenesis to construct dominant mutants from these three B. abortus repair genes. 4) Characterization of B. abortus strains expressing dominant lexA, recA and ruvB mutants from B. abortus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: B.ABORTUS-BASED VACCINE AGAINST VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC FEVERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Vemulapalli, Ramesh; Assistant Professor; Veterinary Pathobiology; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, in 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) are severe and lifethreatening diseases caused by several viruses. Lassa virus, Crimean/Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Marburg and Ebola viruses are four of the VHF causing agents known to be readily capable of person-to-person spread. No vaccines against these viral diseases are currently available. With the recent heightened bioterror threat, the potential use of these deadly viruses by terrorist elements has become apparent. Moreover, availability of safe and effective vaccines against VHF agents will be useful for protecting people with high risk of getting exposed to these viruses, such as people traveling to or living in the endemic regions of Africa. Research conducted to date demonstrates that both antibody and cell-mediated immune responses are necessary for protection to VHFs. The overall objective of the proposed research project is to develop a highly efficacious and safe vaccine for VHF. Specifically, the investigators propose to prepare an effective vaccine against VHF by expressing previously identified protective protein(s) of Ebola and Lassa viruses in Brucella abortus strain RB51, a bacterial vector with unique adjuvant properties and can stimulate a strong cell-mediated immune response. In the current proposal, the investigators intend to i) construct recombinant RB51 strains that express nucleoprotein and partial glycoprotein of Lassa and Ebola viruses, and ii) immunize mice with irradiated recombinant RB51 vaccines and characterize their antigen-specific antibody and cell-mediated immune responses. Recent research conducted by the investigators indicate that recombinant RB51 strains exposed to low doses of gamma radiation are unable to replicate but induce strong immune responses after just one immunization. Therefore, the investigators propose to use irradiated recombinant RB51 strains to immunize mice parentally and mucosally and study the specific immune responses. The proposed studies will clearly demonstrate the proof-of-concept for the development of efficacious and safe vaccines against viral diseases using irradiated, recombinant RB51 strain as a novel expression and delivery platform. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BRUCELLA ABORTUS ALTERS TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN MONOCYTES Principal Investigator & Institution: Bellaire, Bryan H.; Microbiology and Immunology; Louisiana State Univ Hsc Shreveport P. O. Box 33932 Shreveport, La 71103 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Brucella abortus is a highly infectious intracellular pathogen of humans that is classified as a Category B Bioterrorism agent. Virulence of this organism depends on its ability to survive and replicate within phagosomes of host monocytes. The experiments outlined in this proposal will characterize the maturation of the B. abortus phagosome that becomes acidified but does not fuse with lysosomes. Characterizing how B. abortus phagosomes interact with endosomes, phagosomes and lysosomes will give considerable insight into the host-pathogen relationship. Based on preliminary data and published reports, it is hypothesized that Brucella abortus establishes an intracellular niche within monocytes by interfering with host trafficking machinery to form a modified phagosome that does not fuse with lysosomes. The first set of experiments will use immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blot analysis on purified phagosomes containing live B. abortus to characterize these modified phagosomes. Phagosome maturation is a highly regulated process and key regulators of this pathway are the Rab GTPases Rab5 and Rab7. Altering the activity of these regulators contributes to the survival of other intracellular pathogens by preventing phagosome maturation and fusion with lysosomes. To determine if such a phenomenon is associated with the survival of intracellular B. abortus, phagosome maturation and bacterial survival will be examined in monocytes expressing the dominant-negative and constitutively active forms of Rab5 and Rab7. The goal of these studies is to identify which events in phagosome maturation B. abortus alters for intracellular survival and if Rab5 and Rab7 contribute to or antagonize the development of Brucella's modified phagosome. Completion of these studies will greatly increase our understanding of Brucella pathogenesis that will in turn aid the development a human vaccine and treatments for human brucellosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BRUCELLA STATIONARY PHASE GENE EXPRESSION AND VIRULENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Roop, Roy M.; Microbiology and Immunology; East Carolina University 1000 E 5Th St Greenville, Nc 27858 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: Brucella spp. have several pathogenic properties that make them a serious potential threat for use as agents of biological warfare and bioterrorism. Specifically, they are highly infectious by the aerosol route, they produce a chronic, debilitating disease in humans that is difficult to treat, and there is no safe and effective vaccine available to prevent human brucellosis. Prolonged survival and replication in host macrophages is critical to the capacity of the brucellae to establish and maintain chronic infection in the host. During their long term residence in host macrophages, the brucellae encounter a variety of harsh environmental conditions including nutrient limitation and exposure to reactive oxygen intermediates and acidic pH. Experimental evidence indicates that the B. abortus hfq gene product (also known as host factor I, or HF-I) is essential for the capacity of this organism to withstand exposure to these environmental stresses in host macrophages. Based on the well documented function of its enteric counterparts, the Principal Investigator's working hypothesis is that the B.

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abortus hfq gene product performs this function by facilitating optimal translation of the gene encoding a homologue of the stationary phase specific RNA polymerase sigma factor RpoS. The specific aims of this project are: 1) to clone the B. abortus rpoS gene, confirm its regulatory link to HF-I, and evaluate its contribution to stationary phase physiology in vitro and virulence in the mouse model; 2) to determine if HF-I and RpoS control stationary phase expression of the B. abortus katE and sodC genes, which encode important primary antioxidants linked to virulence in mice; and 3) to identify other HF-I and RpoS-regulated genes in B. abortus that play critical roles in the capacity of this bacterium to establish and maintain chronic infection in the murine host. Defining the physiologic state of the intracellular brucellae during chronic infection in the host and elucidating the contributions of individual stationary phase gene products to successful survival and replication in host macrophages should provide important basic information regarding host-pathogen interactions in Brucella infections. This information may also be useful for the design of novel vaccine candidates and improved chemotherapeutic approaches. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BRUCELLA VACCINE FOR BIOTERRORISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Splitter, Gary A.; Professor; Animal Hlth & Biomedical Scis; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: Brucella spp. is a Gram negative facultative intracellular bacterium that induces chronic infectious disease by direct contact or by consumption of animal products. Brucella is considered a potential pathogen for bioterrorism. Our long-term goal is to develop a Brucella vaccine. Little is known regarding Brucella genes encoding proteins that contribute to intracellular survival and virulence. Recently, a Brucella promoter trap system has been engineered using the promoterless green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene to identify Brucella promoters and associated genes that are activated following intracellular infection. A library of Brucella genes activated within 4 hours of macrophage infection has been identified and additional genes are being determined. Also, our previous evidence indicates that CD4+, CD8+ T cells and IFNgamma are prominent during clearance of acute infection; but little data exist to indicate the immunologic features critical to disease resolution. However, a Brucella memory response is a likely foundation for successful vaccination, and immunologic memory is hypothesized to play a key role in protection. Now, strategies will be created to protect interferon regulatory factor-1 gene knockout (IRF-1-r) mice that die within 7-10 days from virulent Brucella using attenuated Brucella mutants as vaccine candidates, and evaluate the cytokines and cell phenotypes of immune cells to understand the mechanism of protection. In addition, IRF-1-r mice can mount a protective immune response if vaccinated with certain attenuated mutants. The following specific aims are proposed. Specific Aim 1 will identify Brucella abortus genes that affect intracellular survival and then engineer those gene deletion mutants of Brucella. Novel promotergene combinations activated during in vitro macrophage infection will be identified. In preliminary studies, we have isolated a library of important genes, and results obtained from these studies will be used in the design of attenuated mutant Brucella. Gene deletion mutants of Brucella will be engineered. Attenuated mutant Brucella will be used as vaccine candidates in highly susceptible IRF-1-r mice. Specific Aim 2 will evaluate the efficacy of attenuated mutant Brucella as potential vaccines and determine the mechanisms responsible for a protective memory response in mice. Protective

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immunity of selected attenuated mutant Brucella in IRF-1-/- and C57BL/6 mice will be evaluated. Brucella mutants will be tested for their ability to confer protection to IRF-1-r mice as a rapid screen. Candidate mutants will then be tested in C57BL/6 mice followed by virulent B. abortus challenge. The immunologic components that induce protection will be identified using IRF-1-r and C57BL/6 mice. The change in cell phenotypes and cytokines will be monitored throughout the course of vaccination and challenge. Our goal is to use these findings to help develop a vaccine for Brucella. Importantly, no Brucella vaccine is available for humans, and there is an immediate need to protect the public against Brucella that might be used by bioterrorists. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BRUCELLA, AGING AND ROLE OF IL-17 IN HOST DEFENSE Principal Investigator & Institution: High, Kevin P.; Internal Medicine; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUL-2004; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Adults over the age of 65 comprise the fastest growing segment of the U.S. population. Aging increases susceptibility to most intracellular microbes (e.g. Mycobacterium, Salmonella, influenza and other viruses), likely due to waning immunity with advanced age termed 'immune senescence'. Immune senescence is characterized by impaired Th1 immunity, and efforts to reverse the responses that wane in immune senescence have been largely unsuccessful. However, recent data suggest augmenting immune responses that remain intact, even in far advanced age, may be a more achievable strategy to reduce the burden of infectious diseases in older adults. Brucella spp., important causes of disease in both human and animals, represent an exception to the rule that age increases the risk of infection due to intracellular pathogens. Scant published literature and our preliminary experiments suggest older adult mice and humans are no more susceptible to Brucella infection, and may in fact be less susceptible to this pathogen. In this proposal, we will use murine models to explore the immune mechanisms that remain intact or are enhanced with age, that allow efficient clearance of Brucella infection. Our preliminary data demonstrate marked increases in the poorly studied T cell cytokine IL-17 in response to whole Brucella organisms and specific Brucella antigens, particularly in older mice when compared to young adult mice. We suspect that the enhanced resistance of older adult mice may be due to IL-17, and the first aim of this proposal is to better define this association across the age spectrum. Very recent data have suggested IL-17 responses may be mediated by the antigen presenting cell-derived cytokine IL-23. This recently discovered feedback loop at the innate/adaptive interface may be an IL-12 independent mechanism to activate Th1 immune responses, a critical need to enhance resistance to intracellular pathogens in older adults. Initial investigations in this regard form the basis of our second aim. Finally, we will determine the clinical relevance of IL-17 in host defense by blocking the activity of this cytokine in murine models of brucellosis, and assessing the presence of IL-17 secreting memory T cells in humans with active or past Brucella infection. The data generated in this proposal will form the foundation of future R01 proposals aimed at enhancing immunity vs. intracellular pathogens in our aging population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BRUCELLA ABORTUS VIRB LOCUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Tsolis, Renee M.; Assistant Professor; Medical Microbiol & Immunology; Texas A&M University Health Science Ctr College Station, Tx 778433578 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Brucella abortus is a facultative intracellular pathogen that is highly infectious by the aerosol route and causes chronic, debilitating disease. A key step in B. abortus infection is the establishment of persistent infection within macrophages. The bacterial genes encoding virulence mechanisms required for specific interactions between Brucella and the macrophage remain largely undiscovered. We have identified a genetic locus of B. abortus, virB, that is required for establishing infection both in macrophages and In the mouse model. The B. abortus virB locus is predicted by sequence homology to encode a type IV secretion system. Our long- range goal is to elucidate the mechanism by which the virB locus mediates intracellular survival and persistent infection. The objective of this application is to study the expression of the virB genes and compare the interaction of wild type B. abortus and virB mutants with regard to vacuolar trafficking in the macrophage. The central hypothesis of this application is that the virB locus mediates a critical interaction with the macrophage that allows B. abortus to establish infection. The rationale for the proposed research is that characterization of B. abortus virulence factors mediating specific interactions with macrophages will form the basis for new approaches to treat or prevent brucellosis. We are uniquely prepared to undertake the proposed research, because we have generated tools for studying virB expression at both the transcriptional and translational level. Furthermore, the work will be performed in an excellent research environment that is conducive to its completion. Our Department contains several funded investigators working on intracellular bacterial pathogens and excellent BL-3 facilities, as well as other shared resources available for the study of host/pathogen interactions. The central hypothesis will be tested, and the objectives of this application accomplished by pursuing the following two specific aims: (1) Identify conditions for In vitro and in vivo expression of the B. abortus virB locus and localize protein products in the bacterium, and (2) Determine the mechanism by which the virB locus enables B. abortus to survive and grow intracellularly within macrophages. We expect that the results of this work will provide the first direct evidence for expression of the B. abortus virB proteins as well as define the environmental signals that induce expression of this locus. Furthermore, our results will provide information essential to defining the cellular interaction mediated by the virB locus. These results will be significant, because they are expected to provide new targets for preventive or therapeutic interventions to be employed in the case of illegitimate use of this bacterial pathogen. In addition, it is expected that these results will advance our knowledge of type IV secretion systems, which are used by a number of different bacterial pathogens to subvert the host's defense mechanisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF HUMAN BRUCELLOSIS VACCINES Principal Investigator & Institution: Adams, Leslie G.; Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Williams Admin. Bldg., Rm 113 College Station, Tx 778432147 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008

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Summary: Brucella melitensis (Category B) is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes a debilitating acute disease and establishes a chronic undulating febrile disease in man. Current vaccine strains are virulent in humans which makes them unsuitable for human use. Biological terrorism and the potential use of B. melitensis for biological warfare clearly warrants direct measures for prevention of human brucellosis. The immediate goal of the proposed studies is to generate and classify mutations in these genes according to their effect on survival and persistence in the mouse model. The long-range goal of this project is to expand the fundamental knowledge base for improved disease prevention through safer, more effective vaccines for human brucellosis. Signature-tagged transposon mutagenesis and the TRASH system (transposon site hybridization) based on the mariner transposon will be used to mutate Brucella to identify microbial genes and mechanisms responsible for in vivo survival. Identification of specific virulence genes will be used to derive protective attenuated candidate vaccine strains in mice. Based on the safety and protective immunity of the mouse model, the overall goal is to perform vaccination/challenge experiments using Macaca mulatta non-human primates to predict the safety and efficacy of these strains for human use. Our specific aims are to: 1) Identify B. melitensis genes necessary for survival and virulence using the TraSH system for generating and screening mutants; 2) Determine the safety and protection induced by B. melitensis vaccine candidates in the mouse model; 3) Evaluate safety, protection and host gene expression in response to candidate live B. melitensis vaccines in non-human primates. The central hypothesis is that the genes that compromise survival of B. melitensis are candidates for inactivation in human vaccine strains. Organisms defective in the gene products necessary for intracellular persistence are expected to retain immune stimulation, but should be unable to persist within the host. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ENZYMOLOGY OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Armstrong, Richard N.; Professor; Biochemistry; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-1998; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): In the last two decades it has become increasingly clear that the efficacy of antibiotics for the treatment of infectious diseases is in jeopardy due to the common appearance of drug resistant strains of microorganisms. Understanding the mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance is crucial for effective patient care in the clinic and essential for developing strategies to enhance biodefense against intentionally disseminated of pathogens. Fosfomycin is a potent, broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. A decade after its introduction plasmid-mediated resistance to fosfomycin was observed in the clinic. Investigations supported by this project have established that the resistance is due to a metalloenzyme (FosA) that catalyzes the addition of glutathione to the antibiotic, rendering it inactive. Similar resistance elements have now been shown to exist in the genomes of several pathogenic microorganisms including, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus anthrasis, Brucella melitensis, Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium botulinum. Genomic and biochemical analysis from this project suggest that there are three distinct subgroups of metalloenzymes, termed FosA, FosB and FosX, that confer resistance through somewhat different chemical mechanisms. The objectives of this research project are to identify plasmid and genomically encoded proteins involved in microbial resistance to fosfomycin and to elucidate the underlying structural and mechanistic enzymology of resistance. These

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11

objectives will be accomplished by integrating enzymological, biophysical and genomic analyses of the resistance problem. The three-dimensional structures of the FosA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its relatives FosB and FosX will be determined by X-ray crystallography. The chemical mechanisms of catalysis will be elucidated by: (i) examination of the inner coordination sphere of Mn 2+ in FosA and FosX by EPR and ENDOR spectroscopy; (ii) a steady state kinetic analysis of the thiol selectivity of FosA and FosB, and (iii) a mechanistic study of the unique hydration reaction catalyzed by FosX. Potential transition state inhibitors will investigated by structural, spectroscopic and kinetic techniques. The thermodynamics of the interaction of substrates and inhibitors with the enzymes will be examined by isothermal titration calorimetry Particular emphasis will be placed on the enzymes from the pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium botulinum. The intent of this investigation is to establish the mechanistic and structural bases for the design of drugs to counter both plasmid borne and genomically encoded resistance to fosfomycin. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FALGELLAR GENE HOMOLOGUES IN BRUCELLA MELITENSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Soto-Bonilla, Brenda L.; Animal Hlth & Biomedical Scis; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Brucella melitensis is an intracellular facultative Gram-negative, nonmotile bacterium that causes Brucellosis. The purpose of this work is to investigate the expression of flagellar machinery, and the function of flagellar-like genes recently identified in Brucella melitensis. B. melitensis flagellar gene homologues may encode proteins that form a flagellar type and/or type III secretion system which contributes to host colonization, intracellular survival of Brucella spp. and/or inhibit the host immune system. The major aims of this work are: 1) to generate knockouts of flagellar-related genes, 2) to perform gene complimentation of flagellar-like genes disrupted in B. melitensis, 3) to investigate the extent of infection using flagellar-related gene mutants of B. melitensis, and 4) to perform microarray analysis of the B. melitensis gene expression profile upon host infection focusing on the flagellar-like genes. The proposed studies will provide information on potential pathogenic mechanisms of B. melitensis and related organisms. Knowledge of the effector mechanisms involved in pathogenicity will allow us to develop target specific therapies (e.g. vaccines) and will shed light on potential pathways of immune modulation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENE EXPRESSION IN BRUCELLA-INFECTED MACROPHAGES Principal Investigator & Institution: He, Yongqun; None; Virginia Polytechnic Inst and St Univ 460 Turner Street, Suite 306 Blacksburg, Va 24060 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-FEB-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Brucella are intracellular facultative bacteria causing brucellosis in animals and humans. Four Brucella species are pathogenic to humans and classified as NIAID category B priority pathogens. However, no safe and effective Brucella vaccine is available for human use and the basic mechanisms by which Brucella successfully replicate intracellularly in host tissues remains unclear. B. melitensis, B. suis, and B. abortus are the most virulent to humans. The presence of the O-side chain in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) distinguishes smooth virulent Brucella strains

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Brucella

from rough attenuated or avirulent strains. Brucella O-side chain has been shown to induce protective cell mediated immunity. Smooth Brucella infect and replicate within host macrophages whereas rough strains infect and replicate for a limited time. We propose to use high throughput DNA microarray technology to study differential and coordinated gene expression in the time course of murine macrophage responses to infection with smooth and rough Brucella strains. The role of Brucella O-side chain in stimulation of specific macrophage gene responses will be analyzed. The gene expression profiles detected by DNA microarray experiments will be confirmed by realtime RT-PCR. The proposed research will greatly help in understanding the genetic basis of host defenses against infection by virulent and attenuated Brucella strains and make possible development of novel strategies to treat and prevent infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HYDROPHOBIC POLYAMINE AMIDES AS ANTI-ENDOTOXIN AGENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: David, Sunil A.; None; University of Kansas Lawrence Youngberg Hall Lawrence, Ks 660457563 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 20-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or endotoxins are outer membrane constituents of gram-negative bacteria that play a key role in the pathogenesis of septic shock, a leading cause of mortality worldwide for which there is as yet no effective therapy. The pathogenesis of certain Category A (Francisella tularensis) and Category B (Brucella spp.) bioterrorism agents also involves deleterious host responses to LPS. One possible approach to developing novel therapeutic strategies to treat sepsis is to sequester circulating LPS, a strategy that has been historically addressed using monoclonal antibodies directed against the structurally conserved lipid regions of LPS. However, a series of clinical trials using monoclonal antibodies have been unsuccessful owing to the lack of accessible recognition sites on the lipid. Our previous work on identifying structural requisites necessary for binding and neutralization of LPS in a variety of proteins, peptides and small molecules led to the identification of a novel class of structurally simple, nontoxic molecules, the lipopolyamines, which bind and neutralize LPS in vitro, and afford protection against LPS challenge in two murine models of gram-negative sepsis. In collaboration with MediQuest Therapeutics, Inc., we propose to synthesize libraries of novel compounds rationally designed to maximize binding affinity and neutralization potency, and to exhibit desirable pharmacokinetic and toxicological profiles, based on optimal structural templates that we have already established with the lipopolyamines. Employing a hierarchical screening strategy, the interactions of these molecules with LPS will be comprehensively evaluated. Test compounds will be screened for the ability to inhibit LPS-induced cellular activation and production of key proinflammatory mediators of septic shock. Highly active molecules will be further tested in two murine models of gram-negative sepsis. The toxicity of the compounds will be systematically determined in a panel of in vitro assays. These studies will serve to generate data for anticipated IND submissions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IMPROVED BRUCELLA VACCINE STRAINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ficht, Thomas A.; Professor; Veterinary Pathobiology; Texas A&M University System College Station, Tx 778433578

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Despite awareness of brucellosis for more than two millennia, identification and treatment of human illness is documented only within the last century. Reduction in animal disease has been used strategically to reduce human disease. Treatment of human infection relies upon antibiotic therapies, but relapse is not uncommon and with the advent of bioengineering, the ability to introduce antibiotic resistance into Brucella may negate the only method for direct treatment of human brucellosis. Brucellosis in humans can affect a number of different tissues, but is most typically associated with the lympho-histiocytic disease that if left untreated invades other tissues and can kill the host. Disease depends upon the ability of the organism to survive intracellularly, and includes persistence within professional phagocytic cells. Protective immunity in the host requires both the humoral and cellular responses, and although much effort has been invested in the development of subunit vaccines there has been little of success along these lines. The safety of currently available vaccine strains for human use is questionable, since these are often used to prevent abortion with less concern for protection against infection. The aim of the work proposed is the development of improved vaccines based on attenuated intracellular survival to minimize persistence of the organism while stimulating a protective immune response. Signature-tagged mutagenesis will be used to identify mutants of attenuated virulence in the mouse model and the defect in intracellular survival will be verified in vitro in human macrophages. The mouse model of infection will be employed, since survival and persistence of the pathogen in this model relies upon intracellular survival in macrophages. Similarities in survival of the organism, disease and organ involvement support the use of the mouse model for the study of human brucellosis. Vaccination in mice will be evaluated for protection against both intraperitoneal and oral challenge. Many of the gene products identified may serve as targets for new therapeutic regimens, but that is beyond the scope of the current proposal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISTIC STUDIES AT THE HOST-PATHOGEN INTERFACE Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcmurray, David N.; Regents Professor; Medical Microbiol & Immunology; Texas A&M University Health Science Ctr College Station, Tx 778433578 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The never-ending struggle between humans and infectious diseases will be won at the interface between the host and the pathogen. This is precisely the research emphasis of the faculty members who are participating in this training grant. The faculty consists of an outstanding group of extramurally funded investigators with a cumulative wealth of experience in training predoctoral students. Faculty members are drawn from components of the Texas A&M University System Health Science Center and the College of Veterinary Medicine. Research training opportunities exist in several important human bacterial and viral pathogens, including Salmonella species, papillomavirus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Brucella abortus, Bartonella species, influenza virus, Borrelia burgdorferi, rotavirus, Coxiella burnetii, and hepatitis virus. Other research projects focus upon pathogen-host interactions mediated by microbial toxins, such as Shiga-like and C. perfringens toxins. Another large project will give trainees the opportunity to learn about microbial surface components which facilitate the binding of pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and B. burgdorferi to host cell adhesive matrix molecules. These discrete projects are organized into three distinct themes: (1) Microbe-host cell interactions: intracelluar

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Brucella

pathogens, microbial adhesion, and agents of bioterrorism; (2) Enteric diseases; and (3) Vaccine development and evaluation. Extensive collaboration already exists between many of the participating faculty members, and the research training environment will be seamless from the trainee's perspective. The faculty have access to extensive animal care facilities (both conventional and BL-3) for small and large animal models, cutting edge technologies, and core facilities on the main campus. An excellent interdisciplinary curriculum, enriched by an outstanding, seminar series and plentiful opportunities for trainees to attend and present their findings at regional and national meetings will guarantee the ultimate success of our trainees as independent scientists. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PLASMIDS

MOLECULAR

GENETICS

OF

RHIZOBIUM

NODULATION

Principal Investigator & Institution: Walker, Graham C.; Professor; Biology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Room E19-750 Cambridge, Ma 02139 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1982; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): A long-term goal of this research is to understand the molecular mechanisms by which Sinorhizobium meliloti invades the nodules that it elicits on its plant hosts and establishes a productive symbiosis. Another long-term goal is to use knowledge gained from this research to increase our understanding of other bacterial-host interactions, particularly those involving chronic infections of mammals by bacterial pathogens. We have already shown that the synthesis of any of three different S. meliloti extracellular polysaccharides (succinoglycan, EPS II, and K antigen) in a symbiotically active low molecular weight form is required for invasion through infection threads. We will further characterize the quorum sensing regulation of these exopolysaccharides, examine the regulatory role of ExoS-ChvI, and further analyze their biosynthetic mechanisms. We will carry out studies of how the symbiotically active forms of the exopolysaccharide interact with the plant and will test how alteration of the chemical structure, non-carbohydrate modification, and molecular weight distribution of exopolysaccharide influence the architecture of biofilms. We have shown that S. meliloti, a plant symbiont, and Brucella abortus, an animal pathogen, both require the function of the bacA gene for the chronic intracellular infections they cause in their respective hosts. The proposed research will determine the molecular basis of bacA function, test the importance of bacA in other chronic host-pathogen interactions, and further explore possible commonalities between S. meliloti symbiosis and B. abortus pathogenesis. By taking advantage of the recent sequencing of the S. meliloti genome, we have identified 30 genes previously unrecognized as being important for symbiosis and will further study the roles of the most interesting of these. Our work demonstrating the importance of BacA protein in Brucella chronic infections has identified it as a possible target for new classes of drugs active against chronic infections. There is no human vaccine for Brucella, a potential bioterrorism threat, and B. abortus bacA mutants are potential vaccines. Our work will continue to offer insights into how specific low molecular weight oligosaccharides can serve as signals to eukaryotic hosts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INFECTION

RHIZOBIAL

LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES

ESSENTIAL

FOR

Principal Investigator & Institution: Carlson, Russell W.; Professor; None; University of Georgia 617 Boyd, Gsrc Athens, Ga 306027411

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1988; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Rhizobia are Gram-negative soil bacteria that form nitrogen-fixing symbioses with legumes. A specific rhizobial species recognizes and infects a specific host plant. Rhizobial cell surface lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are important for endocytotic invasion of host root nodule cells and differentiation into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids within a host-derived intracellular compartment known as the symbiosome. The symbiosome membrane is derived from the Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell and is both acidic and low in O2. Rhizobial symbionts are analogous to animal bacterial pathogens that survive in phagosomederived intracellular compartments and cause chronic infections; e.g. Brucella. The LPSs from members of the Rhizobiaceae have a very long chain lipid-A fatty acid, 27OHC28:0, (as does the pathogen, Brucella abortus). Also, LPSs from R. etli (Re) (a bean symbiont) and from R. leguminosarum bv. vicae (Rlv) (a pea symbiont) have unique lipid-A, and core oligosaccharide; e.g. they are devoid of phosphate and contain galacturonic acid. During symbiosis, modifications are made to the O-chain polysaccharide (e.g. methylation) and lipid-A. In the case of Rlv, both LPS and the entire bacterium become hydrophobic. This increase in hydrophobicity is due primarily to a doubling of the lipid-A 27-OHC28:0 moiety. It is proposed that the LPS O-chain modifications are required for adherence of the bacterium to the host membrane, and that the 27-OHC28:0 moiety is required to maintain membrane stability during endocytosis and symbiosome formation. The aims of this proposal are to structurally characterize the O-chain modifications, and to determine the functions of the Re and Rlv unique structural features with regard to both symbiosis and LPS biosynthesis. This will be accomplished through the creation and analysis of Re and Rlv mutants that are specifically altered in these unique structural features (e.g. defective in 27-OHC28:0 incorporation), and by the isolation and characterization of LPS fragments that bind to specific monoclonal antibodies whose LPS epitopes change during symbiosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ROLE OF HTRA-LIKE SERINE PROTEASES IN TB PATHOGENICITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Morin, Paul M.; Microbiology and Immunology; Yeshiva University 500 W 185Th St New York, Ny 10033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Two billion people are currently infected with the infectious organism, M tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis. Understanding TB pathogenicity is critical for the development of more effective treatment and vaccines that could change the global emergency. This research proposal will use novel genetic tools to create specific TB mutants that will be used to elucidate the role of HtrA-like serine proteases in M tuberculosis pathogenicity. HtrA serine proteases have been shown to be associated with virulence in many organisms including Salmonella, Yersinia, and Brucella, and are induced by exposure to heat shock and oxidative and osmotic stresses. By using a novel phage delivery system, allelic exchange will be performed in TB to create mutants with deletions in the HtrA-like serine protease genes: htrA, pepA, and Rv0983. These 3 TB mutants will be characterized in vitro for their growth characteristics, thermosensitivity, and ability to survive in cultured macrophages. TB serine protease mutants will also be characterized in vivo by infecting C57BL/6 mice and BALB/c SCID mice to determine if mutants are attenuated in the murine model. HtrA mutants in other organisms have been shown to act as vaccines by protecting mice against a lethal challenge with the wildtype organism. BALB/c mice

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Brucella

will be vaccinated with TB serine protease mutants and challenged with a virulent wildtype strain of TB. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SENSITIVE DIAGNOSIS OF BIOWARFARE AGENTS ON A MICROCHIP Principal Investigator & Institution: Collins, Greg E.; U.S. Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Ave Sw Washington, Dc 20375 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objective of this collaborative program is to develop a novel microchip sensing system capable of sensitively, selectively, simultaneously and rapidly identifying the presence of biowarfare (BW) agents relevant to our nation's biodefense program (NIAID Category A, B & C priority pathogens). Such development will meet the urgent need for cost-effective biodefense diagnostics for both public health laboratories and point-of-care use to identify or diagnose individuals exposed to agents and toxins of category A-C pathogens. The resulting microchip device will ultimately be applicable to agent detection in or on symptomatic or exposed individuals, in addition to preventative monitoring of food, air and water for general health safety, and is, thus, expected to dramatically change the way biodetection and diagnostic assays are performed. Most importantly, the proposed microchip device will be capable of performing an entire immunoassay on several pathogens of interest, simultaneously and in a single step on the microchip. This joint, interdisciplinary effort will combine fundamental and practical studies for creating a miniaturized (selfcontained), field-deployable biowarfare (BW) agent analyzer based on the coupling of immunoassays, rapid electrophoretic separations, and chemiluminescence/electrochemical detections on a chip platform. This new, completely functional microlaboratory will integrate multiple/parallel assays for different target pathogens or toxins, along with the necessary sample manipulations onto a single microchip platform. Antibodies to selected BW agents will be enzymelabeled and purified. The selected agents include: Staphylococcus enterotoxin B, ricin toxin, botulinum toxin, Epsilon toxin of Clostridium perfringens, E. coli toxin, Brucella abortus, Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis and Salmonella. Enzymatic amplification of the signal will be provided by conjugating the antibodies to one of four enzyme labels: horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose oxidase and betagalactosidase. The pre-column immunological reaction will be followed by electrophoretic separation of the enzyme-labeled antibody from the enzyme-labeled antibody-antigen pair. Finally, on-chip post-column introduction of an appropriate substrate will enable the sensitive detection of the antigen by either chemiluminescence or amperometric means. The entire assay will take place in a single step on the microchip. Preliminary results in this direction (including extremely low detection limits) are very encouraging. The successful utility of this new microsystem will depend upon a complete understanding of its fundamental behavior. The proposed research aims at gaining such insights into the on-chip bioassays, and for using this new knowledge for the rationale development of a new, micromachined BW agent analyzer. The primary goal is to understand the impact of the enzyme labeling upon the recognition capabilities of selected antibodies, learn how immunological reactions behave on a small scale and how they can be interfaced with separation microchips, and discover how the microfluidics can be tailored to suit the requirements of particular BW agent immunoassays. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: VACCINE DISCOVERY FOR BURKHOLDERIA VIA PROTECTION SCREEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Sykes, Kathryn F.; Director of Vaccine Research; Macrogenics, Inc. 2600 N Stemmons Fwy, Ste 210 Dallas, Tx 75207 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-2003; Project End 14-SEP-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Glanders is a severe disease that has already been used as a bioweapon. It is naturally an equine disease but can be administered by aerosol for efficient human infection. Even if quickly diagnosed as Burkholderia mallei and treated, antibiotics do not control infections well. No vaccine has been developed, yet is a rational component of any plan for defense. It is increasingly clear that both safe and efficacious vaccines of the future should be based on subunit designs. Therefore, we propose to identify new, subunit vaccine candidates against glanders. We have engaged in a genomic-scale search of all B. mallei coding sequences for protective antigens. Using an aerosol challenge with virulent pathogen, we have sifted 200,000 genomic fragments to a number of lower complexity pools that protect hamsters and mice against lethal disease. This was accomplished by expression library immunization. Our specific approach to developing one or more subunit vaccines will be to 1) reduce the expression library to its individual protective components, 2) to characterize the immune responses correlated with protection and 3) prepare these new B. mallei antigens, and their homologs from the very closely related B. pseudomalllei, in three vaccine delivery modes. These compositions will be intended for testing in the relevant horse and monkey hosts in phase II of this proposal. At the conclusion of this phase I project we will have generated protective subunits and formulated them into three modalities for B. mallei, and perhaps B. pseudomallei, vaccines. The immune responses correlated with protection will be defined, which should facilitate optimal development of this vaccine and those for related pathogens, such as some Brucella and Pseudomonas species. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: VIRULENCE REGULATION IN BRUCELLA BY LUXR QUORUM SENSOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Garcia, Daniel L.; Animal Hlth & Biomedical Scis; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Brucella is a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium whose pathogenesis is not understood. The recently sequenced genome of Brucella melitensis has identified four quorum sensing luxR homologues. LuxR transcriptional regulators have been shown to activate virulence gene expression in a number of bacteria. Our proposed goal is to identify genes associated with LuxR regulation and determine the relationship of quorum sensing to putative virulence gene expression in B. melitensis. Our specific aims are to: 1) create mutants in the four different luxR regulator gene homologs in Brucella melitensis 16M via allelic replacement; 2) using our luxR mutants, determine the extent these genes are involved in survival in macrophages and mice; 3) identify Brucella melitensis 16M genes differentially expressed during macrophage infection by the putative LuxR regulators using DNA microarrays. Thus, we will relate temporal expression of quorum sensing genes to potential virulence gene regulation and create opportunities to identify new vaccine targets and antibacterial agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Brucella

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “brucella” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for Brucella in the PubMed Central database: •

2-mercaptoethanol Brucella agglutination test: usefulness for predicting recovery from brucellosis. by Buchanan TM, Faber LC.; 1980 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273488

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A 36-kilodalton Brucella abortus cell envelope protein is encoded by repeated sequences closely linked in the genomic DNA. by Ficht TA, Bearden SW, Sowa BA, Adams LG.; 1988 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259520

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A DNA Vaccine Encoding Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase of Brucella abortus Induces Protective Immunity in BALB/c Mice. by Onate AA, Cespedes S, Cabrera A, Rivers R, Gonzalez A, Munoz C, Folch H, Andrews E.; 2003 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=187304

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A DNA Vaccine Encoding Lumazine Synthase from Brucella abortus Induces Protective Immunity in BALB/c Mice. by Velikovsky CA, Cassataro J, Giambartolomei GH, Goldbaum FA, Estein S, Bowden RA, Bruno L, Fossati CA, Spitz M.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127889

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A Homologue of an Operon Required for DNA Transfer in Agrobacterium Is Required in Brucella abortus for Virulence and Intracellular Multiplication. by Sieira R, Comerci DJ, Sanchez DO, Ugalde RA.; 2000 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111363

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A Multiplex Approach to Molecular Detection of Brucella abortus and/or Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Cattle. by Sreevatsan S, Bookout JB, Ringpis F, Perumaalla VS, Ficht TA, Adams LG, Hagius SD, Elzer PH, Bricker BJ, Kumar GK, Rajasekhar M, Isloor S, Barathur RR.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86978

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Ability of mononuclear phagocytes from cattle naturally resistant or susceptible to brucellosis to control in vitro intracellular survival of Brucella abortus. by Price RE, Templeton JW, Smith R 3rd, Adams LG.; 1990 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258555

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Affinity purification of bovine antibodies to Brucella abortus Lipopolysaccharide. by Stiller JM, Nielsen KH.; 1983 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272629

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Afipia clevelandensis antibodies and cross-reactivity with Brucella spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica O:9. by Drancourt M, Brouqui P, Raoult D.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170653

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Alteration of protective and serologic responses in BALB/c mice vaccinated with chemically modified versus nonmodified proteins of Brucella abortus 19. by Pugh GW Jr, Tabatabai LB.; 1994 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303272

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Amplification fragment length polymorphism in Brucella strains by use of polymerase chain reaction with arbitrary primers. by Fekete A, Bantle JA, Halling SM, Stich RW.; 1992 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=207493

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An IS711 Element Downstream of the bp26 Gene Is a Specific Marker of Brucella spp. Isolated from Marine Mammals. by Cloeckaert A, Grayon M, Grepinet O.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95966

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Analysis of Brucella lipopolysaccharide with specific and cross-reacting monoclonal antibodies. by Palmer DA, Douglas JT.; 1989 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267019

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Antibody and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to Ochrobactrum anthropi cytosolic and outer membrane antigens in infections by smooth and rough Brucella spp. by Velasco J, Diaz R, Grillo MJ, Barberan M, Marin C, Blasco JM, Moriyon I.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170519

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Antibody response to antigens distinct from smooth lipopolysaccharide complex in Brucella infection. by Schurig GG, Jones LM, Speth SL, Berman DT.; 1978 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=422095

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Antibody response to Brucella outer membrane proteins in bovine brucellosis: immunoblot analysis and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibodies. by Cloeckaert A, Kerkhofs P, Limet JN.; 1992 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270611

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Antibody response to Brucella ovis outer membrane proteins in ovine brucellosis. by Riezu-Boj JI, Moriyon I, Blasco JM, Gamazo C, Diaz R.; 1990 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258483

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Antibody responses to Brucella abortus 2308 in cattle vaccinated with B. abortus RB51. by Stevens MG, Olsen SC.; 1996 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173875

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Antibody-mediated and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to Brucella skin test antigens in guinea pigs. by Jones LM, Berman DT.; 1975 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=415071

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Antigenic relationships of the lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia hermannii strains with those of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Brucella melitensis, and Brucella abortus. by Perry MB, Bundle DR.; 1990 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258637

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Antigenic Structure of Brucella suis Spheroplasts. by Baughn RE, Freeman BA.; 1966 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=276422

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Antigenic S-type lipopolysaccharide of Brucella abortus 1119-3. by Caroff M, Bundle DR, Perry MB, Cherwonogrodzky JW, Duncan JR.; 1984 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261543

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Antigens of Brucella abortus S19 immunodominant for bovine lymphocytes as identified by one- and two-dimensional cellular immunoblotting. by Brooks-Worrell BM, Splitter GA.; 1992 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257181

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Antiviral activity of Brucella abortus preparations; separation of active components. by Feingold DS, Keleti G, Youngner JS.; 1976 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=420675

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Aromatic Compound-Dependent Brucella suis Is Attenuated in Both Cultured Cells and Mouse Models. by Foulongne V, Walravens K, Bourg G, Boschiroli ML, Godfroid J, Ramuz M, O'Callaghan D.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97916

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Attenuated Signature-Tagged Mutagenesis Mutants of Brucella melitensis Identified during the Acute Phase of Infection in Mice. by Lestrate P, Dricot A, Delrue RM, Lambert C, Martinelli V, De Bolle X, Letesson JJ, Tibor A.; 2003 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=308902

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Atypical isolates of Brucella abortus from Canada and the United States characterized as dye sensitive with M antigen dominant. by Ewalt DR, Forbes LB.; 1987 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266062

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Bacterial persistence and immunity in goats vaccinated with a purE deletion mutant or the parental 16M strain of Brucella melitensis. by Cheville NF, Olsen SC, Jensen AE, Stevens MG, Florance AM, Houng HS, Drazek ES, Warren RL, Hadfield TL, Hoover DL.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174094

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Binding of bacteria from the genus Brucella to human B lymphocytes. by Bratescu A, Mayer EP, Teodorescu M.; 1981 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351382

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Biological activities of Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharides. by Moreno E, Berman DT, Boettcher LA.; 1981 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351792

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Blastogenic response of bovine lymphocytes to Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide. by Baldwin CL, Winter AJ.; 1985 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263211

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BrucELISA: an enzyme-antibody immunoassay for detection of Brucella abortus antibodies in milk: correlation with the Brucella ring test and with shedding of viable organisms. by Boraker DK, Stinebring WR, Kunkel JR.; 1981 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271991

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Brucella abortus RB51 and Hot Saline Extract from Brucella ovis as Antigens in a Complement Fixation Test Used To Detect Sheep Vaccinated with Brucella abortus RB51. by Adone R, Ciuchini F.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96019

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Brucella Lumazine Synthase Elicits a Mixed Th1-Th2 Immune Response and Reduces Infection in Mice Challenged with Brucella abortus 544 Independently of the Adjuvant Formulation Used. by Velikovsky CA, Goldbaum FA, Cassataro J, Estein S, Bowden RA, Bruno L, Fossati CA, Giambartolomei GH.; 2003 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=201088

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Brucellacidal activity of human and bovine polymorphonuclear leukocyte granule extracts against smooth and rough strains of Brucella abortus. by Riley LK, Robertson DC.; 1984 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261460

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Brucella-Salmonella lipopolysaccharide chimeras are less permeable to hydrophobic probes and more sensitive to cationic peptides and EDTA than are their native Brucella sp. counterparts. by Freer E, Moreno E, Moriyon I, Pizarro-Cerda J, Weintraub A, Gorvel JP.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178440

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Capacity of passively administered antibody to prevent establishment of Brucella abortus infection in mice. by Winter AJ, Duncan JR, Santisteban CG, Douglas JT, Adams LG.; 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259849

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Case report and seeded blood culture study of Brucella bacteremia. by Zimmerman SJ, Gillikin S, Sofat N, Bartholomew WR, Amsterdam D.; 1990 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268124

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Cattle serologically positive for Brucella abortus have antibodies to B. abortus Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase. by Tabatabai LB, Hennager SG.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=368323

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Cell response to a salt-extractable and sonicated Brucella melitensis 16M antigen in human brucellosis. by Moreno-Lafont MC, Lopez-Merino A, Lopez-Santiago R.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170163

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Cellular fatty acids of Brucella canis and Brucella suis. by Dees SB, Hollis DG, Weaver RE, Moss CW.; 1981 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271911

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Characterization and genetic complementation of a Brucella abortus hightemperature-requirement A (htrA) deletion mutant. by Elzer PH, Phillips RW, Kovach ME, Peterson KM, Roop RM 2nd.; 1994 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303087

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Characterization of a Brucella Species 25-Kilobase DNA Fragment Deleted from Brucella abortus Reveals a Large Gene Cluster Related to the Synthesis of a Polysaccharide. by Vizcaino N, Cloeckaert A, Zygmunt MS, Fernandez-Lago L.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=100051

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Characterization of a monoclonal antibody specific for Brucella smooth lipopolysaccharide and development of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to improve the serological diagnosis of brucellosis. by Weynants V, Gilson D, Cloeckaert A, Denoel PA, Tibor A, Thiange P, Limet JN, Letesson JJ.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170338

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Characterization of a native polysaccharide hapten from Brucella melitensis. by Moreno E, Mayer H, Moriyon I.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259989

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Characterization of a phosphomonoesterase from Brucella abortus. by Saha AK, Mukhopadhyay NK, Dowling JN, Ficht TA, Adams LG, Glew RH.; 1990 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258603

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Characterization of an 18-kilodalton Brucella cytoplasmic protein which appears to be a serological marker of active infection of both human and bovine brucellosis. by Goldbaum FA, Leoni J, Wallach JC, Fossati CA.; 1993 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265711

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Characterization of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis native haptens as outer membrane O-type polysaccharides independent from the smooth lipopolysaccharide. by Aragon V, Diaz R, Moreno E, Moriyon I.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177767

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Characterization of Brucella abortus O-Polysaccharide and Core Lipopolysaccharide Mutants and Demonstration that a Complete Core Is Required for Rough Vaccines To Be Efficient against Brucella abortus and Brucella ovis in the Mouse Model. by Monreal D, Grillo MJ, Gonzalez D, Marin CM, De Miguel MJ, Lopez-Goni I, Blasco JM, Cloeckaert A, Moriyon I.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155776

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Characterization of Brucella abortus Soluble Antigen Employed in Immunoassay. by Berman DT, Wilson BL, Moreno E, Angus RD, Jones LM.; 1980 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273404

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Characterization of Brucella ovis lipopolysaccharide and its use for diagnosis of ram epididymitis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. by Afzal M, Tengerdy RP, Squire PG, Ellis RP.; 1984 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271537

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Characterization of Brucella polysaccharide B. by Bundle DR, Cherwonogrodzky JW, Perry MB.; 1988 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259769

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Characterization of Brucella suis clpB and clpAB Mutants and Participation of the Genes in Stress Responses. by Ekaza E, Teyssier J, Ouahrani-Bettache S, Liautard JP, Kohler S.; 2001 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95187

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Characterization of Heat, Oxidative, and Acid Stress Responses in Brucella melitensis. by Teixeira-Gomes AP, Cloeckaert A, Zygmunt MS.; 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97509

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Characterization of macrophage functions in mice infected with Brucella abortus. by Birmingham JR, Jeska EL.; 1981 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351561

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Characterization of New Members of the Group 3 Outer Membrane Protein Family of Brucella spp. by Salhi I, Boigegrain RA, Machold J, Weise C, Cloeckaert A, Rouot B.; 2003 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=165991

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Characterization of smooth lipopolysaccharides and O polysaccharides of Brucella species by competition binding assays with monoclonal antibodies. by Weynants V, Gilson D, Cloeckaert A, Tibor A, Denoel PA, Godfroid F, Limet JN, Letesson JJ.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175246

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Characterization of Specific Immune Responses of Mice Inoculated with Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Expressing an 18-Kilodalton Outer Membrane Protein of

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Brucella abortus. by Vemulapalli R, Cravero S, Calvert CL, Toth TE, Sriranganathan N, Boyle SM, Rossetti OL, Schurig GG.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95834 •

Characterization of the electron transport system in Brucella abortus. by Rest RF, Robertson DC.; 1975 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=235650

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Characterization of the heat shock response in Brucella abortus and isolation of the genes encoding the GroE heat shock proteins. by Lin J, Adams LG, Ficht TA.; 1992 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257176

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Characterization, occurrence, and molecular cloning of a 39-kilodalton Brucella abortus cytoplasmic protein immunodominant in cattle. by Denoel PA, Vo TK, Tibor A, Weynants VE, Trunde JM, Dubray G, Limet JN, Letesson JJ.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176086

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Chemical characterization and biological properties of lipopolysaccharides isolated from smooth and rough strains of Brucella abortus. by Kreutzer DL, Buller CS, Robertson DC.; 1979 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=414237

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Cloning and characterization of the Brucella ovis heat shock protein DnaK functionally expressed in Escherichia coli. by Cellier MF, Teyssier J, Nicolas M, Liautard JP, Marti J, Sri Widada J.; 1992 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=207542

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Cloning and characterization of the glucokinase gene of Brucella abortus 19 and identification of three other genes. by Essenberg RC.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177474

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Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the major 25-kilodalton outer membrane protein of Brucella abortus. by de Wergifosse P, Lintermans P, Limet JN, Cloeckaert A.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176829

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Cloning and sequence analysis of a newly identified Brucella abortus gene and serological evaluation of the 17-kilodalton antigen that it encodes. by Hemmen F, Weynants V, Scarcez T, Letesson JJ, Saman E.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170142

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Cloning and Sequencing of yajC and secD Homologs of Brucella abortus and Demonstration of Immune Responses to YajC in Mice Vaccinated with B. abortus RB51. by Vemulapalli R, Duncan AJ, Boyle SM, Sriranganathan N, Toth TE, Schurig GG.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108718

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Cloning of a Brucella melitensis group 3 antigen gene encoding Omp28, a protein recognized by the humoral immune response during human brucellosis. by Lindler

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LE, Hadfield TL, Tall BD, Snellings NJ, Rubin FA, Van De Verg LL, Hoover D, Warren RL.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174102 •

Cloning of Brucella abortus gene and characterization of expressed 26-kilodalton periplasmic protein: potential use for diagnosis. by Rossetti OL, Arese AI, Boschiroli ML, Cravero SL.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228751

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Cloning, expression, and occurrence of the Brucella Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase. by Bricker BJ, Tabatabai LB, Judge BA, Deyoe BL, Mayfield JE.; 1990 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313590

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Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of the Brucella melitensis omp31 gene coding for an immunogenic major outer membrane protein. by Vizcaino N, Cloeckaert A, Zygmunt MS, Dubray G.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174288

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Cloning, Nucleotide Sequence, and Expression of the Brucella melitensis sucB Gene Coding for an Immunogenic Dihydrolipoamide Succinyltransferase Homologous Protein. by Zygmunt MS, Diaz MA, Teixeira-Gomes AP, Cloeckaert A.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98793

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Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of the gene coding for a ribosome releasing factor-homologous protein of Brucella melitensis. by Vizcaino N, Cloeckaert A, Dubray G, Zygmunt MS.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174453

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Collaboration of bovine T lymphocytes and macrophages in T-lymphocyte response to Brucella abortus. by Splitter GA, Everlith KM.; 1986 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260965

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Comparative analyses of proteins extracted by hot saline or released spontaneously into outer membrane blebs from field strains of Brucella ovis and Brucella melitensis. by Gamazo C, Winter AJ, Moriyon I, Riezu-Boj JI, Blasco JM, Diaz R.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313293

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Comparative analysis of Brucella serotype A and M and Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 polysaccharides for serological diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle, sheep, and goats. by Diaz-Aparicio E, Aragon V, Marin C, Alonso B, Font M, Moreno E, Perez-Ortiz S, Blasco JM, Diaz R, Moriyon I.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266364

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Comparative in vitro activities of ofloxacin, difloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and other selected antimicrobial agents against Brucella melitensis. by Khan MY, Dizon M, Kiel FW.; 1989 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172669

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Comparative protection of mice against virulent and attenuated strains of Brucella abortus by passive transfer of immune T cells or serum. by Araya LN, Winter AJ.; 1990 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258438

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Comparative Proteome Analysis of Brucella melitensis Vaccine Strain Rev 1 and a Virulent Strain, 16M. by Eschenbrenner M, Wagner MA, Horn TA, Kraycer JA, Mujer CV, Hagius S, Elzer P, DelVecchio VG.; 2002 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135307

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Comparative Sensitivity of Gel-Diffusion and Tube Agglutination Tests for the Detection of Brucella canis Antibodies in Experimentally Infected Dogs. by Myers DM, Varela-Diaz VM, Coltorti EA.; 1974 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186568

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Comparison of BACTEC 9240 Peds Plus medium and isolator 1.5 microbial tube for detection of Brucella melitensis from blood cultures. by Yagupsky P, Peled N, Press J, Abramson O, Abu-Rashid M.; 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229753

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Comparison of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis infections of mice and their effect on acquired cellular resistance. by Young EJ, Gomez CI, Yawn DH, Musher DM.; 1979 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=414669

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Comparison of E Test to Microdilution for Determining In Vitro Activities of Antibiotics against Brucella melitensis. by Gur D.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89478

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Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and complement fixation test for the detection of specific antibody in cattle vaccinated and challenged with Brucella abortus. by Sutherland SS.; 1985 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268318

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Comparison of four commercial Brucella agar media for growth of anaerobic organisms. by Mangels JI, Douglas BP.; 1989 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267008

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Comparison of immune responses and resistance to brucellosis in mice vaccinated with Brucella abortus 19 or RB51. by Stevens MG, Olsen SC, Pugh GW Jr, Brees D.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=172987

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Comparison of lipopolysaccharide and outer membrane protein-lipopolysaccharide extracts in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of Brucella ovis infection. by Riezu-Boj JI, Moriyon I, Blasco JM, Marin CM, Diaz R.; 1986 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268754

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Comparison of living and nonliving vaccines for Brucella abortus in BALB/c mice. by Montaraz JA, Winter AJ.; 1986 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260865

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Comparison of sensitivity and specificity of purified lymphocyte and whole-blood in vitro lymphocyte stimulation assays in detection of Brucella abortus infection in cattle. by Kaneene JM, Johnson DW, Anderson RK, Muscoplat CC.; 1978 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=275259

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Comparison of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles and antigenic relatedness among outer membrane proteins of 49 Brucella abortus strains. by Verstreate DR, Winter AJ.; 1984 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261440

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Comparison of spleen cell proliferation in response to Brucella abortus 2308 lipopolysaccharide or proteins in mice vaccinated with strain 19 or RB51. by Stevens MG, Olsen SC, Pugh GW Jr.; 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173437

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Comparison of TRACK XI fluorometric immunoassay system with other serologic tests for detection of serum antibody to Brucella abortus in cattle. by Hall SM, Confer AW.; 1987 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265898

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Complement Fixation Test To Assess Humoral Immunity in Cattle and Sheep Vaccinated with Brucella abortus RB51. by Adone R, Ciuchini F.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95776

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Complementation of Brucella abortus RB51 with a Functional wboA Gene Results in O-Antigen Synthesis and Enhanced Vaccine Efficacy but No Change in Rough Phenotype and Attenuation. by Vemulapalli R, He Y, Buccolo LS, Boyle SM, Sriranganathan N, Schurig GG.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101669

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Conditions for conducting the indirect hemolysis test for detection of antibodies to Brucella abortus. by Hoffmann EM, Deyoe BL, Nicoletti PL, Tedder TF.; 1980 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273413

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Constitutive and Inducible Expression of Green Fluorescent Protein in Brucella suis. by Kohler S, Ouahrani-Bettache S, Layssac M, Teyssier J, Liautard JP.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97086

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Construction of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase deletion mutants of Brucella abortus: analysis of survival in vitro in epithelial and phagocytic cells and in vivo in mice. by Tatum FM, Detilleux PG, Sacks JM, Halling SM.; 1992 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257246

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Coombs Antiglobulin Test Using Brucella abortus 99 as Antigen To Detect Incomplete Antibodies Induced by B. abortus RB51 Vaccine in Cattle. by Ciuchini F, Adone R, Pasquali P.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130095

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Cytokine response of T-cell subsets from Brucella abortus-infected mice to soluble Brucella proteins. by Zhan Y, Yang J, Cheers C.; 1993 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=280929

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Definition of Brucella A and M epitopes by monoclonal typing reagents and synthetic oligosaccharides. by Bundle DR, Cherwonogrodzky JW, Gidney MA, Meikle PJ, Perry MB, Peters T.; 1989 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313534

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Delayed-type hypersensitivity activity of the Brucella L7/L12 ribosomal protein depends on posttranslational modification. by Bachrach G, Banai M, Fishman Y, Bercovier H.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174586

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Deletion of purE attenuates Brucella melitensis 16M for growth in human monocytederived macrophages. by Drazek ES, Houng HS, Crawford RM, Hadfield TL, Hoover DL, Warren RL.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173454

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Deletion of purE attenuates Brucella melitensis infection in mice. by Crawford RM, Van De Verg L, Yuan L, Hadfield TL, Warren RL, Drazek ES, Houng HH, Hammack C, Sasala K, Polsinelli T, Thompson J, Hoover DL.; 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174054

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Deletion of the BCSP31 gene of Brucella abortus by replacement. by Halling SM, Detilleux PG, Tatum FM, Judge BA, Mayfield JE.; 1991 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258969

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Deletion of wboA Enhances Activation of the Lectin Pathway of Complement in Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis. by Fernandez-Prada CM, Nikolich M, Vemulapalli R, Sriranganathan N, Boyle SM, Schurig GG, Hadfield TL, Hoover DL.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98513

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Demonstration of a peptidoglycan-linked lipoprotein and characterization of its trypsin fragment in the outer membrane of Brucella spp. by Gomez-Miguel MJ, Moriyon I.; 1986 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260847

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Demonstration of antibodies against Brucella melitensis 16M lipopolysaccharide and native hapten in human sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. by FernandexLago L, Diaz R.; 1986 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268835

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Detection of Antibodies to Brucella Cytoplasmic Proteins in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Neurobrucellosis. by Baldi PC, Araj GF, Racaro GC, Wallach JC, Fossati CA.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95768

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Detection of Brucella melitensis by BACTEC NR660 blood culture system. by Yagupsky P.; 1994 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263899

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Detection of serum antibody to Brucella abortus in cattle by use of a quantitative fluorometric immunoassay. by Hall SM, Confer AW, Tabatabai LB, Deyoe BL.; 1984 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271510

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Determination by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA to Brucella melitensis major outer membrane proteins and whole-cell heat-killed antigens in sera of patients with brucellosis. by Araj GF, Kaufmann AF.; 1989 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267700

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Determination of bovine lymphocyte responses to extracted proteins of Brucella abortus by using protein immunoblotting. by Brooks-Alder B, Splitter GA.; 1988 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259615

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Determination of Brucella immunoglobulin G agglutinating antibody titer with dithiothreitol. by Klein GC, Behan KA.; 1981 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271896

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Determination of stability of Brucella abortus RB51 by use of genomic fingerprint, oxidative metabolism, and colonial morphology and differentiation of strain RB51 from B. abortus isolates from bison and elk. by Jensen AE, Ewalt DR, Cheville NF, Thoen CO, Payeur JB.; 1996 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228859

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Diagnostic Usefulness of Antibodies against Ribosome Recycling Factor from Brucella melitensis in Human or Canine Brucellosis. by Cassataro J, Delpino MV, Velikovsky CA, Bruno L, Fossati CA, Baldi PC.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=119955

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Differences Between Brucella Antigens Involved in Indirect Hemagglutination Tests with Normal and Tanned Red Blood Cells. by Diaz R, Jones LM, Leong D, Wilson JB.; 1967 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=251913

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Differential activation of Brucella-reactive CD4+ T cells by Brucella infection or immunization with antigenic extracts. by Zhan Y, Kelso A, Cheers C.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173097

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Differentiation of Brucella abortus bv. 1, 2, and 4, Brucella melitensis, Brucella ovis, and Brucella suis bv. 1 by PCR. by Bricker BJ, Halling SM.; 1994 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264138

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Differentiation of Brucella ovis from Brucella abortus by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of cellular fatty acids. by Coloe PJ, Sinclair AJ, Slattery JF, Burke D.; 1984 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271207

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Differentiation of serological responses to Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O9 and Brucella species by immunoblot or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using whole bacteria and Yersinia outer membrane proteins. by Schoerner C, Wartenberg K, Rollinghoff M.; 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267990

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Direct detection of Brucella spp. in raw milk by PCR and reverse hybridization with 16S-23S rRNA spacer probes. by Rijpens NP, Jannes G, Van Asbroeck M, Rossau R, Herman LM.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167942

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DNA sequence and expression of the 36-kilodalton outer membrane protein gene of Brucella abortus. by Ficht TA, Bearden SW, Sowa BA, Adams LG.; 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259799

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Down-Regulation of Th2 Responses by Brucella abortus, a Strong Th1 Stimulus, Correlates with Alterations in the B7.2-CD28 Pathway. by Agranovich I, Scott DE, Terle D, Lee K, Golding B.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96760

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Doxycycline-rifampin versus doxycycline-streptomycin in treatment of human brucellosis due to Brucella melitensis. The GECMEI Group. Grupo de Estudio de Castilla-la Mancha de Enfermedades Infecciosas. by Solera J, Rodriguez-Zapata M, Geijo P, Largo J, Paulino J, Saez L, Martinez-Alfaro E, Sanchez L, Sepulveda MA, RuizRibo MD.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162881

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Early Acidification of Phagosomes Containing Brucella suis Is Essential for Intracellular Survival in Murine Macrophages. by Porte F, Liautard JP, Kohler S.; 1999 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96697

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Effect of antibiotics contained in two Brucella selective media on growth of Brucella abortus, B. melitensis, and B. ovis. by Marin CM, Alabart JL, Blasco JM.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228811

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Effect of Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide on oxidative metabolism and lysozyme release by human neutrophils. by Rasool O, Freer E, Moreno E, Jarstrand C.; 1992 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257051

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Effect of centrifugation and microagglutination techniques on Brucella agglutinin titers. by Klein GC, Behan KA, Brown SL, Couch EE.; 1982 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272132

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Effect of composition and method of preparation of liposomes on their stability and interaction with murine monocytes infected with Brucella abortus. by Vitas AI, Diaz R, Gamazo C.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163073

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Effect of Early Antibiotic Treatment on the Antibody Response to Cytoplasmic Proteins of Brucella melitensis in Mice. by Bowden RA, Racaro GC, Baldi PC.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=103740

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Effect of Exogenous Interleukin-18 (IL-18) and IL-12 in the Course of Brucella abortus 2308 Infection in Mice. by Pasquali P, Adone R, Gasbarre LC, Pistoia C, Ciuchini F.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=119949

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Effect of omp10 or omp19 Deletion on Brucella abortus Outer Membrane Properties and Virulence in Mice. by Tibor A, Wansard V, Bielartz V, Delrue RM, Danese I, Michel P, Walravens K, Godfroid J, Letesson JJ.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128365

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Effect of P39 Gene Deletion in Live Brucella Vaccine Strains on Residual Virulence and Protective Activity in Mice. by Tibor A, Jacques I, Guilloteau L, Verger JM, Grayon M, Wansard V, Letesson JJ.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108700

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Effectiveness of natural and synthetic complexes of porin and O polysaccharide as vaccines against Brucella abortus in mice. by Winter AJ, Rowe GE, Duncan JR, Eis MJ, Widom J, Ganem B, Morein B.; 1988 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259654

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Effects of cytokines on intracellular growth of Brucella abortus. by Jiang X, Baldwin CL.; 1993 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=302696

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Effects of gamma interferon and indomethacin in preventing Brucella abortus infections in mice. by Stevens MG, Pugh GW Jr, Tabatabai LB.; 1992 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257479

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Effects of nonionic, ionic, and dipolar ionic detergents and EDTA on the Brucella cell envelope. by Moriyon I, Berman DT.; 1982 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=221536

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Effects of Opsonization and Gamma Interferon on Growth of Brucella melitensis 16M in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages In Vitro. by Eze MO, Yuan L, Crawford RM, Paranavitana CM, Hadfield TL, Bhattacharjee AK, Warren RL, Hoover DL.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97129

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Electron Microscopy of Tissue Culture Cells Infected with Brucella abortus. by Hatten BA, Huang SY, Schulze ML, Sulkin SE.; 1971 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=247095

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Endogenous gamma interferon mediates resistance to Brucella abortus infection. by Zhan Y, Cheers C.; 1993 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=281252

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Endogenous interleukin-12 is involved in resistance to Brucella abortus infection. by Zhan Y, Cheers C.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173163

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Endotoxic activity of rough organisms of Brucella species. by Jones LM, Diaz R, Berman DT.; 1976 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=420813

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Enhancement of the Brucella AMOS PCR assay for differentiation of Brucella abortus vaccine strains S19 and RB51. by Bricker BJ, Halling SM.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228233

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Enzyme immunoassay for detecting Brucella antibodies in cow's milk. by Thoen CO, Pietz DE, Armbrust AL, Harrington R Jr.; 1979 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273133

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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for bovine immunoglobulin subclass-specific response to Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharides. by Lamb VL, Jones LM, Schurig GG, Berman DT.; 1979 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=414602

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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay To Differentiate the Antibody Responses of Animals Infected with Brucella Species from Those of Animals Infected with Yersinia enterocolitica O9. by Erdenebaatar J, Bayarsaikhan B, Watarai M, Makino SI, Shirahata T.; 2003 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=164264

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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with Brucella native hapten polysaccharide and smooth lipopolysaccharide. by Alonso-Urmeneta B, Moriyon I, Diaz R, Blasco JM.; 1988 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266962

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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with major outer membrane proteins of Brucella melitensis to measure immune response to Brucella species. by Hunter SB, Bibb WF, Shih CN, Kaufmann AF, Mitchell JR, McKinney RM.; 1986 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268973

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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with partially purified cytosoluble 28kilodalton protein for serological differentiation between Brucella melitensis-

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infected and B. melitensis Rev.1-vaccinated sheep. by Salih-Alj Debbarh H, Cloeckaert A, Bezard G, Dubray G, Zygmunt MS.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170337 •

Epitope Mapping of the Brucella melitensis BP26 Immunogenic Protein: Usefulness for Diagnosis of Sheep Brucellosis. by Seco-Mediavilla P, Verger JM, Grayon M, Cloeckaert A, Marin CM, Zygmunt MS, Fernandez-Lago L, Vizcaino N.; 2003 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=164270

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Erythritol catabolism by Brucella abortus. by Sperry JF, Robertson DC.; 1975 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245974

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Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (disodium salt)-labile bovine immunoglobulin M Fc binding to Brucella abortus: a cause of nonspecific agglutination. by Nielsen K, Stilwell K, Stemshorn B, Duncan R.; 1981 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271898

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Evaluation and comparison of different blood culture techniques for bacteriological isolation of Salmonella typhi and Brucella abortus. by Gaviria-Ruiz MM, CardonaCastro NM.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228057

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Evaluation of allergic and serological tests for diagnosing Brucella melitensis infection in sheep. by Blasco JM, Marin C, Jimenez de Bagues M, Barberan M, Hernandez A, Molina L, Velasco J, Diaz R, Moriyon I.; 1994 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263887

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Evaluation of blood clot cultures for isolation of Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi-A, and Brucella melitensis. by Escamilla J, Florez-Ugarte H, Kilpatrick ME.; 1986 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268920

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Evaluation of Brucella abortus Phosphoglucomutase (pgm) Mutant as a New Live Rough-Phenotype Vaccine. by Ugalde JE, Comerci DJ, Leguizamon MS, Ugalde RA.; 2003 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=219583

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Evaluation of serological tests for diagnosis of Brucella melitensis infection of goats. by Diaz-Aparicio E, Marin C, Alonso-Urmeneta B, Aragon V, Perez-Ortiz S, Pardo M, Blasco JM, Diaz R, Moriyon I.; 1994 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263630

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Expression and Bactericidal Activity of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Brucella suisInfected Murine Macrophages. by Gross A, Spiesser S, Terraza A, Rouot B, Caron E, Dornand J.; 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108054

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Expression of tfx and sensitivity to the rhizobial peptide antibiotic trifolitoxin in a taxonomically distinct group of alpha-proteobacteria including the animal pathogen Brucella abortus. by Triplett EW, Breil BT, Splitter GA.; 1994 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=201952

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Factors affecting detection of Brucella melitensis by BACTEC NR730, a nonradiometric system for hemocultures. by Gamazo C, Vitas AI, Lopez-Goni I, Diaz R, Moriyon I.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266375

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Ferrochelatase Is Present in Brucella abortus and Is Critical for Its Intracellular Survival and Virulence. by Almiron M, Martinez M, Sanjuan N, Ugalde RA.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98755

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Field Validation of the Use of RB51 as Antigen in a Complement Fixation Test To Identify Calves Vaccinated with Brucella abortus RB51. by Adone R, Ciuchini F, Olsen S.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96067

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Fine structure of A and M antigens from Brucella biovars. by Meikle PJ, Perry MB, Cherwonogrodzky JW, Bundle DR.; 1989 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313533

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Fluorescence Polarization Assay for Detection of Brucella abortus Antibodies in Bulk Tank Bovine Milk Samples. by Gall D, Nielsen K, Bermudez MR, Moreno F, Smith P.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130131

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Fluorescent Whole-Cell Hybridization with 16S rRNA-Targeted Oligonucleotide Probes To Identify Brucella spp. by Flow Cytometry. by Fernandez-Lago L, Vallejo FJ, Trujillano I, Vizcaino N.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87026

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Functional Characterization of Brucella melitensis NorMI, an Efflux Pump Belonging to the Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion Family. by Braibant M, Guilloteau L, Zygmunt MS.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127400

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Gene Discovery through Genomic Sequencing of Brucella abortus. by Sanchez DO, Zandomeni RO, Cravero S, Verdun RE, Pierrou E, Faccio P, Diaz G, Lanzavecchia S, Aguero F, Frasch AC, Andersson SG, Rossetti OL, Grau O, Ugalde RA.; 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97963

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Genetic Characterization of a Tn5-Disrupted Glycosyltransferase Gene Homolog in Brucella abortus and Its Effect on Lipopolysaccharide Composition and Virulence. by McQuiston JR, Vemulapalli R, Inzana TJ, Schurig GG, Sriranganathan N, Fritzinger D, Hadfield TL, Warren RA, Snellings N, Hoover D, Halling SM, Boyle SM.; 1999 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96661

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Genetic Organization and Iron-Responsive Regulation of the Brucella abortus 2,3Dihydroxybenzoic Acid Biosynthesis Operon, a Cluster of Genes Required for WildType Virulence in Pregnant Cattle. by Bellaire BH, Elzer PH, Hagius S, Walker J, Baldwin CL, Roop II RM.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152065

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Glucose Transport in Brucella abortus. by Rest RF, Robertson DC.; 1974 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=246664

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Homologies of Deoxyribonucleic Acids from Brucella ovis, Canine Abortion Organisms, and other Brucella Species. by Hoyer BH, McCullough NB.; 1968 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=315241

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Human peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells express Th1-like cytokine mRNA and proteins following in vitro stimulation with heat-inactivated Brucella abortus. by Zaitseva MB, Golding H, Betts M, Yamauchi A, Bloom ET, Butler LE, Stevan L, Golding B.; 1995 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173364

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Human Peripheral Blood T Cells, Monocytes, and Macrophages Secrete Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins 1[alpha] and 1[beta] following Stimulation with HeatInactivated Brucella abortus. by Zaitseva M, King LR, Manischewitz J, Dougan M, Stevan L, Golding H, Golding B.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98399

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Humoral immune response against lipopolysaccharide and cytoplasmic proteins of Brucella abortus in cattle vaccinated with B. abortus S19 or experimentally infected with Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0:9. by Baldi PC, Giambartolomei GH, Goldbaum FA, Abdon LF, Velikovsky CA, Kittelberger R, Fossati CA.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170371

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Humoral immune responses of Brucella-infected cattle, sheep, and goats to eight purified recombinant Brucella proteins in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. by Letesson JJ, Tibor A, van Eynde G, Wansard V, Weynants V, Denoel P, Saman E.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170595

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Identification and Characterization of a 14-Kilodalton Brucella abortus Protein Reactive with Antibodies from Naturally and Experimentally Infected Hosts and T Lymphocytes from Experimentally Infected BALB/c Mice. by Chirhart-Gilleland RL, Kovach ME, Elzer PH, Jennings SR, Roop RM II.; 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108474

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Identification and Characterization of a Brucella abortus ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter Homolog to Rhizobium meliloti ExsA and Its Role in Virulence and Protection in Mice. by Rosinha GM, Freitas DA, Miyoshi A, Azevedo V, Campos E, Cravero SL, Rossetti O, Splitter G, Oliveira SC.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128262

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Identification and Characterization of the Brucella abortus Phosphoglucomutase Gene: Role of Lipopolysaccharide in Virulence and Intracellular Multiplication. by Ugalde JE, Czibener C, Feldman MF, Ugalde RA.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101528

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Identification and comparison of macrophage-induced proteins and proteins induced under various stress conditions in Brucella abortus. by Rafie-Kolpin M, Essenberg RC, Wyckoff JH 3rd.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174519

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Identification of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid as a Brucella abortus siderophore. by Lopez-Goni I, Moriyon I, Neilands JB.; 1992 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258194

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Identification of a Quorum-Sensing Signal Molecule in the Facultative Intracellular Pathogen Brucella melitensis. by Taminiau B, Daykin M, Swift S, Boschiroli ML, Tibor A, Lestrate P, De Bolle X, O'Callaghan D, Williams P, Letesson JJ.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128001

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Identification of an immunoreactive Brucella abortus HtrA stress response protein homolog. by Roop RM 2nd, Fletcher TW, Sriranganathan NM, Boyle SM, Schurig GG.; 1994 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186216

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Identification of an IS711 Element Interrupting the wboA Gene of Brucella abortus Vaccine Strain RB51 and a PCR Assay To Distinguish Strain RB51 from Other Brucella Species and Strains. by Vemulapalli R, McQuiston JR, Schurig GG, Sriranganathan N, Halling SM, Boyle SM.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95769

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Identification of Brucella abortus OxyR and Its Role in Control of Catalase Expression. by Kim JA, Mayfield J.; 2000 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111015

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Identification of Brucella by Ribosomal-Spacer-Region PCR and Differentiation of Brucella canis from Other Brucella spp. Pathogenic for Humans by Carbohydrate Profiles. by Fox KF, Fox A, Nagpal M, Steinberg P, Heroux K.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105304

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Identification of Brucella spp. by using the polymerase chain reaction. by Herman L, De Ridder H.; 1992 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=195734

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Identification of Brucella suis Genes Affecting Intracellular Survival in an In Vitro Human Macrophage Infection Model by Signature-Tagged Transposon Mutagenesis. by Foulongne V, Bourg G, Cazevieille C, Michaux-Charachon S, O'Callaghan D.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97282

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Identification of dye-sensitive strains of Brucella melitensis. by Corbel MJ.; 1991 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269938

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Identification of Genes Required for Chronic Persistence of Brucella abortus in Mice. by Hong PC, Tsolis RM, Ficht TA.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101704

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Identification of seven surface-exposed Brucella outer membrane proteins by use of monoclonal antibodies: immunogold labeling for electron microscopy and enzyme-

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linked immunosorbent assay. by Cloeckaert A, de Wergifosse P, Dubray G, Limet JN.; 1990 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313765 •

Identification of the Brucella melitensis Vaccine Strain Rev.1 in Animals and Humans in Israel by PCR Analysis of the PstI Site Polymorphism of Its omp2 Gene. by Bardenstein S, Mandelboim M, Ficht TA, Baum M, Banai M.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140367

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Identification of the nik Gene Cluster of Brucella suis: Regulation and Contribution to Urease Activity. by Jubier-Maurin V, Rodrigue A, Ouahrani-Bettache S, Layssac M, Mandrand-Berthelot MA, Kohler S, Liautard JP.; 2001 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=94896

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Identification of the Perosamine Synthetase Gene of Brucella melitensis 16M and Involvement of Lipopolysaccharide O Side Chain in Brucella Survival in Mice and in Macrophages. by Godfroid F, Taminiau B, Danese I, Denoel P, Tibor A, Weynants V, Cloeckaert A, Godfroid J, Letesson JJ.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108687

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Immune and mitogenic responses by BALB/c, C3H/HeJ, and nude mice to Brucella abortus bacterin and lipopolysaccharide. by Spellman JM, Reed ND.; 1979 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=414311

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Immune and pathologic responses in mice infected with Brucella abortus 19, RB51, or 2308. by Stevens MG, Olsen SC, Pugh GW Jr, Palmer MV.; 1994 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=302947

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Immune response to porin in cattle immunized with whole cell, outer membrane, and outer membrane protein antigens of Brucella abortus combined with trehalose dimycolate and muramyl dipeptide adjuvants. by Winter AJ, Verstreate DR, Hall CE, Jacobson RH, Castleman WL, Meredith MP, McLaughlin CA.; 1983 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264420

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Immune responses and resistance to brucellosis in mice vaccinated orally with Brucella abortus RB51. by Stevens MG, Olsen SC, Palmer MV, Pugh GW Jr.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174409

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Immunochemical characterization of Brucella lipopolysaccharides and polysaccharides. by Moreno E, Speth SL, Jones LM, Berman DT.; 1981 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351772

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Immunochemical characterization of rough Brucella lipopolysaccharides. by Moreno E, Jones LM, Berman DT.; 1984 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=264247

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Immunochemical identification of Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide epitopes. by Rojas N, Freer E, Weintraub A, Ramirez M, Lind S, Moreno E.; 1994 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=368229

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Immunological identity of Brucella native hapten, polysaccharide B, and yersinia enterocolitica serotype 9 native hapten. by Fernandez-Lago L, Moriyon I, Toyos J, Diaz R.; 1982 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=347805

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Immunological response to the Brucella abortus GroEL homolog. by Lin J, Adams LG, Ficht TA.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174388

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Immunoradiometric assay for examination and quantitation of Brucella abortusspecific antibodies reactive with the antigen(s) used in the indirect hemolysis test. by Tedder TF, Hoffmann EM.; 1981 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271995

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Impaired Control of Brucella melitensis Infection in Rag1-Deficient Mice. by Izadjoo MJ, Polotsky Y, Mense MG, Bhattacharjee AK, Paranavitana CM, Hadfield TL, Hoover DL.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101794

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Improved Method for Purification of Bacterial DNA from Bovine Milk for Detection of Brucella spp. by PCR. by Romero C, Lopez-Goni I.; 1999 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=91561

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In Vitro Activities of Antibiotics Alone and in Combination against Brucella melitensis at Neutral and Acidic pHs. by Akova M, Gur D, Livermore DM, Kocagoz T, Akalin HE.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89265

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In vitro activities of new macrolides and rifapentine against Brucella spp. by GarciaRodriguez JA, Munoz Bellido JL, Fresnadillo MJ, Trujillano I.; 1993 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=187812

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In Vitro Activities of Six New Fluoroquinolones against Brucella melitensis. by Trujillano-Martin I, Garcia-Sanchez E, Martinez IM, Fresnadillo MJ, Garcia-Sanchez JE, Garcia-Rodriguez J.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89049

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In vitro activity of N-formimidoyl thienamycin against 98 clinical isolates of Brucella melitensis compared with those of cefoxitin, rifampin, tetracycline, and cotrimoxazole. by Gutierrez Altes A, Diez Enciso M, Pena Garcia P, Campos Bueno A.; 1982 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181922

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In vitro antibody secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells as an expression of the immune response to Brucella spp. in humans. by Vendrell JP, Conge AM, Segondy M, Lombroso S, Huguet MF, Bertrand A, Janbon F, Serre A.; 1992 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265472

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In Vitro Brucella suis Infection Prevents the Programmed Cell Death of Human Monocytic Cells. by Gross A, Terraza A, Ouahrani-Bettache S, Liautard JP, Dornand J.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97140

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In vitro studies on the adjuvanticity of Brucella fractions. by Serre A, Vendrell JP, Huguet MF, Cannat A.; 1982 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=347754

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In vitro susceptibility of Brucella melitensis to antibiotics. by Rubinstein E, Lang R, Shasha B, Hagar B, Diamanstein L, Joseph G, Anderson M, Harrison K.; 1991 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245295

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In vitro susceptibility of Brucella melitensis to new cephalosporins crossing the blood-brain barrier. by Palenque E, Otero JR, Noriega AR.; 1986 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180392

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In Vitro Susceptibility of Brucella to Various Antibiotics. by Hall WH, Manion RE.; 1970 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=376998

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Induction of dnaK through Its Native Heat Shock Promoter Is Necessary for Intramacrophagic Replication of Brucella suis. by Kohler S, Ekaza E, Paquet JY, Walravens K, Teyssier J, Godfroid J, Liautard JP.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127800

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Induction of immune and adjuvant immunoglobulin G responses in mice by Brucella lipopolysaccharide. by Moreno E, Kurtz RS, Berman DT.; 1984 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261423

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Induction of Immune Response in BALB/c Mice with a DNA Vaccine Encoding Bacterioferritin or P39 of Brucella spp. by Al-Mariri A, Tibor A, Mertens P, De Bolle X, Michel P, Godfroid J, Walravens K, Letesson JJ.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98760

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Induction of Specific Cytotoxic Lymphocytes in Mice Vaccinated with Brucella abortus RB51. by He Y, Vemulapalli R, Zeytun A, Schurig GG.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98663

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Infection of a pacemaker by Brucella melitensis. by de la Fuente A, Sanchez JR, Uriz J, Reparaz J, Lopez-Coronado JL, Moriones I.; 1997; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=325418

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Infection Outcome and Cytokine Gene Expression in Brugia pahangi- Infected Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) Sensitized with Brucella abortus. by Chirgwin SR, Elzer PH, Coleman SU, Nowling JM, Hagius SD, Edmonds MD, Klei TR.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130301

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Influence of endotoxin-protein in immunoglobulin G isotype responses of mice to Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide. by Kurtz RS, Berman DT.; 1986 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260230

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Influence of the antigenicity of Brucella preparations on modulation of the immune response to sheep erythrocytes. by Le Garrec Y, Toujas L, Martin A, Dazord L, Pilet C.; 1978 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=421541

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Ingestion and intracellular survival of Brucella abortus in human and bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes. by Riley LK, Robertson DC.; 1984 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261458

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Inhibition of growth by erythritol catabolism in Brucella abortus. by Sperry JF, Robertson DC.; 1975 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=235907

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Interaction of Brucella abortus Lipopolysaccharide with Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Molecules in B Lymphocytes. by Forestier C, Moreno E, Meresse S, Phalipon A, Olive D, Sansonetti P, Gorvel JP.; 1999 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96700

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Interaction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with smooth and rough strains of Brucella abortus. by Kreutzer DL, Dreyfus LA, Robertson DC.; 1979 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=414228

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Interactions between Brucella melitensis and Human Phagocytes: Bacterial Surface O-Polysaccharide Inhibits Phagocytosis, Bacterial Killing, and Subsequent Host Cell Apoptosis. by Fernandez-Prada CM, Zelazowska EB, Nikolich M, Hadfield TL, Roop II RM, Robertson GL, Hoover DL.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152029

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Interferon Induction in Mice by Lipopolysaccharide from Brucella abortus. by Keleti G, Feingold DS, Youngner JS.; 1974 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=414991

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Interleukin-10 downregulates protective immunity to Brucella abortus. by Fernandes DM, Baldwin CL.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173122

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Interruption of the cydB Locus in Brucella abortus Attenuates Intracellular Survival and Virulence in the Mouse Model of Infection. by Endley S, McMurray D, Ficht TA.; 2001 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95161

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Intracellular Production of Brucella L Forms II. Induction and Survival of Brucella abortus L Forms in Tissue Culture. by Hatten BA, Sulkin SE.; 1966 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=315903

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Intracellular Survival of Brucella spp. in Human Monocytes Involves Conventional Uptake but Special Phagosomes. by Rittig MG, Alvarez-Martinez MT, Porte F, Liautard JP, Rouot B.; 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98462

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Intracellular Trafficking of Brucella abortus in J774 Macrophages. by Arenas GN, Staskevich AS, Aballay A, Mayorga LS.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101738

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Isolation and antigenic reactivity of Brucella ovis outer membrane proteins. by Afzal M, Brodie SJ, Tengerdy RP, Squire PG.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269426

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Isolation and Characterization of Mini-Tn5Km2 Insertion Mutants of Brucella abortus Deficient in Internalization and Intracellular Growth in HeLa Cells. by Kim S, Watarai M, Kondo Y, Erdenebaatar J, Makino SI, Shirahata T.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155700

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Isolation and characterization of toxic fractions from Brucella abortus. by Tabatabai LB, Deyoe BL, Ritchie AE.; 1979 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=414668

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Isolation of Brucella abortus ssb and uvrA genes from a genomic library by use of lymphocytes as probes. by Zhu Y, Oliveira SC, Splitter GA.; 1993 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=281320

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Isolation of Brucella melitensis Phage of Broad Biotype and Species Specificity. by Douglas JT, Elberg SS.; 1976 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=420877

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Isolation of Brucella spp. from clinical specimens. by Etemadi H, Raissadat A, Pickett MJ, Zafari Y, Vahedifar P.; 1984 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271379

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Isolation of Two Brucella abortus Biotypes from Tissues of a Naturally Infected Cow. by Jones RL, Deyoe BL, Meyer ME, Buening GM, Fales WH.; 1982 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272437

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Isolation, identification, and characterization in Israel of Brucella melitensis biovar 1 atypical strains susceptible to dyes and penicillin, indicating the evolution of a new variant. by Banai M, Mayer I, Cohen A.; 1990 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267865

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Isolation, purification, and partial characterization of Brucella abortus matrix protein. by Moriyon I, Berman DT.; 1983 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=347952

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Killing of Brucella abortus by bovine serum. by Corbeil LB, Blau K, Inzana TJ, Nielsen KH, Jacobson RH, Corbeil RR, Winter AJ.; 1988 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259732

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Lack of a role for natural killer cells in early control of Brucella abortus 2308 infections in mice. by Fernandes DM, Benson R, Baldwin CL.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173566

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Lack of effective bactericidal activity of new quinolones against Brucella spp. by Garcia-Rodriguez JA, Garcia Sanchez JE, Trujillano I.; 1991 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=245093

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Limited Genetic Diversity of Brucella spp. by Gandara B, Merino AL, Rogel MA, Martinez-Romero E.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87708

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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Brucella abortus is less toxic than that from Escherichia coli, suggesting the possible use of B. abortus or LPS from B. abortus as a carrier in vaccines. by Goldstein J, Hoffman T, Frasch C, Lizzio EF, Beining PR, Hochstein D, Lee YL, Angus RD, Golding B.; 1992 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257008

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Lipopolysaccharide from Brucella abortus behaves as a T-cell-independent type 1 carrier in murine antigen-specific antibody responses. by Betts M, Beining P, Brunswick M, Inman J, Angus RD, Hoffman T, Golding B.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=280757

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Lipopolysaccharides of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis Induce Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Rat Peritoneal Macrophages. by Lopez-Urrutia L, Alonso A, Nieto ML, Bayon Y, Orduna A, Sanchez Crespo M.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97342

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Live Brucella spp. fail to induce tumor necrosis factor alpha excretion upon infection of U937-derived phagocytes. by Caron E, Peyrard T, Kohler S, Cabane S, Liautard JP, Dornand J.; 1994 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303264

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Localization of Brucella antigens that elicit a humoral immune response in Brucella abortus-infected cells. by Schurig GG, Pringle AT, Breese SS Jr.; 1981 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=350967

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Lymphocyte proliferation in response to Brucella abortus 2308 or RB51 antigens in mice infected with strain 2308, RB51, or 19. by Stevens MG, Olsen SC, Pugh GW Jr.; 1994 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303161

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Lymphocyte proliferation in response to Brucella abortus RB51 and 2308 proteins in RB51-vaccinated or 2308-infected cattle. by Stevens MG, Olsen SC, Cheville NF.; 1996 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173870

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Lymphocyte proliferation in response to immunodominant antigens of Brucella abortus 2308 and RB51 in strain 2308-infected cattle. by Stevens MG, Olsen SC, Cheville NF.; 1994 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303157

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Lymphocyte proliferative responses of goats vaccinated with Brucella melitensis 16M or a delta purE201 strain. by Olsen SC, Cheville NF, Stevens MG, Houng HH, Drazek ES, Hadfield TL, Warren RL, Hoover DL.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175420

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Macrophage Plasma Membrane Cholesterol Contributes to Brucella abortus Infection of Mice. by Watarai M, Makino SI, Michikawa M, Yanagisawa K, Murakami S, Shirahata T.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128274

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Major Outer Membrane Protein Omp25 of Brucella suis Is Involved in Inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Production during Infection of Human Macrophages. by Jubier-Maurin V, Boigegrain RA, Cloeckaert A, Gross A, Alvarez-Martinez MT, Terraza A, Liautard J, Kohler S, Rouot B, Dornand J, Liautard JP.; 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98570

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Metabolic Characterization of the Genus Brucella V. Relationship of Strain Oxidation Rate of i-Erythritol to Strain Virulence for Guinea Pigs. by Meyer ME.; 1966 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=276293

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Metabolic Characterization of the Genus Brucella VI. Growth Stimulation by iErythritol Compared with Strain Virulence for Guinea Pigs. by Meyer ME.; 1967 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=276546

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Microarray Analysis of mRNA Levels from RAW264.7 Macrophages Infected with Brucella abortus. by Eskra L, Mathison A, Splitter G.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148819

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Migration Inhibition of Mouse Macrophages by Brucella Antigens. by Sandok PL, Hinsdill RD, Albrecht RM.; 1971 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=416343

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Minor Nucleotide Substitutions in the omp31 Gene of Brucella ovis Result in Antigenic Differences in the Major Outer Membrane Protein That It Encodes Compared to Those of the Other Brucella Species. by Vizcaino N, Kittelberger R, Cloeckaert A, Marin CM, Fernandez-Lago L.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=100082

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Molecular Characterization of a Brucella Species Large DNA Fragment Deleted in Brucella abortus Strains: Evidence for a Locus Involved in the Synthesis of a Polysaccharide. by Vizcaino N, Cloeckaert A, Zygmunt MS, Fernandez-Lago L.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96573

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Molecular Characterization of Brucella abortus Chromosome II Recombination. by Tsoktouridis G, Merz CA, Manning SP, Giovagnoli-Kurtz R, Williams LE, Mujer CV, Hagius S, Elzer P, Redkar RJ, Patra G, DelVecchio VG.; 2003 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=225032

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Molecular Characterization of Brucella Strains Isolated from Marine Mammals. by Bricker BJ, Ewalt DR, MacMillan AP, Foster G, Brew S.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86392

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Molecular characterization, occurrence, and immunogenicity in infected sheep and cattle of two minor outer membrane proteins of Brucella abortus. by Tibor A, Saman E, de Wergifosse P, Cloeckaert A, Limet JN, Letesson JJ.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173733

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Molecular Cloning and Characterization of cgs, the Brucella abortus Cyclic [beta](1-2) Glucan Synthetase Gene: Genetic Complementation of Rhizobium meliloti ndvB and Agrobacterium tumefaciens chvB Mutants. by Inon de Iannino N, Briones G, Tolmasky M, Ugalde RA.; 1998 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107446

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Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and occurrence of a 16.5-kilodalton outer membrane protein of Brucella abortus with similarity to pal lipoproteins. by Tibor A, Weynants V, Denoel P, Lichtfouse B, De Bolle X, Saman E, Limet JN, Letesson JJ.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303012

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Molecular, Antigenic, and Functional Analyses of Omp2b Porin Size Variants of Brucella spp. by Paquet JY, Diaz MA, Genevrois S, Grayon M, Verger JM, De Bolle X, Lakey JH, Letesson JJ, Cloeckaert A.; 2001 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=99538

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Mouse Cytokine Profiles Associated with Brucella abortus RB51 Vaccination or B. abortus 2308 Infection. by Pasquali P, Adone R, Gasbarre LC, Pistoia C, Ciuchini F.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98794

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Nramp1 Is Not a Major Determinant in the Control of Brucella melitensis Infection in Mice. by Guilloteau LA, Dornand J, Gross A, Olivier M, Cortade F, Vern YL, Kerboeuf D.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=145365

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Nucleotide sequence and comparison of the 5S ribosomal RNA genes of Rochalimaea henselae, R.quintana and Brucella abortus. by Minnick MF, Stiegler GL.; 1993 May 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=309561

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Nucleotide sequence and expression of the gene encoding the major 25-kilodalton outer membrane protein of Brucella ovis: Evidence for antigenic shift, compared with other Brucella species, due to a deletion in the gene. by Cloeckaert A, Verger JM, Grayon M, Zygmunt MS, Grepinet O.; 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174035

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Nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA from Brucella abortus. by Dorsch M, Moreno E, Stackebrandt E.; 1989 Feb 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=331841

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Nylon bead enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of sub-picogram quantities of Brucella antigens. by Perera VY, Creasy MT, Winter AJ.; 1983 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270861

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Occurrence of Quinovosamine in Lipopolysaccharides of Brucella Species. by Bowser DV, Wheat RW, Foster JW, Leong D.; 1974 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=414881

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Ontogeny of Th1 Memory Responses against a Brucella abortus Conjugate. by Scharf O, Agranovich I, Lee K, Eller NL, Levy L, Inman J, Scott DE, Golding B.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98652

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O-Polysaccharide Epitopic Heterogeneity at the Surface of Brucella spp. Studied by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Flow Cytometry. by Cloeckaert A, Weynants V, Godfroid J, Verger JM, Grayon M, Zygmunt MS.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96216

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Oral immunization of mice with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium containing a recombinant plasmid which codes for production of a 31-kilodalton protein of Brucella abortus. by Stabel TJ, Mayfield JE, Tabatabai LB, Wannemuehler MJ.; 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258774

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Outbreak of Brucella melitensis among microbiology laboratory workers. by MartinMazuelos E, Nogales MC, Florez C, Gomez-Mateos JM, Lozano F, Sanchez A.; 1994 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263928

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Outer membrane protein of Neisseria meningitidis as a mucosal adjuvant for lipopolysaccharide of Brucella melitensis in mouse and guinea pig intranasal immunization models. by Van De Verg LL, Hartman AB, Bhattacharjee AK, Tall BD, Yuan L, Sasala K, Hadfield TL, Zollinger WD, Hoover DL, Warren RL.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174517

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Outer membrane proteins from rough strains of four Brucella species. by Santos JM, Verstreate DR, Perera VY, Winter AJ.; 1984 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261446

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Outer membrane proteins of Brucella abortus: isolation and characterization. by Verstreate DR, Creasy MT, Caveney NT, Baldwin CL, Blab MW, Winter AJ.; 1982 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=351144

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Outer Membrane Proteins Omp10, Omp16, and Omp19 of Brucella spp. Are Lipoproteins. by Tibor A, Decelle B, Letesson JJ.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96837

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Overexpression of Protective Antigen as a Novel Approach To Enhance Vaccine Efficacy of Brucella abortus Strain RB51. by Vemulapalli R, He Y, Cravero S, Sriranganathan N, Boyle SM, Schurig GG.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97582

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Penetration and intracellular growth of Brucella abortus in nonphagocytic cells in vitro. by Detilleux PG, Deyoe BL, Cheville NF.; 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258815

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Persistence of Brucella Antibodies after Successful Treatment of Acute Brucellosis in an Area of Endemicity. by Memish ZA.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130836

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Physical map of the Brucella melitensis 16 M chromosome. by Allardet-Servent A, Carles-Nurit MJ, Bourg G, Michaux S, Ramuz M.; 1991 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=207770

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Polymorphism in Brucella spp. due to highly repeated DNA. by Halling SM, Zehr ES.; 1990 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=210774

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Polymorphism in Brucella strains detected by studying distribution of two short repetitive DNA elements. by Mercier E, Jumas-Bilak E, Allardet-Servent A, O'Callaghan D, Ramuz M.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229004

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Polynucleotide Homologies of Brucella Deoxyribonucleic Acids. by Hoyer BH, McCullough NB.; 1968 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252038

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Porins of Brucella species. by Douglas JT, Rosenberg EY, Nikaido H, Verstreate DR, Winter AJ.; 1984 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263453

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Preferential inhibition of primary granule release from bovine neutrophils by a Brucella abortus extract. by Bertram TA, Canning PC, Roth JA.; 1986 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=262232

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Prenatal Immunization by the Oral Route: Stimulation of Brucella Antibody in Fetal Lambs. by Richardson M, Conner GH.; 1972 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=422392

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Preparation by ultrafiltration and control by high-performance liquid chromatography of the native hapten of Brucella abortus for use in radial immunodiffusion diagnostic test. by Zygmunt MS, Dubray G.; 1987 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269356

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Presence of two independent chromosomes in the Brucella melitensis 16M genome. by Michaux S, Paillisson J, Carles-Nurit MJ, Bourg G, Allardet-Servent A, Ramuz M.; 1993 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=196208

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Production and Targeting of the Brucella abortus Antigen L7/L12 in Lactococcus lactis: a First Step towards Food-Grade Live Vaccines against Brucellosis. by Ribeiro LA, Azevedo V, Loir YL, Oliveira SC, Dieye Y, Piard JC, Gruss A, Langella P.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=126665

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Production of the Siderophore 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid Is Required for Wild-Type Growth of Brucella abortus in the Presence of Erythritol under Low-Iron Conditions In Vitro. by Bellaire BH, Elzer PH, Baldwin CL, Roop II RM.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153232

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Production of the Type IV Secretion System Differs among Brucella Species as Revealed with VirB5- and VirB8-Specific Antisera. by Rouot B, Alvarez-Martinez MT, Marius C, Menanteau P, Guilloteau L, Boigegrain RA, Zumbihl R, O'Callaghan D, Domke N, Baron C.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148853

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Profiles of serological reactivity against cytosoluble antigens of Brucella ovis in experimentally infected rams. by Chin JC, Pang-Turner B.; 1990 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268250

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Protection against Brucella abortus in mice with O-polysaccharide-specific monoclonal antibodies. by Montaraz JA, Winter AJ, Hunter DM, Sowa BA, Wu AM, Adams LG.; 1986 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260994

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Protection against infection in mice vaccinated with a Brucella abortus mutant. by Boschiroli ML, Cravero SL, Arese AI, Campos E, Rossetti OL.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176128

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Protection of BALB/c Mice against Brucella abortus 544 Challenge by Vaccination with Bacterioferritin or P39 Recombinant Proteins with CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides as Adjuvant. by Al-Mariri A, Tibor A, Mertens P, De Bolle X, Michel P, Godefroid J, Walravens K, Letesson JJ.; 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98569

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Protection of Mice against Brucellosis by Intranasal Immunization with Brucella melitensis Lipopolysaccharide as a Noncovalent Complex with Neisseria meningitidis Group B Outer Membrane Protein. by Bhattacharjee AK, Van De Verg L, Izadjoo MJ, Yuan L, Hadfield TL, Zollinger WD, Hoover DL.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128042

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Protection of Mice against Brucellosis by Vaccination with Brucella melitensis WR201(16M[Delta]purEK). by Hoover DL, Crawford RM, Van De Verg LL, Izadjoo MJ, Bhattacharjee AK, Paranavitana CM, Warren RL, Nikolich MP, Hadfield TL.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96969

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Protective immunity to Brucella ovis in BALB/c mice following recovery from primary infection or immunization with subcellular vaccines. by Jimenez de Bagues MP, Elzer PH, Blasco JM, Marin CM, Gamazo C, Winter AJ.; 1994 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186150

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Protein synthesis in Brucella abortus induced during macrophage infection. by Lin J, Ficht TA.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173167

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Purification and Characterization of an Immunogenic Aminopeptidase of Brucella melitensis. by Contreras-Rodriguez A, Ramirez-Zavala B, Contreras A, Schurig GG, Sriranganathan N, Lopez-Merino A.; 2003 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=187343

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Purification and characterization of smooth and rough lipopolysaccharides from Brucella abortus. by Moreno E, Pitt MW, Jones LM, Schurig GG, Berman DT.; 1979 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=218186

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Purification of a Brucella canis cell wall antigen by using immunosorbent columns and use of the antigen in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for specific diagnosis of canine brucellosis. by Serikawa T, Iwaki S, Mori M, Muraguchi T, Yamada J.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267440

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Purification of nonlipopolysaccharide antigen from Brucella abortus during preparation of antigen used for indirect hemolysis test. by Hoffmann EM, Houle JJ.; 1986 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269028

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Purification, characterization, and seroactivity of a 20-kilodalton Brucella protein antigen. by Zygmunt MS, Gilbert FB, Dubray G.; 1992 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270495

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Radial immunodiffusion test with a Brucella polysaccharide antigen for differentiating infected from vaccinated cattle. by Diaz R, Garatea P, Jones LM, Moriyon I.; 1979 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273089

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Rapid diagnosis of Brucella bacteremia by using the BACTEC 9240 system. by Bannatyne RM, Jackson MC, Memish Z.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230035

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Rapid diagnosis of Brucella melitensis in blood: some operational characteristics of the BACT/ALERT. by Solomon HM, Jackson D.; 1992 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265026

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Rapid identification of rough Brucella isolates by a latex coagglutination assay with the 25-kilodalton outer membrane protein and rough-lipopolysaccharide-specific monoclonal antibodies. by Bowden RA, Verger JM, Grayon M, Cloeckaert A.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170608

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Rapid identification of smooth Brucella species with a monoclonal antibody. by Roop RM 2nd, Preston-Moore D, Bagchi T, Schurig GG.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269417

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Rapid laboratory confirmation of human brucellosis by PCR analysis of a target sequence on the 31-kilodalton Brucella antigen DNA. by Matar GM, Khneisser IA, Abdelnoor AM.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228827

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Real-Time PCR Detection of Brucella abortus: a Comparative Study of SYBR Green I, 5[prime prime or minute]-Exonuclease, and Hybridization Probe Assays. by Newby DT, Hadfield TL, Roberto FF.; 2003 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=169142

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Recombinant Ochrobactrum anthropi Expressing Brucella abortus Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase Protects Mice against B. abortus Infection Only after Switching of Immune Responses to Th1 Type. by He Y, Vemulapalli R, Schurig GG.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127893

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Reduction of Brucella species and Francisella tularensis cross-reacting agglutinins by dithiothreitol. by Behan KA, Klein GC.; 1982 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=272464

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Regulation of Brucella abortus Catalase. by Kim JA, Sha Z, Mayfield JE.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101659

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Release of outer membrane fragments by exponentially growing Brucella melitensis cells. by Gamazo C, Moriyon I.; 1987 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=260382

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Relevance of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Brucella melitensis to relapse rate in human brucellosis. by Ariza J, Bosch J, Gudiol F, Linares J, Viladrich PF, Martin R.; 1986 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=180631

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Response of the vaccine strain of Brucella melitensis Rev I to erythritol. by Croch D, Elberg SS.; 1967 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=276896

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Role of Cholesterol and the Ganglioside GM1 in Entry and Short-Term Survival of Brucella suis in Murine Macrophages. by Naroeni A, Porte F.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127813

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Role of the Brucella suis Lipopolysaccharide O Antigen in Phagosomal Genesis and in Inhibition of Phagosome-Lysosome Fusion in Murine Macrophages. by Porte F, Naroeni A, Ouahrani-Bettache S, Liautard JP.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148865

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Rose Bengal plate agglutination and counterimmunoelectrophoresis tests on spinal fluid in the diagnosis of Brucella meningitis. by Diaz R, Maravi-Poma E, Delgado G, Rivero A.; 1978 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274899

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Rough Lipopolysaccharide from Brucella abortus and Escherichia coli Differentially Activates the Same Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways for Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in RAW 264.7 Macrophage-Like Cells. by Jarvis BW, Harris TH, Qureshi N, Splitter GA.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=132973

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Safranin O-stained antigen microagglutination test for detection of Brucella antibodies. by Brown SL, Klein GC, McKinney FT, Jones WL.; 1981 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273798

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Secretion of Listeriolysin by Brucella suis Inhibits Its Intramacrophagic Replication. by Kohler S, Layssac M, Naroeni A, Gentschev I, Rittig M, Liautard JP.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98220

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Serodiagnosis of ram epididymitis by counterimmunoelectrophoresis, using Brucella ovis surface R antigen. by Myers DM, Varela-Diaz VM.; 1979 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273195

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Serologic responses in diagnostic tests for brucellosis in cattle vaccinated with Brucella abortus 19 or RB51. by Stevens MG, Hennager SG, Olsen SC, Cheville NF.; 1994 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=267184

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Serological confirmation of Brucella abortus and Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 Oantigens by monoclonal antibodies. by Bundle DR, Gidney MA, Perry MB, Duncan JR, Cherwonogrodzky JW.; 1984 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=261544

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Serum-mediated Immune Cellular Responses to Brucella melitensis IV. Infection of Macrophages Under Anaerobic Conditions. by Ralston DJ, Elberg SS.; 1969 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249714

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Shell Vial Culture as a Tool for Isolation of Brucella melitensis in Chronic Hepatic Abscess. by Rovery C, Rolain JM, Raoult D, Brouqui P.; 2003 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=193838

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Simultaneous Identification of Antibodies to Brucella abortus and Staphylococcus aureus in Milk Samples by Flow Cytometry. by Iannelli D, D'Apice L, Fenizia D, Serpe L, Cottone C, Viscardi M, Capparelli R.; 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104629

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Single-step PCR for detection of Brucella spp. from blood and milk of infected animals. by Leal-Klevezas DS, Martinez-Vazquez IO, Lopez-Merino A, MartinezSoriano JP.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228649

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Smooth phage-resistant Brucella abortus from bovine tissue. by Harrington R Jr, Bond DR, Brown GM.; 1977 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=274676

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Sodium dodecyl sulfate- and salt-extracted antigens from various Brucella species induce proliferation of bovine lymphocytes. by Brooks-Worrell BM, Splitter GA.; 1992 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257129

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Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting analysis of smooth-lipopolysaccharide heterogeneity among Brucella biovars related to A and M specificities. by Garin-Bastuji B, Bowden RA, Dubray G, Limet JN.; 1990 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=268140

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Soluble antigens of virulent and attenuated biotypes of Brucella abortus. by Hatten BA, Brodeur RD.; 1978 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=422248

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Somatic O Antigen Relationship of Brucella and Vibrio cholerae. by Feeley JC.; 1969 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250075

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Specific detection of Brucella DNA by PCR. by Romero C, Gamazo C, Pardo M, LopezGoni I.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=227999

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Specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of bovine antibody to Brucella abortus. by Tabatabai LB, Deyoe BL.; 1984 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=271288

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Stable Transfection of the Bovine NRAMP1 Gene into Murine RAW264.7 Cells: Effect on Brucella abortus Survival. by Barthel R, Feng J, Piedrahita JA, McMurray DN, Templeton JW, Adams LG.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98266

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Studies of Antigens for Complement Fixation and Gel Diffusion Tests in the Diagnosis of Infections Caused by Brucella ovis and Other Brucella. by Myers DM, Jones LM, Varela-Diaz VM.; 1972 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=380467

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Subcloning and expression of the Brucella abortus L7/L12 ribosomal gene and Tlymphocyte recognition of the recombinant protein. by Oliveira SC, Splitter GA.; 1994 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303250

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Suppression of antibody response to Leptospira biflexa and Brucella abortus and recovery from immunosuppression after Berenil treatment. by Rurangirwa FR, Tabel H, Losos GJ, Tizard IR.; 1979 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=414692

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Surface exposure of outer membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide epitopes in Brucella species studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry. by Bowden RA, Cloeckaert A, Zygmunt MS, Bernard S, Dubray G.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173554

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Surface macromolecules and virulence in intracellular parasitism: comparison of cell envelope components of smooth and rough strains of Brucella abortus. by Kreutzer DL, Robertson DC.; 1979 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=414238

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Survival of a bacterioferritin deletion mutant of Brucella melitensis 16M in human monocyte-derived macrophages. by Denoel PA, Crawford RM, Zygmunt MS, Tibor A, Weynants VE, Godfroid F, Hoover DL, Letesson JJ.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175622

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Survival of virulent and attenuated strains of Brucella abortus in normal and gamma interferon-activated murine peritoneal macrophages. by Jones SM, Winter AJ.; 1992 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=257269

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Susceptibilities of Brucella melitensis isolates to clinafloxacin and four other new fluoroquinolones. by Garcia-Rodriguez JA, Garcia Sanchez JE, Trujillano I, Garcia Sanchez E, Garcia Garcia MI, Fresnadillo MJ.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162710

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Swine immunity to an attenuated Salmonella typhimurium mutant containing a recombinant plasmid which codes for production of a 31-kilodalton protein of Brucella abortus. by Stabel TJ, Mayfield JE, Tabatabai LB, Wannemuehler MJ.; 1991 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=258117

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Taxonomic Position in the Genus Brucella of the Causative Agent of Canine Abortion. by Jones LM, Zanardi M, Leong D, Wilson JB.; 1968 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252061

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The analysis of the intramacrophagic virulome of Brucella suis deciphers the environment encountered by the pathogen inside the macrophage host cell. by Kohler S, Foulongne V, Ouahrani-Bettache S, Bourg G, Teyssier J, Ramuz M, Liautard JP.; 2002 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=137781

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The Brucella abortus CcrM DNA Methyltransferase Is Essential for Viability, and Its Overexpression Attenuates Intracellular Replication in Murine Macrophages. by Robertson GT, Reisenauer A, Wright R, Jensen RB, Jensen A, Shapiro L, Roop RM II.; 2000 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101938

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The Brucella suis genome reveals fundamental similarities between animal and plant pathogens and symbionts. by Paulsen IT, Seshadri R, Nelson KE, Eisen JA, Heidelberg JF, Read TD, Dodson RJ, Umayam L, Brinkac LM, Beanan MJ, Daugherty SC, Deboy RT, Durkin AS, Kolonay JF, Madupu R, Nelson WC, Ayodeji B, Kraul M, Shetty J, Malek J, Van Aken SE, Riedmuller S, Tettelin H, Gill SR, White O, Salzberg SL, Hoover DL, Lindler LE, Halling SM, Boyle SM, Fraser CM.; 2002 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130601

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The Brucella suis Homologue of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens Chromosomal Virulence Operon chvE Is Essential for Sugar Utilization but Not for Survival in Macrophages. by Alvarez-Martinez MT, Machold J, Weise C, Schmidt-Eisenlohr H, Baron C, Rouot B.; 2001 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95417

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The Brucella suis virB operon is induced intracellularly in macrophages. by Boschiroli ML, Ouahrani-Bettache S, Foulongne V, Michaux-Charachon S, Bourg G, AllardetServent A, Cazevieille C, Liautard JP, Ramuz M, O'Callaghan D.; 2002 Feb 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122227

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The genome sequence of the facultative intracellular pathogen Brucella melitensis. by DelVecchio VG, Kapatral V, Redkar RJ, Patra G, Mujer C, Los T, Ivanova N, Anderson I, Bhattacharyya A, Lykidis A, Reznik G, Jablonski L, Larsen N, D'Souza M, Bernal A, Mazur M, Goltsman E, Selkov E, Elzer PH, Hagius S, O'Callaghan D, Letesson JJ, Haselkorn R, Kyrpides N, Overbeek R.; 2002 Jan 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117579

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The HtrA stress response protease contributes to resistance of Brucella abortus to killing by murine phagocytes. by Elzer PH, Phillips RW, Robertson GT, Roop RM 2nd.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174454

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The omp2 gene locus of Brucella abortus encodes two homologous outer membrane proteins with properties characteristic of bacterial porins. by Marquis H, Ficht TA.; 1993 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=281078

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The Outer Membrane of Brucella ovis Shows Increased Permeability to Hydrophobic Probes and Is More Susceptible to Cationic Peptides than Are the Outer Membranes of Mutant Rough Brucella abortus Strains. by Freer E, Pizarro-Cerda J, Weintraub A, Bengoechea JA, Moriyon I, Hultenby K, Gorvel JP, Moreno E.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=97012

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The outer membranes of Brucella spp. are not barriers to hydrophobic permeants. by Martinez de Tejada G, Moriyon I.; 1993 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=204997

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The outer membranes of Brucella spp. are resistant to bactericidal cationic peptides. by Martinez de Tejada G, Pizarro-Cerda J, Moreno E, Moriyon I.; 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173416

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The Siderophore 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid Is Not Required for Virulence of Brucella abortus in BALB/c Mice. by Bellaire BH, Elzer PH, Baldwin CL, Roop RM II.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116012

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The two-component system BvrR /BvrS essential for Brucella abortus virulence regulates the expression of outer membrane proteins with counterparts in members of the Rhizobiaceae. by Guzman-Verri C, Manterola L, Sola-Landa A, Parra A, Cloeckaert A, Garin J, Gorvel JP, Moriyon I, Moreno E, Lopez-Goni I.; 2002 Sep 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129452

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Transposon Tn5 mutagenesis of Brucella abortus. by Smith LD, Heffron F.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=259975

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Transposon-Derived Brucella abortus Rough Mutants Are Attenuated and Exhibit Reduced Intracellular Survival. by Allen CA, Adams LG, Ficht TA.; 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108009

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Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-12 contribute to resistance to the intracellular bacterium Brucella abortus by different mechanisms. by Zhan Y, Liu Z, Cheers C.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=174139

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Ultrastructural localization of characterized antigens of Brucella abortus and distribution among different biotypes. by Raybould TJ, Beesley JE, Chantler S.; 1981 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=350624

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Ultrastructure of Brucella abortus L-Forms Induced by Penicillin in a Liquid and in a Semisolid Medium. by Hatten BA, Schulze ML, Huang SY, Sulkin SE.; 1969 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250062

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Use of BACTEC 9240 Blood Culture System for Detection of Brucella melitensis in Synovial Fluid. by Yagupsky P, Peled N, Press J.; 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87808

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Use of Mitomycin C to Distinguish Brucella abortus Field Strains from the Vaccinal Brucella abortus Strain 19. by Myers DM, Dobosch D.; 1969 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=378015

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Use of monoclonal antibodies to identify the distribution of A and M epitopes on smooth Brucella species. by Douglas JT, Palmer DA.; 1988 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=266608

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Use of Recombinant BP26 Protein in Serological Diagnosis of Brucella melitensis Infection in Sheep. by Cloeckaert A, Baucheron S, Vizcaino N, Zygmunt MS.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96141

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Use of the Isolator 1.5 Microbial Tube for Detection of Brucella melitensis in Synovial Fluid. by Yagupsky P, Peled N.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130870

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Vaccination with Brucella abortus rough mutant RB51 protects BALB/c mice against virulent strains of Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, and Brucella ovis. by Jimenez de Bagues MP, Elzer PH, Jones SM, Blasco JM, Enright FM, Schurig GG, Winter AJ.; 1994 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=303217

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Vaccination with Live Escherichia coli Expressing Brucella abortus Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase Protects Mice against Virulent B. abortus. by Onate AA, Vemulapalli R, Andrews E, Schurig GG, Boyle S, Folch H.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96417

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Validation of the Abbreviated Brucella AMOS PCR as a Rapid Screening Method for Differentiation of Brucella abortus Field Strain Isolates and the Vaccine Strains, 19 and RB51. by Ewalt DR, Bricker BJ.; 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87192

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Variation of Brucella abortus 2308 infection in BALB/c mice induced by prior vaccination with salt-extractable periplasmic proteins from Brucella abortus 19. by Pugh GW Jr, Tabatabai LB.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173800

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Vector Development for the Expression of Foreign Proteins in the Vaccine Strain Brucella abortus S19. by Comerci DJ, Pollevick GD, Vigliocco AM, Frasch AC, Ugalde RA.; 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108437

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virB-Mediated Survival of Brucella abortus in Mice and Macrophages Is Independent of a Functional Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase or NADPH Oxidase in Macrophages. by Sun YH, den Hartigh AB, de Lima Santos R, Adams LG, Tsolis RM.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128286

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Virulence Criteria for Brucella abortus Strains as Determined by Interferon Regulatory Factor 1-Deficient Mice. by Ko J, Gendron-Fitzpatrick A, Ficht TA, Splitter GA.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=132959

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Virulent Brucella abortus Prevents Lysosome Fusion and Is Distributed within Autophagosome-Like Compartments. by Pizarro-Cerda J, Moreno E, Sanguedolce V, Mege JL, Gorvel JP.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108212

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Yersinia enterocolitica as a Vehicle for a Naked DNA Vaccine Encoding Brucella abortus Bacterioferritin or P39 Antigen. by Al-Mariri A, Tibor A, Lestrate P, Mertens P, De Bolle X, Letesson JJ.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127831

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with brucella, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “brucella” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Brucella (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A beneficial aspect of a CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist: SR141716A is a potent inhibitor of macrophage infection by the intracellular pathogen Brucella suis. Author(s): Gross A, Terraza A, Marchant J, Bouaboula M, Ouahrani-Bettache S, Liautard JP, Casellas P, Dornand J. Source: Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2000 March; 67(3): 335-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10733093

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A case of brain abscess due to Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Santini C, Baiocchi P, Berardelli A, Venditti M, Serra P. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1994 November; 19(5): 977-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7893897

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A case of Brucella melitensis endocarditis successfully treated by a combination of surgical resection and antibiotics. Author(s): Schvarcz R, Svedenhag J, Radegran K. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995; 27(6): 641-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8685649

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A case of cervical Brucella spondylitis with paravertebral abscess and neurological deficits. Author(s): Basaranoglu M, Mert A, Tabak F, Kanberoglu K, Aktuglu Y. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999; 31(2): 214-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10447340

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A case of prosthetic mitral valve endocarditis caused by Brucella abortus. Author(s): Akinci E, Gol MK, Balbay Y. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(1): 71-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11234984

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A homologue of an operon required for DNA transfer in Agrobacterium is required in Brucella abortus for virulence and intracellular multiplication. Author(s): Sieira R, Comerci DJ, Sanchez DO, Ugalde RA. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 2000 September; 182(17): 4849-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10940027

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A homologue of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirB and Bordetella pertussis Ptl type IV secretion systems is essential for intracellular survival of Brucella suis. Author(s): O'Callaghan D, Cazevieille C, Allardet-Servent A, Boschiroli ML, Bourg G, Foulongne V, Frutos P, Kulakov Y, Ramuz M. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 1999 September; 33(6): 1210-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10510235

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A multiplex PCR-detection assay for Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:9 and Brucella spp. based on the perosamine synthetase gene. Application to Brucella diagnostics. Author(s): Lubeck PS, Skurnik M, Ahrens P, Hoorfar J. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2003; 529: 451-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12756807

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A passive hemagglutination test for the detection of Brucella infection. Author(s): Renoux M. Source: Journal of Immunological Methods. 1980; 32(4): 349-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6766977

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A simple technique to differentiate between animals infected with Yersinia enterocolitica IX and those infected with Brucella abortus. Author(s): Mittal KR, Tizard IR. Source: Research in Veterinary Science. 1979 March; 26(2): 248-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=122268

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A two-component regulatory system playing a critical role in plant pathogens and endosymbionts is present in Brucella abortus and controls cell invasion and virulence. Author(s): Sola-Landa A, Pizarro-Cerda J, Grillo MJ, Moreno E, Moriyon I, Blasco JM, Gorvel JP, Lopez-Goni I. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 1998 July; 29(1): 125-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9701808

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Activation of human Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells by a Brucella suis non-peptidic fraction impairs bacterial intracellular multiplication in monocytic infected cells. Author(s): Ottones F, Liautard J, Gross A, Rabenoelina F, Liautard JP, Favero J. Source: Immunology. 2000 June; 100(2): 252-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10886403

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Activation of Rho and Rab GTPases dissociates Brucella abortus internalization from intracellular trafficking. Author(s): Chaves-Olarte E, Guzman-Verri C, Meresse S, Desjardins M, Pizarro-Cerda J, Badilla J, Gorvel JP, Moreno E. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2002 October; 4(10): 663-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12366403

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Acute abdomen due to Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Andriopoulos P, Tsironi M, Asimakopoulos G. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(3): 204-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12751720

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Acute Brucella sacroiliitis: clinical features. Author(s): Ozgul A, Yazicioglu K, Gunduz S, Kalyon TA, Arpacioglu O. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1998; 17(6): 521-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9890684

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Acute cholecystitis caused by Brucella melitensis: case report and review. Author(s): Miranda RT, Gimeno AE, Rodriguez TF, de Arriba JJ, Olmo DG, Solera J. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2001 January; 42(1): 77-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11243761

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Acute hepatitis due to Brucella in a 2 year old child. Author(s): Losurdo G, Timitilli A, Tasso L, Carli C, Ciuchini F, Adone R, Giacchino R. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1994 October; 71(4): 387. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7979543

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Adenosine deaminase in cerebrospinal fluid during Brucella meningitis. Author(s): da Cunha S. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1995 July; 31(1): 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8522847

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Afipia clevelandensis antibodies and cross-reactivity with Brucella spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica O:9. Author(s): Drancourt M, Brouqui P, Raoult D. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1997 November; 4(6): 748-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9384302

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An agar--gel immunodiffusion test for detection of Brucella antibodies in human serum. Author(s): McMahon KJ, Renner ED, Allmaras GW, Anderson DK. Source: Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 1979 July; 25(7): 850-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=113073

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An enzyme-labelled immunosorbent assay for Brucella abortus antibodies. Author(s): Magee JT. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1980 February; 13(1): 167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6767034

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An intramedullary dermoid cyst abscess due to Brucella abortus biotype 3 at T11-L2 spinal levels. Author(s): Cokca F, Meco O, Arasil E, Unlu A. Source: Infection. 1994 September-October; 22(5): 359-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7843817

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An IS711 element downstream of the bp26 gene is a specific marker of Brucella spp. isolated from marine mammals. Author(s): Cloeckaert A, Grayon M, Grepinet O. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2000 September; 7(5): 835-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10973465

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An overview of the eradication of Brucella melitensis from KwaZulu-Natal. Author(s): Emslie FR, Nel JR. Source: The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research. 2002 June; 69(2): 123-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12233997

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Antibacterial activity of azithromycin against Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Qadri SM, Halim MA, Ueno Y, Abumustafa FM, Postle AG. Source: Chemotherapy. 1995 July-August; 41(4): 253-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7555205

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Antibody and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to Ochrobactrum anthropi cytosolic and outer membrane antigens in infections by smooth and rough Brucella spp. Author(s): Velasco J, Diaz R, Grillo MJ, Barberan M, Marin C, Blasco JM, Moriyon I. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1997 May; 4(3): 279-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9144364

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Antibody levels to Brucella abortus, Toxoplasma gondii, and Leptospira serogroups, in sera collected from healthy people in Fiji. Author(s): Ram P, Mataika JU, Metcalfe RV, Bettelheim KA. Source: Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 1982; 5(4): 397-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6816504

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Aromatic compound-dependent Brucella suis is attenuated in both cultured cells and mouse models. Author(s): Foulongne V, Walravens K, Bourg G, Boschiroli ML, Godfroid J, Ramuz M, O'Callaghan D. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 January; 69(1): 547-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11119550

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Arthritis of shoulder and spinal cord compression due to Brucella disc infection. Author(s): Ibero I, Vela P, Pascual E. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 March; 36(3): 377-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9133973

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Atrial septal defect presenting with Brucella endocarditis. Author(s): Rahman A, Burma O, Felek S, Yekeler H. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(10): 776-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11728049

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Bacterial endocarditis caused by Brucella melitensis biotype I. Author(s): Verghese S, Padmaja P, Elizabeth SJ, Anitha A, Palani GM, Mathew T, Manjunath BV, Cherian KM. Source: Indian Heart J. 2000 March-April; 52(2): 203-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10893900

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Bactericidal effect of antibiotics on Bartonella and Brucella spp.: clinical implications. Author(s): Rolain JM, Maurin M, Raoult D. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2000 November; 46(5): 811-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11062204

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Bone marrow hypoplasia during Brucella infection. Author(s): Yildirmak Y, Palanduz A, Telhan L, Arapoglu M, Kayaalp N. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2003 January; 25(1): 63-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544775

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Branchial cyst empyema due to Brucella melitensis infection as a form of focal Brucellosis. Author(s): Apostolova E, Papadopoulos V, Leptidou-Kerestetzi T. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2002 May; 44(4): 271. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12099739

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Brucella abortus cyclic beta-1,2-glucan mutants have reduced virulence in mice and are defective in intracellular replication in HeLa cells. Author(s): Briones G, Inon de Iannino N, Roset M, Vigliocco A, Paulo PS, Ugalde RA. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 July; 69(7): 4528-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11401996

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Brucella abortus infection acquired in microbiology laboratories. Author(s): Fiori PL, Mastrandrea S, Rappelli P, Cappuccinelli P. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 May; 38(5): 2005-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10790142

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Brucella acute abdomen mimicking appendicitis. Author(s): Fernandez MD, Garcia JL, Garcia FD, Fernandez MT. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2000 May; 108(7): 599-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10866601

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Brucella detection in blood: comparison of the BacT/Alert standard aerobic bottle, BacT/Alert FAN aerobic bottle and BacT/Alert enhanced FAN aerobic bottle in simulated blood culture. Author(s): Sumerkan B, Gokahmetoglu S, Esel D. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2001 July; 7(7): 369-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11531983

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Brucella endocarditis complicated by acute glomerulonephritis--early surgical intervention. Author(s): Sharivker D, Vazan A, Varkel J. Source: Acta Cardiol. 2001 December; 56(6): 399-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11791809

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Brucella endocarditis: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Kula S, Erer D, Buyukates M, Tunaoglu FS, Olgunturk R, Ozdogan EM. Source: J Heart Valve Dis. 2001 July; 10(4): 486-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11499595

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Brucella glomerulonephritis: review of the literature and report on the first patient with brucellosis and mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis. Author(s): Altiparmak MR, Pamuk GE, Pamuk ON, Tabak F. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(6): 477-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12160181

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Brucella infective endocarditis: a report of four successfully treated patients. Author(s): Alsoub H. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2001 July; 7(7): 382-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11531987

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Brucella lipopolysaccharides induce cyclooxygenase-2 expression in monocytic cells. Author(s): Lopez-Urrutia L, Alonso A, Bayon Y, Nieto ML, Orduna A, Sanchez Crespo M. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2001 November 30; 289(2): 372-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11716482

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Brucella melitensis bacteremia in children: review of 62 cases. Author(s): Almuneef M, Memish ZA, Al Shaalan M, Al Banyan E, Al-Alola S, Balkhy HH. Source: J Chemother. 2003 February; 15(1): 76-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12678419

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Brucella melitensis dacryoadenitis: a case report. Author(s): Bekir NA, Gungor K, Namiduru M. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 2000 July-September; 10(3): 259-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11071036

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Brucella melitensis endocarditis of ventricular septal defect patch: successful surgical treatment without replacement. Author(s): Kiziltepe U, Uysalel A, Tutar E, Akalin H. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2003 January; 125(1): 196-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12539006

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Brucella melitensis infection stimulates an immune response leading to KikuchiFujimoto disease. Author(s): Charalabopoulos K, Papalimneou V, Charalabopoulos A, Bai M, Agnantis N. Source: In Vivo. 2003 January-February; 17(1): 51-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12655790

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Brucella melitensis: a nasty bug with hidden credentials for virulence. Author(s): Moreno E, Moriyon I. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002 January 8; 99(1): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11782541

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Brucella peritonitis in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis with acute brucellosis. Author(s): Taskapan H, Oymak O, Sumerkan B, Tokgoz B, Utas C. Source: Nephron. 2002 May; 91(1): 156-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12021533

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Brucella prosthetic joint infection: a report of 3 cases and a review of the literature. Author(s): Weil Y, Mattan Y, Liebergall M, Rahav G. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 April 1; 36(7): E81-6. Epub 2003 March 18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12652405

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Brucella sp. bind to sialic acid residues on human and animal red blood cells. Author(s): del C Rocha-Gracia R, Castaneda-Roldan EI, Giono-Cerezo S, Giron JA. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 2002 August 6; 213(2): 219-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12167541

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Brucella spondylitis with paravertebral abscess due to Brucella melitensis infection: a case report. Author(s): Malavolta N, Frigato M, Zanardi M, Mule R, Lisi L, Gnudi S, Fini M. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 2002; 28(2-3): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12224383

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Brucella spondylitis: an important treatable cause of low backache. Author(s): Gokhle YA, Bichile LS, Gogate A, Tillu AV, Zamre. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1999 April; 47(4): 384-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10778520

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Brucella stationary-phase gene expression and virulence. Author(s): Roop RM 2nd, Gee JM, Robertson GT, Richardson JM, Ng WL, Winkler ME. Source: Annual Review of Microbiology. 2003; 57: 57-76. Epub 2003 May 01. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12730323

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Case 3. Brucella sacroiliitis. Author(s): Pohl J, Bartley DL. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 1998 August; 19(8): 281-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9707721

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Case report: Brucella osteomyelitis of the pubic bone. Author(s): Hoffman C, Maran R, Zwas ST. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1996 May; 51(5): 368-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8641104

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Cell response to a salt-extractable and sonicated Brucella melitensis 16M antigen in human brucellosis. Author(s): Moreno-Lafont MC, Lopez-Merino A, Lopez-Santiago R. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1995 May; 2(3): 377-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7664186

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Cellular fatty acids of Brucella canis and Brucella suis. Author(s): Dees SB, Hollis DG, Weaver RE, Moss CW. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1981 July; 14(1): 111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7263850

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Characterisation of Brucella abortus strain 19 cultures isolated from vaccinated cattle. Author(s): Thomas EL, Bracewell CD, Corbel MJ. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1981 January 31; 108(5): 90-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6789543

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Chronic intracerebral Brucella abscess. Case illustration. Author(s): Stranjalis G, Singounas E, Boutsikakis I, Saroglou G. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2000 January; 92(1): 189. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10616102

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Clinical and diagnostic aspects of relapsing meningoencephalitis due to Brucella suis. Author(s): Wallach JC, Baldi PC, Fossati CA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 October; 21(10): 7602. Epub 2002 October 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12415479

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Cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of a Brucella abortus gene encoding an 18 kDa immunoreactive protein. Author(s): Kovach ME, Elzer PH, Robertson GT, Chirhart-Gilleland RL, Christensen MA, Peterson KM, Roop RM 2nd. Source: Microbial Pathogenesis. 1997 April; 22(4): 241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9140920

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Cloning of a Brucella melitensis group 3 antigen gene encoding Omp28, a protein recognized by the humoral immune response during human brucellosis. Author(s): Lindler LE, Hadfield TL, Tall BD, Snellings NJ, Rubin FA, Van De Verg LL, Hoover D, Warren RL. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1996 July; 64(7): 2490-9. Erratum In: Infect Immun 1996 October; 64(10): 4414. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8698471

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Cloning of Brucella abortus gene and characterization of expressed 26-kilodalton periplasmic protein: potential use for diagnosis. Author(s): Rossetti OL, Arese AI, Boschiroli ML, Cravero SL. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1996 January; 34(1): 165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8748294

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Colonisation of ventriculoatrial shunt with Brucella abortus. Author(s): Puri P, Harvey TW. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1981 May 30; 282(6278): 1754-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6786608

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Combined Brucella melitensis and streptococcal viridans endocarditis. Author(s): Al-Khuwaitir TS, Wani BA, Sherbeeni SM. Source: Saudi Med J. 2002 January; 23(1): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11938375

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Comparison of BACTEC 9240 Peds Plus medium and isolator 1.5 microbial tube for detection of Brucella melitensis from blood cultures. Author(s): Yagupsky P, Peled N, Press J, Abramson O, Abu-Rashid M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 June; 35(6): 1382-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9163448

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Comparison of the Brucella Standard Agglutination Test with the ELISA IgG and IgM in patients with Brucella bacteremia. Author(s): Memish ZA, Almuneef M, Mah MW, Qassem LA, Osoba AO. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2002 October; 44(2): 129-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12458117

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Comparison of three different PCR methods for detection of Brucella spp in human blood samples. Author(s): Navarro E, Escribano J, Fernandez J, Solera J. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2002 October 11; 34(2): 147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12381466

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Complications associated with Brucella melitensis infection: a study of 530 cases. Author(s): Colmenero JD, Reguera JM, Martos F, Sanchez-De-Mora D, Delgado M, Causse M, Martin-Farfan A, Juarez C. Source: Medicine; Analytical Reviews of General Medicine, Neurology, Psychiatry, Dermatology, and Pediatrics. 1996 July; 75(4): 195-211. Erratum In: Medicine (Baltimore) 1997 March; 76(2): 139. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8699960

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Conservation of seven genes involved in the biosynthesis of the lipopolysaccharide O-side chain in Brucella spp. Author(s): Cloeckaert A, Grayon M, Verger JM, Letesson JJ, Godfroid F. Source: Research in Microbiology. 2000 April; 151(3): 209-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10865948

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Conservative treatment for Brucella endocarditis. Author(s): Cohen N, Golik A, Alon I, Zaidenstein R, Dishi V, Karpuch J, Zyssman I, Modai D. Source: Clin Cardiol. 1997 March; 20(3): 291-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9068918

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Contradictory roles for antibody and complement in the interaction of Brucella abortus with its host. Author(s): Hoffmann EM, Houle JJ. Source: Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 1995; 21(3): 153-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8845060

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Co-trimoxazole resistant Brucella. Author(s): Bannatyne RM, Rich M, Memish ZA. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2001 February; 47(1): 60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11245355

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Deletion of purE attenuates Brucella melitensis 16M for growth in human monocytederived macrophages. Author(s): Drazek ES, Houng HS, Crawford RM, Hadfield TL, Hoover DL, Warren RL. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1995 September; 63(9): 3297-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7642258

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Deletion of wboA enhances activation of the lectin pathway of complement in Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Fernandez-Prada CM, Nikolich M, Vemulapalli R, Sriranganathan N, Boyle SM, Schurig GG, Hadfield TL, Hoover DL. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 July; 69(7): 4407-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11401980

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Detection and differentiation of the six Brucella species by polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Sifuentes-Rincon AM, Revol A, Barrera-Saldana HA. Source: Molecular Medicine (Cambridge, Mass.). 1997 November; 3(11): 734-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9407549

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Detection of antibodies to Brucella cytoplasmic proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurobrucellosis. Author(s): Baldi PC, Araj GF, Racaro GC, Wallach JC, Fossati CA. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1999 September; 6(5): 756-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10473531

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Detection of Brucella antibodies in eluted dried blood: a validation study. Author(s): Takkouche B, Iglesias J, Alonso-Fernandez JR, Fernandez-Gonzalez C, GestalOtero JJ. Source: Immunology Letters. 1995 February; 45(1-2): 107-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7622176

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Detection of Brucella melitensis by BACTEC NR 730 and BACTEC 9120 systems. Author(s): Gedikoglu S, Helvaci S, Ozakin C, Gokirmak F, Kilicturgay K. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1996 December; 12(6): 649-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8982628

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Detection of Brucella melitensis by BACTEC NR660 blood culture system. Author(s): Yagupsky P. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1994 August; 32(8): 1899-901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7989539

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Detection of Brucella melitensis by the BacT/Alert automated system and Brucella broth culture. Author(s): Ozkurt Z, Erol S, Tasyaran MA, Kaya A. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2002 November; 8(11): 749-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12445015

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Detection of IgM and IgG antibodies against Brucella by dot-ELISA in humans. Author(s): Barbuddhe SB, Yadava VK, Singh DK. Source: J Commun Dis. 1994 March; 26(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7963376

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Determination of Brucella immunoglobulin G agglutinating antibody titer with dithiothreitol. Author(s): Klein GC, Behan KA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1981 July; 14(1): 24-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7263851

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Diagnostic strategies used for the identification of Brucella. Author(s): Bricker BJ. Source: Veterinary Microbiology. 2002 December 20; 90(1-4): 433-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12414162

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Diagnostic usefulness of antibodies against ribosome recycling factor from Brucella melitensis in human or canine brucellosis. Author(s): Cassataro J, Delpino MV, Velikovsky CA, Bruno L, Fossati CA, Baldi PC. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2002 March; 9(2): 366-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11874879

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Diagnostic value of Brucella ELISA IgG and IgM in bacteremic and non-bacteremic patients with brucellosis. Author(s): Osoba AO, Balkhy H, Memish Z, Khan MY, Al-Thagafi A, Al Shareef B, Al Mowallad A, Oni GA. Source: J Chemother. 2001 April; 13 Suppl 1: 54-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11434531

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Differentiated U937 cells exhibit increased bactericidal activity upon LPS activation and discriminate between virulent and avirulent Listeria and Brucella species. Author(s): Caron E, Liautard JP, Kohler S. Source: Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 1994 August; 56(2): 174-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8071593

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Differentiation of Brucella melitensis, B. ovis and B. suis biovar 2 strains by use of membrane protein- or cytoplasmic protein-specific gene probes. Author(s): Verger JM, Grayon M, Tibor A, Wansard V, Letesson JJ, Cloeckaert A. Source: Research in Microbiology. 1998 July-August; 149(7): 509-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9766202

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Differentiation of Brucella suis biotype 4 from other biotypes by Firenze phage. Author(s): Thomas EL, Corbel MJ. Source: Br Vet J. 1982 January-February; 138(1): 11-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7059778

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Difficulties in diagnosing Brucella spondylitis. Author(s): Jensenius M, Hoiby EA, Berild D, Stiris M, Ringertz SH. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000; 32(4): 425-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10959656

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Diminished production of T helper 1 cytokines correlates with T cell unresponsiveness to Brucella cytoplasmic proteins in chronic human brucellosis. Author(s): Giambartolomei GH, Delpino MV, Cahanovich ME, Wallach JC, Baldi PC, Velikovsky CA, Fossati CA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 July 15; 186(2): 252-9. Epub 2002 June 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12134263

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DNA polymorphism at the omp-31 locus of Brucella spp.: evidence for a large deletion in Brucella abortus, and other species-specific markers. Author(s): Vizcaino N, Verger JM, Grayon M, Zygmunt MS, Cloeckaert A. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 1997 September; 143 ( Pt 9): 2913-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9308175

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Doxycycline-rifampin versus doxycycline-streptomycin in treatment of human brucellosis due to Brucella melitensis. The GECMEI Group. Grupo de Estudio de Castilla-la Mancha de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Author(s): Solera J, Rodriguez-Zapata M, Geijo P, Largo J, Paulino J, Saez L, MartinezAlfaro E, Sanchez L, Sepulveda MA, Ruiz-Ribo MD. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1995 September; 39(9): 2061-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8540716

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Early events and implication of F-actin and annexin I associated structures in the phagocytic uptake of Brucella suis by the J-774A.1 murine cell line and human monocytes. Author(s): Kusumawati A, Cazevieille C, Porte F, Bettache S, Liautard JP, Sri Widada J. Source: Microbial Pathogenesis. 2000 June; 28(6): 343-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10839971

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Effect of omp10 or omp19 deletion on Brucella abortus outer membrane properties and virulence in mice. Author(s): Tibor A, Wansard V, Bielartz V, Delrue RM, Danese I, Michel P, Walravens K, Godfroid J, Letesson JJ. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 October; 70(10): 5540-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12228280

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Effects of opsonization and gamma interferon on growth of Brucella melitensis 16M in mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Author(s): Eze MO, Yuan L, Crawford RM, Paranavitana CM, Hadfield TL, Bhattacharjee AK, Warren RL, Hoover DL. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 January; 68(1): 257-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10603396

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Effects of oral or intravenous inoculation with Brucella abortus strain RB51 vaccine in beagles. Author(s): Palmer MV, Cheville NF. Source: Am J Vet Res. 1997 August; 58(8): 851-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9256969

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Endocarditis caused by Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Chan R, Hardiman RP. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1993 May 3; 158(9): 631-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8479384

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Endophlebitis of the leg caused by Brucella infection. Author(s): Memish ZA, Bannatyne RM, Alshaalan M. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2001 May; 42(4): 281-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11545574

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Enhancement of the growth of Helicobacter pylori in Brucella broth by hydrogen peroxide. Author(s): Murano A, Miyake M, Kato J, Tanzawa H, Takeo K, Noda M. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 1999; 43(11): 1009-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10609610

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Enriched Brucella medium for storage and transport of cultures of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni. Author(s): Wang WL, Luechtefeld NW, Reller LB, Blaser MJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1980 September; 12(3): 479-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7217338

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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Brucella antigen detection in human sera. Author(s): Al-Shamahy HA, Wright SG. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1998 February; 47(2): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9879960

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Epididymoorchitis due to Brucella mellitensis: a retrospective study of 59 patients. Author(s): Navarro-Martinez A, Solera J, Corredoira J, Beato JL, Martinez-Alfaro E, Atienzar M, Ariza J. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 December 15; 33(12): 2017-22. Epub 2001 November 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11698991

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Epidural abscess due to acute Brucella melitensis infection. Author(s): Perez-Calvo J, Matamala C, Sanjoaquin I, Rodriguez-Benavente A, RuizLaiglesia F, Bueno-Gomez J. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1994 June 27; 154(12): 1410-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8002693

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Esophageal brucellosis: a new location of Brucella infection. Author(s): Laso FJ, Cordero M, Garcia-Sanchez JE. Source: Clin Investig. 1994 May; 72(5): 393-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8086774

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Essential role of the VirB machinery in the maturation of the Brucella abortuscontaining vacuole. Author(s): Comerci DJ, Martinez-Lorenzo MJ, Sieira R, Gorvel JP, Ugalde RA. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2001 March; 3(3): 159-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11260139

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Evaluation and comparison of different blood culture techniques for bacteriological isolation of Salmonella typhi and Brucella abortus. Author(s): Gaviria-Ruiz MM, Cardona-Castro NM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1995 April; 33(4): 868-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7790452

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Evaluation of a Brucella enzyme immunoassay test (ELISA) in comparison with bacteriological culture and agglutination. Author(s): Gad El-Rab MO, Kambal AM. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1998 March; 36(2): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9570654

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Evaluation of Brucella dipstick assay for the diagnosis of acute brucellosis. Author(s): Altuglu I, Zeytinoglu A, Bilgic A, Kamcioglu S, Karakartal G, Smits H. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2002 November; 44(3): 241-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12493170

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Evaluation of the relatedness of Brucella spp. and Ochrobactrum anthropi and description of Ochrobactrum intermedium sp. nov., a new species with a closer relationship to Brucella spp. Author(s): Velasco J, Romero C, Lopez-Goni I, Leiva J, Diaz R, Moriyon I. Source: International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 1998 July; 48 Pt 3: 759-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9734029

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Evaluation of three methods to measure anti-Brucella IgM antibodies and interference of IgA in the interpretation of mercaptan-based tests. Author(s): Marrodan T, Nenova-Poliakova R, Rubio M, Ariza J, Clavijo E, Smits HL, Diaz R. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2001 August; 50(8): 663-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11478668

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Exposure of hospital personnel to Brucella melitensis and occurrence of laboratoryacquired disease in an endemic area. Author(s): Yagupsky P, Peled N, Riesenberg K, Banai M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000; 32(1): 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10716074

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Exposure to Brucella in the laboratory. Author(s): Zervos MJ, Bostic G. Source: Lancet. 1997 March 1; 349(9052): 651. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9057755

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Factors affecting detection of Brucella melitensis by BACTEC NR730, a nonradiometric system for hemocultures. Author(s): Gamazo C, Vitas AI, Lopez-Goni I, Diaz R, Moriyon I. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1993 December; 31(12): 3200-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8308111

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Failure of prolonged treatment with ciprofloxacin in acute infections due to Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Lang R, Raz R, Sacks T, Shapiro M. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1990 December; 26(6): 841-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2081722

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73

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False aneurysm of the abdominal aorta due to Brucella suis. Author(s): Bergeron P, Gonzales-Fajardo J, Mangialardi N, Courbier R. Source: Annals of Vascular Surgery. 1992 September; 6(5): 460-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1467188

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Faster isolation of Brucella spp. from blood by isolator compared with BACTEC NR. Author(s): Navas E, Guerrero A, Cobo J, Loza E. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1993 January; 16(1): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8425381

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Fatal Brucella melitensis endocarditis in a hemodialysis patient. Author(s): Sungur C, Sungur A, Gedikoglu G, Usubutun A, Yasavul U, Turgan C, Caglar S. Source: Nephron. 1994; 67(2): 234-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8072615

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Febrile neutropenia caused by Brucella melitensis in a child with hypoplastic acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Author(s): Ozcay F, Derbent M, Ergin F, Duru F, Ozbek N. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 2000 November; 35(5): 496-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11070484

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Ferrochelatase is present in Brucella abortus and is critical for its intracellular survival and virulence. Author(s): Almiron M, Martinez M, Sanjuan N, Ugalde RA. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 October; 69(10): 6225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11553564

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First report of a strain of Brucella melitensis that was widely sensitive to brucellaphages isolated in the United Arab Emirates. Author(s): Worsley B, Goodwin S, Jahans K, Atallah C. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 January; 22(1): 190-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8825005

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Fluorescent whole-cell hybridization with 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes to identify Brucella spp. by flow cytometry. Author(s): Fernandez-Lago L, Vallejo FJ, Trujillano I, Vizcaino N. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 July; 38(7): 2768-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10878084

74

Brucella

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Frequency of Brucella melitensis in Southern Iran. Author(s): Makarem EH, Karjoo R, Omidi A. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1982 April; 28(2): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7183780

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Fresh white cheese as a source of Brucella infection. Author(s): Sabbaghian H. Source: Public Health. 1975 May; 89(4): 165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1144660

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Fun stories about Brucella: the "furtive nasty bug". Author(s): Letesson JJ, Lestrate P, Delrue RM, Danese I, Bellefontaine F, Fretin D, Taminiau B, Tibor A, Dricot A, Deschamps C, Haine V, Leonard S, Laurent T, Mertens P, Vandenhaute J, De Bolle X. Source: Veterinary Microbiology. 2002 December 20; 90(1-4): 317-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12414152

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Functional analysis of the ClpATPase ClpA of Brucella suis, and persistence of a knockout mutant in BALB/c mice. Author(s): Ekaza E, Guilloteau L, Teyssier J, Liautard JP, Kohler S. Source: Microbiology (Reading, England). 2000 July; 146 ( Pt 7): 1605-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10878125

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Gaucher disease and brucella: just a mere coincidence? Author(s): Turfaner Erturk N, Karter Y, Tungkale A, Sipahioglu F. Source: Genet Couns. 2003; 14(3): 363-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14577684

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Geographically specific infections and arthritis, including rheumatic syndromes associated with certain fungi and parasites, Brucella species and Mycobacterium leprae. Author(s): McGill PE. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology. 2003 April; 17(2): 289-307. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12787526

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Global analysis of Brucella melitensis proteomes. Author(s): Mujer CV, Wagner MA, Eschenbrenner M, Horn T, Kraycer JA, Redkar R, Hagius S, Elzer P, Delvecchio VG. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 October; 969: 97-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12381571

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75

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Global analysis of the Brucella melitensis proteome: Identification of proteins expressed in laboratory-grown culture. Author(s): Wagner MA, Eschenbrenner M, Horn TA, Kraycer JA, Mujer CV, Hagius S, Elzer P, DelVecchio VG. Source: Proteomics. 2002 August; 2(8): 1047-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12203900

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Granulomas in Brucella melitensis infection. Author(s): Jordans HG, DeBruin KD. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1980 February; 92(2 Pt 1): 264-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7352742

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GTPases of the Rho subfamily are required for Brucella abortus internalization in nonprofessional phagocytes: direct activation of Cdc42. Author(s): Guzman-Verri C, Chaves-Olarte E, von Eichel-Streiber C, Lopez-Goni I, Thelestam M, Arvidson S, Gorvel JP, Moreno E. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2001 November 30; 276(48): 44435-43. Epub 2001 September 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11579087

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Heat-killed Brucella abortus induces TNF and IL-12p40 by distinct MyD88-dependent pathways: TNF, unlike IL-12p40 secretion, is Toll-like receptor 2 dependent. Author(s): Huang LY, Aliberti J, Leifer CA, Segal DM, Sher A, Golenbock DT, Golding B. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2003 August 1; 171(3): 1441-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12874236

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Hepatic abscess caused by Brucella US, CT and MRI findings: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Sisteron O, Souci J, Chevallier P, Cua E, Bruneton JN. Source: Clinical Imaging. 2002 November-December; 26(6): 414-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12427438

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Hepatosplenic abscesses due to Brucella melitensis: report of a case involving a child and review of the literature. Author(s): Vallejo JG, Stevens AM, Dutton RV, Kaplan SL. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 March; 22(3): 485-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8852967

76

Brucella

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Human Brucella canis infection in Hawaii. Author(s): Lum MK, Pien FD, Sasaki DM. Source: Hawaii Med J. 1985 February; 44(2): 66, 68. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3980211

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Human brucellosis caused by Brucella canis: clinical features and immune response. Author(s): Polt SS, Dismukes WE, Flint A, Schaefer J. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1982 November; 97(5): 717-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7137736

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Human brucellosis: immunoblotting analysis of three Brucella abortus antigenic fractions allows the detection of components of diagnostic importance. Author(s): Goldbaum FA, Morelli L, Wallach J, Rubbi CP, Fossati CA. Source: Medicina (B Aires). 1991; 51(3): 227-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1726568

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Human disease caused by Brucella canis. A clinical and epidemiologic study of two cases. Author(s): Munford RS, Weaver RE, Patton C, Feeley JC, Feldman RA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1975 March 24; 231(12): 1267-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1172954

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Human exposure to Brucella recovered from a sea mammal. Author(s): Brew SD, Perrett LL, Stack JA, MacMillan AP, Staunton NJ. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1999 April 24; 144(17): 483. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10358880

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Human immune response to Brucella infection. Author(s): Serre A, Bascoul S, Vendrell JP, Cannat A. Source: Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol. 1987 January-February; 138(1): 113-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3300715

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Human infection by Brucella melitensis: an outbreak attributed to contact with infected goats. Author(s): Wallach JC, Samartino LE, Efron A, Baldi PC. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 1997 December; 19(4): 315-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9537757

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77

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Human infection with Brucella canis. Author(s): Swenson RM, Carmichael LE, Cundy KR. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1972 March; 76(3): 435-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5062778

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Human infection with M- strain of Brucella canis. Author(s): Wallach JC, Giambartolomei GH, Baldi PC, Fossati CA. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004 January; 10(1): 146-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15078613

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Human mammary abscess caused by Brucella melitensis: a case report. Author(s): Tsironi M, Andriopoulos P, Kalkani M, Asimakopoulos G. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2003 September; 7(3): 236. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14563232

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Human neurobrucellosis with intracerebral granuloma caused by a marine mammal Brucella spp. Author(s): Sohn AH, Probert WS, Glaser CA, Gupta N, Bollen AW, Wong JD, Grace EM, McDonald WC. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 April; 9(4): 485-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12702232

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Human peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells express Th1-like cytokine mRNA and proteins following in vitro stimulation with heat-inactivated Brucella abortus. Author(s): Zaitseva MB, Golding H, Betts M, Yamauchi A, Bloom ET, Butler LE, Stevan L, Golding B. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1995 July; 63(7): 2720-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7790090

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Human peripheral blood T cells, monocytes, and macrophages secrete macrophage inflammatory proteins 1alpha and 1beta following stimulation with heat-inactivated Brucella abortus. Author(s): Zaitseva M, King LR, Manischewitz J, Dougan M, Stevan L, Golding H, Golding B. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 June; 69(6): 3817-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11349047

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Brucella

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Identification and characterization of in vivo attenuated mutants of Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Lestrate P, Delrue RM, Danese I, Didembourg C, Taminiau B, Mertens P, De Bolle X, Tibor A, Tang CM, Letesson JJ. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 2000 November; 38(3): 543-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11069678

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Identification and characterization of the Brucella abortus phosphoglucomutase gene: role of lipopolysaccharide in virulence and intracellular multiplication. Author(s): Ugalde JE, Czibener C, Feldman MF, Ugalde RA. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 October; 68(10): 5716-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10992476

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Identification of Brucella spp. genes involved in intracellular trafficking. Author(s): Delrue RM, Martinez-Lorenzo M, Lestrate P, Danese I, Bielarz V, Mertens P, De Bolle X, Tibor A, Gorvel JP, Letesson JJ. Source: Cellular Microbiology. 2001 July; 3(7): 487-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11437834

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Identification of Brucella suis genes affecting intracellular survival in an in vitro human macrophage infection model by signature-tagged transposon mutagenesis. Author(s): Foulongne V, Bourg G, Cazevieille C, Michaux-Charachon S, O'Callaghan D. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 March; 68(3): 1297-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10678941

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Identification of genes required for chronic persistence of Brucella abortus in mice. Author(s): Hong PC, Tsolis RM, Ficht TA. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 July; 68(7): 4102-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10858227

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Identification of the Brucella melitensis vaccine strain Rev.1 in animals and humans in Israel by PCR analysis of the PstI site polymorphism of its omp2 gene. Author(s): Bardenstein S, Mandelboim M, Ficht TA, Baum M, Banai M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 April; 40(4): 1475-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11923376

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Iliopsoas bursitis due to Brucella melitensis infection--a case report. Author(s): Guiral J, Reverte D, Carrero P. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1999 October; 70(5): 523-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10622492

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Immunity and protection against Brucella abortus. Author(s): Golding B, Scott DE, Scharf O, Huang LY, Zaitseva M, Lapham C, Eller N, Golding H. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2001 January; 3(1): 43-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11226853

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In vitro activities of five new antimicrobial agents against Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Trujillano-Martin I, Garcia-Sanchez E, Fresnadillo MJ, Garcia-Sanchez JE, Garcia-Rodriguez JA, Montes Martinez I. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 1999 July; 12(2): 185-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10418765

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In vitro activities of new quinolones against Brucella melitensis isolated in a tertiarycare hospital in Turkey. Author(s): Kocagoz S, Akova M, Altun B, Gur D, Hascelik G. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2002 April; 8(4): 240-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12047416

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In vitro Brucella suis infection prevents the programmed cell death of human monocytic cells. Author(s): Gross A, Terraza A, Ouahrani-Bettache S, Liautard JP, Dornand J. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 January; 68(1): 342-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10603407

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Interactions between Brucella melitensis and human phagocytes: bacterial surface OPolysaccharide inhibits phagocytosis, bacterial killing, and subsequent host cell apoptosis. Author(s): Fernandez-Prada CM, Zelazowska EB, Nikolich M, Hadfield TL, Roop RM 2nd, Robertson GL, Hoover DL. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 April; 71(4): 2110-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12654833

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Interruption of the cydB locus in Brucella abortus attenuates intracellular survival and virulence in the mouse model of infection. Author(s): Endley S, McMurray D, Ficht TA. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 2001 April; 183(8): 2454-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11274104

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Intracellular lifestyle of Brucella spp. Common genes with other animal pathogens, plant pathogens, and endosymbionts. Author(s): Ugalde RA. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 1999 December; 1(14): 1211-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10580277

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Intracellular survival of Brucella spp. in human monocytes involves conventional uptake but special phagosomes. Author(s): Rittig MG, Alvarez-Martinez MT, Porte F, Liautard JP, Rouot B. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 June; 69(6): 3995-4006. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11349069

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Intracellular survival of Brucella: defining the link with persistence. Author(s): Ficht TA. Source: Veterinary Microbiology. 2003 April 2; 92(3): 213-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12523983

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Intracellular trafficking of Brucella abortus in J774 macrophages. Author(s): Arenas GN, Staskevich AS, Aballay A, Mayorga LS. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 July; 68(7): 4255-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10858243

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Intramedullary spinal cord abscess suspected of Brucella infection. Author(s): Helvaci M, KasIrga E, Cetin N, Yaprak I. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2002 August; 44(4): 446-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12139575

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Invasion and intracellular trafficking of Brucella abortus in nonphagocytic cells. Author(s): Pizarro-Cerda J, Moreno E, Gorvel JP. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2000 June; 2(7): 829-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10955964

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Isolation and characterization of mini-Tn5Km2 insertion mutants of Brucella abortus deficient in internalization and intracellular growth in HeLa cells. Author(s): Kim S, Watarai M, Kondo Y, Erdenebaatar J, Makino S, Shirahata T. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 June; 71(6): 3020-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12761078

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Laboratory diagnosis of Brucella infection: some pitfalls. Author(s): Peiris V, Fraser S, Fairhurst M, Weston D, Kaczmarski E. Source: Lancet. 1992 June 6; 339(8806): 1415-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1350824

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Laboratory-acquired meningitis caused by Brucella abortus strain 19. Author(s): Montes J, Rodriguez MA, Martin T, Martin F. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1986 November; 154(5): 915-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3095438

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Laboratory-based diagnosis of brucellosis--a review of the literature. Part I: Techniques for direct detection and identification of Brucella spp. Author(s): Al Dahouk S, Tomaso H, Nockler K, Neubauer H, Frangoulidis D. Source: Clin Lab. 2003; 49(9-10): 487-505. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14572205

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Lactate levels in Brucella arthritis. Author(s): Mavridis AK, Drosos AA, Tsolas O, Moutsopoulos HM. Source: Rheumatology International. 1984; 4(4): 169-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6484445

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Latex agglutination assay for human anti-Brucella IgM antibodies. Author(s): Cambiaso CL, Limet JN. Source: Journal of Immunological Methods. 1989 September 1; 122(2): 169-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2794512

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Leukocytoclastic vasculitis as a cutaneous manifestation of systemic infection caused by Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Nagore E, Sanchez-Motilla JM, Navarro V, Febrer MI, Aliaga A. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1999 January; 63(1): 25-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9951590

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Limited diagnostic usefulness of antibodies to cytoplasmic proteins of Brucella in early-treated human brucellosis. Author(s): Baldi PC, Giambartolomei GH, Wallach JC, Velikovsky CA, Fossati CA. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001; 33(3): 200-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11303810

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Limited genetic diversity of Brucella spp. Author(s): Gandara B, Merino AL, Rogel MA, Martinez-Romero E. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 January; 39(1): 235-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11136777

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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Brucella abortus is less toxic than that from Escherichia coli, suggesting the possible use of B. abortus or LPS from B. abortus as a carrier in vaccines. Author(s): Goldstein J, Hoffman T, Frasch C, Lizzio EF, Beining PR, Hochstein D, Lee YL, Angus RD, Golding B. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1992 April; 60(4): 1385-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1548064

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Live Brucella spp. fail to induce tumor necrosis factor alpha excretion upon infection of U937-derived phagocytes. Author(s): Caron E, Peyrard T, Kohler S, Cabane S, Liautard JP, Dornand J. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1994 December; 62(12): 5267-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7960104

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Low prevalence of antibodies against the zoonotic agents Brucella abortus, Leptospira spp., Streptococcus suis serotype II, hantavirus, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus among veterinarians and pig farmers in the southern part of The Netherlands. Author(s): Elbers AR, Vecht U, Osterhaus AD, Groen J, Wisselink HJ, Diepersloot RJ, Tielen MJ. Source: Vet Q. 1999 April; 21(2): 50-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10321013

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Lumbar spinal root compression caused by Brucella granuloma. Author(s): Ozerbil OM, Ural O, Topatan HI, Erongun U. Source: Spine. 1998 February 15; 23(4): 491-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9516707

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Lymphocytes bearing the gamma delta T cell receptor in acute Brucella melitensis infection. Author(s): Bertotto A, Gerli R, Spinozzi F, Muscat C, Scalise F, Castellucci G, Sposito M, Candio F, Vaccaro R. Source: European Journal of Immunology. 1993 May; 23(5): 1177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8477812

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Macrophage control of Brucella abortus: influence of cytokines and iron. Author(s): Baldwin CL, Jiang X, Fernandes DM. Source: Trends in Microbiology. 1993 June; 1(3): 99-104. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8143124

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Macrophages and Brucella. Author(s): Baldwin CL, Winter AJ. Source: Immunol Ser. 1994; 60: 363-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8251581

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Major outer membrane protein Omp25 of Brucella suis is involved in inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha production during infection of human macrophages. Author(s): Jubier-Maurin V, Boigegrain RA, Cloeckaert A, Gross A, Alvarez-Martinez MT, Terraza A, Liautard J, Kohler S, Rouot B, Dornand J, Liautard JP. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 August; 69(8): 4823-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11447156

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Management of Brucella endocarditis of a prosthetic valve. Author(s): Arslan H, Korkmaz ME, Kart H, Gul C. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1998 July; 37(1): 70-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9733385

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Management of Brucella endocarditis with aortic root abscess. Author(s): al Kasab S, al Fagih M, al Rasheed A, Khan B, Bitar I, Shahed M, Sawyer W. Source: Chest. 1990 December; 98(6): 1532-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2245705

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Medically treated intraspinal "Brucella" granuloma. Author(s): Bingol A, Yucemen N, Meco O. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1999 December; 52(6): 570-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10660022

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Medically treated splenic abscess due to Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Yayli G, Isler M, Oyar O. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(2): 133-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11928846

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Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and severe thrombocytopenia in Brucella infection. Author(s): Di Mario A, Sica S, Zini G, Salutari P, Leone G. Source: Annals of Hematology. 1995 January; 70(1): 59-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7827209

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Microtiter plate agglutination test for Brucella canis antibodies. Author(s): Damp SC, Crumrine MH, Lewis GE Jr. Source: Appl Microbiol. 1973 March; 25(3): 489-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4572896

84

Brucella

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Milkborne Brucella abortus infection. Author(s): Galbraith NS, Pusey JJ. Source: Lancet. 1984 January 14; 1(8368): 110. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6140415

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Misidentification of Brucella melitensis as Ochrobactrum anthropi by API 20NE. Author(s): Elsaghir AA, James EA. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2003 May; 52(Pt 5): 441-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12721322

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Misidentification of Brucella species with use of rapid bacterial identification systems. Author(s): Barham WB, Church P, Brown JE, Paparello S. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 December; 17(6): 1068-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8110938

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Molecular basis of Brucella pathogenicity: an update. Author(s): Sangari FJ, Aguero J. Source: Microbiologia. 1996 June; 12(2): 207-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8767705

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Molecular cloning and characterization of cgt, the Brucella abortus cyclic beta-1,2glucan transporter gene, and its role in virulence. Author(s): Roset MS, Ciocchini AE, Ugalde RA, Inon de Iannino N. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2004 April; 72(4): 2263-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15039351

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Mononucleosis-like picture. Brucella suis infection. Author(s): Bagnarello AG. Source: Pa Med. 1976 February; 79(2): 58-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=176619

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MRI of Brucella polyneuritis in a child. Author(s): Tali ET, Keskin T, Oznur II, Simonson T, Yuh WT. Source: Neuroradiology. 1996 May; 38 Suppl 1: S190-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8811713

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85

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Multicenter prospective study of treatment of Brucella melitensis brucellosis with doxycycline for 6 weeks plus streptomycin for 2 weeks. Author(s): Cisneros JM, Viciana P, Colmenero J, Pachon J, Martinez C, Alarcon A. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1990 May; 34(5): 881-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2193624

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Neglected case of osteoarticular Brucella infection of the knee. Author(s): Yorgancigil H, Yayli G, Oyar O. Source: Croatian Medical Journal. 2003 December; 44(6): 761-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14652892

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Neurological complications of Brucella spondylitis. Author(s): Mousa AM, Bahar RH, Araj GF, Koshy TS, Muhtaseb SA, al-Mudallal DS, Marafie AA. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1990 January; 81(1): 16-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2330811

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Newborn and Wiskott-Aldrich patient B cells can be activated by TNP-Brucella abortus: evidence that TNP-Brucella abortus behaves as a T-independent type 1 antigen in humans. Author(s): Golding B, Muchmore AV, Blaese RM. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1984 December; 133(6): 2966-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6436369

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Non-simultaneous Brucella peritonitis and meningitis in a patient with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Author(s): Locutura J, Lorenzo JF, Mijan A, Galdos-Barroso M, Saez-Royuela F. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1998 May; 17(5): 361-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9721968

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Non-specific stimulation of human B lymphocytes by a Brucella fraction. Author(s): Vendrell JP, Huguet MF, Cannat A, Serre A. Source: Dev Biol Stand. 1984; 56: 221-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6208072

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Nucleic acid vaccination of Brucella abortus ribosomal L7/L12 gene elicits immune response. Author(s): Kurar E, Splitter GA. Source: Vaccine. 1997 December; 15(17-18): 1851-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9413093

86

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Occurrence of antibodies to Brucella canis in rural inhabitants of Corrientes and Neuquen Provinces, Argentina. Author(s): Varela-Diaz VM, Myers DM. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1979 January; 28(1): 110-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=434303

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On the growth of Brucella species in presence of erythritol in defined and undefined media and amniotic fluid of human, cow and sheep. Author(s): Tripathi KK, Bhatnagar L, Seiffge D, Jankowski RP, Aikins HE, Gupta KG. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol [orig A]. 1977; 237(2-3): 324-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=403714

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O-Polysaccharide epitopic heterogeneity at the surface of Brucella spp. studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry. Author(s): Cloeckaert A, Weynants V, Godfroid J, Verger JM, Grayon M, Zygmunt MS. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1998 November; 5(6): 862-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9801349

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Organelle robbery: Brucella interactions with the endoplasmic reticulum. Author(s): Celli J, Gorvel JP. Source: Current Opinion in Microbiology. 2004 February; 7(1): 93-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15036147

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Outbreak of Brucella melitensis among microbiology laboratory workers in a community hospital. Author(s): Staszkiewicz J, Lewis CM, Colville J, Zervos M, Band J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1991 February; 29(2): 287-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2007637

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Outbreak of Brucella melitensis among microbiology laboratory workers. Author(s): Martin-Mazuelos E, Nogales MC, Florez C, Gomez-Mateos JM, Lozano F, Sanchez A. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1994 August; 32(8): 2035-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7989566

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Outbreak of Brucella melitensis type 2 infection in London. Author(s): Galbraith NS, Ross MS, de Mowbray RR, Payne DJ. Source: British Medical Journal. 1969 March 8; 1(644): 612-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5766127

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Ovarian abscess due to Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Fenkci V, Cevrioglu S, Yilmazer M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(10): 762-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14606619

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Pacemaker infection by Brucella melitensis: A rare cause of relapsing brucellosis. Author(s): Francia E, Domingo P, Sambeat MA, Montiel JA, Pericas R, Sanchez F, Gurgui M. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000 November 27; 160(21): 3327-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11088098

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Pacemaker infection due to Brucella melitensis: a case report. Author(s): Ulkar UG, Demiray T, Aydogan H, Dansuk Z, Kocakavak C, Mert A. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2001 August 13-27; 161(15): 1910-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11493135

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Participation of the molecular chaperone DnaK in intracellular growth of Brucella suis within U937-derived phagocytes. Author(s): Kohler S, Teyssier J, Cloeckaert A, Rouot B, Liautard JP. Source: Molecular Microbiology. 1996 May; 20(4): 701-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8793869

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Persistence of Brucella antibodies after successful treatment of acute brucellosis in an area of endemicity. Author(s): Almuneef M, Memish ZA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 June; 40(6): 2313. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12037121

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Person-to-person transmission of Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Ruben B, Band JD, Wong P, Colville J. Source: Lancet. 1991 January 5; 337(8732): 14-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1670649

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Phagocytosis and killing of Brucella by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Author(s): Young EJ, Borchert M, Kretzer FL, Musher DM. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1985 April; 151(4): 682-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3919118

88

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Phase I study of immunotherapy by live Brucella abortus (strain 19 BA) in cancer patients. Author(s): Dazord L, Martin A, Le Rest R, Le Prise PY, Larzul JJ, Gandhour C, David C, Toujas L. Source: Cancer Treat Rep. 1984 February; 68(2): 417-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6421482

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Polyclonal IgG synthesis of mononuclear cells induced by the homopolymer of 4,6dideoxy-4-formamido-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl units isolated from Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Montag T, Tietz HJ, Widera P, Malikov WE, Mann W, Liebenthal C, Gantenberg R, Pfeiffer E. Source: Biomed Biochim Acta. 1988; 47(6): 537-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3266469

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Polymorphism in Brucella strains detected by studying distribution of two short repetitive DNA elements. Author(s): Mercier E, Jumas-Bilak E, Allardet-Servent A, O'Callaghan D, Ramuz M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1996 May; 34(5): 1299-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8727925

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Poor perinatal outcome associated with maternal Brucella abortus infection. Author(s): Malone FD, Athanassiou A, Nores LA, Dalton ME. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 October; 90(4 Pt 2): 674-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11770592

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Positive Brucella agglutination test in enteric fever. Author(s): Raju AZ, Jesudason M, Sridharan G, Lalitha MK, Narasimhan C, Pulimood BM. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1990 June; 38(6): 427-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2117010

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Preliminary studies on the use of carbon substrate utilization patterns for identification of Brucella species. Author(s): Wong JD, Janda JM, Duffey PS. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1992 February; 15(2): 109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1572134

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Prepatellar bursitis caused by Brucella abortus. Author(s): Davis JM, Broughton SJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1996 October 21; 165(8): 460. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8913256

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Prevalence of antibodies to Brucella spp. and risk factors related to high-risk occupational groups in Eritrea. Author(s): Omer MK, Assefaw T, Skjerve E, Tekleghiorghis T, Woldehiwet Z. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2002 August; 129(1): 85-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12211600

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Prevalence of antibody to Brucella in asymptomatic well individuals in Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Cooper CW. Source: J Trop Med Hyg. 1992 April; 95(2): 140-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1560484

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Production and targeting of the Brucella abortus antigen L7/L12 in Lactococcus lactis: a first step towards food-grade live vaccines against brucellosis. Author(s): Ribeiro LA, Azevedo V, Le Loir Y, Oliveira SC, Dieye Y, Piard JC, Gruss A, Langella P. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2002 February; 68(2): 910-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11823235

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Production of a novel antigen by conjugation of HIV-1 to Brucella abortus: studies of immunogenicity, isotype analysis, T-cell dependency, and syncytia inhibition. Author(s): Golding B, Golding H, Preston S, Hernandez D, Beining PR, Manischewitz J, Harvath L, Blackburn R, Lizzio E, Hoffman T. Source: Aids Research and Human Retroviruses. 1991 May; 7(5): 435-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1678617

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Prostatitis and hepatitis due to Brucella melitensis: a case report. Author(s): Aygen B, Sumerkan B, Doganay M, Sehmen E. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1998 January; 36(1): 111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9515679

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Prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Brucella melitensis. A report of four cases successfully treated with tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim plus valve replacement. Author(s): Fernandez-Guerrero ML, Martinell J, Aguado JM, Ponte MC, Fraile J, de Rabago G. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1987 June; 147(6): 1141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3592879

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Pulmonary infection due to Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Aliaga L, Cobo F, Cueto A, Rosa-Fraile M. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2001; 5(4): 232-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11953226

90

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Radioimmunoassay of IgM, IgG, and IgA Brucella antibodies. Author(s): Parratt D, Nielsen KH, White RG. Source: Lancet. 1977 May 21; 1(8021): 1075-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=68181

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Rapid detection of Brucella melitensis from blood cultures by a commercial system. Author(s): Yagupsky P, Peled N, Press J, Abu-Rashid M, Abramson O. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 August; 16(8): 605-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9323475

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Rapid diagnosis of Brucella bacteremia by using the BACTEC 9240 system. Author(s): Bannatyne RM, Jackson MC, Memish Z. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1997 October; 35(10): 2673-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9316932

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Rapid diagnosis of Brucella melitensis in blood: some operational characteristics of the BACT/ALERT. Author(s): Solomon HM, Jackson D. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1992 January; 30(1): 222-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1734057

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Rapid identification of human B-lymphocytes and monocytes with rhodaminelabeled Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Gaudernack G, Curry R, Messner R. Source: Journal of Immunological Methods. 1981; 43(3): 251-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6972976

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Rapid identification of smooth Brucella species with a monoclonal antibody. Author(s): Roop RM 2nd, Preston-Moore D, Bagchi T, Schurig GG. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1987 November; 25(11): 2090-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3693540

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Recurrent enterocolitis-like symptoms as the possible presenting manifestations of neonatal Brucella melitensis infection. Author(s): Labrune P, Jabir B, Magny JF, Guibert M, Damay M, Odievre M. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1990 June-July; 79(6-7): 707-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2386068

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Recurrent epidermal cyst infection caused by Brucella melitensis in a diabetic patient. Author(s): Dhar R, Dhar PM, Gafoor M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1988 May; 26(5): 1040-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3384896

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Relevance of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Brucella melitensis to relapse rate in human brucellosis. Author(s): Ariza J, Bosch J, Gudiol F, Linares J, Viladrich PF, Martin R. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1986 December; 30(6): 958-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3813520

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Rifampicin resistance in a strain of Brucella melitensis after treatment with doxycycline and rifampicin. Author(s): De Rautlin de la Roy YM, Grignon B, Grollier G, Coindreau MF, BecqGiraudon B. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1986 November; 18(5): 648-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3804888

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Risk of infection by Brucella melitensis for people living near infected goats. Author(s): Piffaretti JC, Staedler P, Beretta-Piccoli CF. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1987 September; 15(2): 177-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3312421

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Role of Brucella and Coxiella burnetii infections in pyrexia of unknown origin. Author(s): Sen GP, Khanna PN. Source: Indian J Public Health. 1977 July-September; 21(3): 149-56. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=566726

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Rose Bengal plate agglutination and counterimmunoelectrophoresis tests on spinal fluid in the diagnosis of Brucella meningitis. Author(s): Diaz R, Maravi-Poma E, Delgado G, Rivero A. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1978 February; 7(2): 236-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=632350

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Safranin O-stained antigen microagglutination test for detection of Brucella antibodies. Author(s): Brown SL, Klein GC, McKinney FT, Jones WL. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1981 February; 13(2): 398-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6162858

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Secretion of listeriolysin by Brucella suis inhibits its intramacrophagic replication. Author(s): Kohler S, Layssac M, Naroeni A, Gentschev I, Rittig M, Liautard JP. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2001 April; 69(4): 2753-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11254648

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Serological follow-up of human brucellosis by measuring IgG antibodies to lipopolysaccharide and cytoplasmic proteins of Brucella species. Author(s): Baldi PC, Miguel SE, Fossati CA, Wallach JC. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 March; 22(3): 446-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8852961

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Seroprevalence of Brucella antibodies among persons in high-risk occupation in Lebanon. Author(s): Araj GF, Azzam RA. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1996 October; 117(2): 281-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8870625

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Severe microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in a child with Brucella infection. Author(s): Yaramis A, Kervancioglu M, Yildirim I, Soker M, Derman O, Tas MA. Source: Annals of Hematology. 2001 September; 80(9): 546-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11669306

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Significance of environmental conditions (pH and serum) on the in vitro potency of azithromycin against Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Domingo S, Gastearena I, Diaz R, Gamazo C. Source: J Chemother. 1995 November; 7 Suppl 4: 29-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8904096

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Single-step PCR for detection of Brucella spp. from blood and milk of infected animals. Author(s): Leal-Klevezas DS, Martinez-Vazquez IO, Lopez-Merino A, Martinez-Soriano JP. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1995 December; 33(12): 3087-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8586678

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Specific detection of Brucella DNA by PCR. Author(s): Romero C, Gamazo C, Pardo M, Lopez-Goni I. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1995 March; 33(3): 615-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7538508

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Specificity of a polymerase chain reaction assay of a target sequence on the 31kilodalton Brucella antigen DNA used to diagnose human brucellosis. Author(s): Casanas MC, Queipo-Ortuno MI, Rodriguez-Torres A, Orduna A, Colmenero JD, Morata P. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 February; 20(2): 12731. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11305467

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Splenic abscess due to Brucella in childhood. A case report. Author(s): Secmeer G, Ecevit Z, Gulbulak B, Ceyhan M, Kanra G, Anlar Y. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 1995 October-December; 37(4): 403-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8560609

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Splenic infarction associated with acute Brucella mellitensis infection. Author(s): Salgado F, Grana M, Ferrer V, Lara A, Fuentes T. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 January; 21(1): 63-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11913506

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Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis due to Brucella melitensis in a cirrhotic patient. Author(s): Ozakyol AH, Saricam T, Zubaroglu I. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 September; 94(9): 2572-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10484037

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Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis due to Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Erbay A, Bodur H, Akinci E, Colpan A, Cevik MA. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003; 35(3): 196-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12751716

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Structural characterization of the active site of Brucella abortus Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase: a 15N and 1H NMR investigation. Author(s): Chen YL, Park S, Thornburg RW, Tabatabai LB, Kintanar A. Source: Biochemistry. 1995 September 26; 34(38): 12265-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7547969

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Subversion and utilization of the host cell cyclic adenosine 5'monophosphate/protein kinase A pathway by Brucella during macrophage infection. Author(s): Gross A, Bouaboula M, Casellas P, Liautard JP, Dornand J. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2003 June 1; 170(11): 5607-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12759440

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Successful management of Brucella mellitensis endocarditis with combined medical and surgical approach. Author(s): Hadjinikolaou L, Triposkiadis F, Zairis M, Chlapoutakis E, Spyrou P. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2001 June; 19(6): 806-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11404134

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Surgical treatment of Brucella endocarditis. Author(s): Keles C, Bozbuga N, Sismanoglu M, Guler M, Erdogan HB, Akinci E, Yakut C. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2001 April; 71(4): 1160-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11308153

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Surgical treatment of Brucella endocarditis. Author(s): Quiroga J, Miralles A, Farinola T, Obi C, Granados J, Fontanillas C, Saura E, Benito M, Calbet JM, Castells E. Source: Cardiovascular Surgery (London, England). 1996 April; 4(2): 227-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8861443

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Survival of a bacterioferritin deletion mutant of Brucella melitensis 16M in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Author(s): Denoel PA, Crawford RM, Zygmunt MS, Tibor A, Weynants VE, Godfroid F, Hoover DL, Letesson JJ. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1997 October; 65(10): 4337-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9317046

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Susceptibilities of Brucella melitensis isolates to clinafloxacin and four other new fluoroquinolones. Author(s): Garcia-Rodriguez JA, Garcia Sanchez JE, Trujillano I, Garcia Sanchez E, Garcia Garcia MI, Fresnadillo MJ. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1995 May; 39(5): 1194-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7625815

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The 18-kDa cytoplasmic protein of Brucella species --an antigen useful for diagnosis-is a lumazine synthase. Author(s): Goldbaum FA, Velikovsky CA, Baldi PC, Mortl S, Bacher A, Fossati CA. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1999 September; 48(9): 833-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10482294

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The ability of Brucella melitensis to grow on Loewenstein-Jensen egg medium: presentation of a case with Brucella meningitis. Author(s): Friedrich I, Schonfeld S, Keness Y. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1992 November; 28(11): 806-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1468897

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The antibody response to Brucella: immunoglobulin response measured by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay and conventional tests. Author(s): Gilbert GL, Hawes LA. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1981 February; 11(1): 40-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7018483

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The Brucella suis homologue of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens chromosomal virulence operon chvE is essential for sugar utilization but not for survival in macrophages. Author(s): Alvarez-Martinez MT, Machold J, Weise C, Schmidt-Eisenlohr H, Baron C, Rouot B. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 2001 September; 183(18): 5343-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11514518

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The Brucella suis virB operon is induced intracellularly in macrophages. Author(s): Boschiroli ML, Ouahrani-Bettache S, Foulongne V, Michaux-Charachon S, Bourg G, Allardet-Servent A, Cazevieille C, Liautard JP, Ramuz M, O'Callaghan D. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002 February 5; 99(3): 1544-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11830669

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The differentiation of Brucella species by substrate specific tetrazolium reduction. Author(s): Broughton ES, Jahans KL. Source: Veterinary Microbiology. 1997 September; 57(2-3): 253-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9355260

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The identity, distribution and epizootiological significance of Brucella isolates in Australia, 1981 to 1985. Author(s): Crichton R, Medveczky NE. Source: Aust Vet J. 1987 February; 64(2): 48-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3111457

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The innate immune response against Brucella in humans. Author(s): Dornand J, Gross A, Lafont V, Liautard J, Oliaro J, Liautard JP. Source: Veterinary Microbiology. 2002 December 20; 90(1-4): 383-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12414158

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The intramacrophagic environment of Brucella suis and bacterial response. Author(s): Kohler S, Porte F, Jubier-Maurin V, Ouahrani-Bettache S, Teyssier J, Liautard JP. Source: Veterinary Microbiology. 2002 December 20; 90(1-4): 299-309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12414150

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The morbidity and mortality pattern of Brucella endocarditis. Author(s): al-Harthi SS. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 1989 December; 25(3): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2613379

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The role of aggressive medical therapy along with early surgical intervention in the cure of Brucella endocarditis. Author(s): Uddin MJ, Sanyal SC, Mustafa AS, Mokaddas EM, Salama AL, Cherian G, Mounjaeed M, Shuhaiber H. Source: Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1998 August; 4(4): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9738123

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The role of antibiotic treatment alone for the management of Brucella endocarditis in adults: a case report and literature review. Author(s): Mert A, Kocak F, Ozaras R, Tabak F, Bilir M, Kucukuglu S, Ozturk R, Aktuglu Y. Source: Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002 December; 8(6): 381-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12517300

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Thrombosis of the abdominal aorta secondary to Brucella spondylitis. Author(s): Sanchez-Gonzalez J, Garcia-Delange T, Martos F, Colmenero JD. Source: Infection. 1996 May-June; 24(3): 261-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8811368

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Thyroiditis due to Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Vermiglio F, Stassi G, Finocchiaro MD, Trimarchi F. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1995 April; 18(4): 308-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7560815

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Thyroiditis due to Brucella melitensis--report of two cases. Author(s): von Graevenitz A, Colla F. Source: Infection. 1990 May-June; 18(3): 179-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2114370

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Total knee arthroplasties infected by Brucella melitensis: a case report. Author(s): Malizos KN, Makris CA, Soucacos PN. Source: Am J Orthop. 1997 April; 26(4): 283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9113296

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Transformation of Brucella species with suicide and broad host-range plasmids. Author(s): McQuiston JR, Schurig GG, Sriranganathan N, Boyle SM. Source: Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). 1995; 47: 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7550728

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Transient T-cell abnormality in a selective IgM-immunodeficient patient with Brucella infection. Author(s): Raziuddin S, Bilal N, Benjamin B. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1988 March; 46(3): 360-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2962796

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Transmission of Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Lindberg J, Larsson P. Source: Lancet. 1991 April 6; 337(8745): 848-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1672931

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Transplacentally transmitted congenital brucellosis due to Brucella abortus. Author(s): Giannacopoulos I, Eliopoulou MI, Ziambaras T, Papanastasiou DA. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2002 October; 45(3): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12387783

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Ulcers of skin due to Brucella suis. Report of a case. Author(s): Christianson HB, Pankey GA, Applewhite ML. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1968 August; 98(2): 175-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5691194

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Unrecognised neurobrucellosis giving rise to Brucella melitensis peritonitis via a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Author(s): Anderson H, Mortensen A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1992 October; 11(10): 9534. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1486897

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Unusual complication of breast implants: Brucella infection. Author(s): Memish ZA, Alazzawi M, Bannatyne R. Source: Infection. 2001 October; 29(5): 291-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11688912

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Unusual route of transmission for Brucella abortus. Author(s): Thalhammer F, Eberl G, Kopetzki-Kogler U. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 March; 26(3): 763-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9524861

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Urban outbreak of a Brucella melitensis infection in an Argentine family: clinical and diagnostic aspects. Author(s): Wallach JC, Miguel SE, Baldi PC, Guarnera E, Goldbaum FA, Fossati CA. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 1994 January; 8(1): 49-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8156050

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Use of an enzyme immunoassay test for characterizing the A and M antigens of Brucella. Author(s): Thoen CO, Armbrust AL, Eacret WG, Harrington R Jr, Brown GM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1979 April; 9(4): 485-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=379038

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Use of BACTEC 9240 blood culture system for detection of Brucella melitensis in synovial fluid. Author(s): Yagupsky P, Peled N, Press J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 February; 39(2): 738-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11158139

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Use of the Isolator 1.5 microbial tube for detection of Brucella melitensis in synovial fluid. Author(s): Yagupsky P, Peled N. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 October; 40(10): 3878. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12354908

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V gamma 9V delta 2 T cells impair intracellular multiplication of Brucella suis in autologous monocytes through soluble factor release and contact-dependent cytotoxic effect. Author(s): Ottones F, Dornand J, Naroeni A, Liautard JP, Favero J. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2000 December 15; 165(12): 71339. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11120844

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Vaccination against Brucella. Author(s): Nicoletti P. Source: Adv Biotechnol Processes. 1990; 13: 147-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2185782

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Vegetectomy in Brucella endocarditis. Author(s): Sunar H, Duran E. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2002 June; 73(6): 2036; Author Reply 2036. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12078830

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Virulent Brucella abortus prevents lysosome fusion and is distributed within autophagosome-like compartments. Author(s): Pizarro-Cerda J, Moreno E, Sanguedolce V, Mege JL, Gorvel JP. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1998 May; 66(5): 2387-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9573138

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Visceral abscesses due to Brucella suis infection in a retired pig farmer. Author(s): Paton NI, Tee NW, Vu CK, Teo TP. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 April 15; 32(8): E129-30. Epub 2001 March 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11283821

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Yersinia enterocolitica infection associated with Brucella agglutinins. Clinical features of 24 patients. Author(s): Ahvonen P, Sievers K. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1969 January-February; 185(1-2): 121-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4979818

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BRUCELLA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Brucella.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Brucella The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “brucella” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “brucella” (or a synonym): •

Expression and bacterial activity of nitric oxide synthase in Brucella suis-infected murine macrophages. Author(s): Universite de Montpellier-II, Montpellier, France. Source: Gross, A. Spiesser, S. Terraza, A. Rouot, B. Caron, E. Dornand, J. Infection-andimmunity (USA). (April 1998). volume 66(4) page 1309-1316.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

Antibodies in calves on feed supplemented with chlortetracycline after vaccination with Brucella abortus strain 19. Source: Nicoletti, P Mason, R M Tehrani, J J-Am-Vet-Med-Assoc. 1987 April 15; 190(8): 1002-3 0003-1488

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Characterization of smooth lipopolysaccharides and O polysaccharides of Brucella species by competition binding assays with monoclonal antibodies. Source: Weynants, V. Gilson, D. Cloeckaert, A. Tibor, A. Denoel, P.A. Godfroid, F. Limet, J.N. Letesson, J.J. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. May 1997. volume 65 (5) page 1939-1943. 0019-9567

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Chemical and protective properties of Brucella lipopolysaccharide obtained by butanol extraction. Source: Phillips, M. Pugh, G.W. Jr. Deyoe, B.L. Am-J-Vet-Res. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association. March 1989. volume 50 (3) page 311-317. ill. 0002-9645

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Cloning and nucleotide sequence analysis of a Brucella abortus gene encoding an 18kDa immunoreactive protein. Source: Kovach, M.E. Elzer, P.H. Robertson, G.T. Chirhart Gilleland, R.L. Christensen, M.A. Peterson, K.M. Roop, R.M. II. Microb-pathog. London; Orlando : Academic Press, c1986-. April 1997. volume 22 (4) page 241-246. 0882-4010

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Cloning and sequencing of yajC and secD homologs of Brucella abortus and demonstration of immune responses to YajC in mice vaccinated with B. abortus RB51. Source: Vemulapalli, R. Duncan, A.J. Boyle, S.M. Sriranganathan, N. Toth, T.E. Schurig, G.G. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. December 1998. volume 66 (12) page 5684-5691. 0019-9567

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Cloning of a Brucella melitensis group 3 antigen gene encoding Omp28, a protein recognized by the humoral immune response during human brucellosis. [Erratum: Oct 1996, v. 64 (10) p. 4414.]. Source: Lindler, L.E. Hadfield, T.L. Tall, B.D. Snellings, N.J. Rubin, F.A. Van de verg, L.L. Hoover, D. Warren, R.L. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. July 1996. volume 64 (7) page 2490-2499. 0019-9567

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Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of the gene coding for a ribosome releasing factor-homologous protein of Brucella melitensis. Source: Vizcaino, N. Cloeckaert, A. Dubray, G. Zygmunt, M.S. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. November 1996. volume 64 (11) page 4834-4837. 0019-9567

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Comparative analysis of Brucella serotype A and M and Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 polysaccharides for serological diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle, sheep, and goats. Source: Diaz Aparicio, E. Aragon, V. Marin, C. Alonso, B. Font, M. Moreno, E. Perez Ortiz, S. Blasco, J.M. Diaz, R. Moriyon, I. J-clin-microbiol. Washington : American Society for Microbiology,. December 1993. volume 31 (12) page 3136-3141. 0095-1137

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Crystal structure to 2.45 A resolution of a monoclonal Fab specific for the Brucella A cell wall polysaccharide antigen. Author(s): Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Canada. Source: Rose, D R Przybylska, M To, R J Kayden, C S Oomen, R P Vorberg, E Young, N M Bundle, D R Protein-Sci. 1993 July; 2(7): 1106-13 0961-8368

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Delayed-type hypersensitivity activity of the Brucella L7L12 ribosomal protein depends on posttranslational modification. Source: Bachrach, G. Banai, M. Fishman, Y. Bercovier, H. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. January 1997. volume 65 (1) page 267-271. 0019-9567

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Detection of Brucella species DNA in the stomach content of aborted sheep fetuses by PCR. Author(s): FU Veteriner Fakultesi, Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dali, 23119, Elazig (Turkey) Source: Cetinkaya, B. Ongor, H. Muz, A. Ertas, H.B. Kalender, H. Erdogan, H.M. Veterinary-Record (United Kingdom). (1999). volume 144(9) page 239-240. Brucella sheep pcr foetus stomach dna diagnosis methods

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Down-regulation of Th2 responses by Brucella abortus, a strong Th1 stimulus, correlates with alterations in the B7.2-CD28 pathway. Author(s): Laboratory of Plasma Derivatives, Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20852, USA. Source: Agranovich, I Scott, D E Terle, D Lee, K Golding, B Infect-Immun. 1999 September; 67(9): 4418-26 0019-9567

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Early acidification of phagosomes containing Brucella suis is essential for intracellular survival in murine macrophages. Source: Porte, F. Liautard, J.P. Kohler, S. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. August 1999. volume 67 (8) page 4041-4047. 0019-9567

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Effectiveness of natural and synthetic complexes of porin and O polysaccharide as vaccines against Brucella abortus in mice. Source: Winter, A.J. Rowe, G.E. Duncan, J.R. Eis, M.J. Widom, J. Ganem, B. Morein, B. Infect-Immun. Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology. November 1988. volume 56 (11) page 2808-2817. 0019-9567

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Effects of gamma interferon and indomethacin in preventing Brucella abortus infections in mice. Author(s): Brucellosis Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010. Source: Stevens, M G Pugh, G W Tabatabai, L B Infect-Immun. 1992 October; 60(10): 4407-9 0019-9567

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Effects of Nigella sativa extracts on antibody response of rats vaccinated with Brucella vaccine (Rev-1). Source: Hailat, N. Al Kahil, S. Alkofahi, A. Lafi, S. Al Ani, F. Al Darraji, A. Bataineh, Z. Pharm-biol. Lisse, the Netherlands : Swets & Zeitlinger, c1998-. July 1998. volume 36 (3) page 217-221. 1388-0209

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Enhancement of the antigen-binding capacity of incomplete IgG antibodies to Brucella melitensis through Fc region interactions with staphylococcal protein A. Author(s): Division of Zoonoses, National Institute of Communicable Diseases, New Delhi, India. Source: Jagannath, C Sehgal, S J-Immunol-Methods. 1989 November 30; 124(2): 251-7 0022-1759

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Evaluation of humoral immunity to Brucella sp in cattle by use of an agar-gel immunodiffusion test containing a polysaccharide antigen. Source: Lord, V.R. Rolo, M.R. Cherwonogrodzky, J.W. Am-J-Vet-Res. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association. November 1989. volume 50 (11) page 18131816. ill. 0002-9645

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Experimental Brucella abortus induced abortion in a llama: pathologic effects. Author(s): USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA 50010-0844, USA. Source: Gidlewski, T Cheville, N F Rhyan, J C Miller, L D Gilsdorf, M J Vet-Pathol. 2000 January; 37(1): 77-82 0300-9858

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Genetic characterization of a Tn5-disrupted glycosyltransferase gene homolog in Brucella abortus and its effect on lipopolysaccharide composition and virulence. Source: McQuiston, J.R. Vemulapalli, R. Inzana, T.J. Schurig, G.G. Sriranganathan, N. Fritzinger, D. Hadfield, T.L. Warren, R.A. Snellings, N. Hoover, D. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. August 1999. volume 67 (8) page 3830-3835. 0019-9567

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Growth of Brucella abortus in macrophages from resistant and susceptible mouse strains. Author(s): Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA. Source: Sathiyaseelan, J Jiang, X Baldwin, C L Clin-Exp-Immunol. 2000 August; 121(2): 289-94 0009-9104

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Identification of a quorum-sensing signal molecule in the facultative intracellular pathogen Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Unite de Recherche en Biologie Moleculaire (URBM), Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Microbiologie, Facultes Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, 5000 Namur, Belgium. [email protected] Source: Taminiau, Bernard Daykin, Mavis Swift, Simon Boschiroli, Maria Laura Tibor, Anne Lestrate, Pascal De Bolle, Xavier O'Callaghan, David Williams, Paul Letesson, Jean Jacques Infect-Immun. 2002 June; 70(6): 3004-11 0019-9567

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Immunological response to the Brucella abortus GroEL homolog. Source: Lin, J. Adams, L.G. Ficht, T.A. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. October 1996. volume 64 (10) page 4396-4400. 0019-9567

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Immunomodulation with killed Propionibacterium acnes in guinea pigs simultaneously vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain 19. Source: Panangala, V.S. Haynes, T.B. Schultz, R.D. Mitra, A. Vet-ImmunolImmunopathol. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. Sept 1986. volume 13 (1/2) page 71-83. 0165-2427

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Induction of dnaK through its native heat shock promoter is necessary for intramacrophagic replication of Brucella suis. Author(s): Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U-431, Universite Montpellier II, F-34095 Montpellier, France. [email protected]

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Source: Kohler, Stephan Ekaza, Euloge Paquet, Jean Yves Walravens, Karl Teyssier, Jacques Godfroid, Jacques Liautard, Jean Pierre Infect-Immun. 2002 March; 70(3): 1631-4 0019-9567 •

Influence of autoclaved Brucella melitensis on the proliferation of human lymphocytes. Author(s): Department of Medical Microbiology, Humboldt University, Berlin, GDR. Source: Tietz, H J Montag, T Mann, W Gunther, W Biomed-Biochim-Acta. 1987; 46(5): 413-8 0232-766X

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Localization and characterization of a specific linear epitope of the Brucella DnaK protein. Source: Vizcaino, N. Zygmunt, M.S. Verger, J.M. Grayon, M. Cloeckaert, A. FEMSmicro-biol-lett. Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Elsevier Science B.V. Sept 1, 1997. volume 154 (1) page 117-122. 0378-1097

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Macrophage plasma membrane cholesterol contributes to Brucella abortus infection of mice. Author(s): Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro-shi, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan. [email protected] Source: Watarai, M Makino, S Michikawa, M Yanagisawa, K Murakami, S Shirahata, T Infect-Immun. 2002 September; 70(9): 4818-25 0019-9567

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Membrane sorting during swimming internalization of Brucella is required for phagosome trafficking decisions. Author(s): Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan. Source: Kim, S Watarai, M Makino, S Shirahata, T Microb-Pathog. 2002 November; 33(5): 225-37 0882-4010

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Minimal requirements for growth of Brucella suis and other Brucella species. Author(s): Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Nouzilly, France. Source: Plommet, M Zentralbl-Bakteriol. 1991 October; 275(4): 436-50 0934-8840

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Molecular cloning and characterization of cgs, the Brucella abortus cyclic beta(1-2) glucan synthetase gene: complementation of Rhizobium meliloti ndvB and Agrobacterium tumefaciens chvB mutants. Source: Inon de Iannino, N. Briones, G. Tolmasky, M. Ugalde, R.A. J-bacteriol. Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology. Sept 1998. volume 180 (17) page 4392-4400. 0021-9193

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Monophosphoryl lipid A-induced immune enhancement of Brucella abortus saltextractable protein and lipopolysaccharide vaccines in BALB/c mice. Source: Tabatabai, L.B. Pugh, G.W. Jr. Stevens, M.G. Phillips, M. McDonald, T.J. Am-JVet-Res. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association. October 1992. volume 53 (10) page 1900-1907. 0002-9645

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Ontogeny of Th1 memory responses against a Brucella abortus conjugate. Author(s): Laboratory of Plasma Derivatives, Division of Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. Source: Scharf, O Agranovich, I Lee, K Eller, N L Levy, L Inman, J Scott, D E Golding, B Infect-Immun. 2001 September; 69(9): 5417-22 0019-9567

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Protection against Brucella abortus in mice with O-polysaccharide-specific monoclonal antibodies. Source: Montaraz, J.A. Winter, A.J. Hunter, D.M. Sowa, B.A. Wu, A.M. Adams, G. InfectImmun. Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology. March 1986. volume 51 (3) page 961-963. 0019-9567

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Protection of rams against epididymitis by a Brucella ovis-vitamin E adjuvant vaccine. Source: Afzal, M. Tengerdy, R.P. Ellis, R.P. Kimberling, C.V. Morris, C.J. Vet-ImmunolImmunopathol. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. October 1984. volume 7 (3/4) page 293-304. ill. 0165-2427

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Role of cholesterol and the ganglioside GM(1) in entry and short-term survival of Brucella suis in murine macrophages. Author(s): Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale U-431, Montpellier, France. Source: Naroeni, Aroem Porte, Francoise Infect-Immun. 2002 March; 70(3): 1640-4 00199567

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Serological responses of rams to a Brucella ovis-vitamin E adjuvant vaccine. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523. Source: Tengerdy, R P Ameghino, E Riemann, H Vaccine. 1991 April; 9(4): 273-6 0264410X

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Surface exposure of outer membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide epitopes in Brucella species studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry. Source: Bowden, R.A. Cloeckaert, A. Zygmunt, M.S. Bernard, S. Dubray, G. Infectimmun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. October 1995. volume 63 (10) page 3945-3952. 0019-9567

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Synthesis of antigenic determinants of the Brucella A antigen, utilizing methyl 4azido-4,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranoside efficiently derived from D-mannose. Author(s): Division of Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. Source: Bundle, D R Gerken, M Peters, T Carbohydr-Res. 1988 March 15; 174239-51 00086215

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The effect of triiodothyronine on evanescent delayed hypersensitivity to sheep red blood cells and on the primary antibody response to trinitrophenylated Brucella abortus in severely undernourished weanling mice. Author(s): Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Source: Filteau, S M Berdusco, E Perry, K J Woodward, B Int-J-Immunopharmacol. 1987; 9(7): 811-6 0192-0561

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The outer membranes of Brucella spp. are resistant to bactericidal cationic peptides. Source: Martinez de Tejada, G. Pizarro Cerda, J. Moreno, E. Moriyon, K. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. August 1995. volume 63 (8) page 3054-3061. 0019-9567

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Variation in Brucella abortus 2308 infection in BALB/c mice induced by prior vaccination with salt-extractable periplasmic proteins from Brucella abortus 19. Source: Pugh, G.W. Jr. Tabatabai, L.B. Infect-immun. Washington, D.C., American Society for Microbiology. February 1996. volume 64 (2) page 548-556. 0019-9567

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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BRUCELLA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Brucella. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Brucella and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “brucella” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to brucella: •

A lytic factor associated with brucellaphage causing “lysis-from-without”. Author(s): Jones LM, Merz GS, Wilson JB. Source: Experientia. 1968 January 15; 24(1): 20-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4966109

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Adjuvant effects of sugar cane extracts (SCE) in chickens. Author(s): El-Abasy M, Motobu M, Sameshima T, Koge K, Onodera T, Hirota Y. Source: The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science. 2003 January; 65(1): 117-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12576716

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An in vitro study on antimicrobial activity of propolis from Mugla province of Turkey. Author(s): Ugur A, Arslan T.

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Source: Journal of Medicinal Food. 2004 Spring; 7(1): 90-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15117559 •

Antimicrobial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of Juniperus oxycedrus L. Author(s): Karaman I, Sahin F, Gulluce M, Ogutcu H, Sengul M, Adiguzel A. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 April; 85(2-3): 231-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12639746

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Antimicrobial effects of Quercus ilex L. extract. Author(s): Gulluce M, Adiguzel A, Ogutcu H, Sengul M, Karaman I, Sahin F. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2004 March; 18(3): 208-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15103667

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Articular involvement in human brucellosis: a retrospective analysis of 304 cases. Author(s): Gotuzzo E, Alarcon GS, Bocanegra TS, Carrillo C, Guerra JC, Rolando I, Espinoza LR. Source: Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1982 November; 12(2): 245-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6101216

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Attenuation of a Brucella abortus mutant lacking a major 25 kDa outer membrane protein in cattle. Author(s): Edmonds MD, Cloeckaert A, Booth NJ, Fulton WT, Hagius SD, Walker JV, Elzer PH. Source: Am J Vet Res. 2001 September; 62(9): 1461-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11560278

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Autoimmune hepatitis triggered by Brucella infection or doxycycline or both. Author(s): Selimoglu MA, Ertekin V. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2003 September; 57(7): 639-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14529072

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Brucella abortus and its closest phylogenetic relative, Ochrobactrum spp., differ in outer membrane permeability and cationic peptide resistance. Author(s): Velasco J, Bengoechea JA, Brandenburg K, Lindner B, Seydel U, Gonzalez D, Zahringer U, Moreno E, Moriyon I. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2000 June; 68(6): 3210-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10816465

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Brucella sp. antibodies in polar bears from Svalbard and the Barents Sea. Author(s): Tryland M, Derocher AE, Wiig Y, Godfroid J.

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Source: J Wildl Dis. 2001 July; 37(3): 523-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11504225 •

Brucella-Salmonella lipopolysaccharide chimeras are less permeable to hydrophobic probes and more sensitive to cationic peptides and EDTA than are their native Brucella sp. counterparts. Author(s): Freer E, Moreno E, Moriyon I, Pizarro-Cerda J, Weintraub A, Gorvel JP. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 1996 October; 178(20): 5867-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8830680

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Brucellosis associated with a beauty parlour. Author(s): Grave W, Sturm AW. Source: Lancet. 1983 June 11; 1(8337): 1326-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6134109

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Brucellosis: a study of five calves from reactor dams. Author(s): Lapraik RD, Brown DD, Mann H, Brand T. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1975 July 19; 97(3): 52-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=808019

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Characterization of Bacteroides forsythus strains from cat and dog bite wounds in humans and comparison with monkey and human oral strains. Author(s): Hudspeth MK, Hunt Gerardo S, Maiden MF, Citron DM, Goldstein EJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 June; 37(6): 2003-6. Erratum In: J Clin Microbiol 2000 January; 38(1): 475. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10325363

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Comparative immunopharmacology and toxicology of the bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids tetrandrine and berbamine. Author(s): Wong CW, Seow WK, Zeng TS, Halliday WJ, Thong YH. Source: International Journal of Immunopharmacology. 1991; 13(5): 579-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1783472

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Demonstration that nonspecific bovine Brucella abortus agglutinin is EDTA-labile and not calcium-dependent. Author(s): Nielsen K, Duncan JR. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1982 July; 129(1): 366-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6806363

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Development and validation of an indirect enzyme immunoassay for detection of antibody to Brucella abortus in milk. Author(s): Nielsen K, Smith P, Gall D, Perez B, Cosma C, Mueller P, Trottier J, Cote G, Boag L, Bosse J.

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Source: Veterinary Microbiology. 1996 September; 52(1-2): 165-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8914260 •

Effect of vitamin E and selenium supplementation on some immune parameters following vaccination against brucellosis in cattle. Author(s): Nemec M, Hidiroglou M, Nielsen K, Proulx J. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1990 December; 68(12): 4303-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2126787

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Effects of Concanavalin A, fed as a constituent of Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis L.) seeds, on the humoral immune response and performance of broiler chickens. Author(s): Mendez A, Vargas RE, Michelangeli C. Source: Poultry Science. 1998 February; 77(2): 282-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9495494

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Effects of immunostimulants on resistance of newborn mice to herpes simplex type 2 infection. Author(s): Starr SE, Visintine AM, Tomeh MO, Nahmias AJ. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1976 May; 152(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=177992

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Effects of nonionic, ionic, and dipolar ionic detergents and EDTA on the Brucella cell envelope. Author(s): Moriyon I, Berman DT. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 1982 November; 152(2): 822-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6813315

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Enhancement of resistance to infectious diseases by oral administration of brewer's yeast. Author(s): Sinai Y, Kaplun A, Hai Y, Halperin B. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1974 May; 9(5): 781-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4132909

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Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (disodium salt)-labile bovine immunoglobulin M Fc binding to Brucella abortus: a cause of nonspecific agglutination. Author(s): Nielsen K, Stilwell K, Stemshorn B, Duncan R. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1981 July; 14(1): 32-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6790568

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Evaluation of a new Etest for detecting metallo-beta-lactamases in routine clinical testing. Author(s): Walsh TR, Bolmstrom A, Qwarnstrom A, Gales A.

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Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 August; 40(8): 2755-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12149325 •

Evaluation of an indirect ELISA for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in milk and serum samples in dairy cattle in Argentina. Author(s): Vanzini VR, Aguirre N, Lugaresi CI, de Echaide ST, de Canavesio VG, Guglielmone AA, Marchesino MD, Nielsen K. Source: Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 1998 September 1; 36(3): 211-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9785376

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Evidence for restriction of the ability of complement to lyse homologous erythrocytes. Author(s): Houle JJ, Hoffmann EM. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1984 September; 133(3): 1444-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6430999

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Evidence of Brucella infection in marine mammals in the North Atlantic Ocean. Author(s): Tryland M, Kleivane L, Alfredsson A, Kjeld M, Arnason A, Stuen S, Godfroid J. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1999 May 22; 144(21): 588-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10378290

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Failure of Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to activate the alternative pathway of complement. Author(s): Hoffmann EM, Houle JJ. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 1983 November; 5(1): 65-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6419447

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Fluid and solid media for isolation of Brucella abortus. Author(s): Brodie J, Sinton GP. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1975 June; 74(3): 359-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=807615

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Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Helicobacter cinaedi and Helicobacter fennelliae strains isolated from humans and animals. Author(s): Kiehlbauch JA, Brenner DJ, Cameron DN, Steigerwalt AG, Makowski JM, Baker CN, Patton CM, Wachsmuth IK. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1995 November; 33(11): 2940-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8576350

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Identification of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid as a Brucella abortus siderophore. Author(s): Lopez-Goni I, Moriyon I, Neilands JB.

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Source: Infection and Immunity. 1992 November; 60(11): 4496-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1398964 •

Identification of non-specific agglutination to Brucella abortus using an EDTAmodified SAT. Author(s): De Geus H, Nowlan PF. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1988 August 13; 123(7): 184. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3146155

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Immunostimulating and growth-promoting effects of sugar cane extract (SCE) in chickens. Author(s): El-Abasy M, Motobu M, Shimura K, Na KJ, Kang CB, Koge K, Onodera T, Hirota Y. Source: The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science. 2002 November; 64(11): 1061-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12499696

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Improved method for purification of bacterial DNA from bovine milk for detection of Brucella spp. by PCR. Author(s): Romero C, Lopez-Goni I. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1999 August; 65(8): 3735-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10427076

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Isolation, purification, and partial characterization of Brucella abortus matrix protein. Author(s): Moriyon I, Berman DT. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1983 January; 39(1): 394-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6401696

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Non-specific reactions to the Brucella abortus SAT. Author(s): Nielsen KH, Duncan JR, Stemshorn BW. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1985 May 18; 116(20): 550. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3925612

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Periplasmic location of Brucella abortus Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Author(s): Stabel TJ, Sha Z, Mayfield JE. Source: Veterinary Microbiology. 1994 February; 38(4): 307-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8160346

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Physiological and supraphysiological supplements of triiodothyronine do not influence the primary in vitro antibody response to trinitrophenylated Brucella abortus by spleen cells in serum-containing media. Author(s): Filteau SM, Woodward B.

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Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1988 July; 118(3): 351-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3134776 •

Protection of rams against epididymitis by a Brucella ovis-vitamin E adjuvant vaccine. Author(s): Afzal M, Tengerdy RP, Ellis RP, Kimberling CV, Morris CJ. Source: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 1984 October; 7(3-4): 293-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6506451

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Purification and characterization of an immunogenic aminopeptidase of Brucella melitensis. Author(s): Contreras-Rodriguez A, Ramirez-Zavala B, Contreras A, Schurig GG, Sriranganathan N, Lopez-Merino A. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 September; 71(9): 5238-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12933870

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Rapid laboratory confirmation of human brucellosis by PCR analysis of a target sequence on the 31-kilodalton Brucella antigen DNA. Author(s): Matar GM, Khneisser IA, Abdelnoor AM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1996 February; 34(2): 477-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8789045

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Reduction of non-specific reactions to the Brucella abortus serum agglutination test by the addition of EDTA. Author(s): Macmillan AP, Cockrem DS. Source: Research in Veterinary Science. 1985 May; 38(3): 288-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3925508

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Serological responses of rams to a Brucella ovis-vitamin E adjuvant vaccine. Author(s): Tengerdy RP, Ameghino E, Riemann H. Source: Vaccine. 1991 April; 9(4): 273-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2058270

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The bovine immune response to Brucella abortus. II. Elimination of some sporadic serological reactions by chelation of divalent cations. Author(s): Nielsen K, Samagh BS, Speckmann G, Stemshorn B. Source: Can J Comp Med. 1979 October; 43(4): 420-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=121242

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The outer membranes of Brucella spp. are resistant to bactericidal cationic peptides. Author(s): Martinez de Tejada G, Pizarro-Cerda J, Moreno E, Moriyon I.

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Source: Infection and Immunity. 1995 August; 63(8): 3054-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7622230

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON BRUCELLA Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to Brucella. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “brucella” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on brucella, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Brucella ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to Brucella. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Characterization of DNA repair networks of Brucella abortus: Analysis of their role in pathogenesis by Roux, Christelle Michele; PhD from University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2003, 282 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3108254

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In vitro and in vivo analyses of Brucella abortus genes identified in RAW 264.7 macrophage infection using a GFP reporter system by Canavessi, Aurea Maria Oliveira; PhD from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2003, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3113659

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON BRUCELLA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “brucella” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on brucella, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Brucella By performing a patent search focusing on brucella, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on brucella: •

17-KDA Brucella abortus antigen, recombinant polypeptides, nucleic acids coding for the same and use thereof in diagnostic and prophylactic methods and kits Inventor(s): Hemmen; Fabienne (Meudon, FR), Saman; Eric (Bornem, BE) Assignee(s): Innogenetics N.V. (Ghent, BE) Patent Number: 6,296,855 Date filed: December 1, 1997 Abstract: The present invention relates to an isolated 17-kDa Brucclla antigen characterized by an amino acid sequence having at least 60% homology, preferably at least 70% homology, more preferably having at least 80% homology to the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID No. 1 or 2, with said antigen being specifically recognized by sera from Brucella field infected individuals, more particulary an antigen characterized by the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID No. 1 or 2. The invention also relates to recombinantly produced 17 kDa Brucella antigen, nucleic acids coding for the same and the use thereof in diagnostic and prophylactic methods and kits. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an isolated and pure 17-kDa Brucella abortus antigen, which can be used for the diagnosis of Brucella infection in human and cattle. The invention also relates to nucleic acids coding for said antigen, as well as to diagnostic methods and kits using such nucleic acids for detecting Brucella infection. The invention also relates to recombinant polypeptides, a process for preparing the same and their use in methods and kits for the diagnosis of Brucella infection. The invention also relates to the possible use of said isolated antigen or said recombinant polypeptides as an active principle of a vaccine composition against Brucella strains. The invention relates also to a vaccine composition comprising a recombinant Brucella strain, specifically deleted for the gene encoding said antigen. Brucellosis is an infection due to a small intracellular gram-negative bacterium which is pathogenic for humans as well as for domestic animals. This infection induces abortions in livestock animals leading to severe economic losses. Within the genus Brucelia, six closely related species have been described (Fekete et al., 1992; Verger et al., 1985; Verstraete & Winter, 1984), the most important of which are B. abortus and B. melitensis. Humans and ruminants (sheep, goats and cows) are predominantly infected by these two Brucelia strains. Serological tests currently used for diagnosis of brucellosis infection are based on the detection of anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antibodies (Alton et al., 1988). These tests do not permit the differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals, and fail to reveal some infected animals which are positive in an intradermic test. Moreover important cross-reactions with other gram-negative bacteria have been reported (Corbel et al., 1983; Perry & Bundle, 1990; Schoerner et al., 1990). Diagnostic tests with higher specificity are based on the isolation of Brucella bacteria or on the intradermic injection of a protein preparation from Brucella bacteria "Brucellergen" (Fensterbank, 1984), leading to a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH). However, classical bacteriology is time-consuming and "Brucellergen" preparations are not always easy to produce free of LPS. The latter can cause seroconversion of animals upon DTH testing, precluding its serological distinction from infected animals. The identification of specific antigens for brucellosis diagnosis is therefore a matter of great interest for the development of a specific serological test. For prophylactic vaccination against brucellosis, today two live vaccine strains are being used succesfully. The B19 strain is mostly used in cattle and the Rev. 1 strain in small ruminants. The H38 killed vaccine

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has also been used. Although good protection is generally obtained with these vaccines, the general drawback is the induction of an immune response in the vaccinated animals, which precludes the distinction between infected and vaccinated animals. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06296855__ •

Antigenic polysaccharide specific to Brucella abortus and Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0:9 Inventor(s): Bundle; David R. (Ottawa, CA), Caroff; Martine G. (Meudon de la Foret, FR), Cherwonogrodzky; John W. (Ottawa, CA), Duncan; J. Robert (Nepean, CA), Perry; Malcolm B. (Ottawa, CA) Assignee(s): Canadian Patents & Development Ltd. (Ottawa, CA) Patent Number: 4,831,126 Date filed: February 26, 1985 Abstract: The antigenic O-chain polysaccharides from Brucella abortus and Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0:9 have similar structure, i.e. 1-2 linked 4,6-dideoxy-4formamido-.alpha.-D-mannopyranosyl units. The antigen is more readily isolated from the Yersinia and may be chemically modified to have a hydrophobic moiety attached thereto. The antigen can be adsorbed or coupled to carriers suitable for immunoassay use such as ELISA and RIA. A monoclonal antibody capable of specifically binding to B. abortus and Y. enterocolitica, has been produced. Assay procedures and kits therefor, are described. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to means for the identification of Brucella abortus and Brucellosis infection. The specification is divided into four parts: (1) The structure of the O-chain of the phenol-phase soluble cellular lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0:9, (2) Demonstration of the chemical identity of monosaccharide units of LPS from B. abortus 119-3 and Y. enterocolitica serotype 0:9, (3) The serological identity of B. abortus and Y. enterocolitica 0:9 O-antigens determined by monoclonal antibodies and the use of the above-determined facts in, (4) Preparation of materials for diagnostic testing. The background of each part of the invention is considered within each part of the invention. This invention is concerned with an antigenic polysaccharide specific for Brucella abortus and Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 0:9 comprising 1-2 linked 4,6-dideoxy-4-formamido-.alpha.-D-mannopyranosyl units and having a molecular weight above about 15,000. Such an antigenic polysaccharide may comprise about 100 of said mannopyranosyl units and a molecular weight of about 18,000, and may also have a hydrophobic moiety attached thereto. Such a hydrophobic moiety often being a fatty acid ester linked to the polysaccharide via the aliphatic chain. The hydrophobic moiety, when a fatty acid ester, may have the general formula: --NH--(CH.sub.2).sub.n COOR, where R is a lower alkyl group and n=7-17. A particular embodiment of such a fatty acid ester hydrophobic moiety has the formula: -NH--(CH.sub.2).sub.11 COOCH.sub.2 CH.sub.3. An antigen of the type herein described may be adsorbed onto or coupled to a hydrophobic carrier and such a hydrophobic carrier may be selected from hydrophobic polymers. A particular embodiment comprises such an antigen-carrier combination wherein the carrier is an ELISA plate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04831126__

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Antitumor process using a Brucella abortus preparation Inventor(s): Feingold; David S. (Pittsburgh, PA), Keleti; Georg (Pittsburgh, PA), Youngner; Julius S. (Pittsburgh, PA) Assignee(s): University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, PA) Patent Number: 4,842,855 Date filed: May 7, 1984 Abstract: Preparing a nonviable, aqueous, ether-extracted Brucella abortus preparation (BRU-PEL) and introducing the same into a patient in a dosage effective to resist tumor development. The procedure may advantageously be followed either before the appearance of visible tumors or within a reasonable time after the appearance of the same. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for inhibiting tumor development through the use of a Brucella abortus preparation, and, more specifically, relates to the use of a specific nonviable, aqueous, ether-extracted Brucella abortus preparation (BRU-PEL) which is introduced into the patient in a dosage effective to resist tumor development. As a result of the great medical need to develop effective antitumor preparations, a large number of substances, both synthetic and of biological origin, have been investigated as immunomodulators in the treatment of tumors. Recently a great deal of work has centered around the use of living attenuated BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) organisms or killed cells of Corynebacterium parvum as biologically derived immunomodulators. With respect to the BCG organisms, there remains the risk of the patient's contracting tuberculosis as the organisms are live. The beneficial use of Brucella abortus against tumors in mice has previously been known. See Z. Hirnle, "The Effect of Brucella Abortus Infection on Transmissible Crockers Sarcoma in Mice", Acta Medica Polona, pages 219-241 (1960), and Japanese Patent 17,150 (1971). This latter reference claims that a polysaccharide fraction obtained from heat-killed cells of Brucella abortus is capable of inhibiting growth of Sarcoma-180 in mice. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04842855__

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Brucella abortus antibody detection methods Inventor(s): Beck; Bonnie L. (Waterbury, CT), Mayfield; John E. (Ames, IA), Tabatabi; Louisa B. (Ames, IA) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,188,936 Date filed: January 16, 1991 Abstract: Diagnostic reagents comprising the 20 kd Brucella abortus CuZn superoxide dismutase (B. abortus lCuZnSOD) protein and peptide segments thereof, which are effective as antigenic determinants, have been identified. These reagents are useful for detecting an antibody response to the B. abortus CuZnSOD protein in bovine serum or other body fluid samples and can also be used for distinguishing between animals which have serum antibody of a natural B. abortus infection and those which have an antibody response to a B. abortus Strain 19 vaccine or a B. abortus Strain which does not express the 20 kd protein.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a protein of Brucella abortus and to a specific region thereof useful as diagnostic reagents. Bovine brucellosis is a disease associated with abortions and infertility, and is caused by the gram-negative organism B. abortus. Despite an active vaccination program, bovine brucellosis continues to be a problem in some areas in the United States ([Hagen and Bruners' Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals. Ithaca, NY, Gillespie, J. H., et al., eds., 7th Edition, Cornell University Press; Manthei, C. A., et al., The Yearbook of Agriculture. Proc. Anim. Dis. 84th Congr., Second Session, House Document No. 344, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1956] and is an economically important disease. Standard serologic tests for bovine brucellosis have been in use since 1940 [Manthei et al., supra], but the most difficult task has been in distinguishing antibodies of infected from those of vaccinated animals. To date, most diagnostic tests for B. abortus rely on detecting a humoral immune response, although the most definitive diagnostic test is bacterial culture and positive identification of B. abortus [Alton, G. G., et al., Laboratory Techniques in Brucellosis. Washington, D.C., Second edition, World Health Organization, 1975]. The bovine anti-Brucella antibody response is not only directed to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component of the cell [Lamb, V. L., et al., Inf. Immun. 26: 240-247 (1979); Ruppanner, R., et al., Am. J. Vet. Res. 41: 1329-1332 (1980); Saunders, G. C., et al., J. Infect. Dis. 136:5258-5266 (1977), but also to the proteins and other macromolecular components [Nielsen, K. H., et al., Res. Vet. Sci. 35: 14-18 (1983); Schurig, G. G., et al., Infect. Immun. 21: 994-1002 (1978); Stemshorn, B. W., et al., Can. J. Comp. Med. 41: 152-159 (1977); Tabatabai, L. B., et al., Dev. Biol. Stand. 56: 199-211 (1984); Tabatabai, L. B., et al., Vet. Microbiol. 9: 549-560 (1984); Tabatabai, L. B., et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 20: 209-213]. However, serologic reactions following vaccination with B. abortus abortus Strain 19 interfere with diagnosis of brucellosis (using the card test) unless supplemental tests are performed, such as the rivanol and complement fixation tests [Alton, supra; Manthei, supra]. Recent progress in the development of procedures for diagnosis of brucellosis has been reviewed [Stemshorn, B. W., Dev. Biol. Stand. 56: 325-340 (1984)]. Specifically, a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure based on O-chain and competing monoclonal antibodies has shown promising results [Nielsen, K. H., et al., Ann. Inst. Pasteur, Microbiol. 138: 69-144 (1987)]. It has been previously reported that B. abortus saltextractable proteins (BCSP) could be used in a sensitive ELISA procedure for detecting brucellosis in cattle [Tabatabai, L. B., et al., Vet. Microbiol., 9: 549-560 (1984)], and also for differentiating between vaccinated (calfhood vaccinated) and infected cattle using a Western blot procedure [Belzer, C. A., et al., Vet. Microbiol. 27: 12 pp. (in press, accepted for publication Sep. 20, 1990)]. However, approximately 3% of the animals that were vaccinated when sexually mature reacted also with the antigens [Belzer, supra]. We have shown that one of these proteins detects antibody to infected but not vaccinated cattle [Thompson, M., et al., Ann. Mtg. Iowa Acad. Sci., April 20-21, 1990, Drake University, Abstract No. 84]. Recently, we cloned the gene coding for this protein [Bricker, B. J., et al., Inf. Immun. 58: 2935-2939 (1990)] and have presented evidence that the recombinant protein also detects antibody to B. abortus of infected but not vaccinated animals [Thompson, supra]. We have now identified the 20 kd protein of B abortus as a Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD). We have succeeded in cloning the gene coding for the B. abortus Strain 19 CuZn superoxide dismutase (B. abortus CuZnSOD), [Bricker et al., Inf. Immun. 58: 2935-2939 (1990)]. We have also succeeded in applying the amino acid sequence information of Beck et al. [Biochem. 29: 372-376 (1989)] for the 20 kd B. abortus CuZnSOD protein to the identification of regions corresponding to the antigenic determinants, or epitopes. The B. abortus CuZnSOD protein as well as peptides encompassing the antigenic determinant region are useful for detecting an antibody response to the B. abortus CuZnSOD protein.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05188936__ •

Brucellosis vaccine for cattle containing mycolate esters of trehalose Inventor(s): Woodard; Lynn F. (Lewiston, ID) Assignee(s): Research Corporation (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,340,588 Date filed: March 11, 1981 Abstract: Vaccine utilizing killed Brucella abortus strain 45/20 whole cells is useful for immunizing bovines. The vaccine contains trehalose dimycolate or an analog as an adjuvant. Excerpt(s): Recent increases in bovine brucellosis have raised serious doubts as to whether the disease can be eradicated using present techniques. While the conventional use of live strain 19 Brucella abortus vaccine has dramatically decreased the disease incidence over the past several decades, it now appears that either improved vaccines or improved diagnostic tests may be required to complete the eradication process. We now know that there are two types of immunity involved in disease resistance. The first type of protection-humoral immunity-is afforded by antibodies in the circulation and body secretions. A second type of immunity is mediated by specialized whole blood cells (lymphocytes) and is thus deemed cell-mediated immunity (CMI). Recent studies have shown that cell-mediated rather than humoral immunity is involved in brucellosis resistance. Many of the problems regarding brucellosis eradication arise from the fact that persistant antibody levels from the standard calfhood strain 19 vaccine interfere with laboratory techniques utilized in diagnosing naturally infected animals. Standard tube and plate agglutination tests record increased antibody titers which make it very undesirable to immunize adult cattle in infected herds, since immunized animals cannot be readily distinguished from infected animals. Also, the protection resulting from strain 19 vaccination is only 65-75% effective. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04340588__

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Differential diagnostic assay for brucellosis Inventor(s): Adams; Leslie G. (College Station, TX), Overholt; Kathleen A. (Silver Spring, MD), Smith, III; Roger (College Station, TX), Templeton; Joe W. (College Station, TX) Assignee(s): The Texas A & M University System (College Station, TX) Patent Number: 5,190,860 Date filed: October 30, 1989 Abstract: An immunoassay procedure is provided which exhibits increased specificity over current procedures. The procedure allows the differentiation of animals infected with Brucella abortus from animals vaccinated with Brucella abortus Strain 19. The invention employs unique monospecific monoclonal antibodies having particular affinity, specificity and binding characteristics directed to a B. abortus lipopolysaccharide antigen. The invention also concerns continuous hybrid cell lines for producing the unique monoclonal antibodies. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to immunological procedures and corresponding reagents for the diagnosis of brucellosis in animals. More specifically, the

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invention relates to the discovery of unique monospecific antibodies to an antigenic determinant of a Brucella abortus lipopolysaccharide molecule and continuous cell lines capable of producing and secreting the monoclonal antibodies. In addition, the invention comprises methods for the differential diagnosis of animals infected with field strains or Strain 19 of Brucella abortus and animals vaccinated with B. abortus Strain 19. Brucella abortus (hereinafter "B. abortus") is a bacterial organism which causes brucellosis which is characterized by spontaneous abortion and chronic infection within the lymph nodes and in the mammary glands of animals such as cattle or bison. This disease causes extensive economic loss due to abortion, the birth of weak debilitated calves, decreased milk production and infertility. To reduce the incidence and economic loss caused by brucellosis, animals are often vaccinated with either live or killed organisms of B. abortus. Production of antibodies specific for B. abortus is a serological defense against bovine brucellosis and is the partial premise for prophylactic vaccination. The vaccine of choice is the attenuated B. abortus strain 19, which like the field Strain 2308, is strongly antigenic. Unfortunately, a consistently effective means for distinguishing Strain 19 vaccinated animals from those infected by pathogenic strains of B. abortus or Strain 19 is not available. Both the vaccine and the pathogenic strains stimulate the production of cross-reacting antibodies which serve as the basis for current serological tests for brucellosis. Hence, the current serological tests are often unable to distinguish Strain 19 vaccinated animals from field strain or Strain 19 infected animals, including cattle and bison. Inaccurate diagnosis often results in economic losses due to unnecessary testing of herds and unnecessary quarantine of cattle which in turn inhibits the movement and marketing of cattle through livestock marketing systems. Thus, a need exists for an assay which is capable of distinguishing between infected and vaccinated animals. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05190860__ •

DNA adenine methyltransferases and uses thereof Inventor(s): Benkovic; Stephen J. (State College, PA), Berdis; Anthony (Shaker Heights, OH), Kahng; Lyn Sue (Mountain View, CA), Lee; Irene (Shaker Heights, OH), Shapiro; Lucy (Stanford, CA), Stephens; Craig (Mountain View, CA), Wright; Rachel (Menlo Park, CA) Assignee(s): The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Jr. University (Stanford, CA), The Penn State Research Foundation (University Park, PA) Patent Number: 6,413,751 Date filed: July 19, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to the isolation and sequencing of a novel class of methyltransferase genes, including the methyltransferase gene from Rhizobium meliloti, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Brucella abortus, and Helicobacter pylori. The invention further comprises efficient methods of assaying methyltransferase activity. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to the field of microbiology and to the treatment of conditions caused by microbes. In particular, this invention pertains to the isolation, sequencing, and detection of a DNA adenine methyltransferase gene from a variety of micro-organisms. Most organisms modify their genomic DNA by the methylation of specific nucleotide bases. DNA methylation is critical to gene regulation and repair of mutational lesions (for recent reviews see Jost and Saluz, DNA Methylation, Molecular Biology and Biological Significance. Birhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland (1993); Palmer and Marinus, Gene 143:1-12 (1994)). The CcrM protein, and therefore its DNA

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methylation activity, is present only at the predivisional stage of the cell cycle (Zweiger et al., J. Mol. Biol. 235: 472-485, 1994; Stephens et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93:1210-1214, 1996). This is controlled in two ways; the ccrM gene is transcribed only in the predivisional cell (Stephens et al., J. Bacteriol. 177:1662-1669, 1995) and the CcrM protein is highly unstable and is completely degraded by the time of cell division in a Lon protease dependent process (Wright et al., Genes and Development 10:1532-1542, 1996). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06413751__ •

Immunoassays for discriminating between brucellosis infections and vaccinations Inventor(s): Bundle; David R. (Ottawa, CA), Cherwonogrodzky; John W. (Kanata, CA), Duncan; J. Robert (Nepean, CA), Nielsen; Klaus (Richmond, CA), Perry; Malcolm B. (Ottawa, CA), Wright; Peter F. (Richmond, CA) Assignee(s): National Research Council of Canada (Ottawa, CA) Patent Number: 5,006,463 Date filed: September 25, 1987 Abstract: A method is disclosed for discriminating between cattle vaccinated against and those infected with Brucella spp. The method involves immunoassay using a purified polysaccharide containing 4,6-dideoxy-4-acylamido-D-mannopyranosyl units obtained from B. abortus or from cross-reacting organisms, and results in improved differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals. Test kits are also disclosed for performing the assay and a process is disclosed for obtaining the O-chain polysaccharides in high purity and yield. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of immunoassay for discrimination between animals vaccinated against and those infected with Brucella spp. Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria which are the causative agents of brucellosis, an important disease of animals and humans. In animals, for example cattle, brucellosis causes abortions and in addition decreased meat and milk production. In humans, it produces intermittent debilitation with high fever which may resist antibiotic therapy and recur over a period of several years. The disease can therefore be the cause of serious health problems and substantial economic losses. The species B. abortus, which is one example of this genus, remains a problem throughout the world. In South American countries, for example, up to 40% of cattle herds are affected by brucellosis, thousands of human cases are known, and economic losses are estimated at tens of millions of dollars annually. Other economically significant species include B. melitensis (which affects humans, sheep and goats), B. suis (which affects pigs, reindeer and humans), B. ovis (affecting sheep) and B. canis (affecting dogs and humans). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05006463__

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Lipopplysaccharide conjugate vaccines Inventor(s): Golding; Basil (Rockville, MD) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,824,310 Date filed: January 6, 1995

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Abstract: The present invention relates to lipopolysaccharides from Brucella abortus and their use as carriers in vaccines for humans and animals. In particular, the present invention relates to conjugate molecules having a carrier molecule of purified lipopolysaccharide from B. abortus coupled to an antigenic component of an infectious organism. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Brucella abortus and the use of such LPS as carriers in vaccines. Bacterial endotoxins or lipopolysaccharides, constitutive components of gram negative bacteria cell walls, are macromolecules composed of three regions: O-chain, core and lipid A. Chemically Brucella abortus (BA) LPS has unique characteristics that may be responsible for its immunogenic qualities. The O-chain is comprised of linear.alpha.-1,2 linked unbranched homopolymers of single glycose repeating units, with a length that ranges from 96 to 100 units. The core, composed of the trisaccharide keto-deoxy-octonate (KDO) links the lipid to the polysaccharide. The lipid A of this bacteria is characterized by a large proportion of long chain saturated fatty acids (>C16), very small amounts of hydroxylated fatty acids, no.beta.-OH myristic acid and a different proportion of amide and ester linked fatty acids from that found in enterobacteria such as E. coli (LPS-EC), (Marx et al., 1983 Zbl. Bakt. Hyg., I. Abt. Orig. 253:544-553; Moreno et al., 1979 J. Bact. 138:361-369; and Meikle et al., 1989 Inf. Immun 57:2820-2828). At the cellular level, Brucella abortus has been shown to behave as a T-independent type 1 carrier (TI-1) in the activation of human B cells. When conjugated to trinitrophenyl (TNP) it is capable of stimulating antibody responses in adult as well as in neonatal human B cells (Golding et al., 1981 J. Immunol. 127:220-224; Golding et al., 1990 Vaccines 90:249-253). Previous experiments demonstrated that HIV-1 conjugated to BA was able to induce murine antibody responses in the relative absence of CD4+T cells (Golding et al. 1991 AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 7:435-446), suggesting that BA may be used as a carrier for vaccines in HIV-individuals in whom CD4+T cells are depleted. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05824310__ •

Method for detecting species and biovars of Brucella Inventor(s): Adams; L. Garry (College Station, TX), Ficht; Thomas A. (College Station, TX), Sowa; Blair A. (College Station, TX) Assignee(s): Texas A & M University System (College Station, TX) Patent Number: 5,310,649 Date filed: May 22, 1990 Abstract: A method for detecting Brucella infection in an animal which is reliable, rapid, and able to identify species and biovars of Brucella. The detection method includes the amplification of the omp2 gene locus of Brucella and analysis of restriction digestion fragments specific to Brucella and to individual species and groups of biovars of Brucella. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for the diagnostic detection of the pathogenic bacterium Brucella. and more specifically to a method which can distinguish between species and biovars of Brucella. Brucella is a genus of pathogenic bacteria which cause acute or chronic illness in many animal species, including humans and cattle. Six species of Brucella and multiple biovars have been characterized by phenotypic methods, although such methods are not always reliable. The six species and multiple biovars of Brucella may also be characterized by their natural host and a

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strain's geographical origin (See Table 1), however, a species may infect an animal other than its natural host, and a single strain may now be found in multiple geographic locations. Early detection and characterization of the species or biovar of the infecting Brucella organism would be of great value in medical and veterinary practice. Rapid and reliable detection of Brucella infection is important to permit removal of infected cattle from a healthy herd and prevent the spread of the disease. Characterization of the species or biovar of Brucella would provide epidemiological data to determine the source of the infection. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05310649__ •

Method for protecting a mammalian host against infection by Brucella Inventor(s): Enright; Frederick M. (Baton Rouge, LA), Schurig; Gerhardt G. (Blacksburg, VA), Winter; Alexander J. (Ithaca, NY), Wyckoff, III; John H. (Stillwater, OK) Assignee(s): Board of Regents for Oklahoma State University (Stillwater, OK), Board of Supervisors of Louisiana State University and Agricultural and (Baton Rouge, LA), Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. (Ithaca, NY), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Blacksburg, VA) Patent Number: 6,264,952 Date filed: December 11, 1997 Abstract: Vaccines against facultative intracellular pathogens are disclosed. A host is vaccinated with non-viable but metabolically active agents. The non-viable agents produce immunogenic components that elicit protective host immune responses, with minimal likelihood of host infection by the vaccine agent. Living agents, either attenuated or virulent, are exposed to a dose of gamma irradiation (or other strong mutagen) that is sufficient to limit or prevent the replication of the agents within the host, but that is insufficient to stop the metabolic activities of the agent. In vitro exposure of a microbial agent to the damaging effects of gamma irradiation or of another strong mutagen induces certain stress responses in the infectious agent. These stress responses are similar to the stress responses that the virulent agent would produce within the tissues of the host. The stress responses include the production of antigens that stimulate appropriate host immune responses when the irradiated agent is used in a vaccine. Examples of facultative intracellular pathogens for which non-viable vaccine agents may be made in accordance with the present invention include various bacterial pathogens (e.g., Brucella sp., Brucella abortus, Mycobacterium sp., Mycobacteriun lepraemurum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella sp., Salmonella typhimurium); various mycotic pathogens (e.g., Blastomyces, Histoplasma, Cocidioides); and various protozoal pathogens (e.g., Leishmania, Trypanosomas). Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to a method for protecting a mammalian host against infection by Brucella. A host generally receives the greatest degree of immunity from actual infection by a pathogenic agent. The resulting immunity is specific, long-lasting, and complete--but of course is useful only if the host survives the disease produced by the pathogen. The goal of all vaccinations is to induce the same degree of solid immunity, but without any associated risk of disease; in reality few vaccines meet this ideal standard. Vaccines are often based either on live attenuated pathogenic agents, or on killed agents. The degree of protection provided by both types of vaccines is highly variable. A facultative intracellular pathogen is a pathogen that is adapted to survive in a host by living within the host's cells, but that can also survive outside host cells at least for a time, depending on the environment it faces. As a general observation, immunity

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to facultative intracellular pathogens in a vaccinated host is better achieved with a vaccine made from living attenuated agents than with a vaccine made from killed agents. Immunity results from the survival of the living agents within the targeted host tissues for time sufficient to stimulate an appropriate host immune response. See Davis et al., Microbiology, p. 472 (1967); and P. Nicoletti, "Vaccination," Chapter 11 in K. Nielsen et al., Animal Brucellosis, pp. 283-299 (1990). An appropriate immune response to intracellular pathogens generally depends on the activity of T-lymphocytes. Vaccines made from killed agents frequently produce only humoral immune responses (i.e., antibodies), which are generally less effective in protecting the host against subsequent infection by the virulent intracellular pathogen. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06264952__ •

Method of detecting a pathogen using a virus Inventor(s): Cherwonogrodzky; John W. (Medicine Hat, CA), Lotfali; Kamil (West Vancouver, CA) Assignee(s): Her Majesty the Queen in right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of (Ontario, CA) Patent Number: 6,355,445 Date filed: August 11, 1995 Abstract: A bacteriophage linked to an enzyme can replace an antibody in a system for detecting the presence of a bacteria in a sample. Specifically Brucella abortus (a pathogen which causes brucellosis in cattle) can be detected using Brucella bacteriophage for the virus, urease for the enzyme linked to the bacteriophage, mmaleimidobenzoyl-N-hydrosysuccimide ester as a coupling reagent, sera from mice immunized with Brucella bacteriophage for a detector antibody, urease conjugated to anti-mouse sheep antibody for an indicator, and urea with bromcresol purple as the substrate. The materials can be used in indirect (sandwich) or direct enzyme-linked viral assays (ELVirA). Excerpt(s): More specifically, the invention relates to the detection of the pathogen Brucella abortus using the virus Brucella bacteriophage. Brucellosis is a disease caused by the bacterial genus, Brucella, named after Dr. David Bruce who discovered the organism in 1887. The disease is zoonotic, although different species are usually found in specific domestic animals, such as cattle (B. abortus), swine (B. suis), sheep (B. ovis), goats (B. melitensis) and dogs (B. canis). The manifestations of these bacteria in animals are usually reproductive complications (aborted fetuses, inflamed uterus or orchitis). While vaccinations in animals have proven partially effective in offering protection, the vaccines are pathogenic for other animals and humans. Infection is passed to humans through the ingestion of milk, milk products, the handling of contaminated carcases or aborted fetuses, and by the contact of infected tissues or body fluids. The disease is rarely passed from human to human, and then usually by exposure to contaminated blood specimens. Brucella is the number one cause of laboratory acquired infection. The great majority of patients with the disease survive, but only a small percentage ever recover completely. Usually the people infected are subject to relapses of recurrent, or undulant, fever, incapacitation, nausea and arthritis. Brucella is a highly infective organism which causes debilitating symptoms, and which can persist in the environment for months under the right conditions. There are no effective vaccines and only limited therapeutic recourses to the bacteria. In other words, Brucella is potentially a bacterial warfare agent. Accordingly, there is a need for an effective detection assay.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06355445__ •

Mutants of Brucella melitensis Inventor(s): Houng; Huo-shu H. (Burtonsville, MD), Warren; Richard L. (Blue Bell, PA) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,939,075 Date filed: May 8, 1997 Abstract: The vaccines are prepared by isolating the Brucella genes complementing mutations in the purEK genes of Escherichia coli, physically mapping, determining the DNA sequence, constructing a defined deletion mutation by polynucleotide chain reaction (PCR), introducing a selectable marker into the deletion, and then selecting a purE mutant in Brucella arising by allelic exchange. The resulting Brucella require purines for growth because they lack the purE gene product that is required for the carboxylation of 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to mutants of Brucella melitensis for use as a vaccine. Brucella infects a significant number of people and domestic herds in developing nations and domestic and wild animals of the United States. Brucellosis in man may be caused by a number of strains of Brucella including B. abortus (cattle), B. suis (hogs), B. rangiferi (caribou), B. melitensis (sheep and goats) and B. canis (dogs). The disease is acquired by exposure to secretions and excretions of infected animals and by ingestion of milk or milk products from infected animals. The current live-attenuated vaccine strains for animals cause disease in humans, abortions in adult animals and complicates immunological screening for infected animals, since they stimulate production of antibodies to lippopolysaccharide (LPS) which is detected in the milk and serum of vaccinated animals. These antibodies are detected in serological tests used to screen milk and meat for Brucella. Two approved live-attenuated Brucella vaccines are currently used to vaccinate animals. Strain 19 is currently used to vaccinate animals against B. abortus infections. This live-attenuated strain has several characteristics that make it undesirable as a human vaccine. The attenuating mutation in this strain is unknown; it sero-converts vaccinated individuals making differentiation of infected and vaccinated individuals difficult and causes significant disease in humans. Another live-attenuated veterinary vaccine B. melitensis strain, REV1 has the same limitations as Strain 19. Recently, a rough mutation of B. abortus, RB51, has been tested and found to be safe and protective in a number of different animal models. This rough live-attenuated strain was derived from a rifampin resistant strain and the mutation causing the rough phenotype and attenuation is not identified. Although RB51 does not stimulate the production of antibodies to LPS, it stimulates portective immunity in animals and does not cause abortions in vaccinated animals. Since the nature of the genetic defect causing the rough phenotype is not known, it is not possible to predictably make a vaccine under appropriate manufacturing proceedures for human use. Brucella strains have not been used as live-attenuated vaccine carriers for recombinant proteins. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05939075__

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Plate methods for diagnosing Brucella canis infection Inventor(s): Carmichael; Leland E. (Ithaca, NY), George; Lisle W. (Cortland, NY) Assignee(s): Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. (Ithaca, NY) Patent Number: 3,962,413 Date filed: May 14, 1974 Abstract: This invention relates to the use of Brucella ovis antigens to diagnose the presence of Brucella canis in an animal. B. canis is the causative agent of canine brucellosis. Further, this invention relates to a plate test where B. ovis antigens are employed for rapid accurate determination of B. canis. Excerpt(s): A disease of dogs, canine brucellosis, caused by Brucella canis, is known to affect dogs. The beagle breed is one which is primarily affected by the disease. Characteristic features of canine brucellosis in dogs are generalized lymphadentitis and splenitis, early undetected embryonic deaths or abortions, overt abortions at approximately 50 days of gestation, and prolonged vaginal discharge following abortion. Epididymitis, dermatitis of the scrotum and testicular atrophy, often unilateral, appear in infected males. Some males become sterile. Many infected dogs are free of clinical signs, though suffering from reproductive failures and loss of vigor. Persistent bacteremia is common and organisms persist in various tissues for more than a year. Infected dogs generally do not have elevated temperatures and presently, infections are only recognized by a positive agglutination test, and, if possible, by isolation of B. canis. B. canis, canine brucellosis and the tube agglutination test for its detection are described inter alia by Carmichael, Proc. U.S. Livestock San. A., 71 (1969): 517-527; Carmichael et al. J.A.V.M.A., 152 (1968): 605-616; and J.A.V.M.A., 156 (1970): 1726-1734; Hall, Journal of Infectious Diseases, 124 (1971), pgs. 615-618, and Diaz et al, Journal of Bacteriology, 95 (1968), pgs. 618-624, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03962413__

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Polysaccharide vaccine to enhance immunity against brucellosis Inventor(s): Cherwonogrodzky; John W. (Medicine Hat, CA), Di Ninno; Vincent L. (Redcliff, CA), Wong; Jonathan P. (Medicine Hat, CA) Assignee(s): Her Majesty the Queen as represented by the Minister of National Defence (Ontario, CA) Patent Number: 5,951,987 Date filed: September 16, 1996 Abstract: A vaccine comprising purified outer-polysaccharide (OPS) is effective for protection against brucellosis. The vaccine is derived from Brucella or a variety of cross reactive bacteria. The vaccine can be administered by different routes (intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, orally). The vaccine is effective in protecting against other infectious bacteria, aside from Brucella. It is likely that the vaccine can be given after infection to reduce illness. Excerpt(s): Brucellosis is a debilitating disease that can cause abortions and weight loss in animals, "undulating" fevers, "night sweats", incapacitation and arthritis in humans. It is very hardy to environmental factors, easily aerosolized and infectious through skin abrasions, ingestion and the pulmonary route. It is difficult to treat with antibiotics and

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often persists as a life-long infection. Brucellosis is a disease endemic to most countries, especially under-developed nations where it infects 0.1 to 10% of the livestock (e.g. cattle, swine, sheep, goats, dogs and poultry), wild life (e.g. bison, caribou, wolves, dolphins) and people. Currently, there are no vaccines for human use to protect against brucellosis. In the past researchers have vaccinated people at high risk (e.g. veterinarians, abattoir workers) with an attenuated vaccine strain, B. abortus S19, but this appears to be attenuated for cattle and can be pathogenic or cause brucellosis in humans. There was a French vaccine (PI, or phenol insoluble) that removed the toxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component with phenol, but the phenol insoluble residue gave a high rate of reactogenicity (at least 53%) and led to hyper-sensitivity (vaccinates exposed to Brucella antigens were susceptible to anaphylactic shock). This latter vaccine has been discontinued and hence there are no human vaccines for brucellosis presently available. The vaccines presently used for livestock also have their inadequacies. The one used for cattle, an attenuated B. abortus S19 vaccine strain, does not give absolute protection from disease and is about 80% protective, occasionally reverts to a pathogenic form that can cause abortions, the vaccinates cause confusion in serological tests (i.e. in some cases the positive serology can be caused by vaccination, infection, or vaccination and subsequent infection), it is virulent for animals other than cattle and it can be pathogenic for people. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05951987__ •

Recombinant Brucella abortus gene expressing immunogenic protein Inventor(s): Mayfield; John E. (Ames, IA), Tabatabai; Louisa B. (Ames, IA) Assignee(s): Iowa State University Research Foundation (Ames, IA) Patent Number: 5,023,174 Date filed: June 12, 1989 Abstract: A gene of Brucella abortus encoding a novel 31,000 dalton immunogenic protein has been isolated and introduced into synthetic recombinant DNA molecules. A plasmid containing the gene sequence also contains a promoter sequence for expression of the gene. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to immunogenic proteins of Brucella abortus. More particularly, the invention relates to the isolation and identification of a gene of B. abortus, and the incorporation of the isolated gene in a recombinant DNA molecule to express an immunogenic protein. Bovine brucellosis is a disease associated with abortions and infertility, and is caused by the gram-negative organism Brucella abortus. Despite an active vaccination program, bovine brucellosis continues to be a problem in the United States (10, 16) and is an economically important disease. Numerous recent reports have been published on various vaccines for the prevention of experimental brucellosis in laboratory animals and cattle. These vaccines include live, reduced dose vaccines (1, 7, 25), nonviable whole cell vaccines (9, 11, 26, 27), cell-free detergent extracts (4, 5, 8, 13), phenol extracts (2, 18, 19), and ribosomal preparations (17). Some of the preparations, in particular, the detergent-extractable protein-peptidoglycan fraction, provide durable immunity in mioe and young cattle, but were less efficacious in adult cattle (6). Inclusion of adjuvants such a trehalose dimycolate (TDM) and muramyl dipeptide (MDP) has been shown to enhance the efficacy of some bacterins (26). The use of complex heterogeneous o killed-cell vaccines often results in the production of undesirable granulomas and undesirable long-lasting serum antibody titers which interfere with the diagnostic tests used for bovine brucellosis. This latter problem is also

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occasionally encountered with live vaccines. Nonviable vaccines are desirable, since the live attenuated vaccine strain can cause mammary gland infections and also abortions in adult vaccinated cattle. However, many of the heterogeneous multicomponent vaccine preparations such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and proteins may result in antagonistic immune responses to the vaccine (6). To avoid these problems, it is preferable to develop vaccine preparations which are biochemically homogeneous. One approach to this goal has led to the development of a method (20) for the isolation of a fully soluble and stable protein preparation (BCS protein) from Brucella abortus strain 19. It has been previously shown that a mixture of proteins can be removed from the surface of methanol-inactivated Brucella abortus cells by aqueous hypertonic sodium chloridesodium citrate (20). Such a protein mixture isolated from an attenuated Brucella abortus strain was immunogenic in both rodents and appeared to be immunogenic in cattle. One of the proteins, having a molecular weight of around 30,000, was purified by chromatofocusing on a PBE column developed with a descending pH gradient from pH 6.2 to 4.0. The purified protein was found to be a more effective immunogen in lemmings than the total multicomponent extract (25). However, the isolation procedure employed (i.e., chromatofocusing) did not permit recovery of the protein in sufficient quantity for use in preparing an antiserum. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05023174__ •

Therapeutic treatment by intramammary infusion Inventor(s): Johnson; Sterling C. (Skillman, NJ), Lenk; Robert P. (Lambertville, NJ), Popescu; Mircea (Plainsboro, NJ), Swenson; Christine E. (Plainsboro, NJ) Assignee(s): The Liposome Company, Inc. (Princeton, NJ) Patent Number: 4,981,692 Date filed: August 18, 1987 Abstract: A method of treating, by intramammary infusion of liposomes, Brucella spp. infections in an animal by administration of a therapeutically effective amount of aminoglycoside in liposome form, also being a method of administering a therapeutic agent in liposome form to a proximal mammary lymph node or mammary tissue of an animal. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a method of treating, by intramammary infusion of liposomes, Brucella spp. infections in an animal by administration of a therapeutically effective amount of aminoglycoside in liposome form, also being a method of administering a therapeutic agent to a proximal mammary lymph node or mammary tissue of an animal. Many workers have attempted to develop an effective and practical chemotherapeutic regimen for brucellosis in animals, including humans, and particularly in dairy animals such as camels, cows, sheep and goats. The goal has been to salvage farm animals with superior production and breeding potential. Furthermore in many countries the slaughter of infected animals is not possible for financial reasons and healthy replacements may not be available. Clearly, a short term treatment regimen would be of major benefit to animal husbandrymen world wide. Furthermore, infected animals are a vector for the infection of humans using contaminated dairy products. It is known that in vitro intraphagocytic killing of Brucella abortus in bovine mononuclear leukocytes was enhanced by multilamellar liposomes containing the aminoglycoside gentamicin. Dees, C., et al., "Enhanced Intraphagocytic Killing of Brucella abortus in Bovine Mononuclear Cells by Liposomes Containing Gentamicin", Vet. Immunol. and Immunopath, 8:171-182 (1985). In vitro

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killing of Brucella abortus was also enhanced when compared to free gentamicin. Other studies found that stable plurilamellar vesicle-entrapped aminoglycosides administered to Brucella canis infected mice and Brucella abortus infected guinea pigs effectively eliminated bacteria from the organs. Fountain, M. W., et al, "Treatment of Brucella canis and Brucella abortus in Vitro and in Vivo by Stable plurilamellar Vesicle-Encapsulated Aminoglycosides", J. Inf. Dis., 152:529-535 (1985). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04981692__ •

Vaccine comprising Brucella abortus which has O polysaccharide antigen absent Inventor(s): Adams; Leslie Garry (College Station, TX), Crawford; Richard P. (College Station, TX), Davis; Donald S. (College Station, TX), Ficht; Thomas A. (College Station, TX), Smith, III; Roger (College Station, TX), Sowa; Blair A. (Bryan, TX), Templeton; Joe W. (College Station, TX), Williams; John D. (College Station, TX), Wu; Albert M. (Taoyuan, TW) Assignee(s): The Texas A&M University System (College Station, TX) Patent Number: 5,718,903 Date filed: February 14, 1994 Abstract: The present invention is an improved vaccine against Brucella abortus which permits differentiation between vaccinated and field strain infected cattle. The vaccine can be administered in two different forms: (1) cell envelopes isolated from an O polysaccharide antigen deficient, stable transposon mutant of B. abortus or (2) an O polysaccharide antigen deficient, stable transposon mutant of B. abortus. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improved vaccine against Brucella abortus. Specifically, the invention is a novel vaccine in which specific antigens of Brucella abortus induce an immunological response which provides protective immunity yet permits differentiation between field strain infected and vaccinated cattle. This novel vaccine is made from either an O polysaccharide antigen deficient transposon mutant of B. abortus or from cell envelopes isolated from such a transposon mutant. Brucella abortus are gram-negative coccobacilli that affect the reproductive system of cattle. The organism is a facultative intracellular parasite capable of causing spontaneous abortion, reduced milk production, delayed conception in cows and sterility in bulls. Brucellosis in humans and laboratory animals does not ordinarily involve the reproductive system. In these cases systemic dissemination of the organism occurs mainly through the blood to the reticuloendothelial system organs. The immunological response of the host can stop and reverse this invasive process. However, the ability of this organism to invade and survive within host macrophages compromises the ability of the host immune system to completely eliminate infection. This frequently results in the recurrence of infection with consequences identical to primary infection. Stimulation of a protective immune response in cattle is achieved by vaccination with the live attenuated vaccine B. abortus strain 19, however, complete characterization of the mechanism of protective immunity has not been performed. Primary focus has been placed on the outer membrane components including lipopolysaccharide (LPS or O polysaccharide antigen), native hapten, polysaccharide B and outer membrane proteins (OMPs) (Bundle, D. R., J. W. Chenwonogrodzky, M. Caroff and M. B. Perry. 1978. The lipopolysaccharide of B. abortus and B. melitensis. Ann. Inst. Pasteur Microbiol. 38:92-98; Bundle, D. R., J. W. Chenwonogrodzky, and M. B. Perry. 1988. Characterization of Brucella polysaccharide B. Infect. Immun. 56:1101-1106; Moreno, E., H. Mayer, and I. Moriyon. 1987. Characterization of a native polysaccharide

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hapten from Brucella melitensis. Infect. Immun. 55:2850-2853; Moreno, E., M. W. Pitt, L. M. Jones, G. G. Schurig and O. T. Bermann. 1979. Purification and characterization of smooth and rough lipopolysaccharides from Brucella abortus. J. Bacteriol. 138:3361-369; Moreno, E., L. S. Speth, L. M. Jones and D. T. Berman. 1981. Immunochemical characterization of Brucella lipopolysaccharides and polysaccharides. Infect. Immun. 31:214-222). LPS consists of an hydrophobic lipid A region, the oligosaccharide core and the O-polysaccharide side chain which gives the cell surface its hydrophilic character. Native hapten which has recently been identified as the O-polysaccharide (Moreno, E., H. Mayer, and I. Moriyon. 1987. Characterization of a native polysaccharide hapten from Brucella melitensis. Infect. Immun. 55:2850-2853) and polysaccharide B is a complex mixture of low molecular weight glucans (Bundle, D. R., J. W. Chenwonogrodzky, and M. B. Perry. 1988. Characterization of Brucella polysaccharide B. Infect. Immun. 56:1101-1106). Of these components, the O-polysaccharide side chain of the LPS is the most antigenic and has been shown to elicit a protective immune response in the mouse model (Montaraz, J. A., A. J. Winter, D. M. Hunter, B. A. Sowa, A. M. Wu, and L. G. Adams. 1986. Protection against Brucella abortus in Mice with Opolysaccharide-specific monoclonal antibodies. Infect. Immun. 51:961-963). However, it has also been demonstrated that the presence of LPS increases intracellular survival, presumably by blocking or actively inhibiting macrophage function (Harmon, D. G., L. G. Adams, and M. Frey. 1988. Survival of rough and smooth strains of Brucella abortus in bovine mammary gland macrophages. Am. J. Vet. Res. 49:1092-1097; Price, R. E., J. W. Templeton, and L. G. Adams. 1990. Survival of smooth, rough and transposon mutant strains of Brucella abortus in bovine mammary macrophages. Vet. Immunol. Immunopath. 26:353-365; Price, R. E., J. W. Templeton, R. Smith III, and L. G. Adams. 1990. Ability of mononuclear phagocytes from cattle naturally resistant or susceptible to brucellosis to control in vitro intracellular survival of Brucella abortus. Infect Immun. 58:879-886). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05718903__ •

Vaccines for counteracting inhibition of neutrophil degranulation Inventor(s): Canning; Peter C. (Ames, IA), Chiang; Yu-Wei (Ames, IA), Roth; James A. (Ames, IA) Assignee(s): Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. (Ames, IA) Patent Number: 4,701,323 Date filed: October 23, 1985 Abstract: Vaccines for counteracting inhibition of neutrophil degranulation by pathogenic cellular microorganisms comprise one or more purines conjugated to antigenic carriers. The purines include adenine and/or guanine in the form of a base, nucleoside, or nucleotide. The vaccines can be used with cattle to increase resistance to infections by Brucella abortus (brucellosis) and/or Haemophilus somnus (thromboembolic meningoencephalitis) and related symptomatic complex. Excerpt(s): The field of the invention is vaccines for preventing or reducing the severity of infectious diseases. More particularly, the invention is concerned with vaccines against pathogenic microorganisms which resist neutrophil destruction by inhibiting degranulation. The mechanisms by which bacteria resist phagocytic destruction have been summarized by Densen and Mandel: "Reviews of Infectious Diseases," Vol. 2, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1980, pages 817-838. Relevant here is the phagocytosis sequence in which polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) ingest invading bacteria and the PMNs

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granules move toward and merge with the phagosome containing the ingested microorganisms, releasing enzymes which assist in the destruction of the bacteria. If degranulation is inhibited or does not occur at all, ingested microorganisms may be able to survive within the PMNs. In Table 1 (page 821), Densen and Mandel list some pathogens which have been reported to inhibit degranulation, including Mycobacteria.sup.1 species M. tuberculosis, M. microti, and M. bovis. and also Toxoplasma gondii. It appears, however, that prior reports have related to fixed macrophages in the tissues rather than circulating PMNs. Prior to the experimental work leading to the present invention, the mechanisms by which certain microorganisms inhibit degranulation of PMNs is not known to have been elucidated. In macrophages, cyclic AMP (cAMP), a well-known cell regulator, was reported to play a role in the inhibition of macrophage degranulation by Mycobacteria. See Lowrie et al. (1975), Nature, 254:600-602; and Lowrie et al. (1979), J. Gen. Microbiol., 110:431-441. These researchers found that macrophages ingesting live mycobacteria had increased concentrations of intracellular cyclic AMP. It was suggested that at least part of the cAMP may have been produced by the bacteria but this speculation was not confirmed. Cyclic AMP as well as cyclic GMP (cGMP) are known to be important intracellular regulatory molecules. In general, increased intracellular cAMP tends to inhibit cell functions while increased cGMP enhances cell functions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04701323__

Patent Applications on Brucella As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to brucella: •

Antibiotics for treating biohazardous bacterial agents Inventor(s): Cassell, Gail Houston; (Carmel, IN), Nicas, Thalia Ioanna; (Indianapolis, IN) Correspondence: Eli Lilly And Company; Patent Division; P.O. Box 6288; Indianapolis; IN; 46206-6288; US Patent Application Number: 20030176327 Date filed: October 18, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods for the control of strains of biohazardous bacterial agents. These agents include: Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia Pestis, Francisella tularensis, Clostridium botulinin, Clostridium Perfringens, Brucella abortis, B milletensis, B suis and Burkholderia mallei. These methods employ treating an infected warm-blooded animal with an antibiotics selected from: Cephalothin, Cefazolin, Cephalexin monohydrate, Cephalexin HCl, Cefaclor, Loracarbef, Erythromycin estolate, Dirithromycin, Cinoxacin, Vancomycin HCl, Tobramycin, Cefamandole, Cefuroxime, Daptomycin, and Oritavancin. Excerpt(s): Of the numerous bio-hazardous bacterial agents that may be used as weapons, there are a limited number of organisms that could cause disease and deaths in sufficient numbers to cripple a city or region. These organisms include: Bacillus

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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anthracis, Yersinia Pestis, Francisella tularensis, Clostridium botulinin, Clostridium, Perfringens, Brucella abortis, B milletensis, B suis and Burkholderia mallei. Anthrax, attributable to infection with Bacillus anthracis, is among the most serious diseases that can be contracted from a bio-hazardous agent. Biological agents have seldom been dispersed in aerosol form, the exposure mode most likely to inflict widespread disease. Therefore, historical experience provides little information about the potential impact of a biological attack or the possible efficacy of postattack measures such as vaccination, antibiotic therapy, or quarantine. For centuries, anthrax has caused disease in animals and, uncommonly, serious illness in humans throughout the world. (see D. Lew , Bacillus anthracis (anthrax); in G. L. Mandell, J. E. Bennett, R. Dolin, eds.; Principles and Practices of Infectious Disease, New York, N.Y.; Churchill Livingstone Inc; 1885-1889 (1989)). Research on anthrax as a biological weapon began more than 80 years ago. (see G. W. Christopher, T. J. Cieslak, J. A. Pavlin, and E. M. Eitzen, "Biological warfare: a historical perspective," JAMA 278, 412-417 (1997)). Today, at least 17 nations are believed to have offensive biological weapons programs (see L. A. Cole, "The specter of biological weapons," Sci.Am., 60-65 (December 1996)); it is uncertain how many are working with anthrax. Iraq has acknowledged producing and weaponizing anthrax. (see R. A. Zalinskas, "Iraq's biological weapons: the past as future?," JAMA 278, 418-424 (1997)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Combination vaccine for enhancing immunity against brucellosis Inventor(s): Cherwonogrodzky, John W.; (Medicine Hat, CA) Correspondence: Nixon & Vanderhye P.C.; 1100 North Glebe Road, 8th Floor; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20020122808 Date filed: December 14, 2000 Abstract: A vaccine comprising a combination of Brucella "A" and "M" outerpolysaccharides (OPSs) and "R" protein antigens for enhancing immunity against brucellosis is disclosed. The OPS may be obtained from different strains or species of Brucellae (i.e. combining OPS extracted from different bacteria expressing "A" or "M" OPS, or combining OPS and OPS-protein complexes extracted from different bacteria). The OPS or OPS-protein complexes may also be obtained from a single strain expressing more than one OPS (e.g. from B. suis strain 145 which expresses "A", "M" and possibly other OPSs). The vaccine according to the present invention overcomes the limitation of previously discovered B. abortus "A" OPS which only protects against species and strains of Brucella that had "A" OPS but not against others with different OPS. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a vaccine, comprising a combination of bacterial components derived either from different species of Brucellae, or one strain expressing different components, that enhances immunity against brucellosis. The vaccine formulations are applicable for one or more cross-reactive bacteria thereof. Brucellosis is a debilitating disease that can cause abortions and weight loss in animals as well as undulating fevers, night sweats, incapacitation and arthritis in humans. It is very hardy to environmental factors, easily aerosolized and infectious through skin abrasions, ingestion and the pulmonary route. It is difficult to treat with antibiotics and often persists as a life-long infection. Brucellosis is a disease endemic to most countries, especially under-developed nations where Brucella species infect 0.1 to 10% of the livestock such as cattle, swine, sheep, goats, and camels. A zoonotic disease, these also

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infect other domestic animals such as dogs and poultry, wildlife such as bison, caribou and wolves and marine mammals such as whales and dolphins. People are especially vulnerable to infection either through handling infected products or ingesting contaminated foods. Up-to-date, effective treatment against brucellosis for animals, including humans, has been limited. For humans, administering high doses of combination antibiotics, for example doxycycline with rifampin over long periods, has been found to be effective to clear the disease, but non-compliance and relapses are common. For animals, the cost and limited effectiveness of antibiotic treatments often lead to the decision of either no treatment or elimination of the infected animal and its associated herd. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

LIVE VACCINE AGAINST BRUCELLOSIS Inventor(s): BOYLE, STEPHEN M.; (BLACKSBURG, VA), HADFIELD, TED L.; (COLESVILLE, MD), HOOVER, DAVID L.; (ROCKVILLE, MD), LINDLER, LUTHER E.; (WHEATON, MD), MCOULSTON, JOHN R.; (BLACKSBURG, VA), NIKOLICH, MIKELJON P.; (TAKOMA PARK, MD), SCHURIG, CERHARDT G.; (BLACKSBURG, VA), SRIRANGANATHAN, NAMMALWAR; (BLACKSBURG, VA), WARREN, RICHARD L.; (BLUE BELL, PA) Correspondence: Mcmr JA Charles H Harris; U S Army Medical Research And; Materiel Command; 504 Scott Street; Fort Detrick; MD; 217025012 Patent Application Number: 20010014673 Date filed: January 22, 1998 Abstract: Live Brucella vaccines and methods for preparing the live vaccines protective against brucellosis are described. The vaccines are prepared by introducing a deletion in the rfbU gene of a strain of Brucella which results in attenuation of the strain while retaining the desired immunogenicity to initiate a protective immunogenic response. Other strains with varying levels of attenuation are described. Excerpt(s): Brucella infects a significant number of people and livestock in developing countries and infects wild as well as domestic animals in the United States. In addition, Brucella is a potential biowarfare agent; strains of Brucella have been constructed with resistance to multiple antibiotics used to treat the disease. These strains pose a significant morbidity and mortality threat to exposed personnel. Brucellosis symptoms include recurring fever, chills and anxiety. Even though the disease is rarely fatal, once well established, the disease is difficult to treat since the bacteria reside in the bone marrow. Two live attenuated Brucella strains currently approved for use as animal vaccines, B. abortus Strain 19 [Cheville, et al. (1993) Am. J. Vet. Res. 54:1591-1597; Brucellosis research: an evaluation. Report of the subcommittee on Brucellosis Research, National Academy of Sciences. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1977:61-77] and B. melitensis strain Rev 1 [Jimenez de Bagues, M. P. et al. (1989) Ann. Rech. Vet. 20:205-213; Pardon, P. et al. (1990) Ann. Rech. Vet. 21:153-160], are not ideal vaccine strains. Both strains cause vaccinated animals to seroconvert and thus make subsequent serological diagnosis of brucellosis difficult [Jimenez de Bagues, M. P. et al. (1992) Vet. Microbiol. 30:233-241]. Both strains can induce abortion (Jimenez de Bagues, 1989, supra; Corner, L. A. and Alton G. G. (1981) Res. Vet. Sci. 31:342-344] and both can cause disease in humans [Blasco, J. M. and R. Diaz (1993) Lancet 342:805; Young, E. J. (1983) Rev. Inf. Dis. 5:821-842]. A more recent attenuated strain of B. abortus, RB51 [Schurig, G. G. et al. (1991) Vet. Microbiol. 28:171-188], shows more promise as a live vaccine strain. RB51 is a

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rough strain that confers protection against infection by Brucella, yet does not cause seroconversion [Cheville, N. F. 1993, supra; Jimenez de Bagues, M. P. et al. (1994) Infect. Immun. 62:4990-4996]. However, neither the genetic basis of the RB51 rough mutation nor the basis of attenuation is known. Also, RB51 carries resistance to rifampin, an antibiotic currently used to treat brucellosis. Therefore, there is a need for a live attenuated Brucella vaccine strain, with a defined nonreverting genetic mutation, which does not cause seroconversion in the vaccinee, and which does not retain resistance to antibiotics used in the treatment of brucellosis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Protein from Brucella species Inventor(s): Lindler, Luther E.; (Wheaton, MD), Rubin, Fran; (Bethesda, MD), VanDeVerg, Lillian; (Gaithersburg, MD), Warren, Richard; (Blue Bell, PA) Correspondence: Elizabeth Arwine; Patent Attorney; U.S. Army Medical Research & Materiel Command; 504 Scott Street; Fort Detrick; MD; 21702-5012; US Patent Application Number: 20030082170 Date filed: February 20, 2001 Abstract: A 28 kDa protein which has use as a diagnostic agent for identifying antibodies to Brucella species and as vaccines to raise antibodies against several species of Brucella has been purified. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/446,103. This invention relates to a 28 kDa protein which has use as a diagnostic agent for identifying antibodies to Brucella species and as vaccines to raise antibodies against Brucella. Brucellosis is a disease caused by microorganisms of the genus Brucella. B. abortus infects cattle, causing abortion. B. melitensis infects sheep and goats. B. ovis infects birds and B. canis infects dogs. Infection usually results from contact with secretions and/or excretions from infected animals. At one time, infection was usually the result of ingestion of milk or products of milk from infected animals. The disease is rarely transmitted from person to person. Persons more frequently exposed to the disease include meat packers, veterinarians, farmers and livestock producers. Raw milk, which was once a common source of infection in North America, no longer presents a serious problem, since commercially available milk is pasteurized. However, milk and milk products still present a source of infection in countries where pasteurization is not practiced routinely. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Rapid diagnostic test to identify animals vaccinated with Brucella abortus RB 51 Inventor(s): Schurig, Gerhardt; (Blacksburg, VA) Correspondence: The Technology Law Offices OF Virginia; P.O. Box 818; Middleburg; VA; 20118; US Patent Application Number: 20020160457 Date filed: March 14, 2002 Abstract: This invention relates to a kit for rapid detection of whether animals, particularly cattle, have been vaccinated with B. abortus RB 51. This vaccination is a

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brucellosis inhibitor in cattle and the kit includes latex beads which are used, in the latex agglutination test or enzyme-liked immunosorbent assay, to determine whether an animal has, in fact, been vaccinated. Excerpt(s): This invention is based upon and relies upon and incorporates the subject matter of an earlier filed provisional application Serial No. 60/286,281, filed Apr. 25, 2001, by the same inventor, Gerhardt Schurig, and upon which priority is based. This invention relates to a diagnostic method capable of detecting animals vaccinated with Brucella abortus RB 51. Specifically, the present invention provides methods for the preparation of appropriate antigens from B. abortus RB 51, and procedures to carry out a rapid, on-the-site test to identify the B. abortus RB 51 vaccinated animals. B. abortus is a bacterium that causes brucellosis in animals and humans. See "Zoonoses and communicable diseases common to man and animals", by P. Acha et al, 1980, Pan American Health Organization, pp. 28-45, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. This bacterium is the primary causative agent of brucellosis in cattle. The disease results in abortions and infertility in the affected cattle herds, leading to devasting economic losses to farmers as well as beef and dairy industries. Specific cell-mediated, but not, antibody, immune responses are crucial for protecting animals against brucellosis. B. abortus vaccine strain RB51 confers protection by inducing such cellmediated immune responses. See "Biological properties of RB 51: a stable rough strain of Brucella abortus, by G. Schurig et al, 1991, Veterinary Microbiology, 28: 171-188, and "Overexpression of protective antigen as a novel approach to enhance vaccine efficacy of Brucella abortus strain RB 51" by Vemulapalli et al, 2000, Infectious Immunity, 68: 32863289, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with brucella, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “brucella” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on Brucella. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning Brucella. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON BRUCELLA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to Brucella. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on Brucella include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “brucella” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “brucella” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “brucella” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Benchbook on Brucella (Monograph series / Public Health Laboratory Service); ISBN: 0118871056; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0118871056/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “brucella” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.”

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From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Studies in Brucella infections. Author: Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing; Year: 1936

•

Undulant fever, with special reference to a study of Brucella infection in Iowa, by A. V. Hardy [et al.]. Author: Hardy, Albert Victor, 1897-; Year: 1931

10

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “brucella” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 7413 43 600 41 8 8105

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “brucella” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Brucella can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Brucella. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Brucella. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “brucella”:

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Bacterial Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bacterialinfections.html Biodefense and Bioterrorism http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/biodefenseandbioterrorism.html Pets and Pet Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/petsandpethealth.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Brucella. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Brucella. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Brucella. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Brucella. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “brucella” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “brucella”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “brucella” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “brucella” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

155

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

163

BRUCELLA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acremonium: A mitosporic fungal genus with many reported ascomycetous teleomorphs. Cephalosporin antibiotics are derived from this genus. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acute Disease: Disease having a short and relatively severe course. [NIH] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism, or cell respiration. [NIH] Aerobic Respiration: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as oxidative metabolism, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH]

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Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agarose: A polysaccharide complex, free of nitrogen and prepared from agar-agar which is produced by certain seaweeds (red algae). It dissolves in warm water to form a viscid solution. [NIH] Agglutinins: Substances, usually of biological origin, that cause cells or other organic particles to aggregate and stick to each other. They also include those antibodies which cause aggregation or agglutination of a particulate or insoluble antigen. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH]

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Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]

Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylactic: Pertaining to anaphylaxis. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Animal Husbandry: The science of breeding, feeding, and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH]

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Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anthrax: An acute bacterial infection caused by ingestion of bacillus organisms. Carnivores may become infected from ingestion of infected carcasses. It is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The most common form in humans is cutaneous anthrax. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimycotic: Suppressing the growth of fungi. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been

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immunized. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Appendicitis: Acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and Eucarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: 1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; 2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; 3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and 4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least three kingdoms: crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, and korarchaeota. [NIH] Arenavirus: The only genus in the family Arenaviridae. It contains two groups LCM-Lassa complex viruses and Tacaribe complex viruses, which are distinguished by antigenic relationships and geographic distribution. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU]

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Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta-Galactosidase: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, nonreducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause gangliodisosis GM1. EC 3.2.1.23. [NIH] Beta-Lactamases: Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins. EC 3.5.2.6. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bioassays: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Bioengineering: The application of engineering principles to the solution of biological problems, for example, remote-handling devices, life-support systems, controls, and displays. [NIH] Biofilms: Films of bacteria or other microbial organisms, usually embedded in extracellular polymers such as implanted medical devices, which adhere to surfaces submerged in, or subjected to, aquatic environments (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Biofilms consist of multilayers of microbial cells glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both phagocytes and antibiotics. [NIH]

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Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological Warfare: Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bioterrorism: The use of biological agents in terrorism. This includes the malevolent use of bacteria, viruses, or toxins against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Biotype: A group of individuals having the same genotype. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blebs: Cysts on or near the surface of the lungs. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blotting and transferred to strips of nitrocellulose paper. The blots are then detected by radiolabeled antibody probes. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and

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is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bromcresol Purple: An indicator and reatgent. It has been used for several purposes including the determination of serum albumin concentrations [NIH] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Brucella: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that causes brucellosis. Its cells are nonmotile coccobacilli and are animal parasites and pathogens. The bacterium is transmissible to humans through contact with infected dairy products or tissue. [NIH] Brucella abortus: A species of the genus Brucella whose natural hosts are cattle and other Bovidae. Other mammals, including man, may be infected. Abortion and placentitis are frequently produced in the pregnant animal. [NIH] Brucella melitensis: A species of the genus Brucella whose natural hosts are sheep and goats. Other mammals, including man, may be infected. In general, these organisms tend to be more virulent for laboratory animals than Brucella abortus and may cause fatal infections. [NIH] Brucella Vaccine: A bacterial vaccine for the prevention of brucellosis in man and animal. Brucella abortus vaccine is used for the immunization of cattle, sheep, and goats. [NIH] Brucellosis: Infection caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella mainly involving the reticuloendothelial system. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss. [NIH] Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon; the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. [EU] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the

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alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Castor Oil: Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer. [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cefoxitin: Semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a

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gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cephalosporins: A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus Acremonium (Cephalosporium acremonium). They contain the betalactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chelation: Combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. [EU] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chimeras: Organism that contains a mixture of genetically different cells. [NIH] Chlortetracycline: An antibiotic substance isolated from the substrate of Streptomyces aureofaciens and used as an antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent. [NIH] Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH]

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Clathrin: The main structural coat protein of coated vesicles which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coated Vesicles: Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as clathrin, coat protein complex proteins, or caveolins. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Communicable disease: A disease that can be transmitted by contact between persons. [NIH] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complement Fixation Tests: Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1. [NIH]

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Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH]

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Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Counterimmunoelectrophoresis: Immunoelectrophoresis in which immunoprecipitation occurs when antigen at the cathode is caused to migrate in an electric field through a suitable medium of diffusion against a stream of antibody migrating from the anode as a result of endosmotic flow. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoplasmic Vesicles: Membrane-limited structures derived from the plasma membrane or various intracellular membranes which function in storage, transport or metabolism. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling

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it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermoid: A benign mixed tumor, usually congenital, containing teeth, hairs, skin glands, fibrous tissue, and other skin elements, rarely found in the limbal region of the eye and orbit. [NIH] Dermoid Cyst: A benign mixed tumor, usually congenital, containing teeth, hairs, skin glands, fibrous tissue, and other skin elements, rarely found in the limbal region of the eye and orbit. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU]

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Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Disulphides: A covalent bridge formed by the oxidation of two cysteine residues to a cystine residue. The-S-S-bond is very strong and its presence confers additional stability. [NIH]

Dithiothreitol: A reagent commonly used in biochemical studies as a protective agent to prevent the oxidation of SH (thiol) groups and for reducing disulphides to dithiols. [NIH] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Dross: Residue remaining in an opium pipe which has been smoked; contains 50 % of the morphine present in the original drug. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Empyema: Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official

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standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endosomes: Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when coated vesicles shed their clathrin coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]

Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort

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studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Cyst: Intradermal or subcutaneous saclike structure, the wall of which is stratified epithelium containing keratohyalin granules. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Erythritol: A four-carbon sugar that is found in algae, fungi, and lichens. It is twice as sweet as sucrose and can be used as a coronary vasodilator. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Fallopian tube: The oviduct, a muscular tube about 10 cm long, lying in the upper border of the broad ligament. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH]

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Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH]

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Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Galactosides: Glycosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of galactose with an alcohol to form an acetal. They include both alpha- and beta-galactosides. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma irradiation: A type of radiation therapy that uses gamma radiation. Gamma radiation is a type of high-energy radiation that is different from x-rays. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglioside: Protein kinase C's inhibitor which reduces ischemia-related brain damage. [NIH]

Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus. [NIH] Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Library: A large collection of cloned DNA fragments from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (genomic library) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called

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codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genomic Library: A form of gene library containing the complete DNA sequences present in the genome of a given organism. It contrasts with a cDNA library which contains only sequences utilized in protein coding (lacking introns). [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geographic Locations: All of the continents and every country situated within, the United States and each of the constituent states arranged by region, Canada and each of its provinces, Australia and each of its states, the major bodies of water and major islands on both hemispheres, and selected major cities. Although the geographic locations are not printed in index medicus as main headings, in indexing they are significant in epidemiologic studies and historical articles and for locating administrative units in education and the delivery of health care. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glanders: A contagious disease of horses that can be transmitted to humans. It is caused by Pseudomonas mallei and characterized by ulceration of the respiratory mucosa and an eruption of nodules on the skin. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages. [NIH] Glucokinase: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and D-glucose to ADP and D-glucose 6-phosphate. They are found in invertebrates and microorganisms and are highly specific for glucose. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.2. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Oxidase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of

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beta-D-glucose and oxygen to D-glucono-1,5-lactone and peroxide. It is a flavoprotein, highly specific for beta-D-glucose. The enzyme is produced by Penicillium notatum and other fungi and has antibacterial activity in the presence of glucose and oxygen. It is used to estimate glucose concentration in blood or urine samples through the formation of colored dyes by the hydrogen peroxide produced in the reaction. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.1.3.4. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonorrhoea: Infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Guanine: One of the four DNA bases. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH]

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Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Hantavirus: A genus of the family Bunyaviridae causing Hantavirus infections, first identified during the Korean war. Infection is found primarily in rodents and humans. Transmission does not appear to involve arthropods. The genus has one recognized group (Hantaan group) consisting of several species including Dobrava-Belgrade virus, Seoul virus, Prospect Hill virus, Puumala virus, Thottapalayam virus, and Hantaan virus, the type species. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis D: Hepatitis caused by the hepatitis delta virus in association with hepatitis B. It is

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endemic in some European countries and is seen in drug users, hemophiliacs, and polytransfused persons. [NIH] Hepatitis Delta Virus: A defective virus, containing particles of RNA nucleoprotein in virion-like form, present in patients with acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis. Officially this is classified as a subviral satellite RNA. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time

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unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunoblotting: Immunologic methods for isolating and quantitatively measuring immunoreactive substances. When used with immune reagents such as monoclonal antibodies, the process is known generically as western blot analysis (blotting, western). [NIH]

Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogen: A substance that is capable of causing antibody formation. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large

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amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunologic Memory: The altered state of immunologic responsiveness resulting from initial contact with antigen, which enables the individual to produce antibodies more rapidly and in greater quantity in response to secondary antigenic stimulus. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus,

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or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-12: A heterodimeric cytokine that stimulates the production of interferon gamma from T-cells and natural killer cells, and also induces differentiation of Th1 helper cells. It is an initiator of cell-mediated immunity. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which

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regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Introns: Non-coding, intervening sequences of DNA that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger RNA. Most genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes contain introns, as do mitochondrial and chloroplast genes. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Killer Cells: Lymphocyte-like effector cells which mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. They kill antibody-coated target cells which they bind with their Fc receptors. [NIH]

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Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Lichens: Any of a group of plants formed by a mutual combination of an alga and a fungus. [NIH]

Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH]

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Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblastic: One of the most aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte Depletion: Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus: The type species of arenavirus, part of the LCMLassa complex viruses, producing an inapparent infection in house and laboratory mice. In humans, infection with LCMV can be inapparent, or can present with an influenza-like illness, a benign aseptic meningitis, or a severe meningoencephalomyelitis. The virus can also infect monkeys, dogs, field mice, guinea pigs, and hamsters, the latter an epidemiologically important host. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lysosome: A sac-like compartment inside a cell that has enzymes that can break down cellular components that need to be destroyed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrolides: A group of organic compounds that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins: Heparin-binding proteins that exhibit a number of inflammatory and immunoregulatory activities. Originally identified as secretory products of macrophages, these chemokines are produced by a variety of cell types including neutrophils, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells. They likely play a significant role in respiratory tract defenses. [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

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Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Meningoencephalitis: An inflammatory process involving the brain (encephalitis) and meninges (meningitis), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH]

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Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitral Valve: The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monophosphate: So called second messenger for neurotransmitters and hormones. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutate: To change the genetic material of a cell. Then changes (mutations) can be harmful, beneficial, or have no effect. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycotic: Pertaining to a mycosis; caused by fungi. [EU] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH]

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Natural killer cells: NK cells. A type of white blood cell that contains granules with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or microbial cells. Also called large granular lymphocytes (LGL). [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Niche: The ultimate unit of the habitat, i. e. the specific spot occupied by an individual organism; by extension, the more or less specialized relationships existing between an organism, individual or synusia(e), and its environment. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH]

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Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleoprotein: Chromosomes consist largely of nuclei acids and proteins, joined here as complexes called nucleoproteins. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occupational Groups: Members of the various professions (e.g., physicians) or occupations (e.g., police). [NIH] Ofloxacin: An orally administered broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial drug active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. [NIH] Oligonucleotide Probes: Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orchitis: Inflammation of a testis. The disease is marked by pain, swelling, and a feeling of weight. It may occur idiopathically, or it may be associated with conditions such as mumps, gonorrhoea, filarial disease, syphilis, or tuberculosis. [EU] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU]

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Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. [EU] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitism: A) The mode of life of a parasite; b) The relationship between an organism (parasite) that derives benefits from, and at the expense of, another organism (host). [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the

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corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Phagosomes: Membrane-bound cytoplasmic vesicles formed by invagination of phagocytized material. They fuse with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes in which the hydrolytic enzymes of the lysosome digest the phagocytized material. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH]

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Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phosphoglucomutase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of alpha D-glucose 1phosphate to alpha D-glucose 6-phosphate. EC 5.4.2.2. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Phytotoxin: A substance which is toxic for plants. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal

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denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polyneuritis: Inflammation of several peripheral nerves at the same time. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Porins: Protein molecules situated in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that, in dimeric or trimeric form, constitute a water-filled transmembrane channel allowing passage of ions and other small molecules. Porins are also found in bacterial cell walls, and in plant, fungal, mammalian and other vertebrate cell and mitochondrial membranes. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propolis: Resinous substance obtained from beehives; contains many different substances which may have antimicrobial or antimycotic activity topically; its extracts are called

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propolis resin or balsam. Synonyms: bee bread; hive dross; bee glue. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Proteome: The protein complement of an organism coded for by its genome. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU]

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Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Pyrexia: A fever, or a febrile condition; abnormal elevation of the body temperature. [EU] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Quinolones: Quinolines which are substituted in any position by one or more oxo groups. These compounds can have any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents, and fused ring systems. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH]

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Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Ricin: A protein phytotoxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It

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agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rotavirus: A genus of Reoviridae, causing acute gastroenteritis in birds and mammals, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. [NIH] Ruminants: A suborder of the order Artiodactyla whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males. [NIH]

Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Senescence: The bodily and mental state associated with advancing age. [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Sequester: A portion of dead bone which has become detached from the healthy bone tissue, as occurs in necrosis. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Seroconversion: The change of a serologic test from negative to positive, indicating the development of antibodies in response to infection or immunization. [EU]

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Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serologic Tests: Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigma Factor: A protein which is a subunit of RNA polymerase. It effects initiation of specific RNA chains from DNA. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin test: A test for an immune response to a compound by placing it on or under the skin. [NIH]

Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall

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in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Compression: Acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the spinal cord due to extramedullary neoplasm; epidural abscess; spinal fractures; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence. [NIH] Spinal Fractures: Broken bones in the vertebral column. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs

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or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Symbiosis: The living together of organisms of different species. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Fluid: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints. [NIH] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH]

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Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU]

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Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] TYPHI: The bacterium that gives rise to typhoid fever. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH]

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Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuole: A fluid-filled cavity within the cytoplasm of a cell. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal Discharge: A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Veterinarians: Individuals with a degree in veterinary medicine that provides them with training and qualifications to treat diseases and injuries of animals. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used

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together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Whole cell vaccine: Vaccine made from whole tumor cells that have been changed in the laboratory. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yersinia: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rod- to coccobacillus-shaped bacteria that occurs in a broad spectrum of habitats. [NIH] Yersinia enterocolitica: A species of the genus Yersinia, isolated from both man and animal. It is a frequent cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in children. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

211

INDEX A Abdomen, 58, 61, 163, 170, 190, 196, 197, 205 Abdominal, 73, 96, 163, 181, 189, 196, 197 Abdominal Pain, 163, 181, 197 Abscess, 50, 56, 59, 63, 64, 71, 75, 77, 80, 83, 87, 93, 163, 183, 203, 205 Acetylcholine, 163, 194 Acremonium, 163, 172 Actin, 69, 163 Acute Disease, 10, 163 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 73, 163 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 163 Acute renal, 163, 184 Adaptability, 163, 171 Adenine, 125, 135, 163, 201 Adenosine, 58, 93, 163, 170, 198, 207 Adjuvant, 5, 21, 39, 45, 47, 106, 109, 115, 124, 163 Aerobic, 61, 163, 170, 196 Aerobic Metabolism, 163, 196 Aerobic Respiration, 163, 196 Aerosol, 6, 9, 17, 137, 164 Affinity, 12, 19, 124, 164, 204 Agar, 26, 59, 104, 164, 175, 186 Agarose, 164, 186 Agglutinins, 49, 99, 164 Albumin, 164, 206 Algorithms, 164, 169 Alkaline, 16, 164, 165, 171 Alkaline Phosphatase, 16, 164 Alpha Particles, 164, 201 Alternative medicine, 164 Amino Acid Sequence, 120, 123, 164, 166, 181 Amino Acids, 164, 165, 179, 181, 197, 199, 200, 202, 203, 208 Ammonia, 165, 208 Amnion, 165 Amniotic Fluid, 86, 165 Amplification, 16, 19, 127, 165 Anaerobic, 26, 50, 165, 210 Anaesthesia, 165, 187 Anal, 165, 178, 180 Analog, 124, 165 Analogous, 15, 165, 208 Anaphylactic, 132, 165 Anaphylatoxins, 165, 173

Anaphylaxis, 165 Anemia, 83, 92, 165 Aneurysm, 73, 165 Animal Husbandry, 133, 165 Animal model, 14, 130, 165 Anionic, 165, 204 Anions, 164, 165, 189, 204, 206 Annealing, 166, 199 Anode, 165, 166, 175 Anthrax, 137, 166 Antibacterial, 17, 59, 166, 172, 183, 195, 205 Antibiotic, 10, 13, 31, 34, 96, 126, 137, 138, 139, 166, 168, 170, 171, 172, 179, 180, 196, 205, 206, 207 Anticoagulant, 166, 200 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 166, 173 Anti-infective, 166, 185 Anti-inflammatory, 4, 166, 187 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 4, 166 Antimetabolite, 166, 192 Antimicrobial, 10, 25, 49, 60, 69, 72, 79, 85, 91, 94, 109, 110, 166, 172, 176, 177, 199 Antimycotic, 166, 199 Antineoplastic, 166, 192 Antioxidants, 7, 166 Antiserum, 133, 166 Anxiety, 138, 167 Aorta, 73, 96, 167, 209 Apolipoproteins, 167, 190 Apoptosis, 40, 79, 167 Appendicitis, 61, 167 Aqueous, 110, 122, 133, 167, 168, 175, 177, 185, 190, 204 Archaea, 167, 192 Arenavirus, 167, 191 Arginine, 165, 167, 194, 208 Arterial, 167, 172, 200 Arteries, 167, 169, 175, 190 Artery, 165, 167, 169, 177, 209 Aseptic, 167, 191, 205 Assay, 16, 19, 22, 23, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 45, 48, 49, 51, 52, 57, 59, 71, 72, 81, 86, 93, 95, 106, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 129, 140, 167, 178, 186, 208 Asymptomatic, 89, 167, 183 Atrium, 167, 193, 209 Atrophy, 131, 167

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Attenuation, 27, 110, 130, 138, 139, 167 Atypical, 20, 41, 167 Autacoids, 168, 187 Autologous, 98, 168 Azithromycin, 59, 92, 168 B Bacillus, 10, 16, 122, 136, 166, 168, 170 Bacteremia, 22, 48, 62, 66, 90, 131, 168 Bactericidal, 33, 42, 54, 60, 68, 106, 115, 168 Bacterium, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17, 54, 120, 127, 140, 168, 170, 174, 184, 208 Base, 10, 135, 163, 168, 180, 181, 189, 207, 208 Benign, 168, 176, 184, 191, 194, 201 Beta-Galactosidase, 16, 168 Beta-Lactamases, 112, 168 Bewilderment, 168, 174 Bioassays, 16, 168 Biochemical, 10, 62, 166, 168, 177, 180, 190 Bioengineering, 13, 146, 168 Biofilms, 14, 168 Biological response modifier, 169, 188 Biological Warfare, 6, 10, 169 Biosynthesis, 15, 34, 66, 169, 203 Biotechnology, 18, 56, 142, 147, 169 Bioterrorism, 6, 7, 12, 14, 152, 169 Biotin, 169, 195 Biotype, 41, 59, 60, 69, 169 Bladder, 169, 174, 187, 200, 209 Blastocyst, 169, 174 Blebs, 25, 169 Blood Coagulation, 169, 171, 207 Blood Platelets, 169, 207 Blood pressure, 169, 204 Blood vessel, 169, 178, 184, 189, 191, 204, 207, 209 Blood-Brain Barrier, 39, 169 Blot, 6, 123, 169, 186, 195 Blotting, Western, 169, 186 Body Fluids, 129, 169, 204 Bone Marrow, 138, 163, 169, 186, 190, 191 Bowel, 165, 170, 178, 190, 197 Brachytherapy, 170, 189, 201, 210 Bradykinin, 170, 194 Breeding, 133, 165, 170 Broad-spectrum, 10, 170, 172, 195 Bromcresol Purple, 129, 170 Bronchiseptica, 170, 197 Brucella Vaccine, 31, 103, 170 Bursitis, 78, 88, 170 C Caffeine, 170, 201

Calcium, 111, 170, 173 Carbohydrate, 14, 36, 171, 199, 203 Carbon Dioxide, 171, 180, 208 Carcinogenic, 171, 188, 199 Cardiac, 170, 171, 178, 184, 196 Case report, 22, 58, 62, 63, 64, 75, 77, 78, 87, 89, 93, 96, 97, 171 Castor Oil, 171, 202 Catabolism, 33, 40, 171 Cathode, 166, 171, 175, 177 Cations, 115, 171, 189 Causal, 171, 178, 184 Cefoxitin, 38, 171 Cell Cycle, 126, 171 Cell Death, 39, 79, 167, 171, 194 Cell Division, 126, 168, 171, 193, 198 Cell proliferation, 27, 171 Cell Respiration, 163, 171, 196 Cell Size, 171, 180 Central Nervous System, 163, 170, 171, 184, 192, 207 Centrifugation, 31, 171 Cephalosporins, 39, 168, 172 Cerebral, 169, 172, 179 Cerebrospinal, 29, 58, 67, 172, 204 Cerebrospinal fluid, 58, 67, 172, 204 Cervical, 56, 172 Cervix, 172, 202 Character, 135, 172, 175 Chelation, 115, 172 Chemokines, 172, 191 Chemotactic Factors, 172, 173 Chimeras, 21, 111, 172 Chlortetracycline, 102, 172 Cholecystitis, 58, 172 Cholesterol, 43, 49, 105, 106, 172, 190 Cholesterol Esters, 172, 190 Chromatin, 167, 172, 191 Chromosomal, 53, 95, 165, 172, 198 Chromosome, 44, 46, 172, 174, 190 Chronic, 6, 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 36, 50, 64, 69, 78, 125, 127, 172, 185, 188, 205, 206 Chylomicrons, 172, 190 Ciprofloxacin, 25, 72, 172 Clathrin, 173, 178 Clinical trial, 4, 12, 147, 173, 201 Cloning, 24, 25, 44, 65, 84, 102, 105, 123, 169, 173 Coated Vesicles, 173, 178 Cofactor, 173, 200, 207 Colloidal, 164, 173, 177, 204 Communicable disease, 140, 173

213

Communis, 171, 173, 202 Complement, 21, 26, 27, 28, 34, 51, 66, 67, 113, 123, 165, 173, 174, 182 Complement Fixation Tests, 123, 173 Complementary and alternative medicine, 109, 116, 174 Complementary medicine, 109, 174 Complementation, 22, 27, 44, 105, 174 Compliance, 138, 174 Computational Biology, 147, 174 Conception, 134, 174, 180, 205 Confusion, 132, 174, 176 Conjugated, 127, 129, 135, 174 Conjugation, 89, 174 Conjunctiva, 174, 188 Connective Tissue, 170, 174, 190, 197, 207 Constipation, 174, 197 Contamination, 174, 203 Contraindications, ii, 174 Coordination, 11, 175 Coronary, 175, 179 Cortex, 175, 179, 196 Counterimmunoelectrophoresis, 50, 91, 175 Cryptosporidiosis, 168, 175 Culture Media, 164, 175 Cultured cells, 60, 175 Cutaneous, 81, 166, 175, 183 Cyclic, 44, 61, 84, 93, 105, 136, 170, 175, 183, 194, 207 Cyst, 61, 175 Cytokine, 8, 28, 35, 39, 44, 77, 175, 188 Cytoplasm, 167, 175, 191, 202, 209 Cytoplasmic Vesicles, 175, 197 Cytotoxic, 39, 98, 175, 187, 201 D Dairy Products, 133, 170, 175 Deamination, 175, 208 Defense Mechanisms, 9, 175 Degenerative, 175, 184 Deletion, 7, 21, 22, 27, 28, 31, 44, 52, 67, 69, 70, 94, 130, 138, 167, 175, 181 Delivery of Health Care, 175, 182 Denaturation, 175, 199 Dermatitis, 131, 176 Dermoid, 59, 176 Dermoid Cyst, 59, 176 Desensitization, 176, 187 Detergents, 31, 112, 176 Deuterium, 176, 185 Developing Countries, 138, 176 Diagnostic procedure, 119, 176, 204

Dialyzer, 176, 184 Diffusion, 26, 51, 175, 176, 186, 188, 208 Digestion, 127, 170, 176, 190, 205 Diploid, 174, 176, 198 Direct, iii, 7, 9, 10, 13, 30, 75, 81, 129, 176, 186, 202 Discrete, 13, 176, 207 Discrimination, 126, 176 Disorientation, 174, 176 Dissociation, 164, 176 Distal, 177, 200 Disulphides, 177 Dithiothreitol, 29, 49, 68, 177 Doxycycline, 30, 69, 85, 91, 110, 138, 177 Dross, 177, 200 Duodenum, 177, 205 Dura mater, 177, 192, 196 Dyes, 41, 177, 180, 183 E Effector, 11, 163, 173, 177, 189 Efficacy, 7, 10, 27, 46, 132, 137, 140, 177 Electrolysis, 165, 171, 177 Electrolyte, 177, 184, 204 Electrons, 168, 171, 177, 189, 196, 201 Electrophoresis, 27, 51, 177, 186 Embolus, 177, 187 Embryo, 165, 169, 177, 187, 205 Empyema, 61, 177 Emulsion, 177, 180 Encephalitis, 178, 192 Endemic, 5, 72, 132, 137, 178, 185, 205 Endocarditis, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 70, 73, 83, 89, 94, 96, 99, 178, 183 Endocardium, 178 Endocytosis, 15, 178 Endosomes, 6, 178 Endothelial cell, 169, 178, 207 Endothelium, 178, 194 Endothelium-derived, 178, 194 Endotoxin, 39, 178, 208 Enterocolitis, 90, 178 Enteropeptidase, 178, 208 Environmental Health, 146, 148, 178 Enzymatic, 16, 171, 173, 178, 199 Epidemic, 178, 205 Epidemiologic Studies, 178, 182 Epidemiological, 128, 179 Epidermal, 91, 179 Epidermal Cyst, 91, 179 Epidermis, 179 Epidural, 71, 179, 205 Epithelial, 27, 179, 185, 191

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Brucella

Epithelial Cells, 179, 185, 191 Epithelium, 178, 179, 196 Epitope, 33, 105, 179 Erythritol, 33, 40, 43, 47, 49, 86, 179 Erythrocytes, 40, 113, 165, 170, 179, 184, 202 Erythromycin, 136, 168, 179 Esophagus, 179, 198, 205 Ether, 122, 167, 179 Evoke, 179, 205 Excitation, 179, 180, 194 External-beam radiation, 179, 189, 201, 210 Extracellular, 14, 168, 174, 178, 179, 180, 204 Extraction, 102, 179 F Fallopian tube, 179, 202 Family Planning, 147, 179 Fat, 169, 177, 179, 190, 204, 206 Fatty acids, 22, 30, 64, 127, 164, 180, 200 Febrile, 10, 73, 180, 201 Fetus, 70, 180, 205, 209 Fibrin, 169, 180, 197, 207 Fibroblasts, 180, 191 Fixation, 21, 26, 27, 34, 51, 180 Flatus, 180, 181 Flow Cytometry, 34, 45, 50, 52, 73, 86, 106, 180 Fluorescence, 7, 34, 180 Fluorescent Dyes, 180 Fold, 4, 180 Fosfomycin, 10, 180 Fovea, 180 Frameshift, 180, 181, 208 Frameshift Mutation, 181, 208 Fungus, 172, 181, 190, 193 G Galactosides, 168, 181 Gallbladder, 163, 172, 181 Gamma irradiation, 128, 181 Gamma Rays, 181, 193, 201 Ganglioside, 49, 106, 181 Gas, 30, 165, 171, 176, 180, 181, 185, 193, 194 Gastroenteritis, 181, 203, 210 Gastrointestinal, 3, 170, 172, 181, 206 Gene Deletion, 7, 31, 181 Gene Expression, 10, 11, 12, 17, 39, 64, 181 Gene Library, 181, 182 Genetic Code, 181, 195 Genetic Engineering, 169, 173, 182

Genetic testing, 182, 199 Genetics, 174, 182 Genital, 3, 172, 182, 209 Genitourinary, 3, 182, 209 Genomic Library, 41, 181, 182 Genotype, 169, 182, 198 Geographic Locations, 128, 182 Gestation, 131, 182, 197, 205 Gland, 133, 135, 182, 190, 196, 200, 203, 205 Glanders, 17, 182 Glomerular, 182 Glomeruli, 182 Glomerulonephritis, 61, 62, 182 Glottis, 182, 197 Glucans, 135, 182 Glucokinase, 24, 182 Glucose, 16, 35, 182, 184, 198 Glucose Oxidase, 16, 182 Glutathione Peroxidase, 183, 203 Glycine, 183, 194, 203 Glycoprotein, 5, 183, 207, 208 Glycosidic, 183, 195 Goats, 21, 25, 33, 35, 43, 76, 91, 103, 120, 126, 129, 130, 132, 133, 137, 139, 170, 175, 183 Gonorrhoea, 183, 195 Governing Board, 183, 199 Grade, 47, 89, 183 Graft, 183, 187 Graft Rejection, 183, 187 Gram-negative, 10, 11, 12, 15, 17, 120, 123, 126, 132, 134, 170, 183, 195, 199, 210 Gram-positive, 10, 183, 195, 205 Granule, 21, 46, 183, 202 Granuloma, 77, 82, 83, 183 Guanine, 135, 183, 201 Guanylate Cyclase, 183, 194 H Habitat, 184, 194 Habitual, 172, 184 Hantavirus, 82, 184 Haptens, 23, 164, 184 Headache, 170, 184, 188 Hemodiafiltration, 184, 208 Hemodialysis, 73, 176, 184, 208 Hemofiltration, 184, 208 Hemoglobin, 165, 179, 184 Hemolysis, 27, 38, 48, 184 Hemolytic, 83, 92, 184 Hemorrhage, 184, 203 Hepatitis, 13, 58, 89, 110, 184, 185

215

Hepatitis D, 58, 89, 184, 185 Hepatitis Delta Virus, 184, 185 Hepatocytes, 184, 185 Heredity, 181, 182, 185 Herpes, 112, 185 Herpes Zoster, 185 Heterogeneity, 45, 51, 86, 164, 185 Homogeneous, 133, 185 Homologous, 25, 53, 102, 113, 185 Hormonal, 167, 185 Hormone, 168, 185, 192 Horseradish Peroxidase, 16, 178, 185 Humoral, 13, 24, 27, 35, 42, 65, 102, 104, 112, 123, 124, 129, 183, 185 Humour, 185 Hybrid, 124, 185, 195 Hybridization, 10, 30, 34, 49, 73, 185, 195 Hydration, 11, 185 Hydrogen, 70, 168, 171, 175, 176, 183, 185, 186, 193, 194, 195, 196, 200, 206 Hydrogen Peroxide, 70, 183, 185, 206 Hydrogenation, 186, 201 Hydrolysis, 168, 186, 199, 200, 208 Hydrophilic, 135, 176, 186 Hydrophobic, 15, 21, 53, 111, 121, 135, 176, 186, 190 Hypersensitivity, 19, 20, 28, 60, 103, 106, 120, 165, 176, 186 Hypoplasia, 61, 186 I Immune Sera, 186 Immune system, 11, 134, 186, 187, 191, 209, 210 Immunization, 5, 17, 29, 45, 46, 47, 48, 170, 186, 187, 203 Immunoassay, 16, 21, 23, 27, 29, 32, 71, 98, 111, 121, 124, 126, 178, 186 Immunoblotting, 20, 29, 51, 76, 186 Immunodiffusion, 46, 48, 59, 104, 164, 186 Immunoelectrophoresis, 164, 175, 186 Immunofluorescence, 6, 186 Immunogen, 133, 186 Immunogenic, 25, 33, 48, 115, 127, 128, 132, 138, 186 Immunologic, 7, 172, 186, 187, 201 Immunologic Memory, 7, 187 Immunosuppressant, 187, 192 Immunosuppression, 52, 187, 191 Immunosuppressive, 187 Immunosuppressive Agents, 187 Immunosuppressive therapy, 187 Immunotherapy, 88, 176, 187

Implant radiation, 187, 189, 201, 210 Implantation, 174, 187 Impotence, 187, 205 In vivo, 9, 10, 15, 27, 78, 117, 187, 191 Incision, 187, 189 Incontinence, 187, 205 Incubation, 187, 197 Incubation period, 187, 197 Indomethacin, 31, 103, 187 Induction, 39, 40, 104, 121, 187 Infarction, 93, 187 Infertility, 123, 125, 132, 140, 188 Infiltration, 182, 188 Influenza, 8, 13, 188, 191 Infusion, 133, 188 Ingestion, 40, 129, 130, 131, 137, 139, 166, 188, 192, 198 Inhalation, 164, 188, 198 Initiation, 188, 204, 206 Initiator, 188 Insight, 6, 188 Interferon, 7, 31, 32, 40, 52, 55, 70, 103, 188, 191 Interferon-alpha, 188 Interleukin-1, 31, 32, 40, 54, 188 Interleukin-12, 32, 54, 188 Interleukin-2, 188 Intermittent, 126, 189, 197 Internal radiation, 189, 201, 210 Interstitial, 170, 189, 210 Intestinal, 3, 175, 178, 189 Intestinal Mucosa, 178, 189 Intestines, 163, 181, 189 Intracellular, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 40, 41, 46, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 61, 73, 78, 79, 80, 87, 98, 103, 104, 120, 128, 134, 136, 170, 173, 175, 188, 189, 192, 194, 203 Intracellular Membranes, 175, 189, 192 Intraperitoneal, 13, 189 Intravenous, 70, 188, 189 Intrinsic, 164, 189 Introns, 182, 189 Invasive, 134, 186, 189 Invertebrates, 182, 189 Ions, 168, 176, 177, 185, 189, 199 Irradiation, 128, 189, 210 Ischemia, 167, 181, 189 K Kb, 146, 189 Keto, 127, 189 Killer Cells, 189

216

Brucella

Kinetic, 11, 190 L Labile, 33, 111, 112, 173, 190 Laxative, 164, 190 Lectin, 28, 67, 190, 192 Lesion, 183, 190, 205 Lethal, 15, 17, 168, 190, 193, 203 Leukemia, 190 Lichens, 179, 190 Linkages, 182, 184, 190 Lipid, 12, 15, 105, 127, 135, 167, 189, 190 Lipoprotein, 28, 183, 190 Liposome, 133, 190 Liver, 163, 164, 169, 178, 181, 184, 185, 190, 208 Localization, 42, 54, 105, 190 Localized, 163, 180, 188, 190, 196, 198, 205 Loop, 8, 190 Low-density lipoprotein, 190 Lymph, 125, 133, 172, 178, 185, 190, 191 Lymph node, 125, 133, 172, 190, 191 Lymphatic, 178, 188, 190, 191, 205, 207 Lymphatic system, 190, 191, 205, 207 Lymphoblastic, 191 Lymphoblasts, 163, 191 Lymphocyte Depletion, 187, 191 Lymphocytic, 82, 191 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus, 82, 191 Lymphoid, 166, 191 Lysine, 191, 208 Lysosome, 50, 55, 99, 191, 197 Lytic, 109, 191, 204, 209 M Macrolides, 38, 191 Macrophage, 7, 9, 12, 17, 23, 35, 36, 43, 48, 50, 52, 56, 77, 78, 82, 93, 105, 117, 135, 136, 188, 191 Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins, 35, 77, 191 Malaise, 170, 191 Malignancy, 191, 196 Malnutrition, 164, 167, 191 Mammary, 77, 125, 133, 135, 191 Meat, 126, 130, 139, 191 Medical Records, 192, 202 MEDLINE, 147, 192 Membrane Proteins, 19, 27, 29, 30, 32, 36, 41, 44, 45, 53, 54, 134, 192 Memory, 7, 8, 45, 105, 192 Meninges, 171, 177, 192

Meningitis, 50, 58, 81, 85, 91, 95, 183, 191, 192 Meningoencephalitis, 65, 135, 192 Mental, iv, 4, 146, 148, 174, 176, 192, 201, 203 Mental Health, iv, 4, 146, 148, 192, 201 Mercury, 180, 192 Methanol, 110, 133, 192 Methotrexate, 4, 192 Methyltransferase, 53, 125, 192 Microbe, 13, 192, 207 Microorganism, 173, 192, 196, 209 Micro-organism, 125, 192 Microscopy, 6, 32, 36, 185, 192 Mitochondrial Swelling, 193, 194 Mitosis, 167, 193 Mitral Valve, 57, 193 Modification, 14, 28, 103, 182, 193 Monocyte, 28, 52, 67, 94, 193 Mononuclear, 18, 38, 88, 133, 135, 183, 193, 208 Monophosphate, 93, 193 Morphology, 29, 167, 193 Motility, 187, 193 Motion Sickness, 193, 194 Mucosa, 182, 193 Mustard Gas, 193 Mutagen, 128, 193 Mutagenesis, 5, 10, 13, 20, 36, 54, 78, 193 Mutate, 10, 193 Myalgia, 188, 193 Mycosis, 193 Mycotic, 128, 193 N Nasal Mucosa, 188, 193 Natural killer cells, 42, 188, 194 Nausea, 129, 181, 194 Necrosis, 54, 167, 187, 194, 203 Neonatal, 90, 127, 183, 194 Neoplasm, 194, 205 Networks, 117, 194 Neural, 185, 194 Neurotransmitter, 163, 170, 183, 194, 206 Neutralization, 12, 194 Neutrons, 164, 189, 194, 201 Neutropenia, 73, 194 Neutrophil, 135, 194 Niche, 6, 194 Nitric Oxide, 33, 42, 55, 102, 194 Nitrogen, 15, 164, 180, 194 Nuclear, 174, 177, 181, 194

217

Nuclei, 164, 174, 177, 182, 189, 193, 194, 195, 200 Nucleic acid, 85, 120, 181, 185, 194, 195, 201 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 185, 195 Nucleoprotein, 5, 185, 195 Nucleus, 167, 172, 175, 176, 181, 191, 193, 194, 195, 200, 205 O Occupational Groups, 89, 195 Ofloxacin, 25, 195 Oligonucleotide Probes, 34, 73, 195 Oligosaccharides, 14, 28, 195 Operon, 18, 34, 53, 57, 95, 195, 202 Ophthalmology, 180, 195 Orbit, 176, 195 Orchitis, 129, 195 Organelles, 171, 173, 175, 195 Osmosis, 195 Osmotic, 15, 164, 193, 195, 204 Osteomyelitis, 64, 196 Ovaries, 196, 202 Ovum, 182, 196, 210 Oxidation, 43, 166, 177, 183, 196 Oxidative metabolism, 29, 30, 163, 196 P Pacemaker, 39, 87, 196 Pachymeningitis, 192, 196 Pancreas, 163, 169, 196, 208 Papillomavirus, 13, 196 Parasite, 134, 196 Parasitism, 52, 196 Paroxysmal, 196, 197, 210 Particle, 190, 196 Patch, 62, 196 Pathogen, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 34, 36, 52, 53, 56, 104, 128, 129, 187, 196 Pathologic, 37, 104, 167, 175, 186, 196 Pathologic Processes, 167, 196 Pelvis, 163, 196, 209 Penicillin, 41, 54, 196 Penis, 196, 197, 202 Peptide, 34, 110, 122, 178, 197, 199, 200 Perinatal, 88, 197 Peripheral blood, 35, 38, 77, 188, 197 Peripheral Nerves, 197, 199 Peritoneal, 31, 42, 52, 63, 70, 189, 197 Peritoneal Cavity, 189, 197 Peritoneal Dialysis, 63, 197 Peritoneum, 197 Peritonitis, 63, 85, 93, 97, 183, 197 Peroxide, 183, 197

Pertussis, 57, 197, 210 Phagocytosis, 40, 79, 87, 135, 197 Phagosomes, 6, 30, 40, 80, 103, 197 Phallic, 180, 197 Pharmacokinetic, 12, 197 Pharmacologic, 168, 198, 207 Pharynx, 188, 198 Phenotype, 27, 33, 130, 174, 181, 198 Phosphoglucomutase, 33, 35, 78, 198 Phospholipids, 179, 190, 198 Phosphorus, 171, 198 Physiologic, 7, 169, 198, 202 Physiology, 7, 198 Phytotoxin, 198, 202 Plants, 169, 170, 171, 182, 190, 193, 198, 207 Plasma, 43, 103, 105, 164, 166, 172, 175, 184, 198, 204 Plasma cells, 166, 198 Plasmid, 10, 45, 52, 132, 198, 209 Platelet Aggregation, 165, 194, 198 Platelets, 194, 198 Pneumonia, 174, 198 Poisoning, 4, 181, 192, 194, 198 Polymerase, 7, 19, 36, 67, 93, 198, 202, 204 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 19, 36, 67, 93, 198 Polymers, 121, 168, 199, 200 Polymorphism, 19, 37, 46, 69, 78, 88, 199 Polyneuritis, 84, 199 Polypeptide, 164, 185, 199, 200, 210 Porins, 46, 53, 199 Potentiates, 188, 199 Practice Guidelines, 148, 199 Precursor, 177, 178, 199 Prevalence, 82, 89, 199 Probe, 49, 195, 199 Progeny, 174, 199 Progression, 165, 199 Progressive, 194, 199 Projection, 175, 199 Promoter, 7, 39, 104, 132, 199 Prophylaxis, 199, 209 Propolis, 109, 199 Prospective study, 85, 200 Prostaglandins, 187, 200 Prostaglandins A, 187, 200 Prostate, 200, 202 Protease, 15, 53, 126, 200 Protein C, 137, 164, 167, 173, 182, 190, 200, 208 Protein Conformation, 164, 200

218

Brucella

Protein S, 142, 169, 179, 181, 200, 202, 206, 207 Proteolytic, 173, 178, 200, 203 Proteome, 26, 75, 200 Protons, 164, 185, 200, 201 Protozoa, 174, 192, 200 Protozoal, 128, 200 Proximal, 133, 177, 200, 203 Psychiatry, 66, 180, 201 Public Health, 16, 74, 91, 141, 148, 201 Public Policy, 147, 201 Publishing, 18, 201 Pulmonary, 89, 131, 137, 169, 184, 201, 206, 209 Purines, 130, 135, 201, 203 Pyogenic, 196, 201 Pyrexia, 91, 201 Pyrimidines, 201, 203 Q Quinolones, 42, 79, 201 R Radiation, 5, 179, 180, 181, 187, 189, 201, 210 Radiation therapy, 179, 181, 189, 201, 210 Radioactive, 185, 187, 189, 193, 194, 201, 210 Radioisotope, 195, 201, 208 Radiolabeled, 169, 189, 201, 210 Radiotherapy, 170, 189, 201, 210 Randomized, 177, 201 Reagent, 129, 177, 202 Receptor, 56, 75, 82, 166, 202 Recombinant, 5, 23, 35, 45, 47, 49, 52, 54, 120, 123, 130, 132, 202, 209 Recombinant Proteins, 47, 130, 202 Recombination, 44, 174, 202 Rectum, 180, 181, 187, 200, 202 Recur, 126, 202 Recurrence, 134, 202 Red blood cells, 63, 106, 179, 184, 202 Reductase, 192, 202 Refer, 1, 173, 180, 185, 190, 194, 202, 207 Refraction, 202, 205 Regimen, 133, 177, 202 Relapse, 13, 49, 91, 202 Remission, 202 Repressor, 195, 202 Reproductive system, 134, 202 Resection, 56, 202 Retrospective, 71, 110, 202 Retrospective study, 71, 202 Reversion, 202, 208

Ribose, 163, 202 Ribosome, 25, 29, 68, 102, 202, 208 Ricin, 16, 202 Risk factor, 89, 178, 200, 203 Rod, 168, 203, 210 Rotavirus, 13, 203 Ruminants, 120, 183, 203 S Saline, 21, 25, 203 Screening, 10, 12, 55, 130, 173, 203 Scrotum, 131, 203, 207 Secretion, 9, 11, 38, 47, 50, 57, 75, 92, 185, 203 Secretory, 191, 203 Sedimentation, 171, 203 Selenium, 112, 203 Senescence, 8, 203 Sensory loss, 203, 205 Sepsis, 12, 203 Septal, 60, 62, 203 Septic, 12, 167, 203 Sequence Analysis, 24, 65, 102, 203 Sequence Homology, 9, 203 Sequencing, 14, 24, 34, 102, 125, 199, 203 Sequester, 12, 203 Serine, 15, 203, 208 Seroconversion, 120, 139, 203 Serologic, 19, 27, 50, 123, 173, 186, 203, 204 Serologic Tests, 27, 123, 204 Serology, 132, 204 Serum Albumin, 170, 204 Shock, 12, 15, 24, 39, 104, 132, 165, 204, 208 Shunt, 65, 85, 97, 204 Side effect, 204, 207 Sigma Factor, 7, 204 Signs and Symptoms, 202, 204 Skeleton, 163, 204 Skin test, 20, 204 Skull, 195, 204, 207 Small intestine, 172, 177, 185, 189, 204, 208 Sneezing, 197, 204 Sodium, 27, 51, 133, 204 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, 27, 204 Soft tissue, 169, 204 Solvent, 192, 195, 204 Somatic, 51, 185, 193, 204 Spasmodic, 197, 205 Specialist, 153, 205 Specificity, 27, 41, 93, 120, 124, 164, 205 Spectroscopic, 11, 205 Spectrum, 8, 205, 210 Sperm, 172, 205, 207

219

Spinal cord, 60, 80, 171, 172, 177, 179, 192, 196, 197, 205 Spinal Cord Compression, 60, 205 Spinal Fractures, 205 Spleen, 27, 114, 190, 191, 205 Spondylitis, 56, 63, 69, 85, 96, 205 Spontaneous Abortion, 125, 134, 205 Sporadic, 115, 205 Steady state, 11, 205 Sterile, 131, 167, 205 Sterility, 134, 188, 205 Stimulus, 30, 103, 179, 187, 205 Stomach, 103, 163, 179, 181, 185, 189, 194, 197, 198, 203, 204, 205 Strand, 198, 205 Streptococcal, 65, 205 Streptococcus, 3, 82, 205 Streptomycin, 30, 69, 85, 89, 206 Stress, 23, 36, 53, 128, 181, 194, 206 Subacute, 188, 206 Subclinical, 188, 206 Subcutaneous, 179, 206 Subspecies, 205, 206 Substance P, 179, 203, 206 Substrate, 16, 88, 95, 129, 172, 178, 206 Sulfates, 204, 206 Superoxide, 18, 22, 25, 27, 49, 55, 93, 114, 122, 123, 206 Superoxide Dismutase, 18, 22, 25, 27, 49, 55, 93, 114, 122, 123, 206 Supplementation, 112, 206 Surfactant, 204, 206 Symbiosis, 14, 15, 206 Symptomatic, 16, 135, 206 Synovial, 54, 55, 98, 206 Synovial Fluid, 54, 55, 98, 206 Synovial Membrane, 206 Syphilis, 195, 206 Systemic, 81, 134, 165, 167, 169, 188, 189, 201, 206, 208, 210 T Tachycardia, 168, 206 Tachypnea, 168, 206 Temporal, 17, 207 Tendon, 170, 173, 207 Testicles, 203, 207 Testicular, 131, 207 Testis, 195, 207 Tetracycline, 38, 89, 177, 207 Theophylline, 201, 207 Thermal, 176, 194, 198, 207 Threonine, 203, 207

Thrombin, 180, 198, 200, 207 Thrombocytopenia, 83, 92, 207 Thrombomodulin, 200, 207 Thrombosis, 96, 200, 207 Thymus, 186, 190, 191, 207 Tonicity, 184, 207 Topical, 185, 207 Torsion, 188, 207 Toxic, iv, 34, 41, 42, 82, 132, 174, 186, 192, 198, 203, 207 Toxicity, 12, 192, 207 Toxicology, 111, 148, 207 Toxin, 16, 178, 207 Toxoplasmosis, 168, 208 Tracer, 185, 208 Transfection, 51, 169, 208 Transfer Factor, 186, 208 Translation, 7, 179, 208 Translational, 9, 208 Transplantation, 186, 191, 208 Trauma, 184, 194, 208 Trypsin, 28, 178, 208, 210 Tuberculosis, 13, 15, 122, 128, 136, 195, 208 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 42, 43, 50, 82, 83, 208 TYPHI, 33, 71, 208 Typhimurium, 45, 52, 128, 208 Typhoid fever, 208 U Ulceration, 182, 208 Ultrafiltration, 46, 184, 208 Urea, 129, 208 Urease, 37, 129, 208 Urinary, 172, 182, 187, 208, 209 Urine, 169, 183, 187, 208, 209 Urogenital, 182, 209 Uterus, 129, 172, 196, 202, 209 V Vaccination, 7, 10, 13, 44, 47, 55, 85, 99, 102, 106, 112, 120, 123, 124, 125, 129, 132, 134, 137, 139, 209 Vacuole, 71, 209 Vagina, 172, 202, 209 Vaginal, 131, 209 Vaginal Discharge, 131, 209 Vascular, 73, 165, 178, 188, 194, 209 Vasculitis, 81, 209 Vasodilator, 170, 179, 209 Vector, 5, 55, 133, 209 Vein, 165, 189, 194, 209 Venous, 200, 209 Ventricle, 193, 209

220

Brucella

Ventricular, 62, 209 Vertebrae, 205, 209 Vertebral, 205, 209 Veterinarians, 82, 132, 139, 209 Veterinary Medicine, 13, 105, 113, 147, 209 Viral, 5, 13, 129, 178, 188, 209 Virulent, 7, 10, 11, 16, 17, 26, 51, 52, 55, 68, 99, 128, 129, 132, 170, 209 Virus, 5, 13, 23, 129, 182, 184, 185, 188, 191, 209 Vitro, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 18, 25, 26, 27, 31, 35, 36, 38, 39, 46, 47, 49, 70, 77, 78, 79, 91, 92, 109, 114, 117, 128, 133, 135, 187, 198, 204, 209 Vivo, 63, 134, 191, 210 W War, 184, 193, 210

White blood cell, 163, 166, 191, 193, 194, 198, 210 Whole cell vaccine, 132, 210 Whooping Cough, 197, 210 Womb, 202, 209, 210 X Xenograft, 165, 210 X-ray, 11, 171, 180, 181, 189, 193, 194, 201, 210 X-ray therapy, 189, 210 Y Yeasts, 181, 198, 210 Yersinia, 3, 15, 19, 25, 30, 32, 35, 38, 50, 55, 57, 59, 99, 103, 121, 136, 137, 210 Yersinia enterocolitica, 19, 25, 30, 32, 35, 38, 50, 55, 57, 59, 99, 103, 121, 210 Z Zygote, 174, 210 Zymogen, 200, 210

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