BLINDNESS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Blindness: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83793-7 1. Blindness-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on blindness. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BLINDNESS ................................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Blindness....................................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 58 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 59 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BLINDNESS ...................................................................................... 99 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 99 Finding Nutrition Studies on Blindness...................................................................................... 99 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 106 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 106 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BLINDNESS .............................................................. 109 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 109 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 109 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 120 General References ..................................................................................................................... 125 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON BLINDNESS ................................................................................ 127 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 127 Dissertations on Blindness......................................................................................................... 127 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 131 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND BLINDNESS........................................................................... 133 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 133 Recent Trials on Blindness......................................................................................................... 133 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 137 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON BLINDNESS ........................................................................................... 139 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 139 Patents on Blindness.................................................................................................................. 139 Patent Applications on Blindness .............................................................................................. 158 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 171 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON BLINDNESS .............................................................................................. 173 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 173 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 173 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 174 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 179 Chapters on Blindness................................................................................................................ 180 Directories.................................................................................................................................. 188 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON BLINDNESS.................................................................................... 191 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 191 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 191 Audio Recordings....................................................................................................................... 193 Bibliography: Multimedia on Blindness .................................................................................... 194 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BLINDNESS................................................................. 195 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 195 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 195 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 197 Academic Periodicals covering Blindness .................................................................................. 198 CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS................................................................................. 199 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 199 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 199 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 200
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 205 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 205 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 205 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 207 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 210 The Genome Project and Blindness............................................................................................ 210 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 215 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 215 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 215 Associations and Blindness........................................................................................................ 223 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 223 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 227 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 227 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 227 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 227 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 227 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 233 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 234 BLINDNESS DICTIONARY........................................................................................................ 235 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 325
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with blindness is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about blindness, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to blindness, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on blindness. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to blindness, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on blindness. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BLINDNESS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on blindness.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and blindness, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “blindness” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness: Special Issue On Diabetes Source: Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness. 87(9): 323-392. November 1993. Contact: Available from AFB Press. American Foundation for the Blind, 15 W. 16th Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 829-0500. Summary: In this Special Issue on Diabetes, medical professionals, blindness rehabilitation specialists, diabetes educators, researchers, and consumers share the depth and breadth of their knowledge about diabetes and blindness. Twenty articles are included, categorized into sections on medical issues, Native Americans, adaptive devices and materials, blindness rehabilitation and diabetes education, exercise, psychological issues, support networks, and professional guidelines. Specific topics include the role of the diabetes educator, the impact of cultural beliefs, blood glucose
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monitoring and insulin measurement devices for visually impaired persons, patient care teams and delivery of health care, exercise programs for people with diabetes and visual impairment, the use of thermal biofeedback therapy to alleviate depression and pain, and the use of a peer support network for blind people with diabetes. Each article includes a list of references for readers who wish additional information. •
Painful Chewing and Blindness: Signs and Symptoms of Temporal Arteritis Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 131(12): 1738-1741. December 2000. Contact: Available from American Dental Association. ADA Publishing Co, Inc., 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2867. Website: www.ada.org. Summary: This article presents a case report that illustrates the need to consider temporal arteritis in the differential diagnosis of jaw or tooth pain. This disease affects the cranial arteries, more frequently in women and usually in those older than age 60 years, causing jaw pain, visual symptoms, headache, scalp pain, and sometimes blindness. In this case, a 71 year old man had jaw pain that increased with chewing and speaking, scalp tenderness, and dimming vision. A temporal artery biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of temporal arteritis. Treatment with decreasing amounts of oral steroids over 23 months was successful in relieving his signs and symptoms and in saving his vision. The authors caution that patients with this disease may seek care from their dentist first, so dentists must maintain a high index of suspicion. Jaw or tooth pain is the most reliable clinical symptom in the diagnosis of temporal arteritis. Diagnosis and timely referral for treatment with oral steroids can prevent blindness. This disease, which has been called the prime medical emergency in ophthalmology, also should be considered a prime medical emergency for dentists. 2 figures. 21 references.
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Elimination of Preventable Blindness from Diabetes by the Year 2000 Source: Diabetes Educator. 18(2): 155-156. March-April 1992. Summary: This article reports on a new project, Elimination of Preventable Blindness from Diabetes by the Year 2000, or Diabetes 2000, that was announced at the American Academy of Ophthalmology's (AAO) 1989 Annual Meeting. Topics include facts about diabetic retinopathy; what can be done to close the gap between advances in research and changes in treatment patterns; creating effective partnerships between health care practitioners; and participation by ophthalmologists. 2 references.
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Diabetes 2000-Elimination of Preventable Blindness from Diabetes by the Year 2000 (editorial) Source: Missouri Medicine. 87(6): 335-336. June 1990. Summary: This editorial describes an ambitious, long-term education program aimed at both the medical profession and the American public, the goal of which is to eliminate blindness from the preventable and/or treatable forms of diabetic eye disease by the end of this decade. The author describes the three phases of the program: educating ophthalmologists and all physicians managing people with diabetes on the latest technologies and research findings about diabetic eye disease; efforts to educate people with diabetes about eye problems and the need for prevention, detection, and treatment; and the education of the general public on the same matters. 4 references.
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Preventing Blindness from Diabetic Eye Disease: Texas Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 39(45): 812-813, 819. November 16, 1990. Summary: This report describes a program to prevent blindness from Diabetic eye disease (DED) in two areas of southern Texas. From October 1986 through September 1988, the two programs screened 2,741 persons with diabetes for DED. Of those screened, 146 (5.3 percent) were recommended for immediate treatment. The editorial note appended to this report comments on the barriers to optimal care for preventing complications of diabetes. 1 table. 3 references.
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Special Issue on Deaf-Blindness Source: Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness. 89(3): 195-312. May-June 1995. Contact: Available from Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness. 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, NY 12210. (800) 877-2693. Summary: This special issue of the Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness focuses on Deaf-Blindness. Sections include first-person accounts from people who are DeafBlind; the history of Deaf-Blind education; early intervention; teaching strategies; inclusion; outreach; transition; low vision; psychosocial issues; research notes; and international issues, including international perspectives on terminology. Specific topics covered include social opportunities and relationships of children who are Deaf-Blind; the psychosocial implications of Usher Syndrome; cochlear implants in people who are Deaf-Blind; teaching children with dual sensory disabilities; using interpreter-tutors in school programs for students who are Deaf-Blind; teaching strategies of the van Dijk curricular approach; meeting personnel training needs; and the need for qualified teachers of students who are Deaf-Blind. Most of the articles include references.
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Diabetes Insipidus and Blindness Caused by a Suprasellar Tumor: Pieter Pauw's Observations from the 16th Century Source: JAMA. Journal of American Medical Association. 279(1): 48-50. January 7, 1998. Summary: Tumors in the suprasellar region may cause both visual and endocrinologic symptoms. This association, well known to modern physicians, was established during the 19th century. This article reports on the authors work that identified a 16th century autopsy report, written by the Dutch professor of anatomy Pieter Pauw (1564-1617) which describes an 18 year old girl who developed marked polyuria and subsequently became totally blind from a cystic tumor compressing the optic chiasm. Based on prevailing theories on the nature of diabetes, Pauw attributed the disease to the kidneys. Undoubtedly, however, his lucid report is the earliest known account of diabetes insipidus caused by arachnoid cyst, the Rathke cleft cyst, or craniopharyngioma in the region of the pouch of Rathke. The authors description also gives insights into the role of anatomic dissections in late 16th century northern Europe. 2 figures. 27 references. (AA).
Federally Funded Research on Blindness The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to blindness. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of
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Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to blindness. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore blindness. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for blindness: •
Project Title: A GENETIC DETERMINANT OF RESISTANCE TO HSV Principal Investigator & Institution: Cantin, Edouard M.; Associate Research Scientist; City of Hope National Medical Center Duarte, Ca 91010 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Multiple genes, including both major histocompatability genes (H2) and non-H2 genes, play important roles in determining resistance to herpesvirus infections by regulating adaptive and innate immune responses, respectively. Definition of the cells, their interactions, relative contributions and genes involved in resistance is essential for the design of innovative strategies to augment resistance to HSV-1. We present here, evidence for a novel locus that governs resistance to HSV-1. The resistance locus that we have provisionally named Herpes Resistance Locus (Hrl) appears closely linked to the TNF p55 receptor (TNFR1) on murine chromosome 6. Hrl was discovered serendipitously in the course of studies to determine whether TNF signaling through the p55 or p75 (TNFR2) or both receptors, was involved in protection against HSV-l. There are at least two alleles for Hrl in inbred mouse strains, a resistance allele and a susceptibility allele present in C57BL/6 and 129 strains, respectively. We have determined in a N2 backcross that Hrl is inherited as dominant autosomal locus that is solely responsible for resistance in male mice, whereas a second locus termed the Sex Modifier Locus, Sml, functions to augment resistant in female mice. In addition to determining resistance to HSV challenge, we present evidence that Hrl also affects HSV reactivation, possibly through interaction with another gene(s). Future studies of Hrl have the potential to reveal new therapeutic targets for HSV-l infections and new approaches for blocking or reducing clinically important recurrent HSV-1 infections such as herpes stromal keratitis, a leading cause of blindness in developed countries. Moreover, the identification and characterization of both Hrl and Sml has the potential to provide important insights into sex-based differences in immunity. The specific aims of this proposal are therefore (1) to genetically map Hrl at high resolution to a 1 cM interval, (2) to identify a B6-derived bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone that can dominantly transfer resistance to HSV induced mortality when expressed as a transgene in the 129 or other susceptible (e.g. AJJ or DBA/2) strain background and (3), to use bioinformatics tools and other approaches to identify possible candidate genes for Hrl in the rescuing BAC and
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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demonstrate that null mutants of the gene in the C57BL/6 background are susceptible to HSV, thereby confirming the candidate gene as Hrl. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: AGE-INDUCED PHENOTYPE OF THE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Handa, James T.; Associate Professor; Ophthalmology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): While a number of genes have been postulated to be involved in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness among the elderly in the US, a comprehensive mRNA phenotype of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in vivo is at present unknown. Determination of an RPE mRNA phenotype could identify the genes critical to the development of AMD, identify markers of disease, and lead to new preventative and treatment strategies. Basal deposits in Bruch's membrane are an early recognizable change that occur prior to degeneration of the RPE and are a histopathological marker for AMD. Recently, our laboratory identified an age-dependent accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in Bruch's membrane and basal deposits. AGEs are structures formed during the series of nonenzymatic reactions between sugars or other precursors, and long-lived proteins that alter the phenotype of a variety of cell types. Our laboratory has also recently shown that AGEs alter the expression of genes involved in matrix regulation, cell polarity, and apoptosis in RPE cells. Our long term goal is to define an extensive mRNA phenotype of the RPE in health and AMD which will in turn, yield insights into the pathogenesis of AMD. Specifically, we want to define the component of that phenotype which is regulated by AGEs. We hypothesize that the presence of AGEs in basal deposits is responsible for a switch in the phenotype of RPE cells that is consistent with alterations in matrix regulation, RPE cell polarity, and apoptosis. To test this hypothesis we ask 3 questions: 1. Are the mRNA phenotypes of macular RPE cells overlying basal deposits and normal Bruch's membrane different? 2. Does AGE modified matrix induce an RPE mRNA phenotype in vitro that is a subset of the phenotype expressed by RPE cells overlying basal deposits? 3. Is a subset of the AGE induced mRNA phenotype of RPE cells mediated by the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products? To answer these questions we will use laser capture microdissection to obtain pure samples of RPE cells from tissue specimens for mRNA phenotyping by microarray analysis. We will also utilize an in vitro AGE-matrix system to determine what subset of genes is regulated by AGEs. This project hopes to establish an extensive mRNA phenotype of the RPE in both health and AMD, and define a subset of genes induced by AGEs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ATHEROSCLEROSIS MACULOPATHY
AND
RISK
OF
AGE-RELATED
Principal Investigator & Institution: Cruickshanks, Karen J.; Professor; Ophthalmology and Visual Sci; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) The purpose of this epidemiologic study is to evaluate the association of markers of generalized atherosclerosis with the incidence of early and late stage age-related maculopathy in a population-based, nested incident case-control
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study. This proposal builds on the population-based studies of aging in Beaver Dam, WI: The Beaver Dam Eye Study (EY06594) and the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study (AG11099). Participants with incident early age-related maculopathy or incident latestage age-related maculopathy as determined from grading of standardized photographs taken at two examinations five years apart will be eligible as cases for this study. Participants without age-related maculopathy at the time of the 1 0-yr follow-up eye examination will be eligible as controls. Incident early cases will be frequencymatched by age and gender to controls using a two-to-one ratio of controls to cases. Incident late age-related maculopathy cases will be frequency-matched to controls by age and gender using a three-to-one ratio of controls to cases. Based on expected 5-yr incidence rates and participation rates in both studies, we estimate that a total of 189 cases with incident early age-related maculopathy and 378 controls and 34 cases with incident late age-related maculopathy and 102 controls will be included in this study. Generalized atherosclerosis will be measured by intima-medial thickness and the presence of plaque in the carotid arteries. Stored videotapes of B mode ultrasound scans of the carotid arteries were obtained as of the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study, using a modification of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study protocol. These scans will be read, and measurements of the intima-medial thickness made, using the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities ultrasound reading protocol. Age-related maculopathy is well-recognized to be the leading cause of blindness among older adults and a significant public health problem for older adults. As yet there is no way to prevent or effectively treat this disorder. This study will provide important epidemiologic information about the role of atherosclerosis in the etiology of age-related maculopathy. It takes advantage of an unique opportunity to evaluate this association by utilizing an existing population-based cohort with standardized assessments of the incidence of age-related maculopathy and standardized carotid artery ultrasound scans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF THE MACULAR CAROTENOIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bernstein, Paul S.; Assistant Professor; Ophthalmology and Visual Scis; University of Utah 200 S University St Salt Lake City, Ut 84112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: The human macula, the specialized region of the retina responsible for high resolution visual acuity, selectively accumulates two xanthophy11 carotenoids derived from the diet, lutein and zeaxanthin. Several recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated a strong inverse correlation between dietary intake of lutein and zeaxanthin and the risk of progression Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) the leading cause of blindness among the elderly in the United States. It is thought that the macular carotenoids protect against least-induced damage to the retina by filtering out damaging wavelengths of light and by acting as antioxidants. The biochemical mechanisms that mediate the selective uptake, concentration, and stabilization of the macular carotenoids are unknown. In lower animals, such as lobsters and cyanobacteria, specialized carotenoid-binding proteins perform these tasks. It is hypothesized that comparable carotenoid-binding proteins may have a similar role in the human macula. A major goal of this project is to understand the biochemical processes responsible for the specific deposition of lutein and zeaxanthin the macula, with special emphasis on the search for potential carotenoid-binding proteins. This project will also investigate the properties of carotenoid- protein and carotenoid-lipid interactions through quantitative
Studies
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binding studies and various spectroscopic methods, including resonance Raman spectroscopy, in model systems and in intact retinal tissue. The experiments of this proposal may provide new insights into the biochemical basis of the specific uptake lutein and zeaxanthin into the macula. Derangements of the mechanisms of uptake and stabilization of the macular carotenoids could have profound impact on the progression of AMD and inherited retinal dystrophies. Anticipated interventional clinical studies may be able to take advantage of the specific uptake systems to increase the level of macular carotenoid pigment and perhaps retard or prevent the progressive blindness produced by these diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIOGENESIS OF THE CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS VACUOLE Principal Investigator & Institution: Engel, Joanne N.; Associate Professor; Medicine; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of sexually transmitted diseases in this country and a major cause of blindness in third world countries. The ability of this obligate intracellular parasite to enter a non-phagocytic epithelial cell and survive within the hostile intracellular environment of the eukaryotic cytoplasm is key to its pathogenesis. The intimate interactions between chlamydia and its eukaryotic host is likely to involve natural biological pathways of the eukaryotic cell that the parasite usurps for its own survival. Study of these processes will yield insights into eukaryotic cell biology as well as insights into chlamydial disease pathogenesis. From these studies may emerge new therapeutic approaches to treating or preventing chlamydial infections. Specific Aim 1: The investigators hypothesize that successful C. trachomatis biovar LGV entry and intracellular development in epithelial cells involves at least two separate pathways, one of which is clathrin-independent, and have preliminary evidence that entry and/or development is dependent upon the host actin cytoskeleton and is modulated by c-src. (A) They will test the role of clathrin mediated endocytosis by assessing the effect in epithelial cells of expression of dominant negative (DN) alleles of dynamin, ARF-6, or clathrin on C trachomatis binding, entry, and replication. (B) They will further investigate the role of the actin cytoskeleton in the C trachomatis life cycle by determining whether the actin-regulating GTPases rac, rho, and CDC42 affect LGV and serovar E binding, entry, and replication in polarized and non-polarized epithelial cells. (C) They will determine the mechanism of c-src-mediated stimulation of C. trachomatis infectivity. Specific aim 2: An unusual aspect of the C. trachomatis life cycle is the receipt of sphingomyelin from the trans Golgi Network (TGN) by the bacteriacontaining vacuole. They will test the hypothesis that the C. trachomatis vacuole interacts with one or more apical exocytic pathways including the newly proposed exocytic pathway in which lipid rafts transport sphingolipids, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins, and other designated proteins to the apical surface of polarized epithelial cells. Using several approaches, they will identify specific host cell factors required for the delivery of sphingomyelin from the TGN to the C. trachomatis vacuole. This will help to further define the pathway involved. These studies may lead to the development of new anti-chlamydial drug therapies and further our understanding of lipid trafficking in eukaryotic cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BIOLOGY OF PHAGE INFECTION IN CHLAMYDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Bavoil, Patrik M.; Oral & Craniofacial Biol Scis; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlamydial disease of humans includes predominant ocular, genital and respiratory tract infections, with sequelae ranging from blindness, to female infertility, arthritis and asthma. Chronic infection with the respiratory pathogen, Chlamydia pneumoniae is also associated with coronary heart disease, the number one killer disease of humans. In spite of their public health magnitude, chlamydiae are reputed for their elusiveness as infectious microorganisms to clinicians and molecular biologists alike. This owes to several factors, prominent among which are a unique obligate intracellular developmental lifestyle and the fact that chlamydiae have resisted genetic manipulation to this day. We have isolated a bacteriophage, phiCPG1 from the model Chlamydia psittaci strain ?Guinea Pig Inclusion Conjunctivitis?. A member of the single-stranded DNA microviridae family, phiCPG1 is nearly identical to a ?virtual? phage of C. pneumoniae that was revealed by genome sequence analysis. The infection of an intracellular pathogen by its own parasitic bacteriophage is a unique biological phenomenon, with potentially important implications in infection and disease. Moreover, phages offer unique opportunities for the development of molecular and genetic tools for research. The objectives of this application are therefore to gain a broad understanding of Chlamydia phage biology in the context of chlamydial infection. We will determine the molecular basis of the interaction of the phage with its host and comparatively evaluate gene expression in phage-free and phage-infected bacteria. The availability of well-established models of infection and disease in the guinea pig will allow for the first time to study the impact of phage infection on the natural infection of a vertebrate animal by an obligate intracellular pathogen. Finally, the information gained in these studies will be exploited toward the development of genetic methodologies in Chlamydia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BLIND PEDESTRIANS' ACCESS TO COMPLEX INTERSECTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Long, Richard G.; Principal Research Associate; Center for Human Services; Western Michigan University 1903 W Michigan Ave Kalamazoo, Mi 49008 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: The central aims of the proposed bioengineering research partnership (BRP) are: to use the strengths of a multi-disciplinary team to understand the perceptual and cognitive requirements of negotiating complex intersections without vision and with low vision; to design and test engineering and training solutions to problems of information access that are currently known and that are identified in the course of this partnership; and to produce materials about the problems and solutions that are useful to transportation engineers, individuals with visual impairments, and rehabilitation and clinical personnel. The BRP will focus on intersections that are complex by virtue of their size, shape, and/or signalization. The partnership will involve teams of engineers, rehabilitation professionals, and experimental psychologists from Western Michigan University (WMU), the University of North Carolina's Highway Safety Research Center (UNC-HSRC), Vanderbilt University (VU), Boston College (BC), and the Maryland School for the Blind (MSB). Pedestrian safety has been recognized as a major public health concern. For pedestrians with blindness and low vision, many of the traditional
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approaches to negotiating intersections are no longer effective, and this has led to increased personal risk and to the potential for decreased quality of life. It is essential that blindness researchers work collaboratively with engineers in order to find ways to address real needs and to realistically deal with the human interface requirements of access technology for persons with visual impairments. The lead institution for the partnership is Western Michigan University, and there will be collaboration across teams on most projects. The University of North Carolina's Highway Safety Research team will provide transportation engineering support to the other teams of researchers and will take the lead in the dissemination activities of the partnership. The Boston College team will investigate characteristics of accessible pedestrian signals, with the goal of developing more useful signals. The Vanderbilt team will also work to develop more useful pedestrian signals and will conduct basic acoustics research about the perception of moving sound sources as this relates to street crossing. In addition, they will develop a two-speaker auditory motion display as a research and training tool. The Maryland School for the Blind team has specific expertise in low vision mobility and will conduct research concerning eye gaze strategies and mental effort during street crossings. The WMU team will investigate street crossing behavior at roundabout intersections, the effects of various detectable warning materials on nonvisual street detection and on the safety of persons with other mobility impairments, and the use of tactile cues for street-crossing alignment. WMU engineers and blind rehabilitation faculty also will also develop the "Anti-Veering Training Device" to reduce veering during street crossing. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BRAIN CORRELATES OF AUDITORY PROCESSING IN THE BLIND Principal Investigator & Institution: Stevens, Alexander A.; Assistant Professor; Psychiatry; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: :(provided by the applicant) Blind individuals rely on sound to perceive the distal environment much as sighted individuals rely on vision. Although several lines of research point to enhanced auditory capabilities in blind individuals, the precise nature and extent of such capabilities are unclear. Understanding perceptual differences in auditory processing between blind and sighted individuals, and the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying these differences, forms this project's long-range goal. The present proposal brings techniques of human psychophysical measurement and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRl) to bear on three topics: a) the quantification of advantages blind individuals may hold for a range of auditory perceptual and cognitive abilities (e.g., discrimination, attention, memory, and knowledge acquisition), b) the relationship between these abilities and the cortical organization in temporal, occipital and parietal cortex areas resulting from blindness, and c) the relationship between age of onset of blindness, auditory skills and cortical organization. Using methods of signal detection, initial studies will measure blind and sighted individuals' ability to detect, discriminate, and attend to both simple (e.g., frequency) and complex features of sound (e.g., timbre, resonance modes). In order to examine the neural systems underlying auditory processing differences in blind and sighted individuals, fMRl studies will adapt the above behavioral tasks to measure the location, volume and intensity of hemodynamic response in the temporal, parietal and occipital cortices. Additionally, we will compare early blind (EB), late blind (LB) and sighted (SC) individuals to examine the effects of early visual experience on functional reorganization of the brain. The fMRl studies will manipulate stimulus complexity and
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Blindness
task difficulty to assess their relative contributions to posterior cortical activity. Recent studies have begun to reveal the considerable abilities of the ear to acquire, retain, and retrieve knowledge about the physical attributes of sound-producing objects and the forces that set them in motion. Accordingly, a second set of studies will determine whether EB individuals show learning advantages over LB and SC individuals. This proposal brings together a novel combination advanced psychoacoustic techniques and fMRI in order to clarify the behavioral capacities and neural concomitants of complex auditory processing in both healthy and blind populations. In sum, this research program should shed important light on behavioral and functional changes in auditory processing as a result of visual impairment. Not only can this improve our understanding of normal auditory processing in sighted individuals, but also can suggest new ways in which the blind may compensate for their visual impairment by optimizing their use of expanded auditory capabilities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CLN3: MODULATION OF APOPTOSIS AND CERAMIDE LEVELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Boustany, Rose-Mary N.; Tenured Associate Professor; Pediatrics; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Long term goals are the development of rational therapies for the juvenile form of Batten disease and cancer based on the specifics of molecular, subcellular and biochemical determinants of the impact of CLN3 on apoptosis and ceramide generation. Batten disease or the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis are a group of fatal disorders characterized by progressive cognitive and motor impairment, blindness, intractable seizures, and accelerated neuronal and photoreceptor loss. Multiple lines of evidence have converged to suggest that the defect in CLN3 causing JNCL results in apoptotic neuronal death. These are: presence of nuclear chromatin condensation by EM and evidence of DNA fragmentation by TUNEL staining of JNCL neurons, upregulation of Bcl-2 in surviving, nonapoptotic JNCL neurons, and increased ceramide levels in JNCL brain. At a cellular level, overexpression of CLN3 protein results in resistance to apoptosis induced by serum deprivation and chemotherapeutic agents, inhibition of caspase-3 activation, and a modulation of ceramide levels. Blocking CLN3 expression in human post-mitotic neurons results in spontaneous apoptosis, which was prevented by the antiapoptotic drug, flupirtine. Importantly, these antiapoptotic mechanisms also operate in cancer. There is significant over-expression of CLN3 in human and mouse cancer cell lines, and solid human colon cancer. An antisense- CLN3 adeno-virus blocks CLN3 expression in these lines, causes inhibition of cancer cell growth, increased apoptosis with loss of potential across the mitochondrial membrane, and an increase in ceramide levels. Cells derived from JNCL patients are an excellent model for the study of effects of CLN3 on apoptosis and ceramide. Overall hypothesis: the CLN3 protein impacts apoptotic pathways has a negative regulatory role in apoptosis. Specific hypotheses: a) subcellular localization(s) for this membrane protein impacts its role in apoptosis; b) motifs within CLN3 contribute to its regulatory effects on apoptosis; c) CLN3 modulates one of the steps in ceramide synthesis clearance pathways; and d) motifs within CLN3 and or CLN3 subcellular localization(s) may have an effect on ceramide levels. Specific aims include: 1) to establish the impact of CLN3 on apoptotic pathways by analyzing global gene expression; 2) to determine the determinants of CLN3 for regulating apoptosis by defining subcellular localization and CLN3 amino acids and motifs resulting in this regulation; and 3) To determine whether a step in ceramide synthesis/clearance is
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modulated by CLN3 by scrutinizing ceramide synthesis/clearing enzymes and metabolism in CLN3-deficient cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COLLAGEN XVIII IN CORNEAL NEOVASCULARIZATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Chang, Jin-Hong; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary 243 Charles St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Background: Corneal neovascularization is a major cause of blindness worldwide. The objective of our research is to identify the role of collagen XVIII and its proteolytic fragments in corneal neovascularization. Our laboratory has found that MMP-7 cleaves corneal and recombinant collagen XVIII to generate a 28 kDa fragment which may regulate corneal neovascularization during corneal wound healing. Hypothesis: Activated MMP-7 in cornea may contribute to the production of endostatin and endostatin-spanning fragments, which inhibit corneal neovascularization. Specific Aims: A. To determine the distribution of endostatin and MMP-7-derived proteolytic fragment of collagen XVIII in the cornea in vivo and in vitro. B. To characterize the function of endostatin and MMP-7-derived proteolytic fragment of collagen XVIII in vascular endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation in vitro. C. To characterize the role of endostatin and MMP-7-derived proteolytic fragment of collagen XVIII in corneal neovascularization in vivo. Significance: Understanding the mechanisms that maintain corneal avascularity may allow us to prevent blindness caused by corneal neovascularization. The study of endostatin and MMP-7 in the cornea may provide valuable information about their possible clinical significance in corneal neovascularization and wound healing. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CROSS MODAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN VISION AND TOUCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Sathian, Krishnankutty; Associate Professor; Neurology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract) The long-term objective of this investigation is to expand knowledge of multimodal sensory processing and the plasticity of the underlying neural mechanisms, with a view ultimately to devising novel neuro- rehabilitative approaches. It is hypothesized that visual processing is involved in macrogeometric tactile tasks like discrimination of orientation and form but not in microgeometric tactile tasks such as Braille reading. Specific Aim I investigates the role of visual processing in tactile perception of orientation and form. Positron emission tomography (PET) studies will establish whether recruitment of visual cortical areas in tactile discrimination of grating orientation is hemisphere-specific or related to the hand used or the side of space in which it is positioned; assess overlap between neural processes mediating visual and tactile perception and imagery of grating orientation; and compare brain activation patterns with psychophysical findings in sighted and blind individuals to dissociate the contributions of visual and haptic imagery to tactile perception and test the predictions that early--onset blindness impairs tactile orientation/form discrimination while later-- onset blindness results in asymmetries attributable to use-dependent neural plasticity. PET studies in Specific Aim II test the prediction that visual processing is not normally involved in tactile hyperacuity (a task using Braille-like patterns) or basic somatosensory function and seek
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the neural correlates of supernormal hyperacuity performance by the blind. The PET studies of both S.A.I and II will also compare the extent of activation of visual cortical areas by various tactile stimuli in early vs. late blind subjects, to assess the effects of neural plasticity during the critical period of visual cortical development and correlate the neural changes with perceptual abilities. Finally, psychophysical and PET studies in Specific Aim III investigate cross-modal attentional effects in the orientation or form domain, testing the prediction that cross-modal attentional suppression will be evoked by identification of a stimulus in one modality but only when a feature in the same domain has to be processed in the other modality. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CYSTEINE DEVELOPMENT
PROTEASES
&
INHIBITORS
IN
NEMATODE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Lustigman, Sara; Member, Head of Laboratory; New York Blood Center 310 E 67Th St New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Onchocerciasis, or river blindness, is a major filarial disease and is the fifth most common cause of blindness in the world. Limitations of control programs and the possible emergence of ivermectin-resistant strains suggest the need for alternative strategies for treatment and control of Onchocerciasis. Currently, few suitable targets for chemotherapy have been precisely identified in filarial and other parasitic nematodes, due in part to a lack of understanding of the basic biology and biochemistry of these parasites. We propose to explore cysteine proteases as potential targets for chemotherapy. In our previous studies we identified a cysteine protease inhibitor, onchocystatin, and a cathepsin Z-like cysteine protease, and proposed that they are essential for molting, growth and remodeling of the cuticle in larvae and adult worms, and the development of microfilariae. Recently, a cathepsin L-Iike enzyme and another member of the cystatin family were cloned, suggesting that the role of cysteine proteases and their endogenous inhibitors is more elaborate than initially thought. However, these proteins cannot be easily studied in 0. volvulus in vivo as we lack a system for observing gene expression during the development of the parasite, particularly in its adult stages and in the gravid female worms. As many of the essential genes for nematode development are conserved in free-living and parasitic nematodes, we will take advantage of the existence of homologous proteins in C. elegansto understand the cellular processes by which the 0. volvuluscysteine proteases participate in the development of the 0. volvulusparasite in humans. The integrated approach of using genetic, molecular, biochemical and anatomical studies in this proposal, combined with a well-defined organism, will result in understanding how regulation of three distinct cysteine proteases is critical for the development and survival of C. elegansand 0. volvulus. The proposed project has three specific objectives: 1. To establish the distinct physiological roles for each cathepsin Z and cathepsin L-like cysteine protease during C. elegans development and then verify that the proposed 0. volvulushomologues will perform similar functions in 0. volvulus. 2. To compare and contrast the developmental regulation and tissue specificity of 0. volvulusand C. elegans cystatins. 3. To determine the substrate specificity of each 0. volvulusand C. elegans cysteine protease and identify their specific inhibitors in vitro. We will also determine which low molecular weight inhibitors could, eventually, be tested for their in vivoeffects on adult worm survival and microfilariae development. This will provide the basis for developing effective drugs, targeting cysteine proteases, to control onchocerciasis and filariasis in the future.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DYSLIPIDEMIA DYSFUNCTION
AND
RETINAL
ENDOTHELIAL
CELL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Busik, Julia; Physiology; Michigan State University 301 Administration Bldg East Lansing, Mi 48824 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Diabetic retinopathy represents the leading cause of blindness in adults. Diabetic retinopathy is a disease of the retinal microvessels characterized by capillary occlusions, microaneurysms, selective loss of pericytes, acellular capillaries, hypertrophy of the basement membrane, angiogenesis and neovascularization. While the initial determinants of retinal microvascular damage are not well understood, recent studies suggest that diabetic retinopathy is a low-grade chronic inflammatory disease. As such, recent studies document increased leukocyte attachment and transmigration into the vascular intima. The increased adherence of leukocytes to endothelial cells likely involves induction of specific adhesion molecules, such as ICAM-1. The factors elevating cellular adhesion molecules are not well defined, but likely involve hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia associated with diabetes mellitus. Our preliminary studies show that treating human retinal vascular endothelial (hRVE) cells with specific fatty acids leads to the induction of ICAM-1, as well as alterations in several signaling pathways. We hypothesize that exposure of hRVE cells to specific fatty acids leads to the formation of specific bioactive lipids that cause alterations in cell signaling and gene expression and lead to increased expression of adhesion molecules and leukocyte attachment. To test this hypothesis, the following aims are proposed: 1) To evaluate the effects of fatty acids and glucose on adhesion molecule expression and cell signaling in hRVE cells. 2) To correlate changes in adhesion molecule expression and cell signaling to the production of specific bioactive lipids. The outcome of this work will lead to a better understanding of how diabetic dyslipidemia contributes to altered hRVE cell phenotype and the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL DEGENERATIONS
STUDIES
OF
RETINAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Berson, Eliot L.; Director; Ophthalmology; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-1979; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of hereditary retinal diseases that often lead to blindness; an estimated 50,000 to 100,000 people are affected in the United States. More than 10,000 patients are on file in this research center. Considerable progress has been made in defining the gene defects that cause these conditions, but the course of disease for most subgroups is not known. We propose to mode the course of disease based on data from our large number of patients with multiple visits and up to 32 years of follow-up. We will then use the optimal model as a template to define the rates of progression in patients with two relatively common subgroups of retinitis pigmentosa caused by USH2A or RPGR mutations, respectively. Rates of progression will be monitored with respect to visual acuity, visual field area and sensitivity, and full-field electroretinogram amplitude. We will perform genotype/phenotype correlations to see if rates of progression can be related to category of mutation. These data should provide guidelines for estimating long-term visual
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prognoses in patients with USH2A or RPGR mutations and provide a framework for considering gene-specific therapies that may arise in the future for these patients. We also propose to compare the course of disease in affected sibpairs, regardless of mutation, to facilitate identification of nutritional and other non-genetic factors that may affect rates of progression. Information derived from this research could reveal factors that are associated with a slower or faster course of disease with potential implications for therapy. We will also continue genotype/phenotype correlations in patients with newly defined gene defects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ENDOTHELIAL TRANSMIGRATION ACROSS THE RPE BARRIER Principal Investigator & Institution: Hartnett, Mary E.; Director of Retina Service; Ophthalmology; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is the primary cause of severe vision loss in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), but little is known about the complex mechanisms leading to CNV growth into the neurosensory retina. Human histopathology of occult CNV in AMD has shown that contact between the endothelial cells (EC) of the choriocapillaris and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) leads to compromise of the RPE barrier, which precedes the growth of CNV into the neurosensory retina. We will test the hypothesis that RPE-EC contact causes a functional change in the RPE monolayer that permits the transmigration of EC across the RPE. Specifically, we will determine whether 1) EC contact with RPE causes compromised RPE barrier function and structure; 2) EC contact with RPE causes a major change in the ratio of angiogenic stimulators to inhibitors (i.e., VEGF: PEDF) in the RPE; and 3) RPE-EC contact specifically activates cell-associated RPE VEGF isoforms that enable transmigration of EC across the RPE monolayer. Methods will include measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), cell counts, viability tests, and staining for ZO-1, n-cadherin, and actin in human cell co-cultures of RPE and EC to evaluate RPE barrier structure and function; ELISA, Western blot, and Northern blot to quantitate VEGF:PEDF ratios under various culture conditions; staining for actin and barrier proteins, TER, permeability, and RT-PCR to quantitate soluble and cellassociated VEGF isoforms; and fluorescent labeling of RPE and EC to follow transmigration of EC. Approximately 90% of the legal blindness that occurs in patients with AMD is the result of CNV that originates from the choriocapillaris and grows beyond the natural boundaries of Bruch's membrane and the outer blood-retinal barrier of the RPE into the neurosensory retina. Increased knowledge of the mechanisms that cause this destructive phenomenon may lead to future means to prevent CNV in the neurosensory retina, and thus, reduce vision loss in AMD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FAMILY STUDIES OF NIDDM--AFRICAN AMERICANS AND HISPANICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Guze, Carol D.; Professor; California State UnivDominguez Hills Carson, Ca 90747 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1992; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: The objective of this pilot study is to generate empiric counseling risks for use in counseling patients and families as well as to identify risk factors that contribute to
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the development and course of type 2 diabetes (DM-2) in African Americans and Hispanics in Central Los Angeles. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a common disorder usually of middle-aged individuals and, if untreated, complications can arise. DM-2 is one of the top ten health problems in the United States and the prevalence in African Americans is estimated to be 10% and in Hispanics, 15%. These communities are also at greater risk for developing long-term complications of diabetes such as retinopathy (including blindness). An alarming new trend is an increase in DM-2 among young people especially Hispanics and African Americans. DM-2 has also been shown to have a disproportionate impact among ethnic seniors. We plan to use family studies gathered by personal interviews and questionnaires to obtain the necessary informati on from our DM-2 patients. 100 adult African American patients and 100 adult Hispanic patients in diabetes clinics at King Drew Medical Center and its outlying clinics will be interviewed. Interviews of non English speaking Hispanics will be conducted in Spanish. The specific aims of our project are 1. To develop empiric counseling risks using the information gathered from the family history studies and 2. to explore within our families those risk factors which in other studies have not been looked at in detail. These include the regions of origin in Mexican-Americans; acculturation factors; maternal pregnancy factors; birth weight; birth order; obesity in the family members. We anticipate that the information gathered from our pilot study will suggest testable hypothesis for future more focused studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS IN MICROCAPTURED RETINAL CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Adler, Ruben; Arnall Patz Distinguished Professor; Ophthalmology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Retinal degenerative diseases are a major cause of visual disability and blindness worldwide. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), for example, is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly in the Western world. Current treatments do little to alter the inexorable loss of vision due to retinal degenerations. Several studies have shown that intraocular injection of factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), or basic fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2), slows photoreceptor cell death caused by specific mutations or exposure to constant light. However, the clinical usefulness of these findings may be limited, because rescue effects are partial and transient, and some factors appear to have unwanted side effects. Elucidation of the mechanism by which survival factors delay retinal degenerations appears necessary in order to maximize benefits and minimize side effects. Recent studies from our laboratories have suggested that CNTF, BDNF and FGF2 do not act directly on photoreceptors; rather, they appear to act indirectly through other cells, most likely M ller cells. Based on these observations, we propose to investigate the molecular changes triggered by neurotrophic factors in M ller cells. The studies involve the combined use of two complementary and demanding state-of-the-art techniques: the generation of cDNA from individual cells, and their analysis using custom designed retinal cDNA microarrays. We will then establish which of these changes are important for photoreceptor survival. The potential impact of the identification of these molecules is clear, since they could offer new avenues for the treatment of these devastating diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENE EXPRESSION CHANGES IN GLAUCOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Farkas, Ronald H.; Ophthalmology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, and is especially prevalent among African Americans. There are many different types of glaucoma, but all share the common defining feature of retinal ganglion cell death. The overall goal of this proposal is to use recently developed techniques to understand better the molecular events underlying the death of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma. This will likely lead to new treatments for glaucoma and other diseases of the optic nerve. My working hypothesis is that intraocular pressure, as well as other as yet unknown insults, leads to changes in gene expression that characterize the ganglion cell response to injury, from initial insult to induction of cell death mechanisms. The longterm goal is to understand the function of these genes so that they can be therapeutically modulated in glaucoma to prevent or delay retinal ganglion cell death. The murine glaucoma model is proposed as a system for analysis, for reasons that are described in the application. The first specific aim is to identify genes that are differentially expressed in the retina of mice with "glaucoma." To accomplish this, the technique of 'serial analysis of gene expression' (SAGE) will be applied to whole retinal tissue. Genes that demonstrate significant differences in expression level will be selected for detailed study. A key advantage of this approach is that it can identify, free of preconceived bias, previously unsuspected genes that may be important in glaucoma, as opposed to a 'candidate gene' approach that might focus, for example, solely on genes related to apoptosis or growth factors. The second specific aim is to isolate pure retinal ganglion cells for use in similar gene expression studies. The use of purified ganglion cells will allow for high-resolution investigation of gene expression changes specific to ganglion cells. To accomplish these aims, technologies for gene expression analysis will be refined and developed. A combination of research and didactic activities will contribute to the training value of the proposal by focusing both on currently achievable scientific ends and on the skills needed by the primary investigator for a future independent research career. The Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute at Johns Hopkins University, and the sponsor's laboratory in particular, provide an ideal environment for the candidate to pursue these goals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES OF RETINAL DEGENERATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Cepko, Constance L.; Professor; Genetics; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Many diseases that ultimately lead to blindness are caused by the degeneration of photoreceptor (PR) cells. Cones typically die after rods, with kinetics somewhat dependent upon the particular disease. Rod loss followed by cone loss is also seen in cases where a genetic etiology has not been established, as in some forms of macular degeneration. While humans are able to function quite well without rods, the loss of cone-mediated vision is devastating. The reason(s) that cones die in these cases is unknown. However, since cone loss can be initiated by events that are not intrinsic to cones, these events must include some type of cell-cell interaction, perhaps including the action of a secreted molecule(s). Such a process may be susceptible to interruption through the application of a pharmacological or a cell based
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therapy. In addition to progressive diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa, there is a mouse model, the cyclin D1 knock-out (KO) mouse, in which degeneration is arrested. The cause of PR death, as well the cause of the arrest, are unknown. This model may provide some insight into how degeneration can be arrested in progressive diseases. We are seeking to use retinal microarrays to define the gene expression changes that accompany PR death in mice, with an emphasis on the events that lead to cone death. In addition, we will characterize the gene expression changes that accompany the arrest of PR degeneration in the cyclin D1 mutant. We further plan to characterize the expression patterns of such genes in normal and pathological tissue. Finally, we will explore the function of some of these genes using genetic approaches in mice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENE THERAPY FOR LEBER CONGENITAL AMAUROSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hauswirth, William; Ophthalmology; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (Applicant?s Abstract) A multi-investigator, multi-center research/clinical plan is proposed to develop a viral vector-based gene therapy for RPE65 Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), to complete preclinical safety testing for an Investigational New Drug (IND) submission to the FDA and to begin Phase I/II clinical testing. Seven coordinated modules are described, each with a distinct set of specific aims that contributes in a unique and complimentary way towards the therapeutic goal. Module 1, RPE65 Vector Production will improve AAV vector production for the LCA clinical trial and will provide research and GMP grade vectors for other modules. Module 2, RPE65 Vector improvement will enhance the in vivo efficiency and specificity of Rpe65 gene delivery/expression in RPE cells in animal models by promoter and vector modifications. Module3, RPE65 Mouse Studies will optimize the therapeutic effect of viral (AAV and Lentivirus) vector-delivered RPE65 genes and evaluate any toxic effects in the Rpe65 knock out mouse. Module 4, RPE65 Canine Studies will evaluate vector administration options on the therapeutic outcome of RPE65 gene augmentation in the RPE65 mutant dog. Module 5, RPE65 LCA Human Studies will identify RPE65 LCA patients suitable for entry into a Phase I/II gene therapy trial and develop standardized trial outcome measures. Module 6, RPE65 LCA Clinical Trial, has two aspects: 6A, Preclinical Testing and IND Development, will determine the potential for human toxicity and the range of efficacious doses of subretinal AAV-RPE65 in animal models and develop an FDA approved clinical protocol for 613; 6B, Phase IM Trial will evaluate the safety and preliminary efficacy of AAVRPE65 gene replacement therapy for RPE65 LCA-The basic science Modules 1, 2, 3, and 4. and the clinical screening Module 5 also develop information that feeds into the preclinical toxicity study, Module 6A- Data generated in the first 3 years by these modules will help guide the clinical trial design of Module 6B that is scheduled to begin in year 3/4. The University of Florida leads this collaboration with the University of Pennsylvania and Cornell University. The Universities of Iowa and Washington are subcontracting collaborators. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GLAUCOMA
GENETICS
OF
ADULT-ONSET
PRIMARY
OPEN-ANGLE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Wirtz, Mary K.; Professor; Ophthalmology; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our long-term objective is to successfully intervene in the progression of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. Early detection of POAG and treatment has proven to be one of the most successful ways to stop blindness from ensuing. The causes of POAG are numerous involving both environmental and genetic determinants. Several forms of POAG have been shown to result from a specific gene defect. Our lab is pursuing the identification of the GLC1C and GLC1F POAG genes. A small isolated pocket of Northern Greece, Epirus, may hold an important key to identifying the POAG GLC1C gene. A large family from Epirus with over 12 individuals with POAG carries the GLC1C gene. We propose that GLC1C is the major POAG gene in this region based on the isolation of the population with little or no interaction with outside populations over the last two centuries. If so, haplotype analysis of Epirian families and individuals with POAG, will identify a founder chromosome and should dramatically reduce the size of the GLC1C region to be searched for the POAG gene. A similar strategy will be used to analyze US and Australian POAG families that show positive evidence for linkage to GLC1C or GLC1F. Identification of a GLC1C and a GLC1F founder haplotype could be used as a screening tool for detecting POAG individuals carrying either the GLC1C or GLC1F gene. While screening tools are important, identification of the GLC1C and GLC1F genes is our ultimate goal. Mutational analysis of candidate genes contained within the GLC1C and GLC1F regions refined by haplotype analysis will be a major goal of this proposal, The last aim of this proposal will be to analyze our Greek and US POAG families and random POAG individuals for mutations in the known POAG genes, MYOC and OPTN. Identification and characterization of the GLC1C and GLC1F POAG genes will point the way to new avenues for research for treatment and/or prevention of blindness resulting from POAG. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENETICS OF AGE RELATED MACULOPATHY Principal Investigator & Institution: Gorin, Michael B.; Associate Professor; Ophthalmology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1993; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: Age Related Maculopathy (ARM) is the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly population in the United States and Western world and is a major public health issue. Epidemiologic studies have indicated that heredity is a significant risk factor and family studies have further substantiated that ARM can be inherited as a dominant disease with late age of onset and variable expressivity. ARM is not well suited for traditional genetic investigations due to difficulties of clinical ascertainment and the small pedigrees because of its late onset. However, nonparametric linkage methods including Affected Pedigree Member method and simIBD provide a means of determining genetic loci that contribute to ARM susceptibility using small and intermediate-sized families. In our previous project we ascertained over 200 ARM families and are in the process of completing a candidate locus screening as well as a genome-wide scan of the first 120 families with 161 autosomal markers (average spacing of 20 cM). We have established a classification system that allows us to evaluate a stringently defined ARM population as well as larger sets of patients with less severe and/or ambiguous phenotypes. Several markers used in the initial candidate gene screening and chromosome-wide panels have provided results that suggest linkage with ARM. These will be investigated during the next grant period. We are proposing to
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expand our recruitment of ARM families to 1000 families and pursue a combination of genome-wide scans (200 and 350 families) with 10 cM resolution and focused genotyping based upon the tentative positively linked loci determined during the first grant period. The large number of families is necessary to confirm and further resolve potential ARM loci so that we can undertake candidate gene screening of our ARM population. The families that are not used in the genome-wide scans will be used for the focused genotyping effort, in the candidate gene screening program, and for disequilibrium linkage studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HANDHELD DEVICE FOR COST-EFFECTIVE RETINAL SCREENING Principal Investigator & Institution: Chinnock, Randal B.; Optimum Technologies, Inc. 68 West St Southbridge, Ma 01550 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Diabetic retinopathy poses the most serious risk of blindness for adults in the United States, yet nearly half of diabetics do not receive regular eye exams. Barriers to screening include lack of access to specialists, transportation issues, and cost. We propose to leverage new developments in digital imaging technology, microdisplays, image compression, and telecommunications into a novel device suitable for screening patients with retinal abnormalities via telemedicine in a primary care or ambulatory setting. This device has the potential to make retinal screening more affordable and accessible to the public, especially in underserved or rural areas. Increasing the screening rate is a cost-effective method o reduce new cases of blindness and vision loss caused by diabetes and other diseases. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS-1 LAT PROMOTER ANALYSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Garza, Hildegardo H.; Texas A&M UniversityKingsville 700 University Blvd Kingsville, Tx 78363 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: Recurrent herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) ocular infections are the leading infectious cause of blindness in industrialized nations. Fewer than 10% of clinical cases are primary acute infections; the remaining 90% are recurrences of latent HSV-1. Although HSV-1 can reactivate spontaneously, stress and trauma (e.g., hypoand hyperthermia, ultraviolet light irradiation, and ocular surgery) can also reactivate latent HSV-1. The latency-associated transcript (LAT) gene has been implicated as a component of the pathway that induces the conversion from latency to an acute infectious state. While the LAT gene is known to be the only gone that is abundantly transcribed during latency, it does not appear to code for any known protein. Furthermore, the LAT transcript that accumulates during latency is not the coding region, but is probably a stable 2.0 kb intron that is spliced out of the primary 8.5 kb LAT transcript. This proposal aims to dissect out the transcriptional control of the LAT promoter and its associated enhancer region from three distinct strains of HSV-1. These three strains of HSV-1 differ in their ability to undergo spontaneous and stress-induced reactivation. If the pathway by which the virus senses and responds to adrenergic stimuli can be established, it should prove to be a rich source of therapeutic targets. This is desirable since antiviral therapy merely delays the onset of blindness and viruses may become resistant to treatment. The specific aims that will address this issue are: 1)
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To assess the efficacy of the three LAT promoter regions in driving luciferase production in neuronal and fibroblast cell cultures, 2) To assess the effect of the three LAT enhancer regions on luciferase production in neuronal and fibroblast cell cultures, and 3) To assess the effect of different combinations of LAT promoters and enhancers on luciferase production in neuronal and fibroblast dell cultures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMMUNOGENETICS OF TYPE 1 DIABETES IN A BEDOUIN FAMILY Principal Investigator & Institution: Fain, Pamela R.; Associate Professor; Medicine; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's abstract): Over 2 million Americans suffer from type 1 diabetes, most of the them children and young adults. In addition to the burden of daily insulin injection to sustain life, patients with diabetes face a high risk for blindness, kidney failure, heart disease, stroke, and amputations. A better understanding of the genetic causes of type 1 diabetes should lead to novel gene therapies for halting beta-cell destruction during the pediatric period or for preventing the destruction of residual beta -cells in patients who are already affected with the disease. Further, the ability to predict who will develop the disease depends on the ability to test for each of the multiple genes that are thought to be involved. These highrisk individuals represent the best target populations for testing experimental treatment and prevention strategies in the most efficient manner. Individuals carrying HLA-DR3 and/or DR4 are at high risk for disease, but there is general agreement that other, unknown genes are also involved. However, it has been difficult to identify non-MHC genes, most likely due to genetic heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes in the population under study. Based on genetic linkage studies in a remarkable Bedouin Arab family with 20 relatives affected with type 1 diabetes, a diabetes susceptibility locus (IDDM17) has been mapped to the long arm of chromosome 10 (10q25.1). Significant (p=0.00004) nonparametric linkage scores (NPLs) and parametric LOD scores were observed for marker D10S554, which was also in linkage disequilibrium with IDDM17. D10S554 and flanking markers map to a 1,240 kb YAC. The family previously studied consists of about 200 members, who are members of a large Bedouin Arab tribe with about 15,000 members. Remarkably, 8 of the 20 affected relatives were diagnosed between 1990 and 1999. Another, closely related branch of the tribe have a similarly high incidence of type 1 diabetes. The specific aims of this study are: (1) to determine the ability to predict the development of type 1 diabetes in the extended family based on HLA genotype, chromosome 10 haplotype (IDDM17), and the expression of islet-cell autoantibodies; and (2) identify the gene corresponding to IDDM17 by the position cloning. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: IN UTERO NEURODEVELOPMENT
INFECTION:
CHILD
HEALTH
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Andrews, William W.; Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 17-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Preterm birth is the highest risk factor for cerebral palsy, other adverse neurological outcomes (such as blindness deafness, and mental retardation), and long-term adverse child health outcomes accounting for up to 50% of
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these adverse sequelae. Most of this morbidity is concentrated among the subset of preterm births that deliver at less than 32 weeks' gestation. Because of the increasing rate of preterm birth in the United States and the increased survival of infants delivered at the earlier gestational ages, the incidence of adverse long-term sequelae is rising. It is now well established that clinically silent upper genital tract intrauterine bacterial infection is strongly associated with a majority of preterm births that occur prior to 32 weeks' gestation. Additionally, emerging data implicate fetal in utero exposure to bacterial infection/inflammation as an independent risk factor for development of cerebral palsy and other adverse health outcomes, it is speculated that proinflammatory cytokine exposure may represent the link to these adverse outcomes. Most of the studies linking infection to adverse neurological outcomes have been limited to short-term neonatal outcomes including markers for subsequent development of cerebral palsy such as periventricular leukomalacia. Long-term follow-up studies in this area are sparse, are largely limited to cerebral palsy as the primary outcome, and provide limited information regarding the maternal/neonatal clinical course. The current literature lacks a longitudinal study with extensive maternal and neonatal clinical, laboratory, microbiological, and histological data on a cohort of maternal-infant pairs on whom long-term outcome evaluation is available including not only cerebral palsy but also other important neurodevelopmental and health outcomes. We hypothesize that in utero exposure to infection/inflammation is associated with increased risk of adverse neurodevelopmental and child health outcomes at age 4-7 years. We propose to test this hypothesis in a cohort of 424 maternal-infant pairs that delivered at our institution between 24 weeks 0 days and 31 weeks 6 days gestation. This cohort has already been studied resulting in an extensive database that includes almost every detail of antepartum, intrapartum, and neonatal clinical data. Also already available from this cohort are histological, microbiological, and biochemical data including umbilical cord blood and neonatal cultures, umbilical cord blood cytokine data, placental histology, and placental cultures. We propose a longitudinal follow-up study of this preterm cohort in order to systematically evaluate the relationship between maternal/fetal infection, fetal exposure to inflammation, neonatal short-term outcomes and ultimate neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 4 to 7 years (Aims 1 and 2) including the potential influence of effect modifiers such as environmental factors and caregiver characteristics (Aim 3). We will also determine if umbilical cord blood markers of neuronal damage are associated with short-term or long-term outcomes (Aim 4) and the strength of association between in utero infection/inflammation, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and long-term indicators of pulmonary dysfunction (Aim 5). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IN VIVO ANALYSIS OF SL ADDITION IN ASCARIS EMBRYOS Principal Investigator & Institution: Davis, Richard E.; Associate Professor; Biology; College of Staten Island Willowbrook Campus New York, Ny 10314 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: Parasitic nematodes cause considerable morbidity in humans. Lymphatic filariasis, river blindness, and hookworms infect hundreds of millions and Ascaris alone infects over 1 billion people. The socioeconomic effects caused by these parasites are severe and present a major obstacle in facilitating medical and economic improvements in many parts of the world. Mechanisms of gene expression in parasitic nematodes are poorly understood. Trans-splicing is a major mechanism of gene expression in parasitic nematodes accounting for greater than or equal to 70 percent of the expression and maturation of nematode mRNAs. Spliced leader (SL) trans-splicing is an RNA
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processing event that forms the 5' termini of mature mRNAs by accurately joining a small, separately transcribed exon (the SL) to the 5' end of pre- mRNAs. The functional significance of trans-splicing in parasitic nematodes remains unknown. We have developed novel strategies to introduce and express nucleic acids in Ascaris embryos to facilitate analysis of gene expression and trans-splicing. With our development of these molecular genetic tools, Ascaris embryos provide an excellent model for analyzing parasitic nematode gene expression. Moreover, it is now possible for the first time to address the functional significance of SL addition in vivo. Using biolistic introduction of luciferase reporter mRNAs into Ascaris embryos, we will examine the kinetics of luciferase activity to evaluate translational efficiency and functional mRNA half-life to test several hypotheses on trans-splicing including: 1) does trans- splicing addition of a leader sequence and unique cap play an important role in mRNA metabolism and 2) does the process of SL addition serve to trim mRNAs, remove inhibitory sequences, produce an optimal translation initiation context or distance from the 5' end of the mRNA to the initiator AUG. In addition, using luciferase reporters and DNA constructs we will test the hypothesis that trans-splicing in parasitic nematodes can serve to functionally resolve polycistronic mRNAs. Other major goals are to examine the role of exon determinants on trans-splicing efficiency and to further develop biolistic methods to directly analyze RNA processing in vivo. The proposed studies will address several outstanding hypotheses regarding trans-splicing and provide information on the functional significance of a major mechanism of gene expression in a model parasitic nematode. These studies may provide insight into the development of novel and cheaper therapeutic agents or vaccine candidates against a broad spectrum of parasites including other trans-splicing organisms such as flatworms and kinetoplastida. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INCIDENCE OF LATE MACULAR DEGENERATION IN OLDER WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Coleman, Anne L.; Assistant Professor; Jules Stein Eye Institute; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) Age-related macular degeneration is the number one cause of irreversible blindness in the United States and is more prevalent in older, Caucasian women. Although there have been several studies on the incidence of ARM, none of these studies has been able to provide accurate estimates on the incidence of late ARM and/or the progression of ARM in the oldest old, those individuals over 80 years of age, because of the limited sample sizes in these studies in this age group. The population in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) is an appropriate cohort in which to evaluate the incidence of late ARM and the progression of ARM, because the mean age of the women at the re-examination will be 84.4 years of age and the sample is mainly Caucasian. The proposed research study aims to determine the incidence of late ARM, the rate of progression of ARM, and the association of specific risk factors such as diabetes mellitus and prior cataract surgery with late ARM and the progression of ARM in elderly women. In addition, it aims to determine the trajectory of visual decline in older women over a 14- year period. Secondarily, it aims to determine the impact of late ARM on vision-targeted health-related quality of life and to determine whether or not an association exists between the progression of ARM and the risk of falling and hip/non-spine fractures. In 1997 to 1998 (Visit 6), 5482 women had an eye examination that consisted of a medical and ocular history, nine questions from the National Eye
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Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ), and measurements of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, peripheral vision with automated perimetry, intraocular pressure, and uncorrected refractive error. These women also had a refraction and imaging of their lenses and fundi of both eyes through dilated pupils. Approximately 4.5% of these women have photographically validated late ARM, 41.5% have early ARM, and 54% have no ARM or hard drusen only. In the proposed re-examination, we will update their medical and ocular history and ask them the nine questions from the NEIVFQ. In addition, visual acuity and contrast sensitivity will be re-measured. Fundus photographs of both eyes through dilated pupils will be obtained. These photographs and the relevant photographs from 1997 to 1998 will be graded for ARM with the Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System (WARMGS) in a masked fashion so that the readers do not know which film is from which visit. The University of Wisconsin will also grade the fundus photographs on 30% of the eyes with ARM and 10% of the total sample. This will allow the identification of women in SOF who have had progression of their ARM and developed late ARM since 1997 and 1998. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INDUCED DEGENERATION
APOPTOSIS
IN
AGE
RELATED
MACULAR
Principal Investigator & Institution: Ferguson, Thomas A.; Associate Professor; Ophthalmology and Visual Sci; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Description) Neovascularization is the major cause of vision loss in patients with age- related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, and retinopathy of prematurity. AMD is the leading cause of blindness in the Western world in individuals over 60 years of age. Since a large proportion of the population is living well beyond this age, this is a significant threat to the quality of life in elderly people. In patients with AMD new vessel growth (angiogenesis) beneath the retina from the underlying choroid (choroidal neovascularization or CNV) is the major or cause of severe visual loss in these patients. We recently examined the role of apoptosis in controlling new vessel growth in the eye by examining the function of two molecules, Fas (CD95) and FasL (CD95L). Our studies revealed that FasL plays a significant role in controlling CNV, where FasL+ retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) prohibit the growth and development of new Fas+ subretinal vessels that damage vision. Studies described in this proposal are designed to thoroughly understand the role of Fas/FasL and apoptosis in the pathogenesis of AMD. We propose 5 aims. Aim 1 we will more completely evaluate the role of Fas/FasL in CNV in a mouse model using normal, Fas, and FasL defective mice. In Aim 2 we will study cell endothelial cells derived from the choroid and compare these to endothelial cells derived from other areas. We will examnine cell death, proliferation, and differentiation using in vitro models and characterize the role of the Fas antigen in these processes. Aim 3 will contains experiments to explore the function of FasL on RPE cells and determine how growth factors and MMP inhibitors can affect FasL function in these cells that are crucial in controlling CNV. Aim 4 will explore potential treatment modalities in CNV applying the knowledge we have gained concerning the regulation of FasL expression to the animal model. Finally, studies in Aim 5 will evaluate clinical specimens from patients AMD for Fas/FasL expression. Our studies should provide important insights into one of the leading causes of blindness in the western world. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INHIBITION OF CNV USING A TRANSGENIC PEDF MODEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Duh, Elia J.; Professor; Ophthalmology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness among the elderly in the United States. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is largely responsible for severe vision loss from AMD. As new and promising treatments emerge for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization, in vivo approaches will be needed not only to evaluate efficacy, but also to address issues important for clinical trials (e.g., dosing, toxicity). We thereby propose to use an inducible transgenic mouse model as an innovative approach to the study of inhibition of CNV. Specifically, we propose to study the effects of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), which has emerged as a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis, with dramatic inhibitory effects on corneal, retinal, and choroidal neovascularization. Our long-term oal is to develop PEDF as a ther~eutic modality for the prevention as well as treatment of choroidal neovascularization. We hyaothesize that PEDF can cause regression of existing choroidal neovascularization, in addition to inhibiting CNV formation. Accordingly, we propose the following Specific Aims: (1) Develop a transgenic PEDF mouse model with retina-specific, inducible expression of PEDF. Aim 1 will include the characterization of spatial, temporal, and quantitative expression of induced PEDF in the mouse model. (2) Define the potential of PEDF as a therapeutic agent for choroidal neovascularization using the laser-induced CNV model. Aim 2 will determine if transgenic PEDF expression can prevent choroidal neovascularization as well as cause regression of existing CNV. In addition, Aim 2 will address the PEDF dosage requirements required for prevention of CNV, as well as the duration of PEDF presence necessary for prevention. Finally, Aim 2 will determine if transgenic PEDF expression causes choroidal endothelial cell apoptosis in vivo. In our studies, we will adapt the tetracycline-inducible gene expression system to induce photoreceptor-specific expression of PEDF. We will study the effects of transgenic PEDF expression in mice on laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. It is anticipated that our proposal will provide a strong foundation for further studies regarding the mechanism of PEDF action. In addition, our studies will provide a new experimental approach for the study of candidate inhibitors of CNV, providing important data regarding efficacy, therapeutic dose, frequency of administration, and toxicity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE-MEDIATED.DAMAGE TO THE OPTIC NERVE Principal Investigator & Institution: Nauman, Eric A.; Biomedical Engineering; Tulane University of Louisiana New Orleans, La 70118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Glaucoma is a group of diseases that slowly and progressively damage the optic nerve head leading to impaired vision and eventually, blindness. It is the third leading cause of blindness, affecting nearly 3 million Americans, age 40 and over, and 67 million people worldwide. In most cases, this progressive vision loss is associated with an increase in intraocular pressure. Elevated pressure increases the mechanical stress in the sclera and the support structures surrounding the optic nerve head including the lamina cribrosa. It has been hypothesized that the astrocytes, lamina cribrosa cells, microglia, and fibroblasts, cells
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which normally maintain the connective tissue matrix, respond by producing chemical factors that damage and eventually kill axons in the optic nerve head. Other mechanisms by which such pressure may lead to optic nerve head damage include sudden failure of the connective tissue support structures and acute or chronic ischemia resulting from an adverse blood pressure gradient. In an effort to understand the degenerative processes characteristic of glaucoma, we propose to develop innovative experimental models of the effects of mechanical loading and ischemia on the connective tissue cells and support cells in the lamina cribrosa. Specifically we will investigate the long-term effects of optic nerve head displacement using an experimental model that reproduces the complex cellular level deformations developed in vivo. In addition we will combine this mechanical model of the lamina cribrosa with simulated ischemia in order to better understand the interaction between these two damage mechanisms. The data generated by this research will provide a basis for future efforts aimed at understanding the effects of drug treatments on glaucomatous degeneration and the interactions between the support cells and the axons in the optic nerve head. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INTRAOCULAR TRANSPORT AND METABOLISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Reddy, Venkat N.; Senior Research Scientist; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1979; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness worldwide, accounting for 42 percent of all blindness. The long-term goal of this application is to provide an understanding of the role of oxidation in the etiology of human age-onset cataracts. Transgenic animal models and gene knockouts for specific antioxidant enzymes serve as powerful tools to assess the role of these enzymes in cataract formation. We have recently found that gene knockout of glutathione peroxidase-l (GPX-l) leads to increased nuclear light scattering (NLS) compared to agematched controls. The increased NLS appears to be related to lens fiber membrane damage as seen by transmission and confocal microscopy. The hypothesis that deficiency of GPX-l leads to membrane protein modification and lipid peroxidation in nuclear fibers will be tested by Scheimpflug slit lamp and dynamic light scattering measurements. Attempts will be made to study changes in lens transparency in other transgenic animal models, which lack the enzyme CuZn superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD). Additional specific aims are to up and down regulate Mn superoxide dismutase and CuZnSOD in the recently established human lens epithelial cell line (SRA 01/04) by transfection with plasmids containing sense and antisense cDNA for these enzymes. We will then subject the cells to various oxidative challenges including H202, X-ray, UV radiation and hyperbaric oxygen to study their effect on cation transport and cell membranes. The efficiency of transfection will be determined by enzyme assays, Western and Northern blot analyses. The ability of these cell lines to resist the cytotoxic effects of oxidative stress will be assessed from changes in cell proliferation, cell morphology, DNA strand breaks, immunocytochemistry, protein modification and lipid peroxide formation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ISOLATION OF CONGENITAL STATIONARY NIGHT BLINDNESS GENES Principal Investigator & Institution: Gregg, Ronald G.; Assistant Professor; Biochemistry; University of Louisville University of Louisville Louisville, Ky 40292 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: Identifying and characterizing the function of the numerous proteins that are required for normal visual function is an important goal in biomedical research. We describe a mutant mouse model whose phenotype mimics a human disease called congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB). The mouse mutation has been named nob because its electroretinogram has no b-wave. Our preliminary studies have localized the nob gene to the X-chromosome, in a region syntenic to that in humans that contains the genes responsible for CSNB1, CSNB2 and CSNB4, and two forms of retinitis pigmentosa (RP2 and RP3). The specific aims are: (1) localize the nob gene to a specific region on the X-chromosome, (2) identify the mouse nob gene by positional cloning and (3) determine if mutations in the human homologue of nob are responsible for eye disease. We hypothesize that the isolation and characterization of the mutation in this gene responsible for disrupting communication between the outer and inner retina will provide insight into the complex mechanism of synaptic transmission in the outer retina. Further, this mutant mouse will provide a model system in which to study gene therapy in the retina. The ultimate goal of these studies is to gain a more complete understanding of the mutation and its role in disrupting normal visual function, so that more targeted therapies can be devised to either cure or treat associated eye diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: LARGE SCALE GENETIC APPROACH TO ZEBRAFISH VISUAL SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Baier, Herwig; Assistant Professor; Physiology; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-FEB-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: We propose to study visual processing in a novel manner, by isolating zebrafish mutants on a large scale. In particular, we are interested in the segregation of visual functions in the brain, a well-known but poorly-understood feature of vertebrate vision. Different kinds of visual information are processed by highly specialized neurons in the retina and channeled into separate brain nuclei. These pathways in turn generate distinct behavior patterns in response to visual stimulation. We propose to establish a functional map of the zebrafish visual brain by using genetic lesions as a dissecting tool. Six different behavioral assays will be used to search for mutations affecting specific visual functions in a screen modeled after the highly successful screen for mutants in the retinotectal projection. We will test for optomotor responses and optokinetic responses to moving gratings, and for adaptation of skin pigment to ambient light levels (a process requiring retinal input). The optomotor assay will be combined with two motion- nulling paradigms (borrowed from human psychophysics), which test for the intactness of color and luminance channels. Our pilot screens predict that this large-scale approach will uncover a broad assortment of several hundred mutants. The specificity of the phenotype will vary with the site and extent of the genetic lesion. Many phenotypes will allow us to assign functions to certain nuclei, pathways, or cell types. Some mutants will remain puzzling, particularly those with no detectable anatomical disruption. As a tool for the screen, mutagenized males will be crossed into a line of transgenic fish, which express green fluorescent protein in retinal
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axons. This genetic background will later permit the rapid detection of mutations in retinorecipient areas. In parallel to the mutant screen, we will investigate the types of retinal ganglion cells and their axonal projections by DiI tracing, both in wildtype and in selected mutants. Health-relatedness. Given the large degree of conservation of genes between fish and humans, this approach directly addresses the problem of inherited human blindness, and leads a way to isolating the genes involved in diseases of the human retina and central visual pathways. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MANAGING DIABETES: USE OF A DIGITAL INTERCOM SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Flax, Stephen W.; Flextech Systems, Inc. 333 Bishops Way, Ste 109 Brookfield, Wi 53005 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objective of this project is to develop a new and novel medical monitoring device aimed at benefiting a large class of diabetic individuals. The new device is being called an "Assisted Self- Management Monitor." There are many diseases, such as diabetes, which are considered "self-managed" diseases. With diabetes, it is expected that patients measure and monitor their own blood glucose levels, their own medication administration, and their own diet and exercise programs. When patients properly and actively manage their own disease, they will minimize the disease progression. Otherwise, the effects can be tragic in terms of disease progression and health care costs. Mismanaged diabetes will eventually put the patient at risk for coronary artery disease, stroke, kidney failure, blindness, and peripheral vascular disease. Furthermore, there is often a significant time lag between when a patient collects self-care information and when a medical staff is made aware of that information. The new device underdevelopment is designed to actually monitor and evaluate how well patients are self-managing their disease, and then provide feedback to the care staff and the patient when irregularities are detected. Initially, the system is intended to help diabetic patients living in an assisted living setting. The new device will automatically transfer a patient's glucose reading and medication usage information from his or her quarters to a central station. There, the information will be compared to a personal profile that has been developed for each individual patient. When something of concern is detected, the monitor will notify the care staff with an appropriate message on a computer screen. However, the resident will also be notified with a prerecorded voice message that pertains to the given condition. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MECHANISMS OF OCULAR MORPHOGENESIS THE ANTERIOR SEGMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Johnson, Randy L.; Associate Professor; Biochem and Molecular Biology; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The development and the function of the anterior segment of the eye are important factors in many diseases that affect the eye. Among the most common of these diseases is glaucoma, an optic nerve neuropathy that is often associated with intraocular pressure. In the United States, glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness, first among African Americans. Hence, an understanding of mechanisms that lead to glaucoma are essential to allow early detection and effective
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treatment of this progressive and debilitating disease. Recently, we have determined that mutations in the LIM-homeodomain transcription factor LMX1B cause a congenital disease caused nail patella syndrome. This disease affects the development of the limbs and results in renal failure and early onset open angle glaucoma. This insight has allowed us to begin to investigate the underlying molecular and genetic mechanisms leading to congenital glaucoma. By studying the mouse ortholog of human LMX1B, we have determined that lmx1b is expressed in and required for development of tissues that regulate intraocular pressure, linking lmx1b to ocular development and disease. One function of lmx1b in the eye may be to regulate the production of the extracellular matrix. We have also found that lmx1b is not only expressed during eye development, but is also highly expressed in the adult cornea, trabecular meshwork, and iris, suggesting that lmx1b may have important functions in these tissues. To test the hypotheses that lmx1b is expressed in a subset of the cranial mesenchyme, the neural crest, and required in that tissue, we will employ methods of conditional gene targeting in mice. We will extend these studies to test the hypothesis that lmx1b is required for trabecular meshwork formation in adult mice and that lmx1b functions in the adult to regulate important aspects of corneal and trabecular meshwork function. Using these conditionally engineered lmx1b mutant mice, we will explore morphological and molecular changes that accompany selective inactivation of lmx1b in tissues of the eye. These studies will enrich our understanding of molecular mechanisms that contribute to ocular diseases in human, especially glaucoma. Furthermore, these studies will suggest novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the detection and treatment of glaucoma-induced blindness. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISMS OF PHOTORECEPTOR DEATH IN PHOTIC INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Dunaief, Joshua; Ophthalmology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Age related macular degeneration, the most common cause of blindness among people aged 50 and older in the United States, results in photoreceptor degeneration. Similarly, retinitis pigmentosa, retinal detachment and ischemic diabetic retinopathy all lead to photoreceptor death. The loss of photoreceptors is the ultimate cause of significant visual loss. The mechanism of photoreceptor degeneration in these diseases is poorly understood, but is known to occur through apoptosis. This programmed cell death is a highly ordered and regulated cellular suicide pathway that has been well defined in lymphocytes. This application proposes to draw from the rich knowledge of apoptosis in lymphocytes to elucidate mechanisms of photoreceptor cell death in the photic injury animal model of retinal degeneration. This model has been studied extensively at the cellular but not yet at the molecular level. Good evidence suggests that photoreceptor degeneration in this model occurs through apoptosis. The ability of anti-apoptotic genes expressed in transgenic mice to inhibit photic injury induced cell death will be tested. Specifically, the ability of anti-oxidant genes and antiapoptosis genes that act upstream or downstream in apoptosis pathways to inhibit photoreceptor degeneration will be evaluated. Further, the intracellular localization of cytochrome c, a mediator of apoptosis, and the role of caspase activation will be probed. Caspases are proteases involved in a number of apoptotic pathways. These studies will define critical apoptotic pathways and suggest therapeutic interventions for the blinding disorders that result from photoreceptor degeneration. The proposed study is well within the realm of feasibility. The principal investigator has experience with molecular
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biology, transgenic mice and retinal histology. The mentor is an international leader in the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis, and the co- mentor has extensive experience with transgenic mouse models of retinal disease and gene therapy. This proposal should serve as a good launching pad for the PI's career devoted to understanding the molecular basis of photoreceptor degeneration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: METALLOPROTEINASE EXPRESSION IN CORNEAL WOUNDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Azar, Dimitri T.; Associate Professor; Schepens Eye Research Institute Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-1993; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Background: Corneal neovascularization is a major cause of blindness worldwide. The objective of our research is to identify the role of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and its proteolytic functions in corneal neovascularization. Our laboratory has found that MT1-MMP is present in the cornea and cleaves anti-angiogenic fragments which may regulate corneal neovascularization during corneal wound healing. Hypothesis: During corneal wounding, stromal fibroblasts generate membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase (MT1MMP), which mediates corneal neovascularization (NV) by three mechanisms: breakdown of the extracellular matrix (ECM), degradation of corneal anti-angiogenic factors, and transcriptional up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Specific aims: A. MT1-MMP Distribution and Enzymatic Activity in Corneal Neovascularization. B. Evaluation of 1st Pathway of Corneal Angiogenesis: ECM Breakdown by Keratotocyte Membrane-Associated MT1-MMP. C. Evaluation of the 2nd Pathway of Corneal Angiogenesis: Keratocyte-derived MT1-MMP Degradation of Corneal Anti-angiogenic Factors. D. Evaluation of the 3rd Pathway of Corneal Angiogenesis: MT1-MMP-Induced Transcriptional Upregulation of VEGF in Stromal Keratocytes. Significance: Understanding the mechanisms that maintain corneal avascularity may allow us to prevent blindness caused by corneal neovascularization. The study of MT1-MMP in the cornea may provide valuable information about their possible clinical significance in corneal neovascularization and wound healing. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MOLECLAR PATHOGENESIS OF RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA TYPE 3 Principal Investigator & Institution: Ferreira, Paulo A.; Pharmacology and Toxicology; Medical College of Wisconsin Po Box26509 Milwaukee, Wi 532264801 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous retinal disease leading to photoreceptor cell death and ultimately, complete blindness. Yet, the molecular pathogenesis of most forms of inherited retinal degeneration remains until this date elusive. X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XIRP) accounts for up to 33 percent of all forms of RP. The X-linked disorder, retinitis pigmentosa type 3, is responsible for about 75 percent of X-linked RP, 11 percent of all RP forms and it is considered to be the most severe form of RP. Recently, the genetic lesions leading to RP3 have been molecularly defined. They are caused by mutations in the so-called retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) gene in light of its homology to RCC1, a nucleotide-exchange factor for RanGTPase. All RP3missense mutations to date identified are located in the RCC1-homologous domain. This gene is ubiquitously expressed but mutations in RPGR lead only to a visual phenotype
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primarily restricted to the retina. We have identified several retinal RPGR-interacting protein isoforms derived from the same gene that interact with RPGR in vitro and in vivo and these interactions are abrogated by human RP3-disease associated missense mutations. RPGR and its novel retinal substrate isoform(s) colocalize in the outer segments of rod photoreceptors. Thus, the novel RPGR substrates were designated RPGR interacting proteins (RPGRIPs). Also, the human RPGRIP gene colocalizes with RP16 locus. RPGRIPs contain very long, variable coiled-coil domains with homology to proteins involved in vesicular trafficking and a conserved, globular and C-terminal RPGR-interacting domain, suggesting that these proteins mediate vesicular-transport associated processes. The goals of this proposal are to understand the molecular pathogenesis of XIRP3, in particular, the molecular basis of the retina specific effects of RPGR mutations leading to RP3 and the biological role of the novel RPGRIPs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF RETINAL GANGLION CELL DEATH Principal Investigator & Institution: Barnstable, Colin J.; Professor; Ophthalmology and Visual Sci; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (From the Applicant's Abstract): Retinal ganglion cell death is the final common pathway of almost all diseases of the optic nerve including glaucoma. Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness and, although a number of risk factors have been identified, its causes remain unclear. Excitotoxins may be a major cause of cell death in glaucoma and the overall goal of this project is to determine the molecular mechanisms by which a variety of excitotoxic agents induce ganglion cell apoptosis. The proposal has four specific aims. In the first aim the hypothesis that glutamate induces apoptosis through a caspase-9 mediated pathway will be tested. In addition, other factors, including ischemia will be tested to determine whether they can act synergistically to exacerbate the effects of low concentrations of excitotoxins. In the second specific aim the hypothesis that mitochondrial uncoupling proteins can reduce excitotoxic ganglion cell death will be tested. The sensitivity of ganglion cells to excitotoxic and ischemic insults will be tested in culture and in the intact eye using genetically engineered mouse strains that overexpress or under express the protein UCP2. The third aim will test the hypothesis that functional disorders of Muller glial cells may contribute to excitotoxic ganglion cell death. In particular, a variety of agents will be tested for their ability to inhibit Muller cell glutamate uptake. The final aim will test the hypothesis that direct cell contact can protect ganglion cells from the toxic effects of nitric oxide. The specificity of this effect will be tested with a variety of cell types and the need for membrane contact by living cells will be tested using a variety of biochemical fractions. Overall, the experiments in this proposal will shed light on mechanisms of cell death of particular relevance to glaucoma. They will also further elucidate mechanisms of interaction between retinal ganglion cells and Muller glial cells. By identifying molecules that can alter responses to excitotoxins or ischemia, this proposal is likely to provide potential targets for novel therapeutic interventions to prevent or slow the progression of blindness resulting from glaucoma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF RETINAL CGMP ACTIVATED CHANNELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Varnum, Michael D.; Vet & Comp Anat/Pharm/Physiol; Washington State University 423 Neill Hall Pullman, Wa 99164
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 04-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels play a fundamental role in signal transduction in the retina in the retina. In photoreceptor outer segments, they signal the fall in intracellular cGMP concentration that results from absorption of light by rhodopsin. At synapses between cone and horizontal cells, they regulate synaptic transmission and mediate presynaptic feedback by nitric oxide. The overall goal of our research is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the activity CNG channels. CNG channels are composed of four homologous subunits, each containing a single cyclic nucleotide-binding site. Ligand binding to these sites is coupled to conformational changes that lead to opening of the channel pore. Native CNG channels are thought to contain two different subunit types, alpha and beta; the assembly of these divergent subunits creates heteromeric CNG channels with properties optimized for their role in phototransduction. In this proposal, we will ascertain the structural determinants responsible for the assembly of these channels, the precise arrangement of their subunits and the molecular features that modulate their cyclic nucleotide specificity. In addition, we will examine the molecular mechanisms underlying mutations in CNG channel genes that have been linked to rod monochromasy and retinitis pigmentosa. The channels will be studied using electrophysiological recording of exogenously expressed cDNA clones in Xenopus oocytes and in a mammalian cell line, fluorescent microscopy of transfected cells to localize channels fused to green fluorescent protein, and biochemical and genetic protein interaction assays. These experiments will channels essential to signal transduction in the retina, and of the molecular mechanisms that lead to retinal degeneration and color-blindness. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR STUDIES OF RETINAL DEGENERATION IN DROSOPHILA Principal Investigator & Institution: Colley, Nansi J.; Associate Professor; Ophthalmology and Visual Sci; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1990; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objective of the proposed research is to utilize Drosophila as a model for studying hereditary human diseases that cause retinal degeneration and eventual blindness [retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD)]. The complexity and variations of human RP and AMD suggest that there are multiple subtypes of the diseases, each with distinct genetic and biochemical bases. This complexity, the infrequent availability of ocular tissues from RP and AMD patients, and the broad base of knowledge of Drosophila molecular genetics, combine to make Drosophila a powerful animal model for studying inherited retinal degeneration disorders. We propose to use an integrated strategy of biochemical, cell biological, electrophysiological, genetic, and molecular approaches to identify and characterize mutations that cause defects in protein transport and targeting. We have identified three mutant lines of flies that display secretory pathway defects and retinal pathology. We will identify the corresponding genes and subject them to a detailed genetic and molecular analysis. In addition, we will continue to screen 12,000 individual mutant lines for retinal degeneration. The screen is based on a simple morphological phenotype that may be screened in live flies under the dissecting microscope. Mutants that define constituents of the secretory pathway and protein targeting will be subjected to a detailed characterization. Our findings will be utilized to screen a highly defined set of human AMD and RP patients for similar defects. Genetic analysis in Drosophila
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remains a powerful means of rapidly identifying genes that are essential for protein trafficking and normal photoreceptor function. It is anticipated that genes identified in this study will provide insights for the genetics of AMD and RP in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOUSE GENETICS OF RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA 1 (RP1) Principal Investigator & Institution: Zuo, Jian; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, Tn 381052794 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (Applicant's Description): This application focuses on elucidating the normal functions of a recently cloned human gene, retinitis pigmentosa 1 (RP1), and the mechanisms by which the mutant forms of the RP1 gene cause retinal degeneration. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common form of inherited retinopathy, affecting 1 in 3.500 people world wide (1.5 million). RP is characterized by night blindness and progressive degeneration of the peripheral retina, culminating in severe reduction of visual fields and in blindness. We have recently identified a novel retinal photoreceptor- specific gene on chromosome arm 8q in which nine mutations were found to cause the RP1 form of autosomal dominant RP in seventeen unrelated families. It is unclear whether mutations in RP1 represent loss-of-function or dominant-negative alleles of the RP1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene consists of 2,156 amino acids; its function is unknown although its amino terminus has significant homology to that of human doublecortin, and its carboxy terminus contains a nucleoside diphosphate kinase domain and several nuclear localization signal domains. We mapped the mouse homolog of the human RP1 gene to mouse chromosome 1 where there is no existing mouse retinal degenerative mutant. In this application we plan: (1) to generate and characterize transgenic mice that over-express wild-type or mutant Rp1 genes in a pattern that recapitulates the pattern of endogenous Rp1 expression; (2) to generate and characterize mice without the Rp1 gene; and (3) to determine the sub-cellular localization of wild-type and mutant Rp1 proteins. These studies will lead to a better understanding of the normal function of the RP1 gene during retinal development. The characterization of molecular pathways in mouse models of RP1 will facilitate the prevention and treatment of retinal degenerative diseases in humans. Although there have been dramatic successes in recent years in the identification of multiple genes that can cause retinal diseases, very little is known about how mutations in these genes cause diseases. A number of these disease genes display complex patterns of gene expression; some mutations that cause dominant retinal diseases are likely to be gain-of-function mutations. Thus, a combination of the transgenic technology using bacterial artificial chromosome and the knockout technology can be widely applicable for making mouse models of these retinal diseases, and our studies of RP1 will provide an example for studying functions of these genes in vivo. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MUCOUS PATHOGENESIS
MEMBRANE
PEMPHIGOID:
ORGAN
SPECIFIC
Principal Investigator & Institution: Bhol, Kailash C.; Orak Medicine Infection and Immunity; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2004
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Summary: (provided by applicant) The objective of this translational research grant application is to study a rare, and interesting potentially catastrophic, blistering autoimmune disease, which predominantly affects the mucous membranes known as mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP). When it affects the oral cavity, eating and swallowing are exquisitely painful. Ocular involvement can frequently result in blindness. Since laryngeal disease can cause sudden asphyxiation and death, it mandates elective tracheostomy. Recently we described that, the anti-basement membrane zone (BMZ) antibodies found in the sera of MMP patients targets the cytoplasmic domain of human beta4 integrin. The clinical profile of mucosal involvement in MMP is variable, though the target antigen is present in all mucosae and skin. The investigator proposes to study the role of local factors involved in MMP. Using sera of patients with MMP, the investigator will identify binding of anti-BMZ antibodies to the basement membrane of the eye, nose, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, vagina and skin. Matching of clinical profiles with ability of patient's sera to bind to the BMZ of different mucosal tissues, or to different epitopes in the cytoplasmic domain of beta4 integrin will provide essential differences between systemic and local factors or the tissue microenvironments. The ability of sera from patients with MMP, and rabbit antibodies to bind to specific epitopes within the beta4 integrin, to produce sub-mucosal blisters in organ culture, using skin and different mucosal tissues, will be studied. Data from this study will provide important insights into how and why specific organs are involved, in a disease in which the autoantibody has the potential to cause disease in all tissues that contain the target antigen. Such advances can facilitate planning of future studies that focus on specific factors that may individually or collectively, play an important role in different organs in producing clinical disease, and this elucidate specific sites of pathology. The ability of the autoantibody to bind to specific tissues yet not produce clinical disease, might help understand and detect factors that can locally prevent disease manifestation and involvement. Such information can help generate site-specific therapy for purpose of clinical resolution and prevention of involvement. Thus MMP has the potential to be a model that could be applied to study many other multi systemic autoimmune diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MULTICENTER NETWORK OF NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNITS Principal Investigator & Institution: Duara, Shahnaz; Pediatrics; University of Miami Box 248293 Coral Gables, Fl 33124 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1991; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: The sole objective of this application being submitted by the University of Miami is to achieve continued participation in the NICHD Collaborative Neonatal Research Network. This center has been an active and contributing member of the network for the last fifteen (15) years, being one of he original sites selected in the initial competition. Over the last 25 years, the University of Miami has participated successfully in several large, multicenter, collaborative, clinical trails so that the principal investigator and his co-investigators have a long history of successful collaboration. This experience will be invaluable in future protocol design and implementation, quality control, data management, and data analysis. This center has the patient population, the resources and the committed staff to ensure a high level of clinical and scientific contribution. The research and clinical faculty of the Division of Neonatology are particularly interested in the epidemiologic approach to improving the acute care and the long-term neuro-developmental and behavioral outcome of infants
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who are premature, immature or acutely ill in the immediate newborn period. Because neonatology is such a young subspecialty, treatment modalities are often based on individual impressions and isolated experiences, which do not effectively translate into efficacy and safety data. Neonatology's history is speckled with severe therapeutic misadventures that were based on good faith rather than scientific fact. The hyperoxia management of newborns in the 1950's resulting in epidemic blindness, and the chloramphenicol induced gray baby syndrome, are only two examples of why a clinical research network of experienced investigators with expertise in neonatal care and collaborative research is essential to improve the safety, health care and long-term outcome of infants born at-risk due to disease or immaturity. The University of Miami has enjoyed being a member of this scientific collaboration over the last 15 years, has actively participated and contributed to significant advances in care based on the findings of several clinical trials successfully designed, initiated, and in most cases completed by the network. This center has several major strengths that should support its inclusion in the neat cycle of this research network. These include a large, clinical population which represents diverse ethnicity and socioeconomics, an academic faculty with international recognition for their clinical and research experience and expertise, a state-of the-art nursery, a large multidisciplinary follow-up program, extensive and successful experiences in conducting clinical trials, and a supportive academic and clinical administration. This center's level of involvement in the network over the last 15 years, and its contributions to the network clearly forecast its successful participation over the neat 5-year cycle of the NICHD Neonatal Research Network. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MYOSIN-X: A NOVEL MYOSIN WITH PH DOMAINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cheney, Richard E.; Assistant Professor; Cellular/Molecular Physiology; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1997; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: Myosin-X is an unconventional myosin of the MyTH-FERM super class that is broadly expressed in vertebrate tissues. Although little is known about the functions of the MyTH-FERM myosins, mutations in one member of this group are the leading cause of hereditary deaf-blindness in children. We recently discovered that myosin-X undergoes a novel form of motility within filopodia, and we hypothesize that myosin-X is a component of a widespread but previously uncharacterized system for intracellular transport on actin-rich structures such as filopodia. Myosin-X also exhibits a remarkable localization to the tips of filopodia and overexpressing it leads to increased number and length of filopodia, suggesting that myosin-X functions in the largely unknown pathways regulating filopodial dynamics. Myosin-X also binds to integrins and one of its light chains is known to be dramatically down regulated in many tumors. Together these data strongly suggest that myosin-X and the novel form of motility associated with it play fundamental but largely unexplored roles in the basic cell biology underlying human health and disease. We propose to: I. Determine the fundamental properties, mechanisms, and regulation of this novel form of motility. II. Identify the structures and molecular cargo(s) transported by intrafilopodial motility. III. Use myosin-X as a marker to identify the components of a putative filopodial tip complex and determine if myosin-X is a component of signaling pathways that regulate filopodial dynamics. IV. Determine the functions of myosin-X in key cell biological processes such as phagocytosis, filopodial dynamics, and cell crawling. This research will determine the fundamental properties of a novel and previously uncharacterized
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form of motility that has critical implications for a host of important cell biological processes including integrin function, cell adhesion, filopodial dynamics, macrophage function, and nerve regrowth. The proposed research will thus answer critical questions about the basic cell biology underlying many human diseases including cancer, hereditary deafness, retinitis pigmentosa, and nerve injury. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ASTROCYTES
NEUROFIBROMIN
AS
A
NEGATIVE
REGULATOR
FOR
Principal Investigator & Institution: Gutmann, David H.; Associate Professor; Neurology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 23-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is a comm mon autosomal dominant disorder in which affected individuals develop benign and malignant tumors. This application targets on of the most important clinical issues in NF1. Optic pathway gliomas (astrocytomas) are the second most common tumor in NF1, often leading to blindness and neurologic impairment. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the molecular biology of the NF1 gene, very little is known about these tumors or the role of the NF1 gene in regulating astrocyte growth. The NF1 gene was identified by positional cloning and its protein product, neurofibromin, was shown to function as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for p21-ras. Reduced expression of neurofibromin in some tumors results in increased p21-ras activity and cell proliferation. However, it is not known whether the NF1 gene is a growth regulator for astrocytes, whether it functions as a p21-ras regulator in astrocytes, and whether loss of NF1 expression is required for astrocytoma development. Previously, it was demonstrated that mice heterozygous for a targeted NF1 gene mutation have increased numbers of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactive astrocytes in their brains. In addition, it was demonstrated that primary astrocytes from NF1 +/- mice proliferate faster in vitro that primary astrocytes derived from NF1 +/+ littermates. These results suggest that neurofibromin might function as a tumor suppressor protein for astrocytes, such that reduced or absent NF1 gene expression might result in increased astrocyte proliferation and tumor formation. In this application it is proposed to test the hypothesis that neurofibromin functions as a negative growth regulator of astrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, it is proposed to (1) determine the relationship between neurofibromin expression and p21-ras activity during normal astrocyte development and growth arrest, (2) determine whether decreased NF1 expression results in increased astrocyte proliferation, and (3) generate transgenic mice with a targeted disruption of the NF1 gene restricted to astrocytes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROGENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Fernald, Russell D.; Professor; Psychology; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1984; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: Retinal degenerations are one of the most important causes of retinal dysfunction including blindness. The prevention and ultimately the cure of such diseases depends on understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the differentiation and maintenance of retinal cells. Formation of the retina requires orchestration of numerous complex cellular and molecular events. Cell division,
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migration, and differentiation result in a retina with well defined layers, each containing a limited number of cellular phenotypes. Generation of the appropriate number and type of cells is a complex problem and the cellular and molecular mechanisms which regulate these events are unknown. We propose experiments to address specific questions about retinal development using an organotypic retinal slice preparation combined with cellular and molecular probes. Using the retinal slice preparation, we will examine how cell fate is regulated in the retina. Does the fate of a retinal cell depend on its location at the time of division or is there a prior commitment to particular phenotype. To do this, we will transplant neuroepithelial progenitor cells to different locations within the retina using our newly developed retinal slice preparation to discover whether and how different microenvironments change the phenotypic fate of individual cells. We will also use the retinal slice preparation to test the effects of extracellular growth factors on retinal cell proliferation and differentiation. To understand what control the differentiation of newly generated rod photoreceptors, and what fraction of the newly divided outernuclear layer cells actually differentiate into rods, we will use in vivo experiments in the experimentally useful fish retina which continues to grow throughout life. We will label newly divided cells in the outer nuclear layer of the retina with a probe for opsin mRNA using in situ hybridization to determine what fraction of the new cells continue to differentiate into rod photoreceptors. We will also examine the effect of candidate factors on differentiation. Results from these experiments should help us understand normal retinal development but also the mechanisms leading to retinal dysfunction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEURONAL LIPOFUSCINOSIS
DEGENERATION
HEREDITARY
CEROID-
Principal Investigator & Institution: Katz, Martin L.; Ophthalmology; University of Missouri Columbia 310 Jesse Hall Columbia, Mo 65211 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Verbatim from applicant's abstract): Juvenile ceroid-lipofuscinosis (Batten disease, CLN3) is one of the most common hereditary neurodegenerative disorders. It is inherited as an autosomal-recessive trait. Blindness due to retinal degeneration is usually the first clinical symptom, with complete vision loss occurring between the ages of 5 and 7 years. Subsequently, affected individuals develop seizures, and undergo psychomotor and cognitive deterioration to a vegetative state. Death usually occurs in the late teenage years to the twenties. The severe and progressive nature of this disease results in enormous medical, financial, and emotional burdens on families with afflicted children. Little is known regarding the etiology of Batten disease, and no effective treatments have been developed. A distinctive biochemical feature of this disorder is a massive intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent lysosomal storage bodies in most tissues. The subunit c protein of mitochondrial ATP synthase is a major constituent of the storage bodies. The overall goals of the proposed research are to determine the molecular mechanisms responsible for the lysosomal storage of the subunit c protein, and to develop treatments that will prevent or slow the progressive neuronal degeneration that leads to blindness and cognitive decline. To accomplish these goals, experiments will be conducted to achieve the following specific aims: (1) complete phenotypic characterization of a mouse "gene knock-out" model for juvenile ceroidlipofuscinosis; (2) determine whether carnitine supplements can slow disease progression in mice in which the CLN3 gene has been inactivated (knocked out); (3) evaluate the potential of neuroprotectants to prevent neural degeneration in mice in
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which the CLN3 gene has been knocked out; (4) purify and characterize the CLN3 protein; and (5) determine whether the rates of subunit c protein synthesis and/or degradation are altered in juvenile ceroid-lipofuscinosis and in tissues of CLN3 knockout mice. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROPROTECTION AND RETINAL GANGLION CELL DEATH Principal Investigator & Institution: Grosskreutz, Cynthia L.; Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary 243 Charles St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: Retinal ganglion cells die by apoptosis after optic nerve crush and in glaucoma, causing irreversible visual loss. Current therapies lower intraocular pressure, but are not designed specifically to prevent retinal ganglion cell death and blindness. Apoptosis can be initiated by at least two different pathways: activation of death receptors such as Fas, leading to recruitment of FADD, and caspase 8 to form the active caspase 8 containing death inducing signaling complex. This leads to cleavage and activation of downstream caspases and cell death. Alternatively, pro- apoptotic Bcl2 family members (dephosphorylated pBAD) can translocate to the mitochondrion, leading to release of cytochrome c, APAF-1, and activation of caspase-9, again initiating downstream caspases including caspase 3. We have observed that optic nerve crush induces rapid, stereotyped death of retinal ganglion cells, and that both of these pathways may well be involved. Although conceptualized as distinct pathways, they are likely points of intersection and regulation of these upstream initiating phenomenon. We propose that calcineurin activity is a major regulator of upstream caspases, because calcineurin inhibition protects against death receptor-initiated apoptosis and also prevents pBad phosphorylation. We demonstrated that treatment of rats with FK506, a widely clinically used immunosuppressant agent that is a potent calcineurin inhibitor, led to statistically significant retinal ganglion cell protection after optic nerve crush. The goals of the current application are (Aim 1) to determine whether inhibition of calcineurin underlies the observed neuroprotective effect of FK506, AND (Aim 2) to examine the effect of FK506 on the caspase 8/death receptor and pBad/cytochrome c initiating cascades. Aim 3 builds on the first 2 aims, and takes advantage of a microsurgical vascular sclerosis model of experimental glaucoma in the rat. We observe that RGC are lost over the course of several weeks by apoptosis, with many of the same characteristics as we observe in the subacute optic nerve crush model. We will now further characterize this model, and determine whether calcineurin inhibition by FK506 is neuroprotective in this setting. Taken together, the broad, long-term aims of the studies outlined in this application are to characterize the cell death pathways involved in retinal ganglion cell death so that neuroprotective treatments can be developed for diseases in which retinal ganglion cells die, such as glaucoma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NON-INVASIVE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE MEASUREMENT DEVICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Wavering, Thomas A.; Luna Innovations, Inc. 2851 Commerce St Blacksburg, Va 24060 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-MAY-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness in the United States and accounts for 15 percent of blindness worldwide. The Vision Research
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Plan for the National Eye Institute establishes identifying the biological mechanisms responsible for glaucoma as a national priority. Recent research indicates that many forms of glaucoma have a genetic component. Development of a non-invasive, accurate, and reliable method to measure lop in rodents will greatly facilitate the identification of genes involved in IOP regulation and the susceptibility of the retina and the optic nerve to glaucomatous damage. A non-invasive technique for measuring lop in mice will enable repeated measurements on a single eye and be more useful for investigating the effect of age, drugs, and other factors on IOP over time. Luna Innovations, along with Dr. Simon John at the Jackson Laboratory, Dr. John Morrison at the Casey Eye Institute, and Dr. Jay McLaren at the Mayo Clinic, propose to develop a system for non-invasive intraocular pressure measurement in rodents by providing simultaneous measurement of contact area and applied force. The Phase I program will focus on developing prototype tonometers and demonstrating feasibility with rats before advancing to mouse studies during the Phase II program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NONPEPTIDE IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
ANTAGONISTS
OF
CCR-7
FOR
Principal Investigator & Institution: Alleva, David G.; Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc. 10555 Science Center Dr San Diego, Ca 921211100 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that afflicts roughly 300,000 Americans. The disease involves immune-mediated inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) which leads to paralysis, bowel and bladder incontinence, and blindness. Neuro-inflammation in MS is mediated by inflammatory autoreactive T cells that recognize self-antigens from the CNS and require continual re-activated with antigen in secondary lymphoid organs (i.e., lymph nodes). Recently, it has been discovered that the two chemokines (i.e., small chemotactic cytokines), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3beta and secondary lymphoid organ chemokine (SLC), play a fundamental role in the migration of T cells and antigenpresenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells (DC), to secondary lymphoid organs. Expression of these chemokines is constitutive and limited to secondary lymphoid organs, and attracts T cells and mature DC (DC that have processed antigen) that express CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7), the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) for these two chemokines. Thus, our objective is to develop an orally-active small molecule antagonists of CCR7 that would prevent the migration of pathogenic T cells and DC to lymph nodes, which would be a powerful approach to suppressing T cell activation during the autoimmune process and, in turn, blocking end-stage inflammation. To accomplish this goal, our Specific Aims for this Phase I are (i) to synthesize focused combinatorial small molecule libraries based on lead antagonist compounds to identify high-affinity antagonists (Ki < 50 nM) for CCR7, (ii) to demonstrate that the high-affinity antagonists specifically interact with CCR7 on native-receptor expressing cells and selectively inhibit CCR7-mediated cellular responses (i.e., calcium mobilization and chemotaxis), (iii) to assess stability and toxicity of lead compounds in vitro and in vivo, and (iv) to assess whether lead compounds show in vivo efficacy in rodent models of MS and other autoimmune diseases. Indeed, a favorable out-come of these experiments would support the therapeutic potential of CCR7 antagonists in MS PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NONPEPTIDE SOMATOSTATIN AGONISTS FOR RETINOPATHY Principal Investigator & Institution: Shapiro, Gideon; Somatocor Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 150 Technology Pky, Ste 200 Norcross, Ga 300922911 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in the United States. The disorder is characterized by aberrant neovascularization ultimately leading to blindness. Currently, there is no drug treatment for DR patients and pannretinal laser coagulation surgery is the only option to delay blindness. Somatostinergic drugs are growth factor inhibitors that offer the potential to treat a probable cause of diabetic retinopathy by blocking key mediating steps in disease progression. Clinical trials with somatostatin peptide drugs in DR patients indicate that somatostatinergic drug therapy can stop neovascularization and improve visual acuity. However, the clinical results have been highly variable and have been best for patients receiving high dosage regimens or continuous parenteral treatment. These results are consistent with an inadequate blood-retinal barrier penetration of somatostatin peptide drugs to reach target retinal tissues. New nonpeptide lipophilic somatostatin receptor agonists described herein have the potential to effectively penetrate the BRB. Using pharmacological in vitro and animal testing models of DR this study aims to establish structure activity relationships for this innovative class of compounds. The final goal is to identify a small potent somatostinergic molecule that readily accesses target retinal tissue for clinical testing in DR patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: OCULAR HSV-1:CONSTRUCTION AND ANALYSIS OF AL MUTANTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Brick, David J.; Ophthalmology; University of California Irvine Campus Dr Irvine, Ca 92697 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Recurrent HSV-I, due to reactivation of latent virus from sensory neurons, is a major cause of corneal blindness. LAT, the only viral transcript thought to be made during latency, is essential for efficient reactivation. Recently, a new viral transcript, AL, was found during latency. AL is anti-sense to LAT and produces a protein in infected rabbits. Since AL and LAT overlap, phenotypes previously attributed to LAT may be due to AL. Two hypotheses will be tested: AL plays a role in (1) spontaneous reactivation; and (2) virulence. My specific aim is to determine the function of AL. AL-/LAT + and AL+/LAT - mutants will be constructed and their reactivation and virulence phenotypes analyzed in the rabbit ocular model. These complementary mutants should allow us to determine if AL is involved in spontaneous reactivation and/or virulence, or if both phenotypes are due solely to LAT. This information will be critical to the development of novel strategies to reduce recurrent viral reactivation and conseequently reduce HSV-1 induced eye disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: OCULAR PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPY OF BACTERIAL KERATITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hill, James M.; Professor; Ophthalmology; Louisiana State Univ Hsc New Orleans New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1991; Project End 31-JAN-2003
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Summary: (from abstract) Bacterial keratitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a severe ocular infection that can progress rapidly, resulting in intense ocular inflammation, irreversible stromal scarring of the cornea, blindness, and the need for corneal transplantation. The objective of this project is to improve our understanding of both the bacterial factors and the host immune and nonimmune factors that contribute to stromal damage, as a basis for the development of a chemotherapeutic regimen that prevents corneal scarring. Although intense antibiotic therapy of Pseudomonas keratitis kills the bacteria and sterilizes the cornea, damage still occurs; scarring results from a sequence of cellular changes mediated by an inflammatory response in the host cornea. Thus, any therapy, to be clinically successful, must inhibit both bacterial and host factors. Therefore, the specific aims are to test hypotheses concerning the nature of and the contributions of host factors and bacterial factors to corneal inflammation and tissue damage, as well as the mechanisms that must be controlled to reduce scarring. Proposed experiments, both in vitro and in vivo, will 1) define the pathogenic role of bacterial exoproteins in the host tissues, especially proteases; 2) assess combination chemotherapy of keratitis using antibiotics to limit production of bacteria and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) to inhibit inflammation-mediated stromal damage; 3) evaluate protease inhibitors as chemotherapeutic agents to reduce the ability of bacterial and host proteases to mediate tissue damage; and 4) test new chemotherapeutic regimens using antibiotics in various combinations that include NSAIDs, steroids, and protease inhibitors in order to simultaneously inhibit both host and bacterial factors. Methods include the use of wild-type Pseudomonas strains compared to exoprotein-deficient Pseudomonas strains in order to identify the specific proteins that produce corneal damage, and the use of recently identified Pseudomonas proteases in order to identify and test appropriate protease inhibitors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: OPSINS, G PROTEIN PATHWAYS AND REGULATION IN RPE CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Fong, Henry K.; Doheny Eye Institute 1450 San Pablo St Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1990; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Vertebrate opsins in photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) have fundamental roles in the visual process. The visual pigments in photoreceptors are bound to 11 -cis-retinal and are responsible for the initiation of visual excitation. Retinochrome-like opsins in the RPE are bound to alltrans-retinal and may play an important role in chromophore metabolism. The retinal G protein-coupled receptor (RGR) in the RPE and Muller cells is an opsin that is necessary for normal synthesis of 11 -cis-retinal and regeneration of rhodopsin during light adaptation. It is hypothesized that RGR has a central role in light-dependent synthesis of 11-cis-retinal and the regeneration of rhodopsin, hence RGR is involved in the visual cycle. The objective of this grant application is to prove this hypothesis by demonstration of a detailed mechanistic model for the function of RGR at the molecular and physiological levels. The study of RGR opsin is impeded by limitations in accessibility, low abundance, biochemical properties, and the lack of an appropriate cell culture model. To be able to study the RGR opsin, three experimental approaches to this research problem have been created. A functional RGR opsin from bovine RPE has been isolated. Second, a cell culture model of RPE cells that stably express RGR and remain able to process retinoids has been established. Third, the RGR opsin knockout mouse with an informative phenotype has been produced. These experimental approaches will
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be used in this grant proposal to further investigate the function of RGR and its role in retinoid metabolism and regulation in the RPE. By preserving rhodopsin levels and retinal sensitivity, the RGR opsin gene helps to prevent night blindness and provides a selective advantage for species subject to wide variation in environmental luminance. Further understanding of RGR at the biochemical level will be important in learning how RPE cells work, and characterization of defects in RGR function may show how human RPE cells undergo dysfunction and deteriorate leading to disease. Since RGR is involved in a fundamental visual process, defects in RGR are likely to impair the health of the RPE and retina. The importance of RGR opsin to the health and viability of the neuroretina is shown by mutations in the human RGR gene that segregate with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) in patients with autosomal dominant or recessive RP. Errors in retinoid metabolism in either the photoreceptors or RPE cells may lead to abnormal levels of A2E, a major compound of lipofuscin that accumulates in the RPE during aging and age-related macular degeneration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PALMITOYL PROTEIN THIOESTERASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Hofmann, Sandra L.; Professor of Internal Medicine; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1996; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis or INCL is a devastating genetically inherited disease caused by a deficiency in palmitoyl-protein thioesterase or PPT1. The hallmarks of the disease are rapid neurologic decline, seizures and blindness due to massive neuronal and retinal cell loss leading to an isoelectric EEG and early death. In this competitive renewal the investigator proposes to do the following. (1) The major metabolic products accumulating in cells from patients with the infantile form of Batten disease will be identified. The investigator states that lipid thioesters derived from acylated proteins accumulate in this disease and that they are neurotoxic. (2) Substrate specificities of PPT1 and PPT2 will be explored based on three-dimensional structure as determined by X-ray crystallography. (3) A circulating inhibitor of PPT1 and PPT2 will be purified from human plasma, then characterized. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PATHOGENESIS OF GLAUCOMATOUS OPTIC NERVE DAMAGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Quigley, Harry A.; Director, Glaucoma Service; Ophthalmology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1977; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: Glaucoma is the second most common cause of blindness in the world. Our project seeks to specify new approaches to its therapy by extending the lives of retinal ganglion cells through treatments that would supplement eye pressure lowering therapy that is now the standard of care. These experiments will elucidate the mechanism of blindness in glaucoma through use of experimental models in rats and monkeys and through study of human eyes with glaucoma. The role of neurotrophins in the maintenance of normal retinal ganglion cell health will be investigated. The hypothesis will be examined that neurotrophin deprivation is an important factor in ganglion cell death in glaucoma by interfering with normal signaling between target brain cells and retinal ganglion cells. The project will investigate the role of microtubule associated proteins within ganglion cell fibers in the obstruction of axonal transport
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known to occur in glaucoma. It includes expression of genes for neurotrophins, especially brain-deprived neurotrophic factor, in ganglion cells using viral vectors to assess the beneficial effect on chronic experimental glaucoma. Another aim is to determine whether cysteine proteases are activated during the death of ganglion cells in glaucoma. If these enzymes are found to be involved, their inhibition will be studied by ganglion cell expression of genes that inhibit them, again using viral vectors. A transgenic rat model will be developed that expresses an inhibitory protein for apoptotic cells death (p35) under conditional control of expression by exposure to tetracycline. In these rats, induced neuronal expression will be studied in a chronic glaucoma model to assess beneficial effects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PATHOGENESIS OF RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Holmes, Jonathan M.; Professor and Chairman; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a blinding disease of premature infants resulting from development of abnormal blood vessels in the immature retina. It has been well established that excess oxygen is an important causative factor in the pathogenesis of ROP. Nevertheless, despite the more careful use of oxygen, the incidence of ROP is increasing in the United States. In addition, current treatments for severe ROP fail to prevent blindness in a large proportion of infants. Therefore, further research into the pathogenesis of ROP is critical to increase our understanding of the disease and to develop new methods of prevention and treatment. Infants who never experience hyperoxia (e.g., those with congenital heart disease) may also develop ROP. For these infants in particular, and for premature neonates in general, systemic acidosis has been implicated as a risk factor in the development of ROP. A new neonatal animal model has been developed that allows study of metabolic acidosis and retinal neovascularization. The investigator has confirmed that metabolic acidosis alone leads to preretinal neovascularization in the retina of immature animals, and has termed this model "metabolic acidosis-induced retinopathy" (MAIR). Using this model, the investigator proposes to characterize the effect of acidosis on the immature retina and investigate biochemical and molecular mechanisms. These studies may lead to new avenues of prevention and treatment of ROP. The primary hypothesis for this series of experiments is that: "acidosis is a risk factor for ROP in human neonates." This leads to the following secondary hypotheses that will be tested in the MAIR model, which is that: (1) a dose-response relationship exists between the extent of metabolic acidosis and the severity of retinopathy in the neonatal rat model; (2) neovascularization in the acidotic model is mediated by downregulation followed by up-regulation of one or more growth factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1); and (3) the retinopathy can be prevented by reversal of acidosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PATHOGENIC ENDOPHTHALMITIS
MECHANISMS
OF
BACILLUS
CEREUS
Principal Investigator & Institution: Callegan, Michelle C.; Ophthalmology; University of Oklahoma Hlth Sciences Ctr Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Ok 73126 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004
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Summary: Bacillus cereus causes the most explosive and devastating form of posttraumatic or endogenous endophthalmitis that, despite aggressive antibiotic and surgical intervention, almost always results in blindness. The regularity of treatment failures despite aggressive treatment necessitates the identification of the specific virulence factors associated with disease and characterization of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms involved. Preliminary studies employed a highly reproducible and sensitive rabbit model of experimental B. cereus endophthalmitis to analyze pathological events occurring during infection. The model was used in a comparative study of gram-positive endophthalmitis to identify the basis for strain-specific differences in virulence. Retinal damage and inflammation occurred in a pathogenspecific manner, with B. cereus endophthalmitis resulting in migration of organisms throughout the eye, significant retinal destruction, and explosive intraocular inflammation within 18 hours. Intravitreal injection of B. cereus cell walls did not affect retinal responsiveness, but induced significant intraocular inflammation. One cytolytic toxin, hemolysin BL, was found not to contribute to endophthalmitis pathogenesis. However, other as yet unidentified proteins secreted by B. cereus caused significant retinal toxicity and intraocular inflammation, paralleling that observed during a natural infection. Among bacterial causes of ocular infectious disease, B. cereus ranks at the top as one of the most virulent ocular pathogens, but ranks near the bottom in terms of understanding the host/pathogen relationship during infection. To fill this existing information gap, we propose to identify the principle factors responsible for B. cereus intraocular virulence by 1) assessing the retinal toxicity and intraocular inflammogenicity of individual B. cereus secreted products and cell wall constituents, 2) analyzing the intraocular virulence of isogenic mutants deficient in specific B. cereus toxins, and 3) examining the contribution of bacterial intraocular migration to virulence. The experiments outlined in this proposal are designed to identify primary B. cereus virulence determinants and characterize their contribution to the course and severity of disease. Identification and characterization of important virulence factors will provide the basis on which information-based therapeutic agents are developed in order to prevent vision loss during B. cereus endophthalmitis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PHOTORECEPTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kraft, Timothy W.; Physiological Optics; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1994; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Retinal degeneration is a major cause of blindness in our elderly population as well as the tens of thousands of younger Americans afflicted with inherited retinal degenerations such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Photoreceptor degeneration is a final common pathway resulting in loss of vision for many insults to the eye, including many mutations of rhodopsin or other proteins of the phototransduction cascade. In retinal degenerations caused by mutations in rod-specific genes, it is equally important to comprehend why the normal cone photoreceptors also die bringing patients from night blindness to near total blindness. We propose experiments on two newly characterized animal models of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa, the transgenic pig carrying mutant rhodopsin. This grant will answer three important questions: (1) How do the P347L and P347S rhodopsin mutations alter normal phototransduction and rod signaling? (2) How do electrophysiological recordings of single cell photoresponses compare to those same responses derived by indirect methods with the electroretinogram (ERG)? This project will document the ERG's capacity as a tool used
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to probe photoreceptor function. Massive loss of rod photoreceptors in these animals and in patients with RP somehow kills the cone photoreceptors as well. If cone function could be rescued, a substantial portion of human visual behavior would remain intact. (3) What are the pathologic changes in the physiology of cone photoreceptors associated with retinal degeneration due to rhodopsin mutations in the pig? The past decade has seen tremendous advances in the understanding of the biochemistry and molecular biology of phototransduction, yet little is known about photoreceptors pathophysiology. We will investigate the single cell photocurrents with the suction electrode technique to examine the changes that take place throughout the course of the retinal degeneration and loss of vision. Several biophysical parameters of the rods and cones will be measured at 3 to 5 stages over a period in which all the rods and half the cones are lost. We will also examine the photoreceptor responses to flickering light which is predicted to be a sensitive indicator of cell health. Statistical analyses will determine major and minor effects. We will establish a quantitative physiological database for photoreceptor function in a degenerating retina coordinated with ERG evaluations of the retina at the same stages of disease. This data base will be useful in judging therapeutic intervention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PROCESSING STREAMS IN EARLY VISION Principal Investigator & Institution: Cavanagh, Patrick; Professor; Psychology; Harvard University Holyoke Center 727 Cambridge, Ma 02138 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1991; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: Vision allows us to live a little bit in the future, to see things and react to them before they actually bump into us. The advantages of vision to an organism are overwhelming and, of all of the predictive functions of vision, the perception of motion is arguably the most valuable: it explicitly and rapidly deals with not just where things are but where things are going. In fact, the advantages of motion perception are so great that two very different motion systems appear to have emerged independently in the human visual system. The goal of this grant is to define and characterize the least understood of these two systems, the "high-level" motion system. Our work has shown that the high-level system appears to be based on selection and pursuit of targets by attention, a system analogous in many ways to the smooth pursuit system of eye movements. Attentive tracking is a critical part of many everyday activities - driving, playing sports, and responding to dynamic computer displays. Understanding its limitations and mechanisms in isolation from the properties of low-level motion detectors is crucial to understanding human performance in demanding environments. I propose to study the role of attention in high-level vision in normals and in individuals with damage to the parietal region, an area involved in attention. To isolate the highlevel motion system, we must also understand the low-level system which is based on directionally selective neurons in the visual cortex. Several experiments are planned to identify low-level processes and catalog their number and properties. We also will continue to examine the smooth pursuit system used when tracking targets with eye movements. Our early results show that high-level motion signals may play a significant role in initiating and correcting smooth pursuit. Finally, we look at how the visual system identifies the position of stimuli despite constant large and small motions of the eye. We have discovered a stabilization system, a "Steadycam" process, based on lowlevel motion signals that keeps the world stable despite movement and vibration of the eye. We will continue our work on these projects and begin a new project on the perception of stimuli from outside the visual field. In this last study we will stimulate the retina through the sclera and address the question of how the perceived location of
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object is corrected for the direction of gaze. We will examine whether the early responses to the stimulation are gated out of awareness for directions of gaze where the stimulated retinal location corresponds to a location outside the normal visual field. In these final studies I will test normal and neurological subjects and record brain activation using fMRI. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: QUANTIFICATION OF DRUSEN IN MACULAR DEGENERATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Friberg, Thomas R.; Professor; Ophthalmology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness in the United Sates in Americans over the age of 50. Drusen are by-products of rod and cone metabolism and their presence in the ocular fundus is a clinical sign of AMD. It is known that patients whose eyes harbor drusen are at special risk of visual loss from AMD. In a prospective, multi-centered trial, the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), some 5000 patients have been enrolled and followed at sixmonth intervals to determine risk factors for AMD as well as to measure the influence of certain multivitamins and micronutrients on the progression of macular degeneration and cataract. In another prospective, randomized, controlled trial, the Prophylactic Treatment of AMD Trial (PTAMD), patients with multiple large drusen have been enrolled to determine whether a minimal laser treatment applied one time provides any benefit with respect to lowering rates of visual loss and rates of development of choroidal neovascularization (CNVM). During the PTAMD and AREDS trials, photographs of the fundi of each participant have been taken at least annually in the form of Ektachrome color slides. These slides are evaluated by human readers in a Reading Center and the extent of the drusen is categorized accordingly. The applicant proposes to perform a quantitative analysis on the color slides of the macula of all patients who have been enrolled into the PTAMD and AREDS trials at the Pittsburgh site, as well as other patients who have AMD and have been followed similarly for a minimum of three years. The original slides will be digitized onto CD disks for permanent archiving, and will be analyzed using a specially-written computer algorithm which semi-automatically detects drusen in digital images. Once detected, quantitative measurements of the area of drusen extent and size of each drusen are generated for each image. This method is more precise than characterizing drusen using traditional long and more subjective protocols, and may be valuable in determining the risks of a given patient developing choroidal neovascularization and visual loss before such events occur. That is, such continuous quantitative data may, when analyzed, provide a more accurate and sensitive assessment of risk compared to conventional measurement techniques. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: REGULATION OF SEX SPECIFIC GENES IN DROSOPHILA Principal Investigator & Institution: Cline, Thomas W.; Molecular and Cell Biology; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-1977; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Molecular genetic analysis of Drosophila development has shown the complexity, diversity, and relatedness of developmental mechanisms in higher organisms. By revealing the kinds of phenomena that underlie
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human development, study of this model organism provides invaluable insights for improving human health. The following proposal is based on the understanding and genetic tools developed over years of study of the gene Sex-lethal (Sxl), the master regulator of Drosophila sex determination and X-chromosome dosage compensation. The proposal is designed not only to extend specific knowledge of sex determination and dosage compensation, but also to expand our general understanding of the relationship between gene regulation in germ cells and that in somatic cells, the molecular nature of host-parasite interactions in arthropods, the control of behavior by genes, and the unique character of extremely early expressed genes that allows them to be expressed when nearly all other genes are silent. All the experiments proposed rely heavily on the enormous power of forward genetics in this model system. There are three general aims in this proposal, all involving Sxl and all designed to synergize. First, an understanding is sought of how and why Sxl functions in germ cells and how the obligate intracellular parasitic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis interacts with it in that cell type. Wolbachia is a ubiquitous arthropod parasite with health relevance (in River Blindness) that is notorious for manipulating the reproductive biology of its hosts. It may be an important factor driving evolution. This parasite has not previously been amenable to study in a model genetic system like Drosophila melanogaster. The germline functioning of Sxl differs remarkably from its functioning in the soma, which is better understood. The germline studies proposed are relevant to the mechanism of meiosis, stem-cell behavior, cell-cell signaling, gene mutation, and pleiotropy. Second, experiments are proposed to understand a newly discovered branch in the somatic sexdetermination gene hierarchy that controls an important aspect of female behavior, namely egg-laying. Finally, studies of the set of genes that act additively to generate the primary sex-determination signal in the fly will be continued to understand how these genes are expressed so much earlier than other genes and whether they are as unique as they seem in this regard. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RESCUE OF THE RD PHENOTYPE USING SOMATIC GENE THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Semple-Rowland, Susan Lynn.; Associate Professoir; Neuroscience; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The long-term goal of this research program is to understand the biochemical processes in photoreceptor cells that if disrupted, lead to cell dysfunction and degeneration. The model system studied in this program is the retinal degeneration (rd) chicken, the only animal model for inherited retinal disease that possesses a cone-dominant retina. In the previous funding period, the investigators determined that the rd gene encoded photoreceptor guanylate cyclase 1 (GC1), a gene critical for cone and rod phototransduction. The results of their analyses show that the rd chicken is a model for Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA1), an inherited retinal disease of the retinitis pigmentosa family of retinal degenerations that causes blindness in newborn infants. They propose that the GC1 null mutation in the rd chicken leads to abnormally low levels of cGMP in cone and rod cells, loss of phototransduction, and eventually to photoreceptor degeneration. The goal of the studies outlined in this proposal is to rescue the retinal degeneration phenotype of the rd chicken using somatic gene therapy. They will test the hypothesis that expression of normal GC1 in rd photoreceptor cells is sufficient to restore photoreceptor function and prevent photoreceptor cell death. The aims of this proposal are: (1) to identify fragments
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of the GCAP1 promoter that are capable of directing expression of reporter genes to photoreceptors in vitro (embryonic chicken retina cell culture) and in vivo (chicken embryos); (2) to examine the ability of selected GCAP1 promoters to drive expression of GC1 in photoreceptor cells in rd/rd retinal cultures; and (3) to rescue the retinal degeneration phenotype in the rd chicken using lentivirus to deliver a GCAP1/GC1 transgene to retinal progenitor or post-mitotic retinal cells. They will determine the transcription start point of GCAP1 and examine the specificity and activity levels of GCAP1 promoter fragments by transient transfection of chicken retinal cell cultures and by viral transduction of stage 9-11 chicken embryos. The ability of the GCAP1 promoter to drive GC1 expression in transiently-transfected rd/rd retinal cultures will be examined by measuring GC1 activity. To assess the effectiveness of the GC1 gene therapy, they will examine (1) the electroretinographic responses of the rd/rd retina, (2) retinal morphology, (3) GC1 expression, and (4) expression profiles of circadianregulated genes whose normal temporal expression pattern is disrupted in rd/rd retina. Comparisons of rd/rd chickens treated during embryonic development versus at hatching will allow one to determine if the efficacy of the therapy is enhanced if it is administered to the earliest expression of the normal gene in vivo. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RETINAL ANTIOXIDANT GENES INDUCED BY PHOTIC INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Chen, Lin; Ophthalmology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The candidate, Lin Chen, is determined to become a physician scientist and devote herself to both patient care and vision research. Her immediate career goal is to become an independent investigator. Although she has completed her graduate training in both basic science and clinical medicine, she will greatly benefit from the mentored clinical scientist development award. During the award period, she will acquire new research skills such as microarray analysis and mouse genetics, and obtain further training in the responsible conduct of research, and in communication and networking. The Scheie Eye Institute provides an ideal research environment for the candidate's career development. Dr. Chen's mentor, Dr. Jean Bennett, has a long track record of training scientists at all levels. She and the six other eye research faculty in the Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology are eager to support Dr. Chen's career development. These faculty members have expertise in ophthalmic molecular biology, histology, gene transfer, animal models of retinal degeneration, and animal ERG. The Kirby Center is a cohesive team of eye researchers with state-of-the-art equipment occupying an 11,000 sq. ft. floor in the heart of the Penn biomedical research community. The scientific objective of this proposal is to understand the role of oxidative stress in age-related macular degeneration, the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly. Specifically, this proposal will investigate the role of natural antioxidant genes in the mouse photic injury model, a model of photo-oxidative photoreceptor injury, and in human AMD specimens. The research design will employ microarray analysis of differences in antioxidant gene expression in normal mouse retinas versus photic injury retinas and in AMD eyes versus normal agematched eyes. It will also use transgenic and knockout mice to investigate the role of ceruloplasmin, an antioxidant found in Dr. Chen's preliminary studies to be upregulated following photic injury. This information will help define the mechanisms by which the retina protects itself from oxidative stress, which is important in the pathogenesis of AMD, as demonstrated by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study. New
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information about the specific mechanisms of oxidative damage and natural antioxidant protection in the retina will suggest new agents for protection and treatment of patients with AMD, preserving their vision. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RETINAL BIREFRINGENCE ANALYSIS IN STRABISMUS & AMBLYOPIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Hunter, David G.; Associate Professor; Ophthalmology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2002 Summary: (Author Abstract): Amblyopia is the leading treatable cause of vision loss in childhood, with a prevalence of 2-5%. It is responsive to treatment early in life, but delayed treatment can result in life-long visual impairment. Unfortunately, health care practitioners are often unable to identify amblyopia risk factors, including strabismus, media opacities, and anisometropia, in patients under age 5, so that many cases of amblyopia go undetected and untreated. There is a need for a more effective method of detecting amblyopia risk factors. The fovea of the eye is surrounded by a distinctive pattern of birefrefringent fibers that change the polarization state of transmitted light. Our laboratory has developed a specialized form of retinal birefringence scanning (RBS), in which a small spot of polarized fight is scanned in a circle on the retina, and the returning fight measured for changes in polarization. We have demonstrated that RBS accurately (+/- 1 deg) detects foveal fixation in real time, in unrestrained subjects (including infants and children), making it possible to study patients with amblyopia and young children at risk for developing amblyopia. RBS has been characterized in only a small number of subjects, however, and little is known about individual variability. We have also developed binocular RBS (BRBS), which detects fixation of both eyes simultaneously and hence detects interocular alignment. The specific aims are to more fully characterize the RBS signal in normal and amblyopic subjects to enhance accuracy (hence sensitivity and specificity), and to screen normal and strabismic subjects using BRBS to identify amblyopia risk factors. BRBS may make it possible to screen infants and children automatically for the presence of amblyopia risk factors, including ocular misalignment, media opacity, and possibly refractive error, thereby facilitating early detection and treatment of this preventable form of blindness. The ability to screen for early, small deviations may help resolve conflicting findings on the efficacy of early amblyopia detection and treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: RETINAL DEGENERATION AND CHLORIDE CHANNELS. Principal Investigator & Institution: Hartzell, H Criss.; Professor; Cell Biology; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The ability to read this page without magnification depends upon the integrity of the macula, a small region of the retina including the fovea. Macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in developed countries. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive degeneration of the macula that affects approximately 20% of individuals over the age of 65, but its causes remain unknown. The hypothesis driving this proposal is that CI currents play a role in phagocytosis of shed photoreceptor discs by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Defects in this process can lead to macular degeneration as the result of accumulation of
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retinoids and lipofuscin pigment in the subretinal space. We propose that CI channels are important in normal phagocytosis because they are involved in the regulation of cell volume during ingestion of large quantities of outer segments. A variety of well-known CI channels including CFTR, CIC-2, CIC-3, and CIC-5 are expressed in RPE cells and recently it has been suggested that bestrophin, an RPE protein that causes Best macular dystrophy, is the founding member of a new family of CI channels. The goal of this project is to characterize the CI currents, especially bestrophin-mediated currents, that are expressed in RPE cells and to understand their function. There are three specific aims. (1) To determine the properties of bestrophin CI channels. We will test the hypothesis that bestrophins are subunits of a chloride channel by patch clamp analysis of heterologously expressed bestrophins. (2) To characterize chloride channels in RPE cells. This aim tests the hypothesis that several types of CI channels are functionally specialized for specific RPE functions. The strategy is to use whole-cell and patch clamp recording to characterize CI channels in RPE cells and to compare them to the properties of known CI channels, including bestrophin. (3) To determine the role of CI channels in photoreceptor disc phagocytosis. This aim will test the hypothesis that CI channels are important in phagocytosis of rod outer segments by RPE cells. This hypothesis will be tested by determining the effects of pharmacological inhibitors and antisense knockdown of CI currents on the phagocytosis of rod outer segments by RPE. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RETINAL DEGENERATION: MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Al-Ubaidi, Muayyad R.; Associate Professor; Cell Biology; University of Oklahoma Hlth Sciences Ctr Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Ok 73126 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The identification of hundreds of mutations in over sixty retinal genes led to the generation of animal models, which were instrumental in establishing the relationship between the mutation and the disease phenotype. Currently, limited information exists to explain how a mutation leads to apoptosis. For apoptosis to take place an intrinsic or extrinsic signal must first be received by the cell followed by the activation of apoptotic executioners. Our hypothesis is that common early molecular events (apoptotic signals) precede the morphologic changes of photoreceptors (apoptotic execution). Our goal is to identify proteins that are modulated during these events. To identify apoptotic signals (Aim 1) we propose to use proteomics, differential display PCR (dd-PCR), and microarrays on the rd mouse, deltaI-255/256 transgenic model of isoleucine deletion at position 255 or 256 in opsin, Bouse transgenic mouse that over-expresses normal opsin, and SV40 T antigen transgenic mice. These models are chosen because, although they suffer from dysfunction resulting from the expression of different genes, synchronized apoptosis in all of them is initiated after P10 and completed by P21. As controls, we will use age matched wt mice and G90D (glycine to aspartic acid in opsin) transgenic model of non-degenerative congenital stationary night blindness. To identify early apoptotic signals, two-dimensional gels will be performed on retinas before any apparent morphologic changes (on P8) and the identity of informative protein spots will be revealed by characteristic peptide mass fingerprinting. Dd-PCR and cDNA arrays will be used to identify the transcripts of genes whose modulations are below proteomics levels of detection. We will also use proteomics to determine the identity and role in apoptosis of several potential stress proteins that are induced in retinas of transgenic mice expressing bcl-2 proto-oncogene
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(Aim 2). Finally, to elucidate the mechanism through which factors isolated in Aim 1 can initiate apoptosis, we will use protein arrays to identify prospective retinal apoptotic executioners in Aim 3. This research will help identify the principle genes controlling cell death regardless of the initial cellular insult. Uncovering these genes will lend itself to understanding the initiation and execution of retinal apoptosis in degenerative disorders and serves to enhance our understanding of normal age-related cell death. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RHODOPSIN TOPOGRAPHY IN THE ROD DISC MEMBRANE Principal Investigator & Institution: Hargrave, Paul A.; Professor; Ophthalmology; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 16-JUN-1985; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Vision begins with the absorption of light by rhodopsin. The conformational changes that this event induces in rhodopsin's cytoplasmic surface allows rhodopsin to interact with other components of the phototransduction cascade-transducin, rhodopsin kinase, and arrestin. The long-range goal of our research is to understand the molecular events of the recovery process following phototransduction. In this application, we seek to extend our knowledge of this recovery process through studies of the binding interaction between rhodopsin and arrestin. The rhodopsin/arrestin recovery process is a classical model system for a large class of G-protein-coupled receptors that are inactivated in an arrestin-dependent manner. In the visual system, mutations that disrupt the rhodopsin/arrestin interaction can lead to retinitis pigmentosa, and also stationary night blindness (in the case of arrestin). In its ground state, arrestin is inactive, unable to bind to photoactivated rhodopsin. Interaction with rhodopsin's phosphorylated carboxy-terminus induces a conformational change in arrestin that then allows it to bind to rhodopsin. This study is designed to develop an understanding of the molecular rearrangements that arrestin undergoes following activation. Specifically, we will address the following questions: A. What is the identity of the sites in the surface array of arrestin that bind to photoactivated rhodopsin? B. How are the sites of the binding array assembled? C. Where does the phosphorylated C-terminus of rhodopsin interact with arrestin to initiate this array assembly? Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SEARCHING FOR VISUAL SYSTEM MUTATIONS IN ADULT ZEBRAFISH Principal Investigator & Institution: Li, Lei; Physiology; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, Ky 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) The objective of this proposal is to develop comprehensive mutational screening methods to identify dominant visual system mutations in zebrafish. Dominant mutations that cause retinal degeneration have been found in many species. In humans, for example, approximately 40 percent of retinitis pigmentosa (RP, characterized by progressive retinal photoreceptor cell degeneration) are dominantly inherited. We know most about dominant RF where mutations have been found in the photoreceptor cell-specific rhodopsin or peripherin genes. However, it is estimated that at the present time only about half of the dominant RP cases can be accounted for by mutations so far discovered. Thus, our understanding of the genetic mechanisms of dominant RP is still only in its infancy. The best way to discover the
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remaining RP genes is to apply the mutational approach using other vertebrate organisms. To this end, we developed a behavioral assay, based on the visually mediated escape response of zebrafish to a threatening object, that permits a rapid mutant screening for visual system mutations in adult zebrafish. In a previous screening, we have isolated 7 dominant mutations that cause age-related retinal degeneration. In the years to come, we will extend our studies to screen the F 1 generation of ENU mutagenized zebrafish to isolate 1) retinal-specific dominant mutations, 2) gene alleles of night blindness a and night blindness b mutations, and 3) extragenic gene suppressors of night blindness c mutation. A combination of behavioral, genetic, and molecular screening will be used in these studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TACTILE PICTURES AND THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED Principal Investigator & Institution: Heller, Morton A.; Professor and Chair; Psychiatry; Eastern Illinois University Charleston, Il 61920 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1998; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: This is proposal that sets forth a series of experiments designed to study the nature of perception of 2D graphical configurations in blind, low-vision and sighted people. A broad range of graphical configurations will be explored, including pictorial conventions found in visual perception such as foreshortening, texture gradients, and Gestalt organization principles. A number of illusions which occur in vision will also be investigated when presented tactually. In addition, top down influences as well as context effects will also be studied. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: THE TACTILE ACUITY OF BLIND AND SIGHTED PERSONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Goldreich, Daniel; Assistant Professor; Occupational Therapy; Duquesne University Pittsburgh, Pa 15219 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant)Despite widespread popular belief that blind people have enhanced tactile acuity, there is little experimental evidence regarding this issue. The question of the tactile superiority of the blind is of significant theoretical interest, and also has practical implications for rehabilitation strategies involving sensory substitution devices. The objective of this research is to determine whether blindness results in compensatory functional improvement to the sense of touch, and if so, to identify the likely mechanism for this improvement. A series of computer automated psychophysical experiments will be performed on sighted and two groups of blind people, congenitally blind and late blind braille readers, to determine whether either group of blind people has tactile acuity superior to that of the sighted. Subjects will be tested on two tactile tasks, grating resolution and grating detection, each task run at two controlled stimulus force levels, and repeated to allow for improvement with practice. The results of the study will favor one of the following three hypotheses: Hypothesis 1: Extreme daily reliance on the sense of touch, regardless of the age at onset of blindness, leads to enhanced tactile acuity, perhaps by means of unimodal plasticity within the parietal cortex. Hypothesis 2: Visual deprivation beginning at birth leads to enhanced tactile acuity, perhaps by means of cross modal plasticity in which the occipital cortex is recruited by the sense of touch. Hypothesis 3: Human tactile acuity is at the limit established by peripheral receptor density, and is accordingly not modifiable by either visual deprivation or tactile experience.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE VISUALLY DEFECTIVE PHENOTYPE OF RBP-DEFICIENT MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Blaner, William S.; Professor; Medicine; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Reproduced verbatim from the applicant's abstract): We recently generated a knockout mouse (RBP -/-) that totally lacks serum retinol-binding protein (RBP). RBP /- mice, at the time of weaning, have greatly impaired vision. This is evidenced by electroretinograms (ERGS) taken for wild type and RBP -/- littermates at weaning. Histologic analysis indicates that the neural retinas of RBP -/- mice are not different from those of wild type mice, suggesting that the impaired vision defect observed for RBP -/- mice does not arise from abnormal eye development. By six months of age, the RBP -/- mice acquire normal ERGs and normal vision. We wish to gain understanding of the impaired vision phenotype of RBP -/- deficient mice through the studies proposed in this application. RBP plays a role in delivering all-trans-retinol from hepatic or tissue stores to the eye. Based on data obtained from RBP -/- mice, we hypothesize that the eye, or more specifically the RPE, slowly acquires retinol through a process that involves uptake of recently ingested dietary retinol. This slow acquisition of retinol by the RPE parallels the acquisition of vision by RBP -/- mice. We propose to test this hypothesis in specific aims 1 and 2 of this project. In addition, RBP is expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and it has been proposed that this RPE-expressed RBP may play a role in transporting retinoids within the eye. We also hypothesize that the lack of RBP synthesis within the RPE contributes to the impaired vision of RBP-deficient mice. This hypothesis will be tested in specific aim 3 of the project. The role of RBP in human vision is poorly understood. Recently, two female siblings with what appears to be faulty RBP synthesis due to heterozygous mutations in the RBP gene were found to have only mildly defective vision (reduced dark adaptation and slightly reduced acuity), but not blindness, in the face of serum RBP levels below the detection limits of these investigators (< 0.2 uM) (Selliger et al., Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 1999, 32:311.). This data obtained through the study of these human patients, like our data obtained from study of RBP-deficient mice, suggests that RBP is not the sole source through which the eye acquires retinol. Using unique animal models, we are proposing to investigate the pathways important for retinol delivery to the eye and within the eye. These studies will provide fundamental new information about the role(s) of RBP in vision. This information will be directly relevant to humans and human disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TRACKING NEURONAL FIBERS IN LIVING HUMAN BRAIN BY MRI Principal Investigator & Institution: Conturo, Thomas E.; Associate Professor; Radiology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 27-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: We propose to extend our developments with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for tracking neuronal fibers in the lining human brain. The method, called diffusion tensor tracking (DTT), reconstructs continuous threedimensional trajectories of neuronal fiber bundles from diffusion tensor-encoded MRI data (DT-MRI). Compared to other methods, the MR procedure is non-invasive, capable of studying connectional anatomy unique to humans, and amenable to direct correlation with fMRI activations in
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the same individual subjects, which potentially will uncover the neuronal connections used for human tasks. Noninvasive DTT methods are especially important for revealing connections in humans associated with cognitive functions like language that cannot be extrapolated from non-human primate studies. For Aim I we will further enhance current computations of three- dimensional whole-brain fiber trajectories from DT-MRI data and develop and refine methods for selecting different fiber groups, especially including connections between regions defined by fMRI. For Aim II we will evaluate the accuracy and precision of DTT fiber trajectories by computer simulation and test-retest evaluation of experimental data. In Aim III we will assess the ability of DTT to determine the connectivity between fMRI-defined primary sensory and higher-order regions in the somatosensory and visual systems using known monkey neuroanatomy as a standard. The visual studies will involve retinotopic fMRI mapping to identify higher visual areas and to select functional subsets of the geniculocalcarine tract, and motion perception studies to activate remote cognitive regions outside the visual cortex. For Aim IV we will examine the potential clinical utility of DTT to characterize the functional effects of white matter lesions by correlating the lesion-to-cortex DTT projections with cortical defects in retinotopic fMRI and with visual field defects in patients with focal lesions of the geniculocalcarine tract. In Aim V, we will compare visual cortex connections in sighted, early- and late-blind subjects to assess the effects of age of blindness on the development and organization of the visual system. Successful completion of the proposed research will provide a set of tested tools for interrogating the development, functional organization, and reorganization of the human brain in normal and disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS OF TRACHOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Lietman, Thomas M.; Francis I. Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1997; Project End 31-JAN-2002 Summary: Trachoma is a chronic ocular disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. it is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. To date no vaccine has been proven to be efficacious in a clinical setting. While topical antibiotic preparations are effective against the chlamydia organism, previous large-scale treatment efforts have been disappointing. The objective of this proposal is to develop a systematic treatment program to prevent blindness from trachoma based on a detailed understanding of the dynamics of the transmission of chlamydia. This understanding will be achieved by using the approaches of molecular epidemiology and epidemiological modeling. The following specific questions will be answered: l) Does previous infection with chlamydia offer any protection against subsequent reinfection? 2) Is the apparently inevitable recurrence of chlamydial infection after initially effective treatment, secondary to reinfection or to within-host persistence of the original organism? 3) How effective would a vaccine have to be to eliminate trachoma in endemic areas? 4) What is the most effective use of antibiotic treatment in decreasing the incidence of trachoma? As a Mentored Clinical Scientist Training program, this proposal also aims to develop the research abilities of the PI, and enable him to be a productive independent researcher. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TRIAL OF ANTIBIOTICS TO REDUCE RECURRENT TRICHIASIS Principal Investigator & Institution: West, Sheila K.; Professor; Ophthalmology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: Trachoma, caused by C. trachomatis, is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, and control is a top priority of the blindness prevention community. In trachoma-endemic areas, 10% or more of adults have trichiasis, resulting from years of repeated infection, which is high risk for subsequent visual loss. Trichiasis can be corrected with surgery, but the recurrence rate at one year is disappointingly high, 17%, and it increases in subsequent years. There is strong evidence that ongoing exposure to infection with C. trachomatis, either from a persistent injection or exposure within families, drives ongoing scarring and trichiasis in these cases. The primary questions to be addressed by this investigation are: 1) Does post-surgical treatment of trichiasis cases with azithromycin reduce the one-year recurrence rate of trichiasis compared to standard care (topical tetracycline)? 2) Does post-surgical treatment of cases plus household members with azithromycin reduce the one-year recurrence rate of trichiasis compared to standard treatment? We propose a randomized, controlled clinical trial of 1425 adults with trichiasis scheduled for surgery in two health centers in the Lanfuro district of Ethiopia to address this questions. The three arm trial will have one arm in which cases receive a single dose of azithromycin post- surgery; a third arm in which cases will receive topical tetracycline post- surgery. Data on other risk factors will include baseline severity of trichiasis, surgery-related factors, and laboratory evidence and re- infection. Cases will be examined at 2 weeks and 2, 6, and 12 months post-surgery for recurrence of trichiasis. The results of this trial will have immediate public health impact by providing information for WHO recommendations for postsurgical treatment of trichiasis, as well as by guiding policy on azithromycin use for the 22 countries beginning National Trachoma Control programs worldwide. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: VIRAL MEDIATED GENE THERAPY FOR RETINAL DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Flannery, John G.; Associate Professor; Optometry; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The therapeutic potential of gene transfer as a treatment for retinal disease is promising, yet substantial technical and theoretical problems remain to be solved before this technology can be considered for clinical application. The overall goal of our research effort is to prevent or delay the course of blindness in patients. Our work focuses on the group of inherited blinding diseases called Retinitis Pigmentosa. Currently, there is no widely accepted or effective preventive treatment for this family of retinal degenerations. The goal of this project is to test neurotrophic factors for their ability to "rescue" photoreceptors from retinal degeneration. Viral vectors derived from adeno-associated virus (AAV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) will be used for transfer of neurotrophin genes to the retina. Gene transfer methods will be evaluated in several rodent models of retinal degeneration (light damage, RCS, opsin mutations). In these rodent models, cell death is attributed to several different mechanisms. Our underlying premise is that transfer to the retina of neurotrophin genes will protect against cell death, and delay the photoreceptor and RPE loss in retinal degeneration. In previous studies, we established that expression of Neurotrophic factors in the retina could slow the degeneration in
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rodent models of retinal disease. In specific aim 1, we propose to optimize the rescue effect of neurotrophic factors and combinations of factors using vectors incorporating inducible promoters to optimize the temporal expression and dose. In specific aim 2, we will increase the efficiency of retinal gene transfer through modifying the viral tropism of the AAV vector and development of new vectors targeted to specific classes of retinal cells. In specific aim 3, we will optimize the survival of cone photoreceptors in these disease models using targeted and controlled expression of neurotrophic factors. We will apply the same paradigm of detailed anatomical and functional (ERG) characterization for evaluating the rescue effect that has worked well in previous experiments. In summary, this application supports key, initial "proof-of-principle" experiments to create retina-specific viral vectors and systems to transfer neurotrophic factors for gene therapy of retinal degeneration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VISUAL CYCLE IN HUMAN PHOTORECEPTOR AND RPE DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Cideciyan, Artur V.; Ophthalmology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Biochemical and physiological studies in vitro and in retina-specific ABC transporter (ABCR) -/- knockout mice suggest that ABCR accelerates recovery of rod photoreceptor resensitization after intense light exposure by transporting isomerized chromphore, all-trans-retinal, across the rod outer segment disk membrane. The current proposal is to test hypotheses about the role of ABCR in human disease as follows: (1) Study the visual cycle abnormalities in patients with retinopathy due to ABCR mutations with the goals of dissecting the contributions of primary rod effects vs. secondary disease consequences and learning the relationship between primary rod abnormalities and the genotype; (2) Investigate the basis of rod visual loss in these patients by testing the hypothesis that desensitization by equivalent light contributes to the visual loss, and determine if short term trial of unilateral light reduction can alter rod sensitivity and select mutations; (3) Test whether heterozygotes of ABCR mutations show visual cycle abnormalities and to approach from the visual function perspective the issue of ABCR sequence variance as risk factors in age related macular degeneration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: VITREOUS MODULATION OF RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hunt, Diana M.; Microbiology and Immunology; University of South Carolina at Columbia Byrnes Bldg., Room 501 Columbia, Sc 29208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells form a columnar, barrier epithelium at the back of the retina and do not normally divide in the mature animal. However, in some disease states, such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), they gain access to, and proliferate in the vitreous. In PVR, cells in the vitreous elaborate membranous material containing extracellular matrix and cells. Contraction of these membranes results in traction forces that can detach the neural retina from the underlying RPE and cause blindness. RPE cells in the vitreous lose some of their normal properties and undergo a morphological transformation such that they have a more mesenchymal (fibroblast-like) appearance. These changes are also
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seen when RPE cells are cultured in the presence of vitreous in vitro. Little is known about biochemical changes involved, although a few gene products, including FGF-2, has been shown to be regulated by exposure to vitreous. The aim of this application is to identify additional genes the expression of which is modulated by vitreous and to determine the role of the known and newly identified genes in the altered phenotype of the RPE cells upon vitreous-treatment. Using gene array technology, it is planned to examine a limited number of genes (approximately 1000) which are known to be regulated in neoplastic cells which also undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transformation as well as genes which are known to be involved in cell-cell interaction and those coding for growth factors, cytokines and their receptors. This makes it possible to examine the expression of many genes simultaneously. Since the gene sequence and protein sequence for each gene is known, and some information is available relating to each gene's function, the results should give insights into both what the changes are, and which ones might be important. This should facilitate the generation of hypotheses concerning the pathway of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation, the possible nature of the vitreous components involved, and the implications of the results in retinopathies involving aberrant RPE cells, such as PVR. In future studies, beyond the scope of the current proposal, the information obtained will be used to investigate human epiretinal membranes removed during surgery, and to investigate changes in an animal model for PVR. The ultimate aim is the development of novel therapeutic approaches for PVR. This facilitated by the ability to deliver agents directly to the vitreous, which is separated from the blood stream by the blood-eye barrier. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “blindness” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for blindness in the PubMed Central database: •
A Classification Scheme for Materials on Blindness and the Blind. by Matas B.; 1963 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=197938
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Biochemical evidence for pathogenicity of rhodopsin kinase mutations correlated with the Oguchi form of congenital stationary night blindness. by Khani SC, Nielsen L, Vogt TM.; 1998 Mar 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19653
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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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CD4 + Depletion Selectively Inhibits Eosinophil Recruitment to the Cornea and Abrogates Onchocerca volvulus Keratitis (River Blindness). by Hall LR, Kaifi JT, Diaconu E, Pearlman E.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101818
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Dark-Light: Model for Nightblindness from the Human Rhodopsin Gly-90 [right arrow] Asp Mutation. by Sieving PA, Richards JE, Naarendorp F, Bingham EL, Scott K, Alpern M.; 1995 Jan 31; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42724
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Inhibition of the visual cycle in vivo by 13-cis retinoic acid protects from light damage and provides a mechanism for night blindness in isotretinoin therapy. by Sieving PA, Chaudhry P, Kondo M, Provenzano M, Wu D, Carlson TJ, Bush RA, Thompson DA.; 2001 Feb 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=29343
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Pathogenesis of Onchocercal Keratitis (River Blindness). by Hall LR, Pearlman E.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=100248
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Rapid restoration of visual pigment and function with oral retinoid in a mouse model of childhood blindness. by Van Hooser JP, Aleman TS, He YG, Cideciyan AV, Kuksa V, Pittler SJ, Stone EM, Jacobson SG, Palczewski K.; 2000 Jul 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26998
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The Neurological Information Network of the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness. by Bering EA Jr.; 1967 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=199045
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with blindness, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “blindness” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for blindness (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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“In sleep i almost never grope”: blindness, neuropsychiatric deficits, and a chaotic upbringing. Author(s): Brendel DH, Florman J, Roberts S, Solet JM. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2001 July-August; 9(4): 178-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11410541&dopt=Abstract
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A bayesian approach to change blindness. Author(s): Niemeier M, Crawford JD, Tweed DB. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 April; 956: 474-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11960843&dopt=Abstract
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A case of postictal cortical blindness detected by brain perfusion SPECT. Author(s): Ohta H, Yamamoto H, Kojima N, Todo G, Nii M. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2001 August; 26(8): 729. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11452194&dopt=Abstract
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A distinctive form of congenital stationary night blindness with cone ON-pathway dysfunction. Author(s): Barnes CS, Alexander KR, Fishman GA. Source: Ophthalmology. 2002 March; 109(3): 575-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11874764&dopt=Abstract
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A flicker paradigm for inducing change blindness reveals alcohol and cannabis information processing biases in social users. Author(s): Jones BT, Jones BC, Smith H, Copley N. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2003 February; 98(2): 235-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534429&dopt=Abstract
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A model of the prevalence and incidence of low vision and blindness among adults in the U.S. Author(s): Massof RW. Source: Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry. 2002 January; 79(1): 31-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11828896&dopt=Abstract
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A new index approach to measure lost benefits from progression to blindness. Author(s): Althin R, Lundstrom M, Roos P. Source: International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care. 2002 Summer; 18(3): 635-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12391956&dopt=Abstract
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A novel CACNA1F mutation in a french family with the incomplete type of X-linked congenital stationary night blindness. Author(s): Jacobi FK, Hamel CP, Arnaud B, Blin N, Broghammer M, Jacobi PC, Apfelstedt-Sylla E, Pusch CM. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 May; 135(5): 733-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12719097&dopt=Abstract
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A population based eye survey of older adults in Tirunelveli district of south India: blindness, cataract surgery, and visual outcomes. Author(s): Nirmalan PK, Thulasiraj RD, Maneksha V, Rahmathullah R, Ramakrishnan R, Padmavathi A, Munoz SR, Ellwein LB. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 May; 86(5): 505-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11973242&dopt=Abstract
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A potential spontaneous rat model of X-linked congenital stationary night blindness. Author(s): Zhang Z, Gu Y, Li L, Long T, Guo Q, Shi L. Source: Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology. 2003 July; 107(1): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12906122&dopt=Abstract
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A sudden rise in the prevalence of retinopathy of prematurity blindness? Author(s): Tompkins C. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 August; 108(2): 526. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11491122&dopt=Abstract
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A survey of blindness and poor vision in leprosy patients. Author(s): Yan L, Zhang G, Zheng Z, Li W, Ye G. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2003 May; 116(5): 682-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12875679&dopt=Abstract
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Abnormalities of the long flash ERG in congenital stationary night blindness of the Schubert-Bornschein type. Author(s): Langrova H, Gamer D, Friedburg C, Besch D, Zrenner E, Apfelstedt-Sylla E. Source: Vision Research. 2002 May; 42(11): 1475-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044753&dopt=Abstract
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Acute bilateral blindness caused by accidental methanol intoxication during fire “eating”. Author(s): Cursiefen C, Bergua A. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 September; 86(9): 1064-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12185141&dopt=Abstract
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Acute blindness as a presenting sign in childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Author(s): Guler E, Kutluk T, Akalan N, Akyuz C, Atahan L, Buyukpamukcu M. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2003 January; 25(1): 69-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544777&dopt=Abstract
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Acute cortical blindness complicating pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Ozkan SO, Korbeyli B, Bese T, Erel CT. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2001 November; 265(4): 231-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11789756&dopt=Abstract
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Acute monocular blindness associated with spontaneous common carotid artery dissection. Author(s): Lubin J, Capparella J, Vecchione M. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2001 September; 38(3): 332-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11524656&dopt=Abstract
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Adaptive low-vision and blindness techniques for blood glucose monitoring. Author(s): Sokol-McKay D, Buskirk K, Whittaker P. Source: Diabetes Educ. 2003 July-August; 29(4): 614-8, 620, 622 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13677174&dopt=Abstract
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Adverse and beneficial secondary effects of mass treatment with azithromycin to eliminate blindness due to trachoma in Nepal. Author(s): Fry AM, Jha HC, Lietman TM, Chaudhary JS, Bhatta RC, Elliott J, Hyde T, Schuchat A, Gaynor B, Dowell SF. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 August 15; 35(4): 395-402. Epub 2002 July 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12145722&dopt=Abstract
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Age related macular degeneration: smoking entails major risk of blindness. Author(s): Kelly SP, Edwards R, Elton P, Mitchell P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 June 28; 326(7404): 1458-9; Author Reply 145960. Erratum In: Bmj. 2003 August 9; 327(7410): 325. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12829572&dopt=Abstract
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An inventory of information on blindness and visual impairment in Canada. Author(s): Hameed TK, Hodge WG, Buhrmann R. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 2001 June; 36(4): 175-85; Discussion 185-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11428526&dopt=Abstract
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Are individual or consecutive letters the unit affected by repetition blindness? Author(s): Harris CL. Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 2001 May; 27(3): 761-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11394679&dopt=Abstract
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Atrial myxoma presenting as isolated unilateral blindness: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Salehian O, Demers C, Patel A. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2001 August; 17(8): 898-900. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11521132&dopt=Abstract
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Attention induced motion blindness. Author(s): Sahraie A, Milders M, Niedeggen M. Source: Vision Research. 2001 June; 41(13): 1613-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11348644&dopt=Abstract
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Attention to faces: a change-blindness study. Author(s): Davies TN, Hoffman DD. Source: Perception. 2002; 31(9): 1123-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12375876&dopt=Abstract
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Attentional enhancement opposite a peripheral flash revealed using change blindness. Author(s): Tse PU, Sheinberg DL, Logothetis NK. Source: Psychological Science : a Journal of the American Psychological Society / Aps. 2003 March; 14(2): 91-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661668&dopt=Abstract
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Automatic postural response systems in individuals with congenital total blindness. Author(s): Nakata H, Yabe K. Source: Gait & Posture. 2001 July; 14(1): 36-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11378423&dopt=Abstract
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Aware or unaware: assessment of cortical blindness in four men and a monkey. Author(s): Stoerig P, Zontanou A, Cowey A. Source: Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991). 2002 June; 12(6): 565-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12003856&dopt=Abstract
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BB embolus causing monocular blindness in a 9-year-old boy. Author(s): Pacio CI, Murphy MA. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 November; 134(5): 776-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12429263&dopt=Abstract
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Benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy (BAFME) with night blindness. Author(s): Manabe Y, Narai H, Warita H, Hayashi T, Shiro Y, Sakai K, Kashihara K, Shoji M, Abe K. Source: Seizure : the Journal of the British Epilepsy Association. 2002 June; 11(4): 266-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027575&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral cortical blindness associated with cerebral angiitis. Author(s): Amagasaki K, Takeuchi N, Kakizawa T, Shimizu T. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2002 July; 144(7): 749. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12181712&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral cortical blindness: an unusual complication following unilateral neck dissection. Author(s): Raj P, Moore PL, Henderson J, Macnamara M. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 March; 116(3): 227-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11893271&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral optic disk edema and blindness as initial presentation of acute lymphocytic leukemia. Author(s): Mayo GL, Carter JE, McKinnon SJ. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 July; 134(1): 141-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12095830&dopt=Abstract
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Bilateral retinal occlusion progressing to long-lasting blindness in severe preeclampsia. Author(s): Lara-Torre E, Lee MS, Wolf MA, Shah DM. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 November; 100(5 Pt 1): 940-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423856&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness after laryngectomy and bilateral neck dissection in a diabetic patient: case report. Author(s): Mamede RC, Figueiredo DL, Mamede FV. Source: Sao Paulo Medical Journal = Revista Paulista De Medicina. 2001 September 6; 119(5): 181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723529&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness after liver transplant. Author(s): Dawson DG, Trobe JD. Source: Survey of Ophthalmology. 2002 July-August; 47(4): 387-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12161214&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness and glaucoma: a comparison of patients progressing to blindness from glaucoma with patients maintaining vision. Author(s): Oliver JE, Hattenhauer MG, Herman D, Hodge DO, Kennedy R, Fang-Yen M, Johnson DH. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 June; 133(6): 764-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12036667&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness and partial sight registrations in the Bristol area. Author(s): Bougeard C, Gray S, Sparrow J. Source: Eye (London, England). 2001 October; 15(Pt 5): 691. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11703004&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness and severe visual impairment in facial fractures. Author(s): Perry JD. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2002 June; 55(4): 363-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160550&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness and severe visual impairment in facial fractures: an 11 year review. Author(s): MacKinnon CA, David DJ, Cooter RD. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2002 January; 55(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11783961&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness and vision impairment in a rural south Indian population: the Aravind Comprehensive Eye Survey. Author(s): Thulasiraj RD, Nirmalan PK, Ramakrishnan R, Krishnadas R, Manimekalai TK, Baburajan NP, Katz J, Tielsch JM, Robin AL. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 August; 110(8): 1491-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917162&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness and visual impairment in the Americas and the Caribbean. Author(s): Munoz B, West SK. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 May; 86(5): 498-504. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11973241&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness as a complication of Le Fort I osteotomy for maxillary distraction. Author(s): Lo LJ, Hung KF, Chen YR. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 February; 109(2): 688-98; Discussion 699-700. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11818854&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness associated with enlarging mycotic aneurysm after cavernous sinus thrombosis. Author(s): Quisling SV, Mawn LA, Larson TC 3rd. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 October; 110(10): 2036-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14522784&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness associated with severe preeclampsia/eclampsia. Author(s): Amata AO. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 October; 93(4): 1081. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11574394&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness due to anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in a burn patient. Author(s): Vallejo A, Lorente JA, Bas ML, Gonzalez Y. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2002 July; 53(1): 139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12131407&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness following medial maxillectomy. Author(s): Kalavagunta S, Roy D, Fish B, Jackson S. Source: Rhinology. 2002 December; 40(4): 223-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12526254&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness in Africa: present situation and future needs. Author(s): Lewallen S, Courtright P. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 August; 85(8): 897-903. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11466240&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness in children. Author(s): Gilbert C, Awan H. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 October 4; 327(7418): 760-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14525849&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness in children: control priorities and research opportunities. Author(s): Gilbert C, Foster A. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 September; 85(9): 1025-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11520746&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness in patients with treated open-angle glaucoma. Author(s): Chen PP. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 April; 110(4): 726-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12689894&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness in the eastern Mediterranean countries. Author(s): Tabbara KF. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 July; 85(7): 771-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423445&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness, visual impairment and the problem of uncorrected refractive error in a Mexican-American population: Proyecto VER. Author(s): Munoz B, West SK, Rodriguez J, Sanchez R, Broman AT, Snyder R, Klein R. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2002 March; 43(3): 608-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11867574&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness: how to assess numbers and causes? Author(s): Babalola OE, Murdoch IE, Cousens S, Abiose A, Jones B. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 March; 87(3): 282-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12598438&dopt=Abstract
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By the way, doctor. I'm about to have cataract surgery. I wasn't too concerned until someone told me that 30%-50% of people who have it need a laser operation that can cause blindness! Now I'm not so sure about going through with it. Author(s): Hutchinson BT. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2002 July; 27(9): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12138039&dopt=Abstract
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Can blindness to response-compatible stimuli be observed in the absence of a response? Author(s): Stevanovski B, Oriet C, Jolicoeur P. Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance. 2003 April; 29(2): 431-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12760626&dopt=Abstract
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Capgras syndrome and blindness: against the prosopagnosia hypothesis. Author(s): Dalgalarrondo P, Fujisawa G, Banzato CE. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2002 May; 47(4): 387-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12025442&dopt=Abstract
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Care and advocacy: moral cornerstones or moral blindness when working with women experiencing partner abuse? Author(s): Wilson D. Source: J Nurs Law. 2000 July; 7(2): 43-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12848176&dopt=Abstract
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Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 9-2002. An 80-year-old woman with sudden unilateral blindness. Author(s): Bienfang DC, Karluk D. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 March 21; 346(12): 924-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11907293&dopt=Abstract
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Case report: sudden painful blindness. Complication of anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy in patients with disciform macular degeneration. Author(s): Hod Y, Zalish M, Neudorfer M, Peer J, Geyer O. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2001 June; 47: 1252-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11421054&dopt=Abstract
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Cataract blindness and barriers to uptake of cataract surgery in a rural community of northern Nigeria. Author(s): Rabiu MM. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 July; 85(7): 776-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423446&dopt=Abstract
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Cataract blindness in Turkmenistan: results of a national survey. Author(s): Amansakhatov S, Volokhovskaya ZP, Afanasyeva AN, Limburg H. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 November; 86(11): 1207-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12386068&dopt=Abstract
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Cataract blindness: performance, priorities, politics. Author(s): Moran D. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2003 February; 31(1): 4-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12580886&dopt=Abstract
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Cataract: the main cause of blindness in leprosy. Author(s): Hogeweg M. Source: Lepr Rev. 2001 June; 72(2): 139-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11495444&dopt=Abstract
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Causes and temporal trends of blindness and severe visual impairment in children in schools for the blind in North India. Author(s): Titiyal JS, Pal N, Murthy GV, Gupta SK, Tandon R, Vajpayee RB, Gilbert CE. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 August; 87(8): 941-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881329&dopt=Abstract
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Causes of blindness among adult Jordanians: a hospital-based study. Author(s): Al-Bdour MD, Al-Till MI, Abu-Khader IB. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 2002 January-February; 12(1): 5-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936445&dopt=Abstract
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Causes of blindness and visual impairment in a population-based sample of U.S. Hispanics. Author(s): Rodriguez J, Sanchez R, Munoz B, West SK, Broman A, Snyder RW, Klein R, Quigley H. Source: Ophthalmology. 2002 April; 109(4): 737-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11927431&dopt=Abstract
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Causes of blindness at the “Wiyata Guna” School for the Blind, Indonesia. Author(s): Sitorus R, Preising M, Lorenz B. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 September; 87(9): 1065-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12928266&dopt=Abstract
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Causes of blindness in Northern Tanzania: a hospital and rural health centre based study. Author(s): Poole TR. Source: International Ophthalmology. 2001; 24(4): 195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12678395&dopt=Abstract
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Causes of childhood blindness in Malaysia: results from a national study of blind school students. Author(s): Reddy SC, Tan BC. Source: International Ophthalmology. 2001; 24(1): 53-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11998890&dopt=Abstract
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Causes of childhood blindness: results from schools for the blind in south eastern Nigeria. Author(s): Ezegwui IR, Umeh RE, Ezepue UF. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 January; 87(1): 20-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12488255&dopt=Abstract
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Causes of low vision and blindness in children in a blind school in Lagos, Nigeria. Author(s): Akinsola FB, Ajaiyeoba AI. Source: West Afr J Med. 2002 January-March; 21(1): 63-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081349&dopt=Abstract
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Causes of low vision and blindness in rural Indonesia. Author(s): Saw SM, Husain R, Gazzard GM, Koh D, Widjaja D, Tan DT. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 September; 87(9): 1075-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12928268&dopt=Abstract
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Causes of severe visual impairment and blindness in children attending schools for the visually handicapped in the Czech Republic. Author(s): Kocur I, Kuchynka P, Rodny S, Barakova D, Schwartz EC. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 October; 85(10): 1149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11567954&dopt=Abstract
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Causes of severe visual impairment and blindness in children in schools for the blind in Ethiopia. Author(s): Kello AB, Gilbert C. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 May; 87(5): 526-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12714383&dopt=Abstract
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Central pontine myelinolysis manifested by temporary blindness: a possible complication of lithium toxicity. Author(s): Fabisiak DB, Murray GB, Stern TA. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 2002 December; 14(4): 247-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12630660&dopt=Abstract
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Central retinal artery occlusion by proxy: a cause for sudden blindness in an airline passenger. Author(s): Polk JD, Rugaber C, Kohn G, Arenstein R, Fallon WF Jr. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 2002 April; 73(4): 385-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952061&dopt=Abstract
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Change blindness and time to consciousness. Author(s): Niedeggen M, Wichmann P, Stoerig P. Source: The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2001 November; 14(10): 1719-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11860466&dopt=Abstract
Studies
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Changes in blindness prevalence over 16 years in Malawi: reduced prevalence but increased numbers of blind. Author(s): Courtright P, Hoeshcmann A, Metcalfe N, Chirambo M, Noertjojo K, Barrows J, Katz J; Chikwawa Survey Team. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 September; 87(9): 1079-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12928269&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of rhodopsin congenital night blindness mutant T94I. Author(s): Gross AK, Rao VR, Oprian DD. Source: Biochemistry. 2003 February 25; 42(7): 2009-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590588&dopt=Abstract
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Childhood blindness in India. Author(s): Sil AK, Gilbert C. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2001 October; 99(10): 557-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12018540&dopt=Abstract
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Childhood blindness in India: a population based perspective. Author(s): Dandona R, Dandona L. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 March; 87(3): 263-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12598433&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical features of transient monocular blindness and the likelihood of atherosclerotic lesions of the internal carotid artery. Author(s): Donders RC; Dutch TMB Study Group. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2001 August; 71(2): 247-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11459904&dopt=Abstract
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Cochlear implant for deafness and blindness from meningitis. Author(s): Harris TA, Becker MO, Holmes AE, Antonelli PJ. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 October; 125(4): 403-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11593181&dopt=Abstract
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Color blindness and health care personnel. Author(s): Iserson KV. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2001 October 8; 161(18): 2265-6; Author Reply 2267. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11575992&dopt=Abstract
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Colour blindness in Italian art high school students. Author(s): Grassivaro Gallo P, Oliva S, Lantieri PB, Viviani F. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2002 December; 95(3 Pt 1): 830-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12509181&dopt=Abstract
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Combating blindness. Author(s): Evans J. Source: The Practitioner. 2002 July; 246(1636): 467. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12132263&dopt=Abstract
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Congenital blindness and osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome. Author(s): Lee DH, Wenkert D, Whyte MP, Trese MT, Cruz OA. Source: J Aapos. 2003 February; 7(1): 75-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690376&dopt=Abstract
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Congruency-induced blindness: a cost-benefit analysis. Author(s): Oriet C, Stevanovski B, Jolicoeur P. Source: Acta Psychologica. 2003 March; 112(3): 243-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12595149&dopt=Abstract
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Constitutive “light” adaptation in rods from G90D rhodopsin: a mechanism for human congenital nightblindness without rod cell loss. Author(s): Sieving PA, Fowler ML, Bush RA, Machida S, Calvert PD, Green DG, Makino CL, McHenry CL. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2001 August 1; 21(15): 5449-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11466416&dopt=Abstract
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Corneal blindness from end-stage Sjogren's syndrome and graft-versus-host disease. Author(s): Dohlman CH, Dudenhoefer EJ, Khan BF, Dohlman JG. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2002; 506(Pt B): 1335-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614075&dopt=Abstract
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Corneal blindness in a southern Indian population: need for health promotion strategies. Author(s): Dandona R, Dandona L. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 February; 87(2): 133-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12543736&dopt=Abstract
Studies
73
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Cortical blindness after contrast-enhanced CT: complication in a patient with diabetes insipidus. Author(s): Mentzel HJ, Blume J, Malich A, Fitzek C, Reichenbach JR, Kaiser WA. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2003 June-July; 24(6): 1114-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12812935&dopt=Abstract
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Cortical blindness and hepatic encephalopathy. Author(s): Ammar T, Auwzinger G, Michaelides M. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 2003 August; 81(4): 402-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12859270&dopt=Abstract
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Cortical blindness and neurologic injury complicating cervical transforaminal injection for cervical radiculopathy. Author(s): McMillan MR, Crumpton C. Source: Anesthesiology. 2003 August; 99(2): 509-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12883429&dopt=Abstract
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Cortical blindness following aortic arch surgery. Author(s): Suzuki Y, Kiyosawa M, Mochizuki M, Ishii K, Senda M. Source: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 September-October; 45(5): 547-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11583682&dopt=Abstract
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Cortical blindness following coronary angiography. Author(s): Kuruvilla A. Source: Singapore Med J. 2001 August; 42(8): 394-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11764060&dopt=Abstract
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Cortical blindness in a boy with acute glomerulonephritis. Author(s): Yang MH, Sheu JN, Wang SJ. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 2003 January; 102(1): 52-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12684614&dopt=Abstract
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Cortical blindness: a rare but dramatic complication following coronary angiography. Author(s): Gellen B, Remp T, Mayer T, Milz P, Franz WM. Source: Cardiology. 2003; 99(1): 57-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589125&dopt=Abstract
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Cortical blindness: an unusual complication after removal of a ganglioneuroma of the neck. Author(s): Leuthardt R, Petralli C, Lutschg J, von Schweinitz D, Kaiser G. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2001 May; 17(6): 356-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11417417&dopt=Abstract
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Cortical blindness: an unusual presentation of eclampsia. Author(s): Hassan A, Hussain S, Khalid A. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 December; 49: 1206. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11996448&dopt=Abstract
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Cortical blindness--a warning symptom of impending eclampsia? Author(s): Gale A, Eyong E. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 January; 22(1): 89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521742&dopt=Abstract
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Could antibiotics cure river blindness? Author(s): Walgate R. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2002; 80(4): 336. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12075374&dopt=Abstract
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Cultural blindness or selective inattention? Author(s): van Ijzendoorn MH, Sagi A. Source: The American Psychologist. 2001 October; 56(10): 824-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11675990&dopt=Abstract
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Diabetic blindness: a major challenge. Author(s): Gupta A, Gupta V. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2000 December; 98(12): 772-5, 778. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11394477&dopt=Abstract
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Direction-selective motion blindness after unilateral posterior brain damage. Author(s): Blanke O, Landis T, Mermoud C, Spinelli L, Safran AB. Source: The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2003 August; 18(3): 709-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12911768&dopt=Abstract
Studies
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Direction-specific motion blindness induced by focal stimulation of human extrastriate cortex. Author(s): Blanke O, Landis T, Safran AB, Seeck M. Source: The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2002 June; 15(12): 2043-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12099910&dopt=Abstract
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Distinct roles for PECAM-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in recruitment of neutrophils and eosinophils to the cornea in ocular onchocerciasis (river blindness). Author(s): Kaifi JT, Diaconu E, Pearlman E. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2001 June 1; 166(11): 6795-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11359838&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of lexicality and distinctiveness on repetition blindness. Author(s): Campbell JI, Fugelsang JA, Saskatchewan VD. Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance. 2002 August; 28(4): 948-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190260&dopt=Abstract
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Encapsulated cell technology could prevent blindness. Author(s): Burnham CM. Source: Drug Discovery Today. 2003 February 15; 8(4): 146-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581701&dopt=Abstract
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Enhanced tactile encoding and memory recognition in congenital blindness. Author(s): D'Angiulli A, Waraich P. Source: International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue Internationale De Recherches De Readaptation. 2002 June; 25(2): 143-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12021601&dopt=Abstract
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Epileptic blindness in tuberous sclerosis complex. Author(s): Jansen FE, Vles H, van Nieuwenhuizen O. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2002 November; 44(11): 792. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12418622&dopt=Abstract
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Estimation of blindness in India from 2000 through 2020: implications for the blindness control policy. Author(s): Dandona L, Dandona R, John RK. Source: Natl Med J India. 2001 November-December; 14(6): 327-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11804362&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence for preserved representations in change blindness. Author(s): Simons DJ, Chabris CF, Schnur T, Levin DT. Source: Consciousness and Cognition. 2002 March; 11(1): 78-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11883989&dopt=Abstract
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Excess mortality associated with blindness in the onchocerciasis focus of the Mbam Valley, Cameroon. Author(s): Pion SD, Kamgno J, Demanga-Ngangue, Boussinesq M. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2002 March; 96(2): 181-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12080979&dopt=Abstract
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Eye diseases and blindness in Adjumani refugee settlement camps, Uganda. Author(s): Kawuma M. Source: East Afr Med J. 2000 November; 77(11): 580-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12862101&dopt=Abstract
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False predictions about the detectability of visual changes: the role of beliefs about attention, memory, and the continuity of attended objects in causing change blindness blindness. Author(s): Levin DT, Drivdahl SB, Momen N, Beck MR. Source: Consciousness and Cognition. 2002 December; 11(4): 507-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12470620&dopt=Abstract
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Favorable outcome of epileptic blindness in children. Author(s): Shahar E, Barak S. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2003 January; 18(1): 12-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661932&dopt=Abstract
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Fear of blindness and perceptions about blind people. The Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study. Author(s): Giridhar P, Dandona R, Prasad MN, Kovai V, Dandona L. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 2002 September; 50(3): 239-46. Erratum In: Indian J Ophthalmol. 2002 December; 50(4): 299. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12355705&dopt=Abstract
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Fear of the dark in children: is stationary night blindness the cause? Author(s): Sidiki SS, Hamilton R, Dutton GN. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 January 25; 326(7382): 211-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12543840&dopt=Abstract
Studies
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Federal old-age, survivors and disability insurance; determining disability and blindness; revision to medical-vocational guidelines. Final rules. Author(s): Social Security Administration. Source: Federal Register. 2001 August 28; 66(167): 45162-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11757564&dopt=Abstract
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First person. Night blindness. Author(s): Jones D. Source: Health Serv J. 2001 October 25; 111(5778): 25. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11695062&dopt=Abstract
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Foundations of a solution to cataract blindness. Author(s): Watkins R. Source: Clin Exp Optom. 2002 March; 85(2): 59-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952400&dopt=Abstract
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging mirrors recovery of visual perception after repetitive tachistoscopic stimulation in patients with partial cortical blindness. Author(s): Pleger B, Foerster AF, Widdig W, Henschel M, Nicolas V, Jansen A, Frank A, Knecht S, Schwenkreis P, Tegenthoff M. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 January 2; 335(3): 192-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12531465&dopt=Abstract
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Gait rehabilitation in a patient affected with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease associated with pyramidal and cerebellar features and blindness. Author(s): Vinci P. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2003 May; 84(5): 762-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12736893&dopt=Abstract
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Gender blindness and gender differences. Clinical implications of both. Author(s): Andrist LC. Source: Adv Nurse Pract. 2001 April; 9(4): 57-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420437&dopt=Abstract
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Glaucoma in China (and worldwide): changes in established thinking will decrease preventable blindness. Author(s): Quigley HA, Congdon NG, Friedman DS. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 November; 85(11): 1271-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11673284&dopt=Abstract
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Glaucoma: our role in reducing the burden of blindness. Author(s): Johnson LN. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 2002 October; 94(10): 908-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12408696&dopt=Abstract
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Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome with acute cortical blindness. Author(s): Tung CF, Peng YC, Chen GH, Chow WK, Yang DY, Hu WH. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 2001 August; 64(8): 482-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11720149&dopt=Abstract
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Hypnotic color blindness and performance on the Stroop test. Author(s): Mallard D, Bryant RA. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2001 October; 49(4): 330-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11596828&dopt=Abstract
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Identity and similarity in repetition blindness: no cross-over interaction. Author(s): Harris CL, Morris AL. Source: Cognition. 2001 August; 81(1): 1-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11525479&dopt=Abstract
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Illusory words created by repetition blindness: a technique for probing sublexical representations. Author(s): Harris CL, Morris AL. Source: Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 2001 March; 8(1): 118-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340856&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of blindness and low vision in a sample population: the Priverno Eye Study, Italy. Author(s): Cedrone C, Culasso F, Cesareo M, Nucci C, Palma S, Mancino R, Cerulli L. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 March; 110(3): 584-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623826&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of blindness in southern Germany due to glaucoma and degenerative conditions. Author(s): Trautner C, Haastert B, Richter B, Berger M, Giani G. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 March; 44(3): 1031-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12601025&dopt=Abstract
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Incomplete congenital stationary night blindness associated with symmetrical retinal atrophy. Author(s): Nakamura M, Ito S, Terasaki H, Miyake Y. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 September; 134(3): 463-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12208270&dopt=Abstract
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Increased regional cerebral blood flow but normal distribution of GABAA receptor in the visual cortex of subjects with early-onset blindness. Author(s): Mishina M, Senda M, Kiyosawa M, Ishiwata K, De Volder AG, Nakano H, Toyama H, Oda K, Kimura Y, Ishii K, Sasaki T, Ohyama M, Komaba Y, Kobayashi S, Kitamura S, Katayama Y. Source: Neuroimage. 2003 May; 19(1): 125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781732&dopt=Abstract
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Infantile and childhood retinal blindness: a molecular perspective (The Franceschetti Lecture). Author(s): Weleber RG. Source: Ophthalmic Genetics. 2002 June; 23(2): 71-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12187427&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious disease. New culprit emerges in river blindness. Author(s): Pennisi E. Source: Science. 2002 March 8; 295(5561): 1809-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11884722&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious diseases: filariasis, Malayan filariasis, loiasis (ioa ioa), Onchocerciasis (river blindness). Author(s): Kemp C, Roberts A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2001 September; 13(9): 391-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11930850&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition and blindness to response-compatible stimuli: a reappraisal. Author(s): Caessens B, Vandierendonck A. Source: Acta Psychologica. 2002 July; 111(1): 45-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12102120&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effects of repeating color and shape: inhibition of return or repetition blindness? Author(s): Fox E, de Fockert JW. Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance. 2001 August; 27(4): 798-812. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518144&dopt=Abstract
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Journal article on smoking and blindness prompts significantly more calls to the Quitline. Author(s): Wilson N, Hodgen E, Mills J, Wilson G, Field A, Thomson G. Source: N Z Med J. 2002 April 26; 115(1152): 199-200. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044008&dopt=Abstract
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Large capacity storage of integrated objects before change blindness. Author(s): Landman R, Spekreijse H, Lamme VA. Source: Vision Research. 2003 January; 43(2): 149-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12536137&dopt=Abstract
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Late onset of cortical blindness in a patient with severe preeclampsia related to retained placental fragments. Author(s): Delefosse D, Samain E, Helias A, Regimbeau JM, Deval B, Farah E, Marty J. Source: Anesthesiology. 2003 January; 98(1): 261-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503005&dopt=Abstract
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Late onset seizures, hemiparesis and blindness in hemolytic uremic syndrome. Author(s): Bennett B, Booth T, Quan A. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2003 March; 59(3): 196-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12653263&dopt=Abstract
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Leading causes of blindness worldwide. Author(s): Roodhooft JM. Source: Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol. 2002; (283): 19-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12058483&dopt=Abstract
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Lengthening the duration of response execution does not modulate blindness to action-compatible stimuli. Author(s): Oriet C, Stevanovski B, Jolicoeur P, Cowan WB. Source: Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology = Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Experimentale. 2003 March; 57(1): 11-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12674366&dopt=Abstract
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Long term warfarin associated with bilateral blindness in a patient with atrial fibrillation and macular degeneration. Author(s): Ung T, James M, Gray RH. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2003 September; 89(9): 985. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12923003&dopt=Abstract
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81
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Looking without seeing the background change: electrophysiological correlates of change detection versus change blindness. Author(s): Turatto M, Angrilli A, Mazza V, Umilta C, Driver J. Source: Cognition. 2002 May; 84(1): B1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12062149&dopt=Abstract
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Low vision and blindness in adults in Gurage Zone, central Ethiopia. Author(s): Melese M, Alemayehu W, Bayu S, Girma T, Hailesellasie T, Khandekar R, Worku A, Courtright P. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 June; 87(6): 677-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12770959&dopt=Abstract
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Maternal night blindness increases risk of mortality in the first 6 months of life among infants in Nepal. Author(s): Christian P, West KP Jr, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, Kimbrough-Pradhan E, Katz J, Shrestha SR. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 May; 131(5): 1510-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340108&dopt=Abstract
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Migraine, cortical blindness, multiple cerebral infarctions and hypocoagulopathy in celiac disease. Author(s): Morello F, Ronzani G, Cappellari F. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2003 June; 24(2): 85-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12827546&dopt=Abstract
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Mind blindness and the brain in autism. Author(s): Frith U. Source: Neuron. 2001 December 20; 32(6): 969-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11754830&dopt=Abstract
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Mind-the gap, after 65 years: visual conditioning in cortical blindness. Author(s): Weiskrantz L. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2003 February; 126(Pt 2): 265-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12538395&dopt=Abstract
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Modulating motion-induced blindness with depth ordering and surface completion. Author(s): Graf EW, Adams WJ, Lages M. Source: Vision Research. 2002 November; 42(25): 2731-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12450492&dopt=Abstract
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More Americans facing blindness. Author(s): Cockey CD. Source: Awhonn Lifelines / Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses. 2002 June-July; 6(3): 205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12078564&dopt=Abstract
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Motion-induced blindness in normal observers. Author(s): Bonneh YS, Cooperman A, Sagi D. Source: Nature. 2001 June 14; 411(6839): 798-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11459058&dopt=Abstract
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MRI findings in a case of transient cortical blindness after cardiac catheterization. Author(s): Zwicker JC, Sila CA. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 2002 September; 57(1): 47-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12203927&dopt=Abstract
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Necrosis of the tongue and unilateral blindness in temporal arteritis. Author(s): Cikes A, Depairon M, Jolidon RM, Wyss P, Lang HJ. Source: Vasa. Zeitschrift Fur Gefasskrankheiten. Journal for Vascular Diseases. 2001 July; 30(3): 222-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11582954&dopt=Abstract
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Neural correlates of change detection and change blindness. Author(s): Beck DM, Rees G, Frith CD, Lavie N. Source: Nature Neuroscience. 2001 June; 4(6): 645-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11369947&dopt=Abstract
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Nitrous oxide anaesthesia in the presence of intraocular gas can cause irreversible blindness. Author(s): Yang YF, Herbert L, Ruschen H, Cooling RJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 September 7; 325(7363): 532-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12217995&dopt=Abstract
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No known link between sunscreen eye exposure and blindness. Author(s): Franz R. Source: Dermatology Nursing / Dermatology Nurses' Association. 2001 October; 13(5): 390, 393. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11917628&dopt=Abstract
Studies
83
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Novel CACNA1F mutations in Japanese patients with incomplete congenital stationary night blindness. Author(s): Nakamura M, Ito S, Terasaki H, Miyake Y. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2001 June; 42(7): 1610-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11381068&dopt=Abstract
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NYX (nyctalopin on chromosome X), the gene mutated in congenital stationary night blindness, encodes a cell surface protein. Author(s): Zeitz C, Scherthan H, Freier S, Feil S, Suckow V, Schweiger S, Berger W. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 October; 44(10): 4184-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14507859&dopt=Abstract
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Ocular diseases and blindness in elderly Thais. Author(s): Singalavanija A, Metheetrairut A, Ruangvaravate N, Tuchinda R, Wanumkarng N. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2001 October; 84(10): 1383-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11804245&dopt=Abstract
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'On mind-blindness (optic agnosia)', a classical clinico-pathological report, and its author Wilhelm von Stauffenberg (1879-1918). Author(s): Danek A. Source: Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 1996 August; 5(2): 126-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11619040&dopt=Abstract
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Onchocerciasis (river blindness). Author(s): Wolf R, Orion E, Matz H. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2003 July; 5(7): 522-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12901252&dopt=Abstract
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One in the eye for river blindness. Author(s): Taylor M. Source: Trends in Parasitology. 2001 August; 17(8): 358. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11685890&dopt=Abstract
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One in the eye for river blindness. Author(s): Taylor M. Source: Trends in Microbiology. 2001 July; 9(7): 310. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11435084&dopt=Abstract
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Opsin activation as a cause of congenital night blindness. Author(s): Jin S, Cornwall MC, Oprian DD. Source: Nature Neuroscience. 2003 July; 6(7): 731-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12778053&dopt=Abstract
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Optic neuritis with transient total blindness during lactation(1). Author(s): Retzloff MG, Kobylarz EJ, Eaton C. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 November; 98(5 Pt 2): 902-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11704195&dopt=Abstract
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Organic alexithymia: a study of acquired emotional blindness. Author(s): Becerra R, Amos A, Jongenelis S. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 2002 July; 16(7): 633-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12119081&dopt=Abstract
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Outcome and number of cataract surgeries in India: policy issues for blindness control. Author(s): Dandona L, Dandona R, Anand R, Srinivas M, Rajashekar V. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2003 February; 31(1): 23-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12580890&dopt=Abstract
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Paediatric cataract blindness in the developing world: surgical techniques and intraocular lenses in the new millennium. Author(s): Wilson ME, Pandey SK, Thakur J. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 January; 87(1): 14-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12488254&dopt=Abstract
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Parietal contusion and transient superior sagittal sinus occlusion presenting with cortical blindness. Author(s): Liang CL, Yang LC, Lui CC, Hsiao M, Hung KS. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2002 November; 53(5): 1006-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12435960&dopt=Abstract
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Partnership and promise: evolution of the African river-blindness campaigns. Author(s): Benton B, Bump J, Seketeli A, Liese B. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2002 March; 96 Suppl 1: S5-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081251&dopt=Abstract
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Passage of policy statement on the high risk of blindness, lower-extremity amputations, and oral health consequences in minority populations due to diabetes. Author(s): Robbins JM, Holland P. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2001 June; 91(6): 313-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11420351&dopt=Abstract
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Pathologic quiz case: left eye proptosis, ptosis, and blindness. Hemangiopericytoma of the orbit. Author(s): Butnor KJ, Cummings TJ. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2002 December; 126(12): 1555-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503588&dopt=Abstract
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Permanent blindness as a complication of pregnancy induced hypertension. Author(s): Moseman CP, Shelton S. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 November; 100(5 Pt 1): 943-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423857&dopt=Abstract
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Phenotypic expression of the complete type of X-linked congenital stationary night blindness in patients with different mutations in the NYX gene. Author(s): Jacobi FK, Andreasson S, Langrova H, Meindl A, Zrenner E, Apfelstedt-Sylla E, Pusch CM. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 2002 October; 240(10): 822-8. Epub 2002 September 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12397430&dopt=Abstract
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Pituitary gland macroadenoma: a cause of transient blindness after cardiac surgery. Author(s): Loubani M, Galinanes M. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2001 September; 72(3): 929-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11565691&dopt=Abstract
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Posterior fossa tumor presenting with bilateral proptosis and blindness. Author(s): Worku Y, Bejiga A, Assefa G. Source: Ethiop Med J. 2002 October; 40(4): 407-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12596660&dopt=Abstract
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Postoperative blindness. Author(s): Williams EL. Source: Anesthesiology Clinics of North America. 2002 September; 20(3): 605-622, Viii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12298309&dopt=Abstract
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Postoperative reversal of complete (monocular) blindness in skull base meningioma: case report. Author(s): Bampoe J, Ranalli P, Bernstein M. Source: The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques. 2003 February; 30(1): 72-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12619789&dopt=Abstract
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Postpartum blindness. Author(s): Zeeman GG, Twickler DM, Cunningham FG. Source: Lancet. 2002 March 9; 359(9309): 890-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11897312&dopt=Abstract
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Postpartum blindness. Author(s): Jurgensen JS, Nibbe L, Hoffmann KT, Niehaus L. Source: Lancet. 2001 October 20; 358(9290): 1338. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11684216&dopt=Abstract
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Preservation of vision or prevention of blindness? Author(s): Colenbrander A. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 February; 133(2): 263-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11812432&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence and causes of blindness and low vision in Dambatta local government area, Kano State, Nigeria. Author(s): Abdu L. Source: Niger J Med. 2002 July-September; 11(3): 108-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221951&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment in Bangladeshi adults: results of the National Blindness and Low Vision Survey of Bangladesh. Author(s): Dineen BP, Bourne RR, Ali SM, Huq DM, Johnson GJ. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 July; 87(7): 820-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12812875&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence and causes of severe visual impairment and blindness in children in Mongolia. Author(s): Bulgan T, Gilbert CE. Source: Ophthalmic Epidemiology. 2002 October; 9(4): 271-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12187425&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of blindness and low vision in Malaysian population: results from the National Eye Survey 1996. Author(s): Zainal M, Ismail SM, Ropilah AR, Elias H, Arumugam G, Alias D, Fathilah J, Lim TO, Ding LM, Goh PP. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 September; 86(9): 951-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12185113&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in a population of people with diabetes. Author(s): Prasad S, Kamath GG, Jones K, Clearkin LG, Phillips RP. Source: Eye (London, England). 2001 October; 15(Pt 5): 640-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11702977&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of night blindness amongst pregnant women of urban slum communities in Delhi: a pilot study. Author(s): Pathak P, Singh P. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2003 April; 40(4): 372-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12736418&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of visual impairment, blindness, and cataract surgery in the Hong Kong elderly. Author(s): Michon JJ, Lau J, Chan WS, Ellwein LB. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 February; 86(2): 133-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11815334&dopt=Abstract
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Prevent Blindness America: our local chapter experience. Author(s): Lamb PA, Despins D. Source: Insight (American Society of Ophthalmic Registered Nurses). 2000 April-June; 25(2): 61-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11907910&dopt=Abstract
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Prognosis after transient monocular blindness associated with carotid-artery stenosis. Author(s): Benavente O, Eliasziw M, Streifler JY, Fox AJ, Barnett HJ, Meldrum H; North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 October 11; 345(15): 1084-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11596587&dopt=Abstract
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Progress in glaucoma: early detection, new treatments, less blindness. Author(s): Johnson DH. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 June; 110(6): 1271-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12799273&dopt=Abstract
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Progress in glaucoma: early detection, new treatments, less blindness. Author(s): Johnson DH. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 April; 110(4): 634-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12689878&dopt=Abstract
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Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in two cases of cortical blindness. Author(s): Smith DD, Robinson MR, Scheibel SF, Valenti WM, Eskin TA. Source: Aids Patient Care. 1994 June; 8(3): 110-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11362130&dopt=Abstract
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Progressive renal failure and blindness due to retinal hemorrhage after interferon therapy for hepatitis C virus-associated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Author(s): Suzuki T, Yonemura K, Miyaji T, Suzuki H, Takahira R, Fujigaki Y, Fujimoto T, Hishida A. Source: Intern Med. 2001 August; 40(8): 708-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518107&dopt=Abstract
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Progressive subretinal fibrosis and blindness associated with multifocal granulomatous chorioretinitis: A variant of sympathetic ophthalmia. Author(s): Wang RC, Zamir E, Dugel PU, Sipperley JO, Thirkill CE, Shabatian B, Rao NA. Source: Ophthalmology. 2002 August; 109(8): 1527-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12153806&dopt=Abstract
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Quinine ocular toxicity: treatment of blindness using therapy for vasospasm. Author(s): Barrett NA, Solano T. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2002 April; 30(2): 234-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12002937&dopt=Abstract
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Quinine-induced blindness reversed by an increase in alpha1-acid glycoprotein level. Author(s): Di Perri G, Allegranzi B, Bonora S. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002 February 19; 136(4): 339. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11848734&dopt=Abstract
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Racial disparities in vision impairment and blindness: causes and future research direction. Author(s): Wilson MR. Source: Ophthalmology. 2001 October; 108(10): 1719-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11581039&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid assessment of cataract blindness in India. Author(s): Bachani D, Murthy GV, Gupta KS. Source: Indian J Public Health. 2000 July-September; 44(3): 82-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11439871&dopt=Abstract
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Re: Angiography-related transient cortical blindness in patients with adult polycystic kidney disease. Author(s): Yilmaz S, Sindel T, Luleci E. Source: Australasian Radiology. 2003 March; 47(1): 97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581069&dopt=Abstract
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Recommendations for indicators: night blindness during pregnancy--a simple tool to assess vitamin A deficiency in a population. Author(s): Christian P. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 September; 132(9 Suppl): 2884S-2888S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221265&dopt=Abstract
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Recurring transitory blindness caused by primary marginal pigment epithelial iris cysts. Author(s): Sallo FB, Hatvani I. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 March; 133(3): 407-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11860982&dopt=Abstract
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Remarks on blindness in Denmark and on cooperation between the Danish Association of the Blind and the Danish Ophthalmological Society. Author(s): Andersen SR. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. Supplement. 2002 April; 234: 18-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12082971&dopt=Abstract
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Repetition blindness for words yet repetition advantage for nonwords. Author(s): Coltheart V, Langdon R. Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 2003 March; 29(2): 171-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12696808&dopt=Abstract
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Repetition blindness has a perceptual locus: evidence from online processing of targets in RSVP streams. Author(s): Johnston JC, Hochhaus L, Ruthruff E. Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance. 2002 April; 28(2): 477-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11999868&dopt=Abstract
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Reversal of blindness after transvenous embolization of a carotid-cavernous fistula: case report. Author(s): Albuquerque FC, Heinz GW, McDougall CG. Source: Neurosurgery. 2003 January; 52(1): 233-6; Discussion 236-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12493124&dopt=Abstract
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Reversible blindness after bilateral occipital abscesses. Author(s): Fakih J, Dupuis MJ, Dardenne G, Coche F. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2001 August; 248(8): 722-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11569909&dopt=Abstract
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Reversible cortical blindness after lung transplantation. Author(s): Knower MT, Pethke SD, Valentine VG. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2003 June; 96(6): 606-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12938791&dopt=Abstract
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Reversible cortical blindness in preeclampsia. Author(s): Do DV, Rismondo V, Nguyen QD. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 December; 134(6): 916-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12470768&dopt=Abstract
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Risk, causes and outcomes of visual impairment after loss of vision in the nonamblyopic eye, a population-based study, by J. S. Rahi, S. Logan, C. Timms, I. RusselEggitt, and D. Taylor. Lancet 360:597-602, 2002. Author(s): Harrad R, Williams C. Source: Survey of Ophthalmology. 2003 March-April; 48(2): 235. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12686309&dopt=Abstract
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River blindness. Author(s): Unnasch TR. Source: Lancet. 2002 July 20; 360(9328): 182-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12133647&dopt=Abstract
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River blindness: a role for parasite retinoid-binding proteins in the generation of pathology? Author(s): Bradley JE, Nirmalan N, Klager SL, Faulkner H, Kennedy MW. Source: Trends in Parasitology. 2001 October; 17(10): 471-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11587960&dopt=Abstract
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Seeing after blindness. Author(s): Gregory RL. Source: Nature Neuroscience. 2003 September; 6(9): 909-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12939616&dopt=Abstract
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Self-inflicted blindness and Brown-Sequard syndrome. Author(s): Gray TL, Karagiannis A, Crompton JL, Selva D. Source: Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 2003 June; 23(2): 154-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782931&dopt=Abstract
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Sentence context, word recognition, and repetition blindness. Author(s): Morris AL, Harris CL. Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 2002 September; 28(5): 962-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12219802&dopt=Abstract
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Severe proliferative retinopathy progressing to blindness in a japanese woman with takayasu disease. Author(s): Kuwahara C, Imamura Y, Okamura N, Sakai R, Ikeda T. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 May; 135(5): 722-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12719090&dopt=Abstract
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Sex inequalities in cataract blindness burden and surgical services in south India. Author(s): Nirmalan PK, Padmavathi A, Thulasiraj RD. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 July; 87(7): 847-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12812882&dopt=Abstract
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Skull metastasis from breast cancer presenting as monocular blindness. Author(s): Miro C, Orecchia R, Canas de Paz F. Source: Lancet. Neurology. 2003 October; 2(10): 635-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14505587&dopt=Abstract
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Slow and fast rod ERG pathways in patients with X-linked complete stationary night blindness carrying mutations in the NYX gene. Author(s): Scholl HP, Langrova H, Pusch CM, Wissinger B, Zrenner E, Apfelstedt-Sylla E. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2001 October; 42(11): 2728-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11581222&dopt=Abstract
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Social economic development in the prevention of global blindness. Author(s): Ho VH, Schwab IR. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 June; 85(6): 653-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11371481&dopt=Abstract
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Social users of alcohol and cannabis who detect substance-related changes in a change blindness paradigm report higher levels of use than those detecting substance-neutral changes. Author(s): Jones BC, Jones BT, Blundell L, Bruce G. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2002 December; 165(1): 93-6. Epub 2002 November 01. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12474123&dopt=Abstract
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Socioeconomic status and blindness. Author(s): Dandona R, Dandona L. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 December; 85(12): 1484-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11734525&dopt=Abstract
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Some afterthoughts about eclipse blindness. Author(s): Vos JJ, van Norren D. Source: Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists). 2001 November; 21(6): 427-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11727870&dopt=Abstract
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Spatial and temporal processing in a subject with cortical blindness following occipital surgery. Author(s): Trevethan CT, Sahraie A. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2003; 41(10): 1296-306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12757903&dopt=Abstract
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Spatial channels of visual processing in cortical blindness. Author(s): Sahraie A, Trevethan CT, Weiskrantz L, Olson J, MacLeod MJ, Murray AD, Dijkhuizen RS, Counsell C, Coleman R. Source: The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2003 September; 18(5): 1189-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12956717&dopt=Abstract
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Spatial modulation of repetition blindness and repetition deafness. Author(s): Soto-Faraco S, Spence C. Source: The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. A, Human Experimental Psychology. 2001 November; 54(4): 1181-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11765739&dopt=Abstract
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Studies describe prevalence of blindness, visual impairment among U.S. Hispanics. Author(s): Rollins G. Source: Rep Med Guidel Outcomes Res. 2002 May 3; 13(9): 9-10, 12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484379&dopt=Abstract
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Success for river blindness control campaign. Author(s): Kerr C. Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2003 February; 3(2): 65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12560184&dopt=Abstract
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Superior orbital 'petrositis' and late ischaemic monocular blindness induced by intense UV radiation exposure. Author(s): Penatti CA, Monteiro ML, Marchiori PE, Scaff M. Source: Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England). 2002 June; 52(4): 219-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12091588&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of blindness and visual impairment in Bioko, Equatorial Guinea. Author(s): Moser CL, Martin-Baranera M, Vega F, Draper V, Gutierrez J, Mas J. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 March; 86(3): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11864876&dopt=Abstract
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Tactile acuity is enhanced in blindness. Author(s): Goldreich D, Kanics IM. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2003 April 15; 23(8): 3439-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716952&dopt=Abstract
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Temporary bilateral blindness after acute lidocaine toxicity. Author(s): Sawyer RJ, von Schroeder H. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 July; 95(1): 224-6, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12088973&dopt=Abstract
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Temporary blindness as a complication of eclampsia: observations on three cases. Author(s): Rahman J, Rahman W. Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology : the Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2002 January; 22(1): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521740&dopt=Abstract
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Temporary monocular blindness associated with acute carotid thrombosis: a case report. Author(s): Florman SS, Jones GP, Granger TM, Knoepp JD, McGee WA, Hewitt RL. Source: J La State Med Soc. 2001 September; 153(9): 462-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11686260&dopt=Abstract
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Ten years of NGDO action against river blindness. Author(s): Drameh PS, Richards FO, Cross C, Etya'ale DE, Kassalow JS. Source: Trends in Parasitology. 2002 September; 18(9): 378-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12377246&dopt=Abstract
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The Carter Center's assistance to river blindness control programs: establishing treatment objectives and goals for monitoring ivermectin delivery systems on two continents. Author(s): Richards FO Jr, Miri ES, Katabarwa M, Eyamba A, Sauerbrey M, Zea-Flores G, Korve K, Mathai W, Homeida MA, Mueller I, Hilyer E, Hopkins DR. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2001 August; 65(2): 108-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11508383&dopt=Abstract
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The challenge of escalating avoidable blindness: a call for action. Author(s): Pararajasegaram R. Source: Natl Med J India. 2001 November-December; 14(6): 324-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11804361&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of blindness on horizontal plane sound source identification. Author(s): Abel SM, Figueiredo JC, Consoli A, Birt CM, Papsin BC. Source: International Journal of Audiology. 2002 July; 41(5): 285-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12166688&dopt=Abstract
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The immune system and prion diseases: a relationship of complicity and blindness. Author(s): Aucouturier P, Carnaud C. Source: Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2002 December; 72(6): 1075-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12488488&dopt=Abstract
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The inherited blindness associated protein AIPL1 interacts with the cell cycle regulator protein NUB1. Author(s): Akey DT, Zhu X, Dyer M, Li A, Sorensen A, Blackshaw S, Fukuda-Kamitani T, Daiger SP, Craft CM, Kamitani T, Sohocki MM. Source: Human Molecular Genetics. 2002 October 15; 11(22): 2723-33. Erratum In: Hum Mol Genet. 2003 February 15; 12(4): 451. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374762&dopt=Abstract
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The magnitude and cost of global blindness: an increasing problem that can be alleviated. Author(s): Frick KD, Foster A. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 April; 135(4): 471-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12654362&dopt=Abstract
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The many challenges of childhood blindness. Author(s): Hoyt CS, Good WV. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2001 December; 85(6): 452-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11719325&dopt=Abstract
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The many challenges of childhood blindness. Author(s): Hoyt CS, Good WV. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 October; 85(10): 1145-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11567952&dopt=Abstract
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The National Blindness and Low Vision Prevalence Survey of Bangladesh: research design, eye examination methodology and results of the pilot study. Author(s): Bourne RR, Dineen B, Modasser Ali S, Mohammed Noorul Huq D, Johnson GJ. Source: Ophthalmic Epidemiology. 2002 April; 9(2): 119-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11821977&dopt=Abstract
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The need for a survey of childhood blindness in Nepal. Author(s): Panda A, Kumar N, Koirala S. Source: Trop Doct. 2003 July; 33(3): 188-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870618&dopt=Abstract
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The negative ERG is not synonymous with nightblindness. Author(s): Cibis GW, Fitzgerald KM. Source: Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2001; 99: 171-5; Discussion 175-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11797304&dopt=Abstract
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The opportunity for international ophthalmology in treating blindness. Author(s): Spivey B. Source: Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2001; 99: 73-6; Discussion 76-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11797322&dopt=Abstract
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The pathogenesis of autism: insights from congenital blindness. Author(s): Hobson RP, Bishop M. Source: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 2003 February 28; 358(1430): 335-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639331&dopt=Abstract
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The prevalence and causes of bilateral and unilateral blindness in an elderly urban Danish population. The Copenhagen City Eye Study. Author(s): Buch H, Vinding T, La Cour M, Nielsen NV. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 2001 October; 79(5): 441-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11594976&dopt=Abstract
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The prevalence and causes of blindness in the Sultanate of Oman: the Oman Eye Study (OES). Author(s): Khandekar R, Mohammed AJ, Negrel AD, Riyami AA. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 September; 86(9): 957-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12185115&dopt=Abstract
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The role of endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in the pathogenesis of river blindness. Author(s): Saint Andre A, Blackwell NM, Hall LR, Hoerauf A, Brattig NW, Volkmann L, Taylor MJ, Ford L, Hise AG, Lass JH, Diaconu E, Pearlman E. Source: Science. 2002 March 8; 295(5561): 1892-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11884755&dopt=Abstract
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The Sivaganga eye survey: I. Blindness and cataract surgery. Author(s): Thulasiraj RD, Rahamathulla R, Saraswati A, Selvaraj S, Ellwein LB. Source: Ophthalmic Epidemiology. 2002 December; 9(5): 299-312. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12528915&dopt=Abstract
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Time course of the blindness to response-compatible stimuli. Author(s): Wuhr P, Musseler J. Source: Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance. 2001 October; 27(5): 1260-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11642707&dopt=Abstract
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Tracking down the culprit in river blindness. Author(s): Habeck M. Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2002 May; 2(5): 262. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12062980&dopt=Abstract
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Transient blindness after lumbar epidural steroid injection: a case report and literature review. Author(s): Young WF. Source: Spine. 2002 November 1; 27(21): E476-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12439000&dopt=Abstract
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Transient cortical blindness related to coronary angiography and graft study. Author(s): Lim KK, Radford DJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2002 July 1; 177(1): 43-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12088480&dopt=Abstract
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Traumatic tension pneumocephalus presenting with blindness. Author(s): Shehu BB, Ismail NJ. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 February; 16(1): 77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11926475&dopt=Abstract
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Two bs or not two Bs? A signal detection theory analysis of repetition blindness in a counting task. Author(s): Anderson CJ, Neill WT. Source: Perception & Psychophysics. 2002 July; 64(5): 732-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201332&dopt=Abstract
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Unilateral blindness after prone lumbar spine surgery. Author(s): Lee LA, Lam AM. Source: Anesthesiology. 2001 September; 95(3): 793-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11575556&dopt=Abstract
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Unusual thermal and conformational properties of the rhodopsin congenital night blindness mutant Thr-94 --> Ile. Author(s): Ramon E, del Valle LJ, Garriga P. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 February 21; 278(8): 6427-32. Epub 2002 December 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12466267&dopt=Abstract
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Vertebral angioplasty for treatment of transient monocular blindness. Author(s): Rutgers DR, de Kort GA, Lo TH, Kappelle LJ. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2003 April; 250(4): 501-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12760389&dopt=Abstract
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Video reconstruction of vasospastic transient monocular blindness. Author(s): Petzold A, Islam N, Plant GT. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 April 17; 348(16): 1609-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12700390&dopt=Abstract
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VISION 2020: the right to sight. A global initiative for the elimination of avoidable blindness. Author(s): Di Stefano AF. Source: Optometry. 2001 October; 72(10): 619-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11712628&dopt=Abstract
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Visual impairment and blindness in Europe and their prevention. Author(s): Kocur I, Resnikoff S. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 July; 86(7): 716-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12084735&dopt=Abstract
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WHO launches international programme to combat childhood blindness. Author(s): Ahmad K. Source: Lancet. 2002 June 29; 359(9325): 2258. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12103299&dopt=Abstract
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World Sight Day and cataract blindness. Author(s): Hennig A, Kumar J, Singh AK, Ansari A, Singh S, Gurung R, Foster A. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 July; 86(7): 830-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12084762&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BLINDNESS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and blindness.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Blindness The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “blindness” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on blindness: •
Acute, persistent quinine-induced blindness. A case report. Author(s): Department of Medicine, 1 Military Hospital, Voortrekkerhoogt, Tvl. Source: Rheeder, P Sieling, W L S-Afr-Med-J. 1991 May 4; 79(9): 563-4 0038-2469
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An investigation of possible neurotoxicity of diospyrol, the active principle of Diospyros mollis (Maklua), using Stypandra imbricata (blindgrass)-induced blindness as a model. Author(s): School of Veterinary Studies, Murdoch University, Western Australia. Source: Colegate, S M Dorling, P R Huxtable, C R Tarnchompoo, B Thebtaranonth, Y Southeast-Asian-J-Trop-Med-Public-Health. 1990 March; 21(1): 139-41 0038-3619
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Avoidable blindness. Author(s): Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205. Source: Sommer, A Aust-N-Z-J-Ophthalmol. 1988 February; 16(1): 31-5 0814-9763
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Bicuculline produces reversible red-green color blindness in goldfish, as revealed by monocular behavioral testing. Author(s): Laboratory of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Source: Wietsma, J J Spekreijse, H Vision-Res. 1991; 31(12): 2101-7 0042-6989
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Causes of low vision and blindness in children in a blind school in Lagos, Nigeria. Author(s): Guiness Eye Centre, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Source: Akinsola, F B Ajaiyeoba, A I West-Afr-J-Med. 2002 Jan-March; 21(1): 63-5 0189160X
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Community efforts in the reduction of corneal blindness in developing countries. Author(s): International Centre for Eye Health, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK. Source: Foster, A Gilbert, C Refract-Corneal-Surg. 1991 Nov-December; 7(6): 445-8 1042962X
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Cortical blindness during chemotherapy: clinical, CT, and MR correlations. Author(s): Service de Neuroradiologie, Hopital Henri Mondor, Creteil, France. Source: Heran, F Defer, G Brugieres, P Brenot, F Gaston, A Degos, J D J-Comput-AssistTomogr. 1990 Mar-April; 14(2): 262-6 0363-8715
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Delivery of oral doses of vitamin A to prevent vitamin A deficiency and nutritional blindness. Source: West, K.P. Jr. Sommer, A. Food-Rev-Int. New York : Marcel Dekker. 1985. volume 1 (2) page 355-418. ill. 8755-9129
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Epidemiologic aspects of global blindness prevention. Author(s): World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Source: Thylefors, B Negrel, A D Pararajasegaram, R Curr-Opin-Ophthalmol. 1992 December; 3(6): 824-34 1040-8738
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Ivermectin for onchocercal eye disease (river blindness). Author(s): International Health Division, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK, L3 5QA.
[email protected] Source: Ejere, H Schwartz, E Wormald, R Cochrane-Database-Syst-Revolume 2001; 1: CD002219 1469-493X
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Light, blindness and endocrine secretions. Author(s): Institute of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine and Nutrition Diseases, 2nd University of Naples, Italy. Source: Bellastella, A Amato, G Bizzaro, A Carella, C Criscuolo, T Iorio, S Muccitelli, V I Pisano, G Sinisi, A A De Bellis, A J-Endocrinol-Invest. 1999 December; 22(11): 874-85 0391-4097
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Loss of vision: a manifestation of TURP syndrome. A case report. Author(s): King Fahd Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, KSA. Source: Khan Ghori, S N Khalaf, M M Khan, R K Bakhameez, H S Middle-East-JAnesthesiol. 1998 October; 14(6): 441-9 0544-0440
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Multi media approach in nutritional blindness project: a case study of two VDCs in Gorkha District. Source: Mishra, P.R. Q-bull-Int-Assoc-Agric-Inf-Spec. Wageningen, The Netherlands : The Association, 1990-. 1996. volume 41 (1) page 104-108. 1019-9926
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Night blindness of pregnancy in rural Nepal--nutritional and health risks. Author(s): Center for Human Nutrition, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Source: Christian, P West, K P Khatry, S K Katz, J Shrestha, S R Pradhan, E K LeClerq, S C Pokhrel, R P Int-J-Epidemiol. 1998 April; 27(2): 231-7 0300-5771
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Night blindness precipitated by isotretinoin in the setting of hypovitaminosis A. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital, Australia. Source: Welsh, B M Smith, A L Elder, J E Varigos, G A Australas-J-Dermatol. 1999 November; 40(4): 208-10 0004-8380
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Nutrition education in the prevention of vitamin A deficiency and nutritional blindness in Bangladesh. Source: Mitra, M. Darnton Hill, I. Proceedings of the Xth International Congress of Dietetics / held under the auspices of the I.C.D.A. (the International Committee of Dietetic Associations); edited by M.F. Moyal. London : Libbey Eurotext, c1988. volume 2 page 413-420.
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Possible pathogenesis of congenital stationary night blindness. Source: Kato, M Aonuma, H Kawamura, H Miura, Y Watanabe, I Jpn-J-Ophthalmol. 1987; 31(1): 88-101 0021-5155
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Present challenges in the global prevention of blindness. Author(s): Programme for the Prevention of Blindness, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Source: Thylefors, B Aust-N-Z-J-Ophthalmol. 1992 May; 20(2): 89-94 0814-9763
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Preventing blindness by marrying health to horticulture. Source: Pirie, A. Frontiers of research in agriculture : proceedings of the Indian Statistical Institute Golden Jubilee International Conference, Calcutta, September 27October 1, 1982 / edited by S.K. Roy. Calcutta : Indian Statistical Institute, 1983. page 539-545.
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Quinine blindness. Author(s): Faculty of Medicine, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby General Hospital. Source: Naraqi, S Okem, S Moyia, N Dutta, T K Zzferio, B Lalloo, D P-N-G-Med-J. 1992 December; 35(4): 308-10 0031-1480
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Quinine ocular toxicity: treatment of blindness using therapy for vasospasm. Author(s): Intensive Therapy Unit, Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital, NSW, Australia. Source: Barrett, N A Solano, T Anaesth-Intensive-Care. 2002 April; 30(2): 234-5 0310057X
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Resolution of lymphosarcoma associated blindness in a dog following chemotherapy. Author(s): Brambles Veterinary Surgery, Churchdown, Gloucester. Source: Butterworth, S J Vet-Rec. 1989 September 9; 125(11): 305 0042-4900
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River blindness: a role for parasite retinoid-binding proteins in the generation of pathology? Author(s): School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK NG7 2RD.
[email protected] Source: Bradley, J E Nirmalan, N Klager, S L Faulkner, H Kennedy, M W TrendsParasitol. 2001 October; 17(10): 471-5 1471-4922
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Sudden blindness associated with protothecosis in a dog. [Case report]. Author(s): Armadale Veterinary Eye Hosp., Armadale (Australia) Melbourne Univ., Werribee (Australia). Veterinary Clinic and Hosp. Source: Blogg, J.R. Sykes, J.E. Australian-Veterinary-Journal (Australia). (April 1995). volume 72(4) page 147-149. dogs blindness case studies prototheca infectious diseases 0005-0423
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Ten years of NGDO action against river blindness. Author(s): Prevention of Blindness and Deafness (PBD), World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 27 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
[email protected] Source: Drameh, P S Richards, F O Cross, C Etya'ale, D E Kassalow, J S Trends-Parasitol. 2002 September; 18(9): 378-80 1471-4922
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The conquest of 'river blindness'. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, U.K. Source: Gilles, H M Awadzi, K Ann-Trop-Med-Parasitol. 1991 February; 85(1): 97-101 0003-4983
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The management of quinine-induced blindness. Author(s): University Department of Accident and Emergency Medicine, Hope Hospital, Salford. Source: Guly, U Driscoll, P Arch-Emerg-Med. 1992 September; 9(3): 317-22 0264-4924
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Unusual combination of night blindness and optic neuropathy after biliopancreatic bypass. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium. Source: Smets, R M Waeben, M Bull-Soc-Belge-Ophtalmol. 1999; 27193-6 0081-0746
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Vitamin A deficiency and corneal ulceration in south-east Nepal: implications for preventing blindness in children. Author(s): International Centre for Eye Health, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, England. Source: Hennig, A Foster, A Shrestha, S P Pokhrel, R P Bull-World-Health-Organ. 1991; 69(2): 235-9 0042-9686
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Worldwide blindness. Author(s): Alcon Surgical, Houston, Texas. Source: Grimes, M R Scardino, M A Martone, J F Nurs-Clin-North-Am. 1992 September; 27(3): 807-16 0029-6465
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “blindness” (or a synonym): •
Acute, persistent quinine-induced blindness. A case report. Author(s): Department of Medicine, 1 Military Hospital, Voortrekkerhoogt, Tvl. Source: Rheeder, P Sieling, W L S-Afr-Med-J. 1991 May 4; 79(9): 563-4 0038-2469
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An investigation of possible neurotoxicity of diospyrol, the active principle of Diospyros mollis (Maklua), using Stypandra imbricata (blindgrass)-induced blindness as a model. Author(s): School of Veterinary Studies, Murdoch University, Western Australia. Source: Colegate, S M Dorling, P R Huxtable, C R Tarnchompoo, B Thebtaranonth, Y Southeast-Asian-J-Trop-Med-Public-Health. 1990 March; 21(1): 139-41 0038-3619
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Avoidable blindness. Author(s): Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205. Source: Sommer, A Aust-N-Z-J-Ophthalmol. 1988 February; 16(1): 31-5 0814-9763
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Bicuculline produces reversible red-green color blindness in goldfish, as revealed by monocular behavioral testing. Author(s): Laboratory of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Source: Wietsma, J J Spekreijse, H Vision-Res. 1991; 31(12): 2101-7 0042-6989
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Causes of low vision and blindness in children in a blind school in Lagos, Nigeria. Author(s): Guiness Eye Centre, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Source: Akinsola, F B Ajaiyeoba, A I West-Afr-J-Med. 2002 Jan-March; 21(1): 63-5 0189160X
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Community efforts in the reduction of corneal blindness in developing countries. Author(s): International Centre for Eye Health, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK. Source: Foster, A Gilbert, C Refract-Corneal-Surg. 1991 Nov-December; 7(6): 445-8 1042962X
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Cortical blindness during chemotherapy: clinical, CT, and MR correlations. Author(s): Service de Neuroradiologie, Hopital Henri Mondor, Creteil, France. Source: Heran, F Defer, G Brugieres, P Brenot, F Gaston, A Degos, J D J-Comput-AssistTomogr. 1990 Mar-April; 14(2): 262-6 0363-8715
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Delivery of oral doses of vitamin A to prevent vitamin A deficiency and nutritional blindness. Source: West, K.P. Jr. Sommer, A. Food-Rev-Int. New York : Marcel Dekker. 1985. volume 1 (2) page 355-418. ill. 8755-9129
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Epidemiologic aspects of global blindness prevention. Author(s): World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Source: Thylefors, B Negrel, A D Pararajasegaram, R Curr-Opin-Ophthalmol. 1992 December; 3(6): 824-34 1040-8738
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Ivermectin for onchocercal eye disease (river blindness). Author(s): International Health Division, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK, L3 5QA.
[email protected] Source: Ejere, H Schwartz, E Wormald, R Cochrane-Database-Syst-Revolume 2001; 1: CD002219 1469-493X
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Light, blindness and endocrine secretions. Author(s): Institute of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine and Nutrition Diseases, 2nd University of Naples, Italy. Source: Bellastella, A Amato, G Bizzaro, A Carella, C Criscuolo, T Iorio, S Muccitelli, V I Pisano, G Sinisi, A A De Bellis, A J-Endocrinol-Invest. 1999 December; 22(11): 874-85 0391-4097
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Loss of vision: a manifestation of TURP syndrome. A case report. Author(s): King Fahd Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, KSA. Source: Khan Ghori, S N Khalaf, M M Khan, R K Bakhameez, H S Middle-East-JAnesthesiol. 1998 October; 14(6): 441-9 0544-0440
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Multi media approach in nutritional blindness project: a case study of two VDCs in Gorkha District. Source: Mishra, P.R. Q-bull-Int-Assoc-Agric-Inf-Spec. Wageningen, The Netherlands : The Association, 1990-. 1996. volume 41 (1) page 104-108. 1019-9926
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Night blindness of pregnancy in rural Nepal--nutritional and health risks. Author(s): Center for Human Nutrition, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Source: Christian, P West, K P Khatry, S K Katz, J Shrestha, S R Pradhan, E K LeClerq, S C Pokhrel, R P Int-J-Epidemiol. 1998 April; 27(2): 231-7 0300-5771
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Night blindness precipitated by isotretinoin in the setting of hypovitaminosis A. Author(s): Department of Dermatology, St Vincent's Hospital, Australia. Source: Welsh, B M Smith, A L Elder, J E Varigos, G A Australas-J-Dermatol. 1999 November; 40(4): 208-10 0004-8380
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Nutrition education in the prevention of vitamin A deficiency and nutritional blindness in Bangladesh. Source: Mitra, M. Darnton Hill, I. Proceedings of the Xth International Congress of Dietetics / held under the auspices of the I.C.D.A. (the International Committee of Dietetic Associations); edited by M.F. Moyal. London : Libbey Eurotext, c1988. volume 2 page 413-420.
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Possible pathogenesis of congenital stationary night blindness. Source: Kato, M Aonuma, H Kawamura, H Miura, Y Watanabe, I Jpn-J-Ophthalmol. 1987; 31(1): 88-101 0021-5155
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Present challenges in the global prevention of blindness. Author(s): Programme for the Prevention of Blindness, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Source: Thylefors, B Aust-N-Z-J-Ophthalmol. 1992 May; 20(2): 89-94 0814-9763
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Preventing blindness by marrying health to horticulture. Source: Pirie, A. Frontiers of research in agriculture : proceedings of the Indian Statistical Institute Golden Jubilee International Conference, Calcutta, September 27October 1, 1982 / edited by S.K. Roy. Calcutta : Indian Statistical Institute, 1983. page 539-545.
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Quinine blindness. Author(s): Faculty of Medicine, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby General Hospital. Source: Naraqi, S Okem, S Moyia, N Dutta, T K Zzferio, B Lalloo, D P-N-G-Med-J. 1992 December; 35(4): 308-10 0031-1480
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Quinine ocular toxicity: treatment of blindness using therapy for vasospasm. Author(s): Intensive Therapy Unit, Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital, NSW, Australia. Source: Barrett, N A Solano, T Anaesth-Intensive-Care. 2002 April; 30(2): 234-5 0310057X
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Resolution of lymphosarcoma associated blindness in a dog following chemotherapy. Author(s): Brambles Veterinary Surgery, Churchdown, Gloucester. Source: Butterworth, S J Vet-Rec. 1989 September 9; 125(11): 305 0042-4900
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River blindness: a role for parasite retinoid-binding proteins in the generation of pathology? Author(s): School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK NG7 2RD.
[email protected] Source: Bradley, J E Nirmalan, N Klager, S L Faulkner, H Kennedy, M W TrendsParasitol. 2001 October; 17(10): 471-5 1471-4922
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Sudden blindness associated with protothecosis in a dog. [Case report]. Author(s): Armadale Veterinary Eye Hosp., Armadale (Australia) Melbourne Univ., Werribee (Australia). Veterinary Clinic and Hosp. Source: Blogg, J.R. Sykes, J.E. Australian-Veterinary-Journal (Australia). (April 1995). volume 72(4) page 147-149. dogs blindness case studies prototheca infectious diseases 0005-0423
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Ten years of NGDO action against river blindness. Author(s): Prevention of Blindness and Deafness (PBD), World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 27 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
[email protected] Source: Drameh, P S Richards, F O Cross, C Etya'ale, D E Kassalow, J S Trends-Parasitol. 2002 September; 18(9): 378-80 1471-4922
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The conquest of 'river blindness'. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, U.K. Source: Gilles, H M Awadzi, K Ann-Trop-Med-Parasitol. 1991 February; 85(1): 97-101 0003-4983
•
The management of quinine-induced blindness. Author(s): University Department of Accident and Emergency Medicine, Hope Hospital, Salford. Source: Guly, U Driscoll, P Arch-Emerg-Med. 1992 September; 9(3): 317-22 0264-4924
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Unusual combination of night blindness and optic neuropathy after biliopancreatic bypass. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium. Source: Smets, R M Waeben, M Bull-Soc-Belge-Ophtalmol. 1999; 27193-6 0081-0746
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Vitamin A deficiency and corneal ulceration in south-east Nepal: implications for preventing blindness in children. Author(s): International Centre for Eye Health, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, England. Source: Hennig, A Foster, A Shrestha, S P Pokhrel, R P Bull-World-Health-Organ. 1991; 69(2): 235-9 0042-9686
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Worldwide blindness. Author(s): Alcon Surgical, Houston, Texas. Source: Grimes, M R Scardino, M A Martone, J F Nurs-Clin-North-Am. 1992 September; 27(3): 807-16 0029-6465
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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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The following is a specific Web list relating to blindness; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Vitamin A Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin A Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10066,00.html Vitamin D Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin E Alternative names: Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Tocopherol, D-Alpha-Tocopherol, Delta-Tocopherol, Gamma-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin E Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,906,00.html
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Minerals Alpha-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com D-alpha-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Delta-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gamma-tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Retinol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Selenium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10055,00.html
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Vitamin a (retinol) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10071,00.html •
Food and Diet Carrots Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sweet Peppers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sweet Potatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tomatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Winter Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yams Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BLINDNESS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to blindness. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to blindness and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “blindness” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to blindness: •
A case of Churg-Strauss syndrome presenting with cortical blindness. Author(s): Dinc A, Soy M, Pay S, Simsek I, Erdem H, Sobaci G. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2000; 19(4): 318-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10941817&dopt=Abstract
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A case of hysterical colour blindness reconsidered. Author(s): Pickford RW. Source: Mod Probl Ophthalmol. 1972; 11: 165-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4544955&dopt=Abstract
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A historical note on the mode of administration of vitamin A for the cure of night blindness. Author(s): Wolf G.
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Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1978 February; 31(2): 290-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=341683&dopt=Abstract •
A model of hysterical and hypnotic blindness: cognition, motivation, and awareness. Author(s): Sackeim HA, Nordlie JW, Gur RC. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1979 October; 88(5): 474-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=500962&dopt=Abstract
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Acquired mind-blindness following frontal lobe surgery? A single case study of impaired 'theory of mind' in a patient treated with stereotactic anterior capsulotomy. Author(s): Happe F, Malhi GS, Checkley S. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2001; 39(1): 83-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11115657&dopt=Abstract
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An ethnographic study of night blindness “ratauni” among women in the Terai of Nepal. Author(s): Christian P, Bentley ME, Pradhan R, West KP Jr. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1998 April; 46(7): 879-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9541073&dopt=Abstract
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An unobtrusive system for helping a person with blindness and intellectual disability travel in indoor areas. Author(s): Lancioni GE, Oliva D, Serenelli S, Pirani P. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1997 December; 85(3 Pt 2): 1431-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9450303&dopt=Abstract
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Antigonadal actions of olfactory and light deprivation. I. Effects of blindness combined with olfactory bulb deafferentation, transection of vomeronasal nerves, or bulbectomy. Author(s): Sanchez-Barcelo EJ, Mediavilla MD, Sanchez-Criado JE, Cos S, Cortines MD. Source: Journal of Pineal Research. 1985; 2(2): 177-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3831306&dopt=Abstract
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Auditory compensation for early blindness in cat cerebral cortex. Author(s): Rauschecker JP, Korte M. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 1993 October; 13(10): 4538-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8410202&dopt=Abstract
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Beyond intuition and instinct blindness: toward an evolutionarily rigorous cognitive science. Author(s): Cosmides L, Tooby J.
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Source: Cognition. 1994 April-June; 50(1-3): 41-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8039372&dopt=Abstract •
Bilateral blindness and lumbosacral myelopathy associated with high-dose carmustine and cisplatin therapy. Author(s): Wang MY, Arnold AC, Vinters HV, Glasgow BJ. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000 September; 130(3): 367-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11020424&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness and modification of association cortex by early binocular deprivation in monkeys. Author(s): Hyvarinen J, Hyvarinen L. Source: Child: Care, Health and Development. 1979 November-December; 5(6): 385-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=118828&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness and the eye in mythology and religion as represented on postage stamps. Author(s): Blodi FC. Source: Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology. 1988 March-April; 68(3-4): 401-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3042325&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness and vincristine. Author(s): Awidi AS. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1980 November; 93(5): 781. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6894223&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness in a strict vegan. Author(s): Milea D, Cassoux N, LeHoang P. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000 March 23; 342(12): 897-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10733381&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness in a vegan. Author(s): Lavine JB. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000 August 24; 343(8): 585; Author Reply 585-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10979794&dopt=Abstract
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Blindness in a vegan. Author(s): Finkel HE.
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Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000 August 24; 343(8): 585; Author Reply 585-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10979793&dopt=Abstract •
Blindness in the developing world. Author(s): Ward M. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1994 February; 78(2): 159. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8123628&dopt=Abstract
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Burkitt's lymphoma presenting with blindness: a case report. Author(s): Ibrahim M, Ogala WN, Babaoye FA, Onabolu OO, Afolayan EA. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 1990; 10(3): 319-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1703753&dopt=Abstract
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Causes of blindness among students in blind school institutions in a developing country. Author(s): Chirambo MC, Benezra D. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1976 September; 60(9): 665-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=990240&dopt=Abstract
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Color blindness, perceptual interference, and hypnosis. Author(s): Harvey MA, Sipprelle CN. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1978 January; 20(3): 189-93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=316651&dopt=Abstract
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Community efforts in the reduction of corneal blindness in developing countries. Author(s): Foster A, Gilbert C. Source: Refract Corneal Surg. 1991 November-December; 7(6): 445-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1782160&dopt=Abstract
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Corneal ulceration, measles, and childhood blindness in Tanzania. Author(s): Foster A, Sommer A. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1987 May; 71(5): 331-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3580349&dopt=Abstract
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Cortical blindness after correction of symptomatic hyponatremia: dynamic cerebral dysfunction visualized using serial SPECT scanning. Author(s): Hagerty C, Licho R, Recht L.
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Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1995 July; 36(7): 1272-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7790955&dopt=Abstract •
Cortical blindness and seizures possibly related to cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin treatment of ovarian dysgerminoma. Author(s): Young DC, Mitchell A, Kessler J, Christman JE. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1993 April; 93(4): 502-4, 507. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7683015&dopt=Abstract
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Cortical blindness during chemotherapy: clinical, CT, and MR correlations. Author(s): Heran F, Defer G, Brugieres P, Brenot F, Gaston A, Degos JD. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1990 March-April; 14(2): 262-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2312856&dopt=Abstract
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Cortical blindness following aortic arch surgery. Author(s): Suzuki Y, Kiyosawa M, Mochizuki M, Ishii K, Senda M. Source: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 September-October; 45(5): 547-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11583682&dopt=Abstract
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Cortical blindness--a catastrophic side effect of vincristine. Author(s): Merimsky O, Loewenstein A, Chaitchik S. Source: Anti-Cancer Drugs. 1992 August; 3(4): 371-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1421432&dopt=Abstract
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Cure of 2 cases of cortical blindness with acupuncture therapy. Author(s): Liu SD. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1982 December; 2(4): 303-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6765728&dopt=Abstract
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Delayed recovery of vision after blindness caused by methanol poisoning. Author(s): Scrimgeour EM, Dethlefs RF, Kevau I. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1982 November 13; 2(10): 481-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7155031&dopt=Abstract
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Double-blindness procedures, rater blindness, and ratings of outcome. Observations from a controlled trial. Author(s): Basoglu M, Marks I, Livanou M, Swinson R. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1997 August; 54(8): 744-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9283510&dopt=Abstract
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Early blindness results in a degraded auditory map of space in the optic tectum of the barn owl. Author(s): Knudsen EI. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1988 August; 85(16): 6211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3413089&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of early blindness and deafness on cognition. Author(s): Rapin I. Source: Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis. 1979; 57: 189-245. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=419332&dopt=Abstract
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Electrophysiological evidence for cross-modal plasticity in humans with early- and late-onset blindness. Author(s): Kujala T, Alho K, Huotilainen M, Ilmoniemi RJ, Lehtokoski A, Leinonen A, Rinne T, Salonen O, Sinkkonen J, Standertskjold-Nordenstam CG, Naatanen R. Source: Psychophysiology. 1997 March; 34(2): 213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9090272&dopt=Abstract
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Eponym syndrome blindness: is there a cure? Author(s): Patriquin DA. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1984 March; 83(7): 516-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6546742&dopt=Abstract
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Eye care knowledge and practices among Malawian traditional healers and the development of collaborative blindness prevention programmes. Author(s): Courtright P. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1995 December; 41(11): 1569-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8607046&dopt=Abstract
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Familial psychogenic blindness and headache: a case study. Author(s): Ziegler DK, Schlemmer RB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1994 March; 55(3): 114-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8071248&dopt=Abstract
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Functional abnormalities in vincristine-induced night blindness. Author(s): Ripps H, Carr RE, Siegel IM, Greenstein VC. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 1984 July; 25(7): 787-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6329990&dopt=Abstract
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Further evidence that hypnotically induced color blindness does not mimic congenital defects. Author(s): Cunningham PV, Blum GS.
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Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1982 April; 91(2): 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6978354&dopt=Abstract •
Hypnotherapy of hysterical monocular blindness: a case report. Author(s): Patterson RB. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1980 October; 23(2): 119-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7246457&dopt=Abstract
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Hypnotic blindness and the relevance of cognitive style. Author(s): Bryant RA, McConkey KM. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1990 October; 59(4): 756-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2254852&dopt=Abstract
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Hypnotic blindness, awareness, and attribution. Author(s): Bryant RA, McConkey KM. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1989 November; 98(4): 443-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2592679&dopt=Abstract
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Hypnotic blindness: a behavioral and experiential analysis. Author(s): Bryant RA, McConkey KM. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1989 February; 98(1): 71-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2708644&dopt=Abstract
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Hypnotic color blindness and performance on the Stroop test. Author(s): Mallard D, Bryant RA. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2001 October; 49(4): 330-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11596828&dopt=Abstract
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Imagery without perception--a case study of anosognosia for cortical blindness. Author(s): Goldenberg G, Mullbacher W, Nowak A. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1995 November; 33(11): 1373-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8584175&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of massive doses of vitamin A on incidence of nutritional blindness. Author(s): Vijayaraghavan K, Sarma KV, Rao NP, Reddy V. Source: Lancet. 1984 July 21; 2(8395): 149-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6146045&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence and causes of blindness among the under 5 age group in Malawi. Author(s): Benezra D, Chirambo MC.
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Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1977 February; 61(2): 154-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=843514&dopt=Abstract •
Influences of age at onset of blindness on Braille reading performances with left and right hands. Author(s): Sampaio E, Philip J. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1995 August; 81(1): 131-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8532447&dopt=Abstract
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Integrity and research: introducing the concept of dual blindness. how blind are double-blind clinical trials in alternative medicine? Author(s): Caspi O, Millen C, Sechrest L. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2000 December; 6(6): 493-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11152053&dopt=Abstract
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Isaac's blindness. Author(s): Levin S. Source: Nurs Rsa. 1989 March; 4(3): 12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2659999&dopt=Abstract
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Late onset cyclosporine-induced cerebral blindness with abnormal SPECT imagings in a patient undergoing unrelated bone marrow transplantation. Author(s): Uoshima N, Karasuno T, Yagi T, Kawamoto S, Hasegawa T, Yasumi M, Murakami M, Teshima H, Nakamura H, Hiraoka A, Masaoka T. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2000 July; 26(1): 105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10918413&dopt=Abstract
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Measles, corneal ulceration and childhood blindness: prevention and treatment. Author(s): Foster A, Johnson GJ. Source: Trop Doct. 1988 April; 18(2): 74-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3368956&dopt=Abstract
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Mental imagery and sensory experience in congenital blindness. Author(s): Arditi A, Holtzman JD, Kosslyn SM. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1988; 26(1): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3362335&dopt=Abstract
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Modification of parietal association cortex and functional blindness after binocular deprivation in young monkeys. Author(s): Hyvarinen J, Hyvarinen L, Linnankoski I.
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Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 1981; 42(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7215506&dopt=Abstract •
Night blindness during pregnancy and subsequent mortality among women in Nepal: effects of vitamin A and beta-carotene supplementation. Author(s): Christian P, West KP Jr, Khatry SK, Kimbrough-Pradhan E, LeClerq SC, Katz J, Shrestha SR, Dali SM, Sommer A. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 September 15; 152(6): 542-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10997544&dopt=Abstract
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Notes on blindness and omniscience: from Oedipus to Hitler. Author(s): Rappaport EA. Source: Psychoanalytic Review. 1976 Summer; 63(2): 281-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=61597&dopt=Abstract
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'On' response defect in paraneoplastic night blindness with cutaneous malignant melanoma. Author(s): Alexander KR, Fishman GA, Peachey NS, Marchese AL, Tso MO. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 1992 March; 33(3): 477-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1544774&dopt=Abstract
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Origins of beliefs and attitudes toward blindness. Author(s): Allen M, MacDougall F. Source: J Ophthalmic Nurs Technol. 1994 November-December; 13(6): 278-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7799460&dopt=Abstract
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Pathological and experimentally induced blindness induces auditory activity in the cat primary visual cortex. Author(s): Yaka R, Yinon U, Rosner M, Wollberg Z. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 2000 March; 131(1): 144-8. Erratum In: Exp Brain Res 2000 June; 132(3): 416. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10759180&dopt=Abstract
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Persistent behavioural blindness after early visual deprivation and active visual rehabilitation: a case report. Author(s): Carlson S, Hyvarinen L, Raninen A. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1986 August; 70(8): 607-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3741828&dopt=Abstract
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Possible pathogenesis of congenital stationary night blindness. Author(s): Kato M, Aonuma H, Kawamura H, Miura Y, Watanabe I.
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Source: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 1987; 31(1): 88-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3498070&dopt=Abstract •
Post measles blindness. Author(s): Dekkers NW. Source: Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology. 1983 December 15; 56(1-2): 137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6662000&dopt=Abstract
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Preventing blindness: vitamin-A fortified “Ultra Rice”. Author(s): Shore K. Source: Rep Int Dev Res Cent Can. 1996 January 24; : 3 P. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12320922&dopt=Abstract
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Psychiatric reaction to threatened blindness; a personal account. Author(s): Wolf SR. Source: Psychosomatics. 1971 September-October; 12(5): 316-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5172952&dopt=Abstract
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Psychoanalytically oriented hypnotic treatment of autoerythrocytic sensitization and blindness. Author(s): Roden RG. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1979 April; 21(4): 278-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=474455&dopt=Abstract
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Reflections on the special senses in relation to the development of affect with special emphasis on blindness. Author(s): Blank HR. Source: J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 1975; 23(1): 32-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1133452&dopt=Abstract
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Rehabilitation of the blind, from a blind man's point of view. A report at the conference of the National Committee in the Federal Republic of Germany for the Prevention of Blindness, October 1981. Author(s): Schulze HE. Source: Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology. 1984 June 15; 57(4): 329-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6478996&dopt=Abstract
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Resolution of lymphosarcoma associated blindness in a dog following chemotherapy. Author(s): Butterworth SJ.
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Source: The Veterinary Record. 1989 September 9; 125(11): 305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2636870&dopt=Abstract •
Selective loss of optic nerve beta-tubulin in vincristine-induced blindness. Author(s): Munier F, Perentes E, Herbort CP, Uffer S, Biollaz J. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1992 August; 93(2): 232-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1497023&dopt=Abstract
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Serial regional blood flow and visual evoked responses in transient cortical blindness. Author(s): Wong CW, Chen TY, Liao JJ, You DL. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1993; 120(3-4): 187-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8460573&dopt=Abstract
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Tactile mental imagery in sighted persons and in patients suffering from peripheral blindness early in life. Author(s): Uhl F, Kretschmer T, Lindinger G, Goldenberg G, Lang W, Oder W, Deecke L. Source: Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1994 October; 91(4): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7523074&dopt=Abstract
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The blindness of Saint Paul. Author(s): Bullock JD. Source: Ophthalmology. 1978 October; 85(10): 1044-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=368696&dopt=Abstract
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The blindness of Saint Paul. Author(s): Manchester PT, Manchester PT Jr. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1972 September; 88(3): 316-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4559706&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of light deprivation or blindness on the female genital tract of gerbils (Mariones hurrianae Jerdon). Author(s): Dixit VP, Sharma OP. Source: Acta Biol Med Ger. 1977; 36(10): 1483-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=616165&dopt=Abstract
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The WHO programme of prevention and control of vitamin A deficiency, xerophthalmia and nutritional blindness. Author(s): DeMaeyer EM.
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Source: Nutr Health. 1986; 4(2): 105-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3090484&dopt=Abstract •
Transient cortical blindness secondary to vincristine therapy in childhood malignancies. Author(s): Byrd RL, Rohrbaugh TM, Raney RB Jr, Norris DG. Source: Cancer. 1981 January 1; 47(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7459813&dopt=Abstract
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Visual hallucinations in blindness: the Charles Bonnet syndrome. Author(s): McNamara ME, Heros RC, Boller F. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 1982 July; 17(1): 13-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7166469&dopt=Abstract
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Visual hallucinations in recovery from cortical blindness: imaging correlates. Author(s): Wunderlich G, Suchan B, Volkmann J, Herzog H, Homberg V, Seitz RJ. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2000 April; 57(4): 561-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10768632&dopt=Abstract
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Vitamin A or beta-carotene supplementation reduces but does not eliminate maternal night blindness in Nepal. Author(s): Christian P, West KP Jr, Khatry SK, Katz J, LeClerq S, Pradhan EK, Shrestha SR. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1998 September; 128(9): 1458-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9732305&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to blindness; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Ascariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cataracts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cataracts Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Celiac Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cold Sores Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Erythema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glaucoma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glaucoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Guinea Worm Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Histoplasmosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hookworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insomnia Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Loiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphatic Filariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Macular Degeneration Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macular Degeneration Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Macular Degeneration Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Malabsorption Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Meningitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menopause Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Migraine Headaches Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Night Blindness Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Night-blindness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pancreatic Insufficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pinworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Retinopathy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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River Blindness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Roundworms Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sickle Cell Anemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Threadworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tias Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Transient Ischemic Attacks Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trichinosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Visceral Larva Migrans Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whipworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Alternative Therapy Chiropractic Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crystal Healing Alternative names: crystal therapeutics crystal therapy crystal work Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/c.html Hypnotherapy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nutrition Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Chinese Medicine Ganji San Alternative names: Ganji Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China
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Shijueming Alternative names: Sea-ear Shell; Concha Haliotidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica •
Herbs and Supplements Aminoglycosides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-carotene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-carotene Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10103,00.html Bilberry Alternative names: Vaccinium myrtillus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bilberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bilberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10007,00.html Bile Acid Sequestrants Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Carotenoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,763,00.html Flavonoids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ginkgo Biloba Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,788,00.html Lubricant Laxatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lutein Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Lutein Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Melatonin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Methyltestosterone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nac (n-acetylcysteine) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,809,00.html Opcs (oligomeric Proanthocyanidins) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Uricosuric Agents Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON BLINDNESS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to blindness. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “blindness” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on blindness, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Blindness ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to blindness. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
A Follow-up Study of the Self-determination, Educational, Transitional, and Attributional Factors Associated with Employment Success of People with Blindness and Visual Impairments in Jamaica, West Indies by Gyles, Celene Adassa; Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 2002, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3068057
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A Study of Personal and Program Variables Related to the Successful Rehabilitation of Clients with Retinitis Pigmentosa (blindness, Employment) by Taheri-araghi, Mustafa, Ph.D from Mississippi State University, 1991, 97 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9218210
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Ability of Low Vision Simulators to Elicit Essential Clinical and Functional Behaviors in Normally Sighted Individuals (visual Impairment, Blindness Simulation) by Walker, Brad Robert, Ph.D from The University of Texas at Austin, 1990, 235 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9117002
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Adolescents with Visual Impairment or Blindness: Perceptions of Social Support and Career Development by Chang, Chien-huey, Ph.D from The University of Texas at Austin, 1998, 259 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9905705
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An Investigation of Student Knowledge and Attitudes toward Blindness As a Function of Knowledge and Experience. by Wilson, Robert Allen, Ph.D from The Catholic University of America, 1975, 161 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7604472
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Analysis of the Blindness Phenomenon in Phased Array Antennas Subject to Element Positioning Errors by Zaghloul, Amir Ibrahim; Ph.D from University of Waterloo (canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK16609
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Applying Infant Massage Practices with Infants with Blindness or Visual Impairment: a Qualitative Study of Caregiver-infant Attachment by Lappin, Grace; Ph.D from Columbia University, 2003, 217 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3074304
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Attitudes toward Blindness and Blind People among Theological and Education Students. by Kang, Young Woo, Ph.D from University of Pittsburgh, 1976, 117 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7619916
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Blindness and Social Behavior by Baker, Larry Dale, Dba from Indiana University, Graduate School of Business, 1972, 88 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7304383
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Blindness and 'vision' in the Works of Perez Galdos. (spanish Text) by Centurionmorton, Julia Isabel, Ph.D from Georgetown University, 1990, 241 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9108642
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Blindness in a Culture of Light: Especially the Case of Oedipus at Colonus of Sophocles by Bernidaki-aldous, Eleftheria A., Ph.D from The Johns Hopkins University, 1985, 299 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8518480
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Blindness Rehabilitation Networks: Systems of Competition, Conflict, and Symbiosis (organization, Referral Systems) by Shanks, Stephanie L., Ph.D from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1986, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8624614
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Color Blindness in Educable Mentally Retarded Children: a Comparison of Anomaloscopic and Standard Color Vision Tests by Coonley, Patrick Gerald, Edd from University of Northern Colorado, 1972, 72 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7300260
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Correlates of Substance Abuse among People with Blindness/visual Impairment by Brooks, Gene Iran; Ph.D from The University of Texas at Austin, 2000, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3004224
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Data on Blindness and Visual Impairment in the U.s.: a Resource Manual on Characteristics, Education, Employment and Service Delivery (united States) by Kirchner, Corinne, Ph.D from Columbia University, 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f4312276
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Ecological Experiences of College Students with Blindness: Supports and Barriers by Enburg, Debra Petersen; Ph.D from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1999, 274 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9937269
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Effect of the Age at Onset of Blindness on the Development of Space Concepts by Birns, Shayne Lee, Ph.D from University of Southern California, 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f3198165
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Effects of Early Blindness on Auditory-spatial Development in Rats and Humans by Spigelman, Manly N; Advdeg from University of Waterloo (canada), 1968 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK07877
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Erasure, Amnesia, and Denial: the Challenges of White Blindness for Moral Agency and Emancipatory Praxis of White Christians by Case, Karin Ann; Ph.D from Union Theological Seminary, 2001, 313 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3033624
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Factors Contributing to Levels of Stress Perceived by Parents of Individuals with Deaf-blindness (dual-sensory Impairments) by Beyzavi, Pari, Ph.D from University of Minnesota, 1993, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9324664
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Intellectual Blindness in Six Works by Antonio Buero Vallejo (spain) by Gillespie, Edward Vance, Ph.D from The University of Texas at Arlington, 1986, 181 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8701291
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Le Illusioni Della Luce: Light and Darkness, Vision and Blindness in the Work of Luigi Pirandello (pirandello Luigi, Italy) by Wrinn, Steven John, Ph.D from Harvard University, 1991, 287 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9123050
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Neuropsychological Functioning of Blind Subjects with Learning Disabilities Compared to Those with Blindness Alone by Rabeck, Deborah Denise, Ph.D from University of North Texas, 1994, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9517642
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Perceptions of Crime and Victimization among Individuals with Legal Blindness and Severe Visual Impairment: an Exploratory Study by Rounds, Delbert Louis, Jr., Ph.D from Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 1993, 199 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9311788
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Responses to the Light: Sight and Blindness in the Characters of John 9 by Brooks, Alan Duane, Ph.D from Baylor University, 1991, 269 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9214709
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Rhodopsin Congenital Night Blindness Mutants T94i and G90d by Gross, Alecia Kay; Ph.D from Brandeis University, 2002, 67 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3045892
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School Experiences of Successful Adults with Blindness by Mcconnell, Dianne Wynne, Ph.D from University of Alberta (canada), 1997, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ23030
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Selected Instructional Techniques to Create Change of Attitude toward Blindness of Pre- and Inservice Vocational Home Economics Teachers. by Krieger, Mary Marjorie Welt, Ph.D from The University of Michigan, 1978, 226 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7822938
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Sociometric Status and Related Factors for Mainstreamed Students with Blindness and Visual Impairment: Teachers' Perspectives by Shin, Chang-hyun, Edd from Columbia University Teachers College, 1997, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9810969
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Spatial Representations of Individuals with Congenital Blindness: a Qualitative Study (disabilities) by Pruett, Kay Marie, Ph.D from University of California, Berkeley with San Francisco State Univ., 1994, 258 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9529715
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Sustained Inattentional Blindness: What You See Is What You Set by Most, Steven Benjamin; Ph.D from Harvard University, 2002, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3051245
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'take Me to Your Cinema.': Representations of Blindness in Popular Film by Crutchfield, Susan, Ph.D from University of Michigan, 1997, 226 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9811061
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The Blindness of Homer: an Exploration of Cultural and Social Contexts for Joyce's 'ulysses' by Sullivan, Richard Alan, Ph.D from The University of Tulsa, 1980, 214 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8103773
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The Effects of Color Blindness on Academic Achievement and Discrimination Learning in Special Class Retardates. by Justen, Joseph Edward, Iii, Edd from University of Florida, 1973, 68 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7419157
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The Effects of Dance Movement Instruction on Spatial Awareness in Elementary Visually Impaired Students, and Self-concept in Secondary Visually Impaired Students (mobility, Blindness, Body Image) by Chin, Donna Lisa, Edd from University of Northern Colorado, 1984, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8429824
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The Effects of Pet Presence and Counselor Blindness on the Efficacy of a Counseling Session by Mcadams, Joellen, Ph.D from Iowa State University, 1988, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8909172
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The Effects of Rehabilitation Training of Visually Impaired Older Adults on Selfefficacy, Depression, Activities of Daily Living, Attitudes about Blindness, and Social Support Networks by Griffin-shirley, Nora, Ph.D from Georgia State University, 1993, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9335060
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The Effects of the Inclusion of Two Students with Deaf-blindness on the School Community by Dell, Susan Jean, Ph.D from The Claremont Graduate University, 1995, 189 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9604550
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The Impact of My Physical Blindness upon My Ministry at the Burlington United Methodist Church by Karstedt, Ralph Philip, Dmin from Drew University, 1980, 126 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8023786
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The Non-visual Lifeworld: a Comparative Phenomenological Geography (blindness, Perception, Behavior, Environmental Psychology) by Hill, Miriam Helen, Ph.D from Kent State University, 1986, 379 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8617074
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The Relative Effectiveness of Self- and Externally- Administered Reinforcement on the Production Rate of Adolescents with Multiple Impairments, Including Blindness and Mental Retardation by Zambone, Alana Maria, Ph.D from Peabody College for Teachers of Vanderbilt University, 1984, 67 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8419288
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The Social Sources of Adjustment to Blindness: a Study of Role Differentiation by Lukoff, Irving Faber, Ph.D from Columbia University, 1967, 455 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6715504
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Typing It In, Talking It Out: a Formative Evaluation of the Talking Word Processor Software (blindness, Computers, Synthesized Voice, Word Processing, Writing) by Ely, Richard Peter, Edd from Harvard University, 1986, 303 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8620695
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Using an Individual Characteristic (blindness) As a Basis for Teacher Decisionmaking and Curriculum Planning by Cross, Kenneth Alvin, Edd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1969, 214 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6918443
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Water Blindness (original Writing, Novel) by Malinowski, Melanie Joan; Ph.D from University of Houston, 2000, 241 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3035538
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND BLINDNESS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning blindness.
Recent Trials on Blindness The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to blindness.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Brain Plasticity of Verbal Memory in the Blind Condition(s): Blindness Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will examine whether blind people develop changes in the brain that improve memory function. Previous studies have shown that blind people, on average, perform better in memory tasks than sighted people. A possible reason for this is that parts of the brain that process visual information in sighted individuals are engaged in processing mnemonic (remembering) information in blind people. Blind and sighted people 18 years of age and older are eligible for this study. Healthy, sighted individuals may participate in Part 1 of the study, which is designed to find appropriate words to use in tests for Part 2 of the study. Part 2 will include sighted people and blind people. It will examine whether the (visual) brain in blind people is processing mnemonic information in a way that helps with day-to-day memory functions. Blind participants in this study must have lost their sight by age 4. Candidates will be screened with a medical interview and examination and a brief test of short-term and long-term verbal memory. Sighted patients will also be tested for visual memory and for handedness. Part 1 - Word Recognition Testing (2 sessions) - Session 1: Participants listen to a number of words over a loudspeaker and try to remember them for a memory test that will be given 30 minutes later. For the test, subjects listen to words again and press one of three buttons as quickly as possible after hearing the word. The buttons
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These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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signal whether the subject does or does not recognize the word with a 1) high level of confidence or 2) low level of confidence. - Session 2: Participants hear a noun over a loudspeaker and have to find an appropriate verb for it, such as the verb (read) for the noun (book). Part 2 - MRI Scanning and TMS Experiments (5 - 7 sessions) - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Participants perform the same procedures as described above for Part 1 while undergoing MRI of the brain. For this test, the subject lies on a table inside the MRI scanner - a narrow cylindrical tube with a strong magnetic field. Scanning time varies from 20 minutes to 3 hours, with most scans lasting between 45 and 90 minutes. (Earphones are used to hear the words for this test instead of a loudspeaker.) - Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): Participants undergo TMS while performing the same procedures described for Part 1. For TMS, a wire coil is held over the scalp. A brief electrical current is passed through the coil, creating a magnetic pulse that stimulates the brain. Subjects may hear a click and feel a pulling sensation on the skin under the coil. There may be a twitch in muscles of the arm or leg. During the TMS, electrical muscle activity is recorded through the electrodes with a computer or other recording device. Each session lasts a maximum of 3 hours. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00059189 •
Evaluation of Eye Movement Tracking Systems for Visual Rehabilitation Condition(s): Blindness Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Department of Veterans Affairs Purpose - Excerpt: The project objective is to validate the types of eye trackers that may most effectively be employed in the rehabilitation evaluation and training of people with central scotomas. The eye trackers will include the three basic types of eye trackers, namely, 1)electrophysical, 2) front surface trackers, and 3) retinal trackers. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00013429
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The Impact of Rehabilitation on Quality of Life in Visually Impaired Condition(s): Blindness Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Department of Veterans Affairs Purpose - Excerpt: The project has four primary objectives: 1) Determine if blind rehabilitation improves the quality of life of legally blind veterans; 2) Determine the relationship between quality of life and visual function; 3) Determine if factors, such as cognitive status, level of depression, age and the presence of additional medical conditions besides vision loss, intervention of blind rehabilitation extends beyond the visually impaired individual and improve the quality of life of their primary caregiver (e.g. spouse, partner, family member or friend.) Phase(s): Phase II
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Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00013403 •
Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) Condition(s): Diabetic Retinopathy; Blindness Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Eye Institute (NEI) Purpose - Excerpt: To determine whether photocoagulation helps prevent severe visual loss from proliferative diabetic retinopathy. To determine whether a difference exists in the efficacy and safety of argon versus xenon photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000160
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Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) Condition(s): Blindness; Diabetic Retinopathy Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Eye Institute (NEI) Purpose - Excerpt: To evaluate the effectiveness of both argon laser photocoagulation and aspirin therapy in delaying or preventing progression of early diabetic retinopathy to more severe stages of visual loss and blindness. To help determine the best time to initiate photocoagulation treatment in diabetic retinopathy. To monitor closely the effects of diabetes mellitus and of photocoagulation on visual function. To produce natural history data that can be used to identify risk factors and test etiologic hypotheses in diabetic retinopathy. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000151
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Long Term Follow-Up of Diabetic Retinopathy Condition(s): Blindness; Cataract; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Retinopathy; Macular Degeneration Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Eye Institute (NEI) Purpose - Excerpt: The efficacy of laser photocoagulation treatment for diabetic retinopathy has been demonstrated by several National Eye Institute (NEI) sponsored clinical trials. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) demonstrated that scatter photocoagulation reduces the risk of blindness from diabetic retinopathy. The Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) extended these findings by providing
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information on when to initiate scatter photocoagulation and by demonstrating that focal treatment was effective in treating macula edema. The Krypton Argon Regression Neovascularization Study (KARNS) showed that scatter photocoagulation with krypton red laser was just as safe and effective as the argon blue-green laser in the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Unfortunately, there is little data on the long term effects of photocoagulation on visual function. The first objective of this study is to assess the long term effects of photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy. A second objective is to provide additional information on the risk of progression of cataracts in persons with diabetes. All patients previously treated with laser photocoagulation (focal and/or scatter) are eligible to participate in this long term study. The first priority will be given to patients who participated in the ETDRS and KARNS because of the wealth of information available regarding the details of their treatment and course after treatment. Study evaluations will include a standard ophthalmic examination, fluorescein angiography, lens and fundus photography. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001395 •
Mechanisms of Human Plasticity in the Human System Condition(s): Blindness; Cerebrovascular Accident; Spinal Cord Injury Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to investigate the physiology associated with plasticity of the motor system. Plasticity refers to the process by which neighboring brain cells assume the responsibilities of damaged or diseased brain cells. The mechanisms behind this process are unknown. However, researchers have several theories about how plastic changes take place. Possible explanations include the growth of new connections between brain cells and the use of previously unused connections. Researchers plan to use transcranial magnetic stimulation and drug intervention in order to determine the mechanisms responsible for specific types of plasticity. Previous studies have shown that certain drugs can affect the mechanisms involved in these changes. By using one drug at a time, researchers plan to evaluate the role of each of several different mechanisms in brain reorganization. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001661
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The Connection Between Areas in the Brain of Blind Patients Condition(s): Blindness; Brain Mapping; Healthy Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to test the belief that specific areas of the brain are connected differently in blind patients than patients with sight. In addition, the study will examine the different anatomical connections between brain areas of patients who became blind early in life versus patients who became blind later. Study Type: Observational
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Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001926
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “blindness” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON BLINDNESS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “blindness” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on blindness, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Blindness By performing a patent search focusing on blindness, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
9Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on blindness: •
Apparatus for measuring the autofluorescence of the cornea of an eye Inventor(s): Docchio; Franco (Brescia, IT), van Best; Jasper Anton (Leiden, NL) Assignee(s): Leiden University (Medical Center) (Leiden, NL) Patent Number: 6,611,704 Date filed: July 27, 2000 Abstract: For the early detection of blindness-causing diabetic retinopathy, an apparatus for measuring the autofluorescence of the cornea of an eye, comprising means for tangentially illuminating the cornea, means for receiving the autofluorescent radiation generated in the cornea by this illumination, and means for processing the measured autofluorescent radiation, wherein the means for tangentially illuminating the cornea comprises at least one light source which radiates blue light and at least one filter which transmits at least a part of the blue light in a light path to the cornea, and the means for receiving the autofluorescent radiation generated in the cornea comprises at least one filter which transmits green light. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an apparatus for measuring the autofluorescence of the cornea of an eye, comprising means for substantially tangentially illuminating the cornea, means for receiving the autofluorescent radiation generated in the cornea by this illumination, and means for processing the measured autofluorescent radiation. Such an apparatus is known from Italian patent application IT-94.501.069. Apparatuses for measuring the autofluorescent radiation of the cornea of an eye are used in screening diabetes patients for diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is one of the moat important causes of blindness in the Western world and its timely detection can contribute to delaying or even preventing blindness in patients by administering laser therapy. Recent studies have shown that the autofluorescence of the corneal tissue in certain wavelength regions increases considerably with the severity of diabetic retinopathy. By other conventional methods, diabetic retinopathy and its progression are difficult to detect. The advantage of measuring corneal autofluorescence is that the cornea is readily accessible for examination and that the amount of corneal autofluorescence is not or only slightly age-dependent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06611704__
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Contact lens for correction of color blindness Inventor(s): Zeltzer; Harry I. (107 High St. - P.O. Box 209, Ipswich, MA 01938) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,998,817 Date filed: May 10, 1990 Abstract: A corneal contact lens for the correction of color blindness, which is clear except for a thin red exterior layer covering the area admitting light to the pupil. Excerpt(s): A soft corneal contact lens which improves the color discrimination of a color-blind person when applied to one eye only, said lens comprising a clear, soft, corneal contact lens having on the central portion of its exterior surface a thin layer of
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red coloration characterized as being insoluble in water but soluble in aromatic hydrocarbon; light passing through the red layer having substantially all its transmissions above about 6000.ANG.; said red layer continuously covering substantially all the light normally admitted to the pupil of the eye during the daytime and being in line with the axis of the pupil; said lens being sufficiently large to enable ready and stable centration without jeopardizing oxygen transmission. This invention relates to the use of corneal contact lenses for the correction of color blindness, in particular, soft or gas-permeable lenses. U.S. Pat. No(s). 3,586,423 and 3,701,590 describe red-colored contact lenses which can be used to correct color blindness. In particular lenses illustrated in these patents and those made commercially under those patents are colored throughout with a red coloration. Whereas such coloration throughout the lens is satisfactory for so-called hard lenses made from plastic, it has been difficult to fashion a soft lens or a gas-permeable lens wherein the color remains uniformly distributed throughout the lens. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04998817__ •
Decryption method and device, and access right authentication method and apparatus Inventor(s): Kakehi; Rumiko (Nakai-machi, JP), Kyojima; Masaki (Nakai-machi, JP), Takeda; Koji (Nakai-machi, JP), Terao; Taro (Nakai-machi, JP) Assignee(s): Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,275,936 Date filed: October 15, 1998 Abstract: A decryption method and device, an access right authentication method and apparatus for securely transmitting specific information to the decryption device while retaining blindness of data that is assigned to be decrypted. An input unit of the decryption device receives a cipher text C' generated by providing a blind effect to a cipher text C and second decryption information d.sub.2 from a user and transmits them to a decryption unit. The decryption unit takes a modulus n and first decryption information d.sub.1 from a modulus storage unit and a first decryption information storage unit, respectively. The decryption unit then calculates the expression R=C'.sup.d1d2 mod n and outputs R through an output unit. If a combination of a cipher text C and the second decryption information d.sub.2 is correct, a correct decryption result is available. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to encryption and decryption of digital data and authentication of access rights to digital data or services, which applies the encryption and decryption of the digital data. To protect the data security by encryption and decryption, there are the following two types of relationships between a user of encrypted data and an owner of a decryption key that is necessary to decrypt the data. 1) The user of the data and the owner of the decryption key are the same person. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06275936__
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Four-channel anomaloscope Inventor(s): Chang; Yin (Taipei, TW), Fu; Yao A. (Taipei, TW) Assignee(s): National Science Council (Taipei, TW) Patent Number: 4,966,453 Date filed: August 8, 1989 Abstract: A four-channel anomaloscope for detecting the color sense match of the blue cone function and the color weakness or blindness in red and green comprising a housing, optical elements, circuit control means, appropriate computer facilities and software programs wherein the optical elements comprise lighting bulbs, single wavelength interference type filters, 50/50 spectroscopes, a reflective mirror, and photodiodes. The present invention further relates to a method of making the brightnesses of both partitions of the bipartite field produced in the four-channel anomaloscope to coincide with each other. Excerpt(s): Conventional color sense abnormality detectors, also know as anomaloscopes, such as those available from Nagel, Bausch & Lamb, and Double Dichroic Polaroid, comprise only three channels for red, green and yellow light sources in which light rays from the mixed red and green light sources are used to match the yellow light ray, and the red and green light rays are mixed in varied proportions such that ordinary subjects can be divided into two categories, i.e., subjects with normal color sense and those with abnormal color sense. Also, the color sense abnormality detector of the present invention can be used to screen from the subjects having the so-called "normal color sense" those whose red/green color senses are abnormal but who can be classified into groups with color weaknesses in red and green. These conventional detectors, however, can be applied only for detecting cases of color weakness or blindness in that for a subject with glaucoma whose blue cones could be damaged due to the overpressure in his eyes. Then, the subject with weakened function of the blue cones will be unable to perform the color light match which involves such blue cones. This compares to the fact that with a deflated rubber ball, it will not rebound high regardless the physical strength which is used to strike it. In other words, the ball is not sensitive enough to the externally applied force so as to rebound to the corresponding height. Similarly, when the function of the blue cones is weakened, it is impossible to produce a reaction in proportion relative to the stimulation in varied degrees and proportions of the blue light received externally. For such types of subjects, the reaction produced by the stimulation from light with blue component is "inert", then, apparently, it is necessary to carry out a test that is specifically directed to the blue cones. The primary object of the present invention is to provide a four-channel anomaloscope which, under normal operating conditions, accurately detects the color sense match involving the blue cone function and which, after being replaced with filters for appropriate wavelengths (between 400-700 nm) and the software programs, can be used for detecting subjects who are color weak or blind in red or green. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04966453__
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Inhibition of fatty acid synthase as a means to reduce adipocyte mass Inventor(s): Kuhajda; Francis P. (Lutherville, MD), Mani; Neelakandha S. (Baltimore, MD), Pasternack; Gary R. (Baltimore, MD), Townsend; Craig A. (Baltimore, MD) Assignee(s): Johns Hopkins University, The (Baltimore, MD) Patent Number: 5,981,575 Date filed: January 27, 1998 Abstract: Weight loss was noted in nude mice treated with cerulenin, a non-competitive inhibitor of FAS. Sustained reduction of adipocyte mass in humans without toxicity would significantly impact disease prevention worldwide. Aside from psychological and self-esteem improvement, weight loss via reduction of adipocyte mass may: (1) ameliorate hyperglycemia associated with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus thereby reducing diabetic complications such as arterial disease, blindness, cataracts, etc., (2) reduce hypertension, (3) reduce risk of coronary artery vascular disease and stroke, and (4) reduce the risk of other complications of massive obesity such as osteoarthritis, surgical complications, etc. There is also potential use in livestock and poultry to reduce the saturated fat content of meat products. Therefore FAS inhibitors are disclosed herein as novel agents for weight reduction. A family of compounds (.gamma.-substituted-.alpha.-methylene-.beta.-carboxy-.gamma.-butyrolacton es) whose synthesis was based on the cerulenin motif is shown herein to inhibit fatty acid synthesis, inhibit growth in certain susceptible tumor cells, and induce weight loss. Excerpt(s): This invention concerns the systemic administration of an inhibitor of fatty acid synthase (E.C. 2.3.1.85, FAS) by any suitable route to achieve weight loss and/or reduction of adipocyte mass without significant toxicity. Use of FAS inhibitors for this purpose is not restricted to humans or any species, but includes reduction of adipocyte mass in livestock and poultry. This invention also concerns the synthesis of a family of compounds (.alpha.-methylene-.beta.-carboxy-.gamma.-butyrolactones) which are fatty acid synthesis inhibitors, and the use of these compounds to achieve weight loss, to treat susceptible cancer cells, or in other applications characteristic of FAS inhibitors. Compounds and proteins which induce reduction of weight or adipocyte mass in mammals may act through the following mechanisms: [1] increased fat mobilization, such as human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) induced metabolism of fat stores (Bray, et al., "Nutritional Support of Medical Practice," Harper and Row, Philadelphia, 1983); [2] increased calorigenesis, such as that induced by thyroid hormone (Abraham et al., 1985, Int. J. Obes., 9:433-42); [3] decreased appetite, induced by anorexic agents such as felbamate and dexfenfluramine (McTavish et al., 1992, Drugs, 43:713-33); [4] decreased lipogenesis (see Table 1 below); and [5] mutated or decreased blood levels of the ob gene product (Halaas et al., 1995, Science, 269:543-546). In mice (Kannan et al., 1980, Lipids, 15:993-8) and man, significant fatty acid synthesis occurs in liver (Triscari et al., 1985, Metabolism, 34:580-7; Barakat et al., 1991, Metabolism, 40:280-5) and adipose tissue (Goldrick et al., 1974, Clin. Sci. Mol. Med., 46:469-79), and rates of fatty acid synthesis are higher in obese mice or humans (Angel et al., 1979, Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 9:355-62; Belfiore et al., 1976, Metabolism, 25:483-93). Hence, it is not surprising that a number of weight reducing agents reduce de novo fatty acid synthesis. Table 1 provides a list of agents known to both inhibit lipogenesis and induce weight loss. It is an object of this invention to provide a method for inducing weight reduction focused on a new therapeutic target. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05981575__
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Instrument for improving eyesight and color vision Inventor(s): Ki-Ho; Seong (25-1, Shinsul-dong, Dongdemoon-gu, Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,455,643 Date filed: January 28, 1994 Abstract: The present invention relates to an instrument for improving eyesight and color-blindness, more specifically, to an instrument for improving or recovering weakened eyesight or color-blindness of a person. The instrument includes a sphereshaped member having a plurality of apertures. There is an apparatus for emanating visible ray into the eyeball. Support means attaches to the member as does an eyepiece consisting of a light-transmitting plate and a plurality of LEDs. There is a case for protecting the light-transmitting plate and a plurality of light-transmitting holes which are equipped with plates in red, green and colorless or clear. The instrument also includes a sensor for preventing sleepiness and a driving section. There is a motor driving the light-transmitting plate. The instrument also includes lighting and fireextinguishing equipment with a carbon point and a sound amplifier. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an instrument for improving eyesight and color vision. More specifically, the invention relates to an instrument for improving or recovering the eyesight and color vision of a person. Therapeutics for weakenedeyesight are numerous. The primary method is to strengthen ciliary muscles of the eyeball. This helps control functions of the crystalline lens such as in eyeball gymnastics. Another method is to use a concave lens and/or a convex lens. Causes of amblyopia are various, but one cannot depend on the known methods of treatment for improving weak eyesight. In particular, symptoms of amblyopia by cataract were thought to be incurable. As for treatment of these symptoms, the obsolete way of therapeutics is not acceptable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05455643__
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Magnetized scleral buckle for use with silicone magnetic fluids in the treatment of retinal diseases Inventor(s): Dailey; James P. (222 Superior Ave., Erie, PA 16505) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,547,714 Date filed: September 5, 2000 Abstract: The basic principle in repairing retinal detachments is closing the retinal break. An internal tamponade is a material suitable for intraocular use which is used to directly close a retinal break. A scleral buckle is a flexible device which can conform to and allow movement of the sclera. A new method to treat retinal detachment is to combine usage of a magnetic fluid tamponade with a magnetized flexible scleral buckle, which effects tamponade of the retina without interfering with vision. A substantial percentage of complicated retinal detachments currently go on to blindness despite multiple attempts at surgical intervention because of our inability to tamponade retinal breaks in certain locations. In a cross-sectional view of the eye, the retina and choroids sit on the sclera. Each break in the retina therefore sits on a specific location on the sclera. The magnetic scleral buckle (msb) is positioned on the exterior aspect of the sclera at the location of
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the retinal break, employing the msb's trans-scleral magnetic field, and magnetically attracts the silicone magnetic fluid to the retinal break. This system of silicone magnetic fluid and magnetized scleral buckle can thus tamponade retinal breaks wherever they occur. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods for treating disorders using a magnetic fluid. More specifically, the invention relates to a method for treating a detached retina using a magnetic fluid in combination with a magnetized scleral buckle, and to methods for directing delivery of a compound by using a magnetic fluid carrier. The mammalian eye comprises two chambers. The anterior chamber is bounded by the cornea and lens, and contains the aqueous humor. The volume behind the lens contains the vitreous humor, with the retina attached to the back wall of the eye. The retinal layer is not firmly attached to the eye, and can become detached, resulting in eventual death of the retina and loss of vision. The retina may detach along an edge, e.g. as the result of traumna, or as the result of a tear allowing fluid to leak underneath the retina and separate the retina from the underlying choroid. Retinal detachment can be treated by means of a scleral buckle, a silicone band that encircles the eye and compresses the wall of the eye inward against the retina. Alternatively, the vitreous humor may be replaced in whole or in part with a tamponade, a heavy liquid or gas intended to flatten the retina against the choroid. Currently used internal tamponades (SF.sub.6, C.sub.3 F.sub.8, silicone oil) float up, leaving the inferior retina unprotected, or sink down (fluorosilicone), leaving the superior retina unprotected. Current tamponades also fill the vitreous cavity, decreasing vision, and contact anterior chamber structures, causing cataract and glaucoma. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06547714__ •
Method and apparatus for visual prosthesis Inventor(s): Michelson; Robin P. (886 Edgewood Rd., Redwood City, CA 94062) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,628,933 Date filed: July 23, 1985 Abstract: A visual prosthesis for blindness due to retinal malfunction includes a compact device having a close-packed array of photosensitive devices on one surface thereof. A plurality of electrodes extend from the opposed surface of the device and are connected to the outputs of the photosensitive devices. The device is adapted to be inserted in the posterior chamber of the eye, generally disposed at the focal plane of the optical pathway and impinging on the retina. Anchoring means secure the device with the electrodes operatively connected to the neuron array at the surface of the retina to stimulate the neurons in a pattern corresponding to the illumination pattern of the photosensitive array. The device is powered by externally induced electromagnetic or radio frequency energy, and is encased in a biologically inert housing. An amplifier array may be interposed between the sensing elements and the electrodes to amplify, shape, and time-process the visual signals. Excerpt(s): The present invention is generally directed to a method and apparatus for inducing visual preception in persons suffering from blindness caused by retinal disease, pathology, or malfunction. Many causes of blindness, especially those involving occlusions or opacity in the optical pathway through the eye, have yielded to modern medical treatments, and vision can be restored to a great extent in a large
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number of cases. Indeed, the removal of cataract-occluded lenses is now a mere outpatient surgical procedure, and the substitution of plastic lens implants yields excellent results. Likewise, relief from secondary cataracts in the posterior capsule of the lens may be corrected using optical laser eye surgery in a noninvasive procedure requiring only minutes to complete. Some diseases of the eye, however, cause blindness by attacking the light-sensing retina, causing blindness while the remainder of the optical pathway remains perfectly clear and functional. For example, the genetically transmitted disease retinitis pigmentosa gradually causes destruction of the rod and cone cells in the retina, resulting in eventual total blindness. It is interesting that this disease does not adversely affect the optic nerve, nor the neurons in the retina. It is known that other diseases affecting the retina likewise leave many viable neurons in the retina. Recent research and development in the field of sensory deafness has shown that such deafness can be overcome, and intelligible hearing can be induced by direct electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve endings distributed along the basilar membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear. By properly filtering, processing and channeling spectral portions of the electrical audio signal analog of ambient sound to appropriate portions of the basilar membrane, significant word recognition can be achieved by individuals who were formerly completely deaf. These successful developments suggest that direct electrical stimulation of visual neurons should be able to provide at least some degree of visual cueing to persons suffering from sensory blindness. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04628933__ •
Method and eyeglasses for rectifying color blindness Inventor(s): Chen; Xiaoguang (134 Sidalin St., Changchun 130022 Jilin, CN), Lu; Zhong (4 Huxi Rd., Changchun 130022 Jilin, CN) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,369,453 Date filed: November 23, 1993 Abstract: Rectifying method for color blindness and rectifying eyeglasses for color blindness by using a computer to simulate the process of rectifying color blindness, there are produced 32 kinds of spectrums and parameters of rectifying eyeglasses for color blindness, which are then grouped under four types. The rectifying eyeglasses for color blindness change the proportion of stimulus of three kinds of optic cone cells on the retina and alter the color codes of the visional area of cerebral cortex, thus when a color-blind viewer wears the eyeglasses chosen properly, the ability of discrimination between different colored objects is greatly improved. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for rectifying color blindness and eyeglasses employed therein. As a genetic disease, color blindness is believed incurable. At present there are at least 2.5 hundred million people suffering from abnormal color vision. Before the present invention, whether color blindness was rectifiable had been under discussion, and research had been conducted in this field, resulting in no breakthrough achievements. As early as in 1878, Delboeuf and Spring noted that red optical filtering devices may be used to help abnormal color viewers to discriminate between different color objects. Many types of optical filtering devices were designed to improve the color blind viewers' ability to distinguish pseudo-isocolors. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,300,819 discloses a pair of improved eyeglasses which can aid color discrimination for color blind viewers. The eyeglasses have two lenses, one is clear and
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the other is colored. To appear identical to the observers, each lens is additionally coated or formed to have a reflective or mirror-like surface. This kind of eyeglasses can only improve color sensation of the color blind viewers. U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,183 also discloses color enhancing sun glasses which attenuate blue and red light thereby preventing human eyes from harmful effects of such light. The transmission curves therein are specifically designed to attenuate certain light not to correct color blindness. At present, all researchers only use various optical filtering devices, experimentally to rectify color blindness. There are no devices to test color blindness quantitatively. In fact, the light sensitivity of eyes in the range of visible light differ with wavelength. It is believed in physiology that color blindness is caused by some errors occurring during recognition of colored objects. The errors may occur during certain physiological processes of transmission of color signals in retina. The external manifestation of color blindness is the change of sensitivity of eyes in the range of visible light. Whereas optical filtering devices in the patents above could rectify color blindness in certain degrees, there is not theoretical basis therefor and the effects are poor. The reason is that prior art optical filtering devices are not designed according to the spectral sensitive curves of the abnormal color viewers. Moreover it is impossible to rectify all kinds of color blindness simply using single or compound optical filtering devices. One should adopt different optical filtering devices for different spectral sensitive curves of abnormal color viewers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05369453__ •
Method and system for color vision deficiency correction Inventor(s): Atkinson; Holly G. (Bridgewater, CT) Assignee(s): Reuters Limited (London, GB2) Patent Number: 5,589,898 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: The present invention is an apparatus and method for the testing of computer users for color vision defects, sometimes referred to as "color blindness," and then the automatic adjustment of color computer displays to settings that are optimal for certain such deficiencies. Excerpt(s): Color vision-defects are prevalent in the male population. The majority of congenital color deficiencies affect red-green function. Roughly 8% of Caucasian males have a measurable inability to distinguish between red and green--a deficiency called red-green dichromacy. Often, persons having some degree of color blindness, even a significant degree, are not diagnosed unless they are formally tested or accidentally uncover it through some event. This is particularly the case, since many cases of color vision defects are only mild. Nevertheless, even in these cases, the deficiency can have a noticeable effect on the ability of the person to fully distinguish colors. Color vision tests are employed clinically to identify and differentiate congenital and acquired color vision deficiencies. These tests are primarily designed to identify people with congenital protan (red) or deutan (green) deficiencies which occur in about 8% of the male population and about 0.5% of the female population. Testing for color vision deficiencies is often done using four principal types of tests: pseudiosochromatic plates, anomaloscopes, arrangement tests (hue discrimination) and lanterns. Printed pseudiosochromatic plates are the most widely used color vision screening tests. These tests are comprised of a pattern of colored dots, chosen and placed so that a person unable to distinguish red, for example, will be unable to discern a number or a letter formed in red against a setting of other colored dots. If a series of pseudiosochromatic
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plate tests are presented to the user and the answers correlated after the test is administered, various types of color vision defects can be diagnosed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05589898__ •
Method of using pure 3R-3'R stereoisomer of zeaxanthin to treat or prevent retinal degeneration in humans Inventor(s): Garnett; Kevin M. (St. Louis, MO), Gierhart; Dennis L. (High Ridge, MO), Guerra-Santos; Luis H. (Ballwin, MO) Assignee(s): Applied Food Biotechnology, Inc. (O'Fallon, MO) Patent Number: 5,747,544 Date filed: October 31, 1995 Abstract: A method is disclosed for treating or preventing macular degeneration, one of the leading causes of blindness and vision loss, by administering a preparation of zeaxanthin which contains the 3R-3'R stereoisomer as a sole or heavily dominant stereoisomer. Zeaxanthin, a yellowish pigment which is naturally present in macular cells in the center of the human retina, absorbs blue and near-ultraviolet light radiation, thereby protecting retinal cells against phototoxic damage. The purified R-R isomer of zeaxanthin can be taken orally as a prescription drug by patients suffering from macular degeneration, and it can also be used as a nutritional supplement, in forms such as a vitamin pills or food additives, by anyone who wants to reduce his or her risk of macular degeneration, which is widespread among people over the age of about 50 or 60. Zeaxanthin preparations which contain only the desired R-R isomer can be produced by fermentation of Flavobacterium multivorum cells (ATCC accession number 55238) or other host cells which contain genes isolated from this F. multivorum strain. These bacterial cells do not create any detectable quantities of the undesired S-S or S-R isomers of zeaxanthin, and they do not synthesize significant quantities of other carotenoids which might compete against zeaxanthin for alimentary uptake after oral ingestion. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the field of biochemistry, and relates to the creation and purification of a certain isomer of a carotenoid pigment called zeaxanthin (abbreviated as ZX), for use in preventing or treating macular degeneration, a disease which damages retinal tissue and causes blindness. The retina is the tissue that lines the internal portion of the back of the eyeball. After light enters the eye through the cornea, it passes through a focusing lens, which is surrounded by a clear fluid known as the vitreous humor. The light then strikes the retina and activates a photosensitive chemical called rhodopsin, which is located in the rod and cone cells that line the retina. The activation of rhodopsin (and certain other closely related chemicals which have different wavelength sensitivities) by light triggers a series of biochemical reactions that generate nerve impulses, which are sent to the brain for processing into sight and vision. The structures, cellular anatomy, and biochemistry of retinal neurons are described and illustrated in numerous texts on human physiology; for example, a good overview is provided in Guyton's Textbook of Medical Physiology. More detail is provided in various medical school texts that focus specifically on the eye and diseases of the eye, such as Gittinger 1988, and Vaughn and Asbury 1992 (complete citations to all books and articles are provided below, before the claims). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05747544__
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Midriff controlling undergarment Inventor(s): Darring; Violet L. (1437 Southern Ave., Apt. P-2, Oxon Hill, MD 20032) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,154,249 Date filed: June 9, 1977 Abstract: A midriff controlling undergarment includes an upper torso encircling portion and a lower torso encircling pants portion releasably connected together at a parting plane located approximately at the waist of the user. A plurality of circumferentially spaced apart snaps are on the adjacent edges of the upper and lower portions, releasably joining them together in overlapping relationship to shape and control the waist of the user and prevent midriff bulge. The snaps enable easy, one-hand attachment and release of the two portions, thus facilitating use by obese persons or persons suffering from other infirmities, such as blindness and the like. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to undergarments, and more particularly, to undergarments of the type which serve to shape and control the body of the wearer to prevent unsightly bulges of flesh and the like. More specifically, the undergarment of the present invention is intended for use with stout or obese persons, although it may be equally as well used by other persons who require more firm support than provided by conventional undergarments. Many types of undergarments are known in the prior art which are constructed to provide support to the user. For example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,456,872 and 2,768,381 combined brassiere and girdle arrangements are disclosed wherein it is intended to control midriff bulge. In U.S. Pat. No. 2,456,872 the brassiere is of the type commonly referred to as a longline bra and is releasably connected to the top of the girdle by means of interengaging hooks on the lower edge of the brassiere and the upper edge of the girdle, respectively. U.S. Pat. No. 2,768,381 includes strap or band portions 22 which are folded or wrapped in opposite directions about the waist or midriff of the user in order to control midriff bulge. U.S. Pat. No. 2,587,911 also discloses an undergarment wherein a brassiere is releasably connected to a panty girdle. In this patent, a plurality of closely spaced snaps are provided on the lower edge of the brassiere and the upper edge of the panty girdle at the front portion of the garment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04154249__
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Multipurpose check writing guide Inventor(s): Keitzer; Betty J. (5324 Ingleside, Plantation at Leesburg, Leesburg, FL 34748), Keitzer; John E. (5324 Ingleside, Plantation at Leesburg, Leesburg, FL 34748) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,616,032 Date filed: January 13, 1995 Abstract: A check writing guide for use by people with writing difficulties caused by old age, blindness, stroke, amputation, arthritis, nervous disorders, etc. The guide includes a base plate and a template. The template has a first guide sized and positioned to facilitate writing the date on a check, a second guide sized and positioned to facilitate writing the name of the payee on a check, a third guide sized and positioned to facilitate writing the amount, in numerals, on a check, a fourth guide sized and positioned to facilitate writing the amount, in text, on a check, a fifth guide sized and positioned to
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facilitate signing the name of the payor on a check, and a sixth guide sized and positioned to facilitate endorsing a check. The check writing guide is also useful when endorsing common brands of travelers checks. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to check writing guides to aid persons with writing difficulties in writing a check, and more particularly to a check writing guide which is useful when drafting or endorsing personal or travelers checks. The current state of tile art check writing guide is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,003,143 to Keitzer et al., issued Jan. 18, 1977. That guide has an apertured template held in a spaced-apart relation with respect to a solid back panel so that the template will overly a check slipped into the cavity. The apertures in the template identify the locations between those two members where information must be entered to write a check. A second panel, hinged to the first panel acts as a stabilizing rest for the wrist area of the user, and protects the template when the guide is not in use. As good as the original Keitzer check writing guide is, it does not provide a template for endorsing checks, rather than drafting them. Further, the prior art check writing guide is not particularly effective for drafting or endorsing other negotiable instruments, particularly travelers checks. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05616032__ •
Opaque perforated filter Inventor(s): Grant; Roy W. (529 Wilshire La., Santa Maria, CA 93454) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,239,327 Date filed: March 6, 1978 Abstract: A light intensity filter for a telescope or other optical instrument viewed by the human eye is formed of an opaque material having a plurality of holes or windows. These windows transmit a reduced amount of light to the image-forming optical component. The area of the windows relative to the area of the optical component is selected to the light intensity being imaged. The filter is especially useful for telescopes and the like, wherein the image is viewed by a human observer and the light source is momentarily of great intensity. Under these conditions the filter prevents temporary blindness of the observer due to excessive illumination, for example, tracking a moving object across the sun. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to filters for optical instruments and has particular applicability to optical instruments that form images of objects having great variations in illumination over short periods of time and wherein a human observes the image. For example, using the invention at night the flame of a rocket may be viewed without visual distress and during the day objects passing in front of the sun may be viewed without momentary blindness. Many optical instruments are provided with automatic apertures or diaphragms that respond to a light sensor. The automatic diaphragms open up in dim light and close down in very bright light. For example, cameras with f1.2 lenses may close down to f16 in the presence of very bright light and under lesser light open up to various intermediate stops, depending upon the available light, and will be wide open at f1.2 in the dimmest light. Many times, however, the difference in illumination is so great that the automatic aperture cannot respond sufficiently and the camera must then be adjusted, automatically or manually, to a shutter speed that will accommodate the excessively bright scene or the excessively dim scene. In optical
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instruments having images viewed by humans, there is no possibility of changing the shutter speed to accommodate the range of illumination that exceeds the diaphragm openings of the lens. If a human is observing an image in dim light, the iris of each eye is at maximum opening. If now the image is suddenly brightly illuminated, each iris will try to reduce its opening, but with a definite time lag on the order of many seconds. The inability of the iris to close rapidly overloads the retina of the eye, causing a blanking out of all images. This momentary blindness is commonly encountered also when a person inadvertently looks at the sun. The combination of slow iris accommodation and momentary blindness in the presence of momentarily bright images incapacitates the human observer, and he is unable to see the scene or follow any action for many seconds. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04239327__ •
Optic nerve health Inventor(s): Amon; Felix W. (Bedminster, NJ), Schwartz; Bernard (Boston, MA) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 5,523,301 Date filed: August 5, 1994 Abstract: There is disclosed a method for maximizing the health of the optic nerve by application of topical.beta.-blockers to the eye. Maintaining or increasing retinal nerve fiber thickness has been found to have a link to the prevention of visual field loss and blindness. Excerpt(s): During most of this century, glaucoma was defined as a blinding eye disease caused by an increased pressure within the eye. This pressure damaged the inner eye tissues leading to the loss of visual field. Science believed that if intraocular pressure (IOP) was lowered to a level under 21 mm on the Mercury Scale, the progression of the disease could be stopped. However, there are many cases where glaucoma occurs with IOP under 21 mm/Mercury, therefore, the level of IOP is not the only factor in producing this disease. New scientific technologies allow us to look more at the back of the eye and evaluate glaucoma from a circulatory, metabolic and hematological angle, therefore, being better able to determine the cause of the disease. In order to be able to see, light enters through the comea and the lens; penetrates the back of the eye through the retina; passes the ganglion cells and bipolar cells; then goes down to the outer plexiform layers through the synaptic vesicle, the inner fiber, the nucleus, the outer fibers, the terminal bars, the cilium and finally reaches the photoreceptors which can be considered the instant film processing of the visual signal. After the light has been processed in the photoreceptor disks, it passes back through the cilium, the ellipsoid, myoid, Mueller cells, outer fiber, nucleus, inner fiber, synaptic vesicle, the other plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, the bipolar cells, the inner plexiform layer, finally reaching the ganglion cells where it is processed into an axon signal. After it reaches the ganglion cells, the signal is transported through the optic nerve fibers to the brain where it is assessed and compounded by brain function and sent back to the eye in order to form the visual picture. It is believed that the uninterrupted signal carried in the optic nerve fibers is the most crucial aspect in the prevention of blindness. Glaucoma is seen as the progressive loss of optic nerve axons which leads to an interrupted signal flow, therefore, the result is visual field damage which leads over longer periods of time to blindness. It has now been found that drugs in the class of.beta.-adrenergic blocking agents (.beta.-blockers) when administered intraocularly can maintain and improve the
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health of the optic nerve.beta.-blockers include such drugs as timolol, cartelol, levobunolol, betaxolol, atenolol, metoprolol, nadolol, pindolol, propanolol, labetalol and the like. Timolol, (S)-1-(t-butylamino)-3-[(4-morpholino-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)-oxy]-2propan ol and the other.beta.-blockers have been used primarily for the treatment of glaucoma. They act by inhibiting the aqueous humor production and therefore lowering intraocular pressure. Research during the last decade indicates that the health of the optic nerve is crucial to prevent the loss of the visual field. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05523301__ •
Optical lenses with selective transmissivity functions Inventor(s): Miller, deceased; Charles G. (841 Oak Knoll Ave., late of Pasadena, CA), Miller, executrix; by Ann S. (841 Oak Knoll Ave., Pasadena, CA 91106), Stephens; James B. (2303 Maurice Ave., Glendale, CA 91214) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,952,046 Date filed: July 25, 1988 Abstract: An opthalmic spectacle or contact sharp cut-on orange lens that improves visual acuity and substantially reduces eye damage in a bright sunlit environment. The lenses substantially eliminate ultraviolet radiation and blue light shorter than 515 nm. The ultraviolet radiation has been implicated as a cause of cateractogenisis. The blue light is implicated in senile macular degenerations, night blindness and snow blindness. The lens is substantially transparent to wavelengths greater than 636 nm which are most useful for high visual acuity in bright sunlit environment. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to lenses and more particularly to lenses having specific transmission properties that increase visual acruity and reduce ultraviolet and blue light hazards. There is a growing awareness that wavelengths of sunlight are harmful to the eye. For example, light of the color blue, more more accurately stated, light with wavelengths between 400 nm and 515 nm are harmful over a long period of time. This is a rather surprising conclusion in view of the widespread presence of blue light, for example in the sky. However, tests have shown that blue light does gradually destroy the supply of visual purple which the retina of the human eye possesses, and can lead to senile macular degeneration, night blindness and snow blindness among other problems. The adverse effects of light having wavelengths in the region between 400-515 nm are only recently beginning to be fully recognized and at least partially understood. For many years, persons in the outdoors have attempted to protect their eyes with "dark glasses", and such glasses, often called "sun glasses" have come in many colors, and with many explanations of their functions. Still, with only a few exceptions, such as special lenses for welders and skiers and filters for cameras and scientific purposes, their effort has been more to reduce the intensity of light transmitted, rather than to filter out any particular wavelength or group of wavelengths. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04952046__
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Optical viewing device of the periscope type with rotating means for focussing Inventor(s): Clarke; John A. (Carshalton, GB2) Assignee(s): U.S. Philips Corporation (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,116,528 Date filed: March 31, 1976 Abstract: A head-worn viewing device for alleviating night blindness includes an image intensifier tube between periscopic reflectors with an objective lens in front of the upper reflector and an eyepiece lens behind the lower reflector. The objective and upper reflector are mounted for rotation together about a pivot so that, for short viewing distances, a continuous adjustment is provided which will refocuss the objective at the front plane of the intensifier tube and compensate for the parallax of the periscopic reflectors. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an optical viewing device of the type including an objective, a periscopic reflector system, and an eyepiece lens. If such a device is to be used for viewing objects at short distances then two adjustments become desirable. Firstly it is desirable to refocus the objective; for example, for a 50 mm focal length objective it becomes desirable to refocus to obtain a sharp image when looking at objects less than approximately 3 meters away. Secondly, the parallax due to the periscopic reflector system will mean that the picture presented to the eye by the viewing device is significantly different from the picture which would be expected from the line of sight through the eyepiece lens when looking at objects less than approximately 3 meters away; and so it becomes desirable to compensate for this parallax. The object of this invention is to provide an optical viewing device of the type described in the opening paragraph with adjustment means which is adapted to provide both the the adjustments described in the previous pargraph. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04116528__
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Pelargonic acid vanillyamide containing tear gas Inventor(s): Bauer; Eran Nicodemus (Lincoln, GB), Bauer; Gerard Miet (Lincoln, GB), Bauer; Penelope Jane (Lincoln, GB), Muser; Felix (Riedbodelistrasse 1, CH-8834 Schindeliegl, CH), Salvel; Renato (Zurich, CH) Assignee(s): Bauer; Eran N. (GB), Bauer; Gerard M. (GB), Bauer; Penelope J. (GB), Mader; Alexander (CH), Muser; Felix (CH) Patent Number: 6,312,701 Date filed: November 23, 1999 Abstract: The invention relates to an incapacitant mixture comprising PAVA and a solvent, wherein the mixture capable of inducing temporary blindness in a human or animal. The mixture comprises less than 5 per cent PAVA and a solvent. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to incapacitants, and in particular to incapacitant sprays used in law enforcement. Incapacitants such as CS, Oleoresin Capsicum (OC), and CN gas are widely used in law enforcement, for military purposes, and by individuals for their own personal security. Known incapacitants have drawbacks. For instance CS does not always incapacitate the person on which it is used. If the person has been taking drugs the CS may actually make him more violent, OC incapacitant,
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more commonly known as pepper spray creates undesirable eye, lung and skin effects. In particular OC is known to be a carcinogen. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06312701__ •
Preparation and use of steroid-polyanionic polymer-based conjugates targeted to vascular endothelial cells Inventor(s): Thorpe; Philip E. (Dallas, TX) Assignee(s): UT SW Medical CTR at Dallas (Dallas, TX) Patent Number: 5,474,765 Date filed: March 23, 1992 Abstract: This invention discloses new targeted conjugates for the delivery of a compound, and particularly, a steroid, to vascular endothelial cells. The conjugates comprise two components, preferably linked by a selectively-hydrolyzable bond, such as an acid-labile bond or enzyme-sensitive bond. The first component, a polyanionic polymer, and preferably, a polysulphated polymer such as a heparin-derivative, specifically directs the conjugate to vascular endothelial cells. The second component is a selected agent, such as asteroid, which exerts a specific effect on the target cell following its release. In particular, the present invention provides novel conjugated angiogenesis inhibitors, for use in the treatment of pathogenic conditions including cancer, arthritis, and diabetic blindness. An inhibitor comprising a heparin derivative and the anti-angiogenic steroid, cortisol, is herein shown to be markedly acid-labile, to suppress DNA synthesis and cell migration in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, to retard or abolish (depending on the route of injection) the vascularization of sponges in vivo and to retard lung tumor growth in mice by 65%. No adverse effects of the conjugate were detected, and equivalent treatments with a mixture of heparin plus cortisol were significantly less effective in all cases. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides novel conjugates for use in targeting a selected agent, and particularly, asteroid, to vascular endothelial cells. These conjugates comprise two components preferably linked by a selectively-hydrolyzable bond, such as an acid-labile bond. Firstly, a polyanionic polymer which directs the conjugate to vascular endothelial cells, and secondly, a selected agent, such as asteroid, which exerts its action following cellular release. In certain aspects, the invention provides novel conjugates that function as targeted angiogenesis inhibitors that are proposed for use in the treatment of pathological conditions such as cancer, arthritis, and diabetic blindness. Preferred inhibitors are those in which the polyanionic polymer is a polysulfated polymer such as a heparin derivative, conjugated to asteroid with antiangiogenic activity, such as cortisol, or derivatives and variants thereof. The control of endothelial cell proliferation is a vital part of normal homeostatic mechanisms. A disturbance in this process can result in, for example, excessive or inappropriate endothelial cell proliferation or activation which is often associated with disease processes. For example, the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells is vital to angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, which in turn, is associated with many disabling or life-threatening disorders. These include cancer (Algire et al., 1945; Tannock, 1968; Folkman, 1972) and other pathological conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, synovitis, psoriasis, dermatitis, endometriosis, encephalitis and tonsillitis (Brown & Weiss, 1988, Waltman et al., 1978; Gartner & Henkind, 1978; Moses & Langer, 1991). It is known that angiogenesis rarely occurs in healthy adult humans except during wound healing and during phases of the
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female reproductive cycle (Hobson & Denekamp, 1984). In solid tumors, vascular endothelial cells divide about 35 times more rapidly than those in normal tissues, except the uterine epithelium (Denenkamp & Hobson, 1982). Such inappropriate proliferation is necessary for tumor growth and metastasis (Folkman, 1986). Vascular endothelial cell growth and division is also important in chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and synovitis, where these cells proliferate in response to growth factors released within the inflammatory site (Brown & Weiss, 1988). In atherosclerosis, formation of the atherosclerotic plaque is triggered by a monoclonal expansion of endothelial cells in blood vessels (Alpern-Elran et al., 1989). Furthermore, in diabetic retinopathy, blindness is thought to be caused by basement membrane changes in the eye, which stimulate uncontrolled angiogenesis and consumption of the retina (West & Kumar, 1988). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05474765__ •
Radiation resistant RLG detector systems Inventor(s): Hotaling; Steven P. (Liverpool, NY) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Air (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,404,007 Date filed: May 29, 1992 Abstract: A ring laser gyro, RLG, is a highly accurate optical rotation sensor using counter propagating light beams to sense rotation as a rate integrating gyro. There is however, the problem of RLG blindness or loss of output data during high energy radiation, which frequently incapacitates the data-sending abilities of conventional photodetectors, mounted on RLG output prisms. This temporary RLG blindness during the high energy pulse is followed by a more permanent performance degradation, including photo darkening of the conventional RLG photodiodes which typically contain crystalline silicon or other crystalline components, which are degraded by high energy radiation, as noted above. The present invention is believed to solve this problem by providing photodetectors of amorphous material, e.g. a-Si:H PIN diode structures, which are vapor deposited onto the face of an RLG output prism. Such amorphous photodetectors are smaller than their prior art counterparts and thus absorb less radiation during a high energy event and are more radiation resistant and thus continue to provide a reliable stream of data after such high energy event which can include orientation and navigation guidance for a spacecraft, e.g. a satellite. The invention further provides for pre-irradiation of the amorphous photodetectors of the invention for improved radiation resistance and output of data during and after a high energy radiation pulse. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a radiation resistant ring laser gyro (RLG), particularly an RLG which will continue to operate when exposed to high energy radiation. An example of the above prior art systems and photo detector is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 hereof and further discussed below. A problem with such RLG (optoelectronics) systems is that they can be put out of commission partly or wholly, by a high energy event including a nuclear event. That is, prior art RLG systems suffer blindness or loss of output data during and after exposure to high energy radiation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05404007__
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Synthesis and clinical uses of D,.alpha.-tocopherol nicotinate compounds Inventor(s): Pearson; Don C. (Lakewood, WA), Richardson; Kenneth T. (Anchorage, AK) Assignee(s): Chronorx, LLC (Anchorage, AK) Patent Number: 6,423,847 Date filed: March 20, 2000 Abstract: A process of synthesis of D,.alpha.-tocopherol nicotinate compounds is presented. Therapeutic uses for this compound are described. The active agents are demonstrated to be complementary in their physiological functions especially as these relate to cellular and endothelial biochemistry and physiology and, ultimately to vascular health. The active components of the invention are selected for inclusion in a unique combination that clinically reduces risks of vasculopathy, DNA strand breakage and neuronal excitotoxicity in various diseases. In addition to the systemic vascular benefits acquired, improvement of the vascular health of the eye reduces the risk of glaucomatous optic nerve atrophy with its accompanying visual field loss and potential blindness and reduces conditions of risk for macular degeneration. Excerpt(s): The fields of the invention reside in biochemistry and in pharmacology. This invention relates to the synthesis and the therapeutic uses of various dosage forms comprised of D,.alpha.-tocopherol nicotinate and their uses as nutritional supplements and therapeutic agents. Dextro and levo stereoisomeric forms of a-tocopherol exist, but the dextro form is the most physiologically active and the most nutritionally useful. 1. Vascular oxidative stress brought about by superoxide radicals and oxidized lowdensity lipoproteins (oxLDL) are major factors contributing to decreased NO-dependent vasodilator functions in hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. DAT antagonizes the oxLDL-related events in atherogenesis. DAT is generally regarded as the most important lipid-soluble, chain-breaking antioxidant in human plasma. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06423847__
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Therapeutics for diabetic complications Inventor(s): Koga; Hiroshi (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Chugai Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,218,411 Date filed: February 8, 2000 Abstract: An agent for treating or ameliorating diabetic complications which contains at least one potassium channel activator as an active ingredient. The drug is expected to show a therapeutic or ameliorating action on diabetic complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, peripheral circulation disorders, and skin ulcerations; it also proves effective in preventing, ameliorating, alleviating and gaining recovery from various symptoms and abnormalities caused by those diseases, as exemplified by blindness, proteinurea, pain, numbness, psychroesthesia, intermittent claudication and gangrene. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to agents for treating or ameliorating diabetic complications that are characterized by containing at least one potassium channel activator as an active ingredient. More particularly, the invention relates to treating or ameliorating agents that contain nicorandil, pinacidil, cromakalim or other potassium channel activators as an active ingredient and which are effective against diabetic
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complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, peripheral circulation disorders and skin ulcerations. Diabetes mellitus is one of the diseases that have recently seen the most dramatic increase in the number of patients in Japan and five to six million patients, including those undiagnosed, are estimated to exist. The number of patients with diabetes mellitus is almost comparable to those of patients with hyperlipidemia and hypertension. The cases of diabetes mellitus will certainly continue to increase in the years to come and may even double or triple sometime around 2010. For the treatment of diabetes mellitus, two things are the most important, i.e., effective control of blood glucose levels and retarding the development and progression of complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, peripheral circulation disorders and skin ulcerations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06218411__ •
Treatment of AIDS dementia, myelopathy and blindness Inventor(s): Lipton; Stuart A. (Newton, MA) Assignee(s): The Children's Medical Center Corporation (Boston, MA) Patent Number: 5,053,419 Date filed: March 30, 1990 Abstract: A method of reducing death of CNS neurons in a human patient infected with a human immunodeficiency virus, involving administering to the patient a compound capable of reducing the gp120-responsive rise in free Ca.sup.++ ion concentration in the CNS neurons of the patient, in a concentration effective to cause such reduction. Excerpt(s): The drawings will first briefly be described. Any suitable antagonist, generally, of neuronal voltage-dependent Ca.sup.++ channels may be used to reduce or prevent AIDS related vision loss, myelopathy, or dementia. Preferred calcium channel antagonists include, but are not limited to, the following drugs, of which the most preferred are those that are capable of crossing the blood brain barrier, for example, nimodipine (Miles Pharmaceuticals, West Haven, CT) Smith Kline drug no. 9512 (Smith Kline, French Beecham, Philadelphia, PA), and diproteverine (Smith, Kline, FrenchBeecham). Less preferred antagonists are those that are less CNS permeable, for example, verapamil (Calan, G.D. Searle & Co., Chicago, Ill.; Isoptin, Knoll, Whippany, NJ), nitrendipine, diltiazem (Cardizem, Marion, Kansas City, MO), and nifedipine, U.S. Pat. No. 3,485,847, hereby incorporated by reference (Procardia, L Pfizer, NY, NY; Adalat, Miles). Other Ca.sup.2+ channel antagonists which may be useful are mioflazine, flunarizine, bepridil, lidoflazine, CERM-196, R 58735, R-56865, Ranolazine, Nisoldipine, Nicardipine, PN200-110, Felodipine, Amlodipine, R-(-)-202-791, and R-(+) Bay K-8644 (Miles, Bayer), whose chemical formulae are described in Boddeke et al., Trends in Pharmacologic Sciences (1989) 10:397 and Triggle et al., Trends in pharmacologic Sciences (1989) 10:370. For any given calcium channel antagonist, effectiveness in preventing neurological disorders associated with HIV-1 (or other HIV) infection is determined by screening the drug using one or more of the following assays of neuronal cell function; i.e., neuronal cell death, detection of intracellular free Ca.sup.2+ ion concentration in neurons, and detection of current flow through Ca.sup.2+ channels An effective antagonist will cause a decrease in HIV-1-associated neuronal cell death, and will prevent the rise in intracellular Ca.sup.2+ ion concentration that occurs in the presence of gp120. In addition, an effective antagonist will decrease Ca.sup.++ ion influx through neuronal calcium channels to a degree sufficient to reduce neuronal cell death, while not completely blocking Ca.sup.++ ion
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influx, an event which itself might kill neuronal cells. The antagonist may be compounded into a pharmaceutical preparation, using pharmaceutical compounds well-known in the art; the exact formulation of the anagonist compound depends upon the route of administration. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05053419__
Patent Applications on Blindness As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to blindness: •
Artificial retina device with stimulating and ground return electrodes disposed on opposite sides of the neuroretina and method of attachment Inventor(s): Chow, Alan Y.; (Wheaton, IL), Chow, Vincent Y.; (Hanover Park, IL) Correspondence: Brinks Hofer Gilson & Lione; P.O. Box 10395; Chicago; IL; 60610; US Patent Application Number: 20020169486 Date filed: May 9, 2002 Abstract: An artificial retinal device, implanted in the subretinal space of the eye in persons with certain types of retinal blindness, induces artificial vision by electrical stimulation of the remaining viable cells of the retina. The artificial retina device includes a stimulating electrode unit preferably placed in the subretinal space, and a tail-like extension housing a distant electrical return ground electrode unit that may be placed in the vitreous cavity. The stimulating electrode unit includes an array of electrode subunits. Each electrode subunit includes one or more microphotodiodes electrically connected, for example, in series to provide increased voltage and current to its microelectrode. The stimulating electrode unit and the ground return electrode of the ground return electrode unit are preferably disposed on opposite sides of the neuroretina to allow for efficient and high resolution transretinal electrical stimulation of the neuroretinal cells. Additional photodiodes may be incorporated into the circuitry of the artificial retina device to provide additional bias voltage and current to the microelectrode subunits of the stimulating electrode unit. In another preferred embodiment, the ground return electrode in the tail-like extension is disposed in the capsular bag of the eye, after lens nucleus and cortex removal, where it is electrically connected to an additional bias photodiode or photodiodes. Excerpt(s): The present invention is generally directed to medical devices. More particularly, the present invention is directed to an artificial retina medical device and method to more efficiently stimulate electrically and with higher resolution, neuroretinal cells in partially damaged retinas to produce artificial vision. The invention provides improved efficiency and resolution of the device by using transretinal electrical current stimulation provided by stimulation and ground return electrodes that are disposed on opposite sides of the neuroretina. A variety of retina diseases cause vision loss or blindness by destruction of the vascular layers of the eye that include the choroid and choriocapillaris, and the outer retinal layers that include Bruch's membrane
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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and retinal pigment epithelium. Loss of these layers is often accompanied by degeneration of the outer portion of the neuroretina, typically the photo-receptor layer. Variable sparing may occur of the remaining neuroretina composed of the outer nuclear, outer plexiform, inner nuclear, inner plexiform, ganglion cell and nerve fiber layers. Known prior efforts to produce vision by retinal electrical stimulation used arrays of stimulating electrodes with their ground return electrode or electrodes disposed either entirely on the epiretinal or the subretinal side of the neuroretina. Placement of stimulating and ground return electrodes together in this fashion resulted in inefficient stimulation of the neuroretina because the electrical field was not forced directly through the neuroretina. Resolution was also degraded because of diffuse spreading of each stimulating electrode's electrical field. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Compounds for prevention of diabetic retinopathy Inventor(s): Abbott, John J.; (Pittsburgh, PA), Kinder, David H.; (Elida, OH), Turner, Oliver E.; (Chesterfield, VA) Correspondence: Pietragallo, Bosick & Gordon; One Oxford Centre, 38th Floor; 301 Grant Street; Pittsburgh; PA; 15219-6404; US Patent Application Number: 20030099724 Date filed: November 16, 2001 Abstract: Compounds for the prevention and retardation of diabetic retinopathy, and the loss of visual acuity and blindness that can be caused by diabetic retinopathy. The compounds may include a magnesium salt, a vasodilator, aminoguanidine, an antiinflammatory agent, and an antioxidant. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. The present invention pertains to compounds for the prevention and retardation of diabetic retinopathy, and the loss of visual acuity and blindness that can be caused by diabetic retinopathy. More particularly, the present invention pertains to compounds comprised of a magnesium salt, a vasodilator, aminoguanidine, an anti-inflammatory agent, and an antioxidant. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Endothelial specific targeting Inventor(s): Brown, Charles Komen; (Chicago, IL), Johnson, Candace S.; (Pittsburgh, PA), Modzelewski, Ruth A.; (Glenshaw, PA), Trump, Donald L.; (Pittsburgh, PA), Wong, Michael K.; (Wexford, PA) Correspondence: Frederick H. Colen, ESQ.; Reed Smith Llp; P.O. Box 488; Pittsburgh; PA; 15230; US Patent Application Number: 20020058615 Date filed: March 16, 2001 Abstract: Peptide motifs which define specificity of tumor-derived endothelial cells. These peptides possess a charge motif of positive-positive-hydroph- obic which is important in determining the specificity of binding to tumor-derived endothelium. The specific molecular peptide motifs will facilitate diverse therapeutic and diagnostic applications including: anti-angiogenic therapies to be used in alone or in conjunction
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with standard therapies; imaging tools for both detection of very small metastasis that are undetectable by current techniques; for monitoring tumor response; for targeting and directing chemotherapy drugs to the tumor; for treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, for treating some forms of blindness; as well as other diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Excerpt(s): This non-provisional application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) of U.S. provisional application 60/189,793 filed Mar. 16, 2000. The present invention relates generally to small peptide motifs which critically determine molecular specificity and possibly function relating to molecular targets of the tumor endothelium. Vascular endothelial cells cover the entire inner surface of blood vessels in the body. They play an important role in tissue homeostasis, fibrinolysis and coagulation, blood-tissue exchange, vascularization of normal and neoplastic tissues, and blood cell activation and migration during physiological and pathological processes. A unique aspect of endothelial cells is that although they present many common functional and morphological features, they also display remarkable heterogeneity in different organs. It has been shown that bovine aortic endothelial cells, when co-cultured with cells or matrix proteins from various organs, will change their phenotype to reflect their interaction with that particular tissue type. These phenotypes are, in part, mediated by molecular markers, which are expressed by these endothelial cells specific for the unique interaction. Based on the unique histologic appearance of tumor vasculature, it is postulated that expression of specific molecular endothelial markers probably also exist for the tumor-endothelial interaction. The ability to target these molecules would, in effect, specifically target the tumor endothelium, and hence, the tumor. Previous attempts to identify and target these specific molecular endothelial molecules have failed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Gallium complexes of 3-hydroxy-4-pyrones to treat infection by intracellular prokaryotes and DNA viruses Inventor(s): Bernstein, Lawrence R.; (Menlo Park, CA) Correspondence: Reed & Eberle Llp; 800 Menlo Avenue, Suite 210; Menlo Park; CA; 94025; US Patent Application Number: 20030083308 Date filed: October 28, 2002 Abstract: Methods are provided for treating or preventing infections by obligate intracellular prokaryotes, including mycoplasma, rickettsia and chlamydia, and DNA viruses, including herpes viruses, papillomaviruses, adenoviruses and hepatitis B virus. The methods involve the administration of 3:1 complexes of 3-hydroxy-4-pyrones with gallium, e.g., gallium maltolate. Therapies incorporating gallium maltolate in combination with agents used against obligate intracellular prokaryote and DNA virus pathogens are also provided, as are multi-combination therapies designed to treat coinfection by an obligate intracellular prokaryote or DNA virus in an immunocompromised individual. These multi-combination therapies rely on the ability of gallium maltolate to complement antiviral medication regimes against both HIV and other pathogens such as herpesvirus infections, including Kaposi sarcoma, CMV retinitis and blindness, and lymphomas, in patients immunocompromised by HIV infection.
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Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 09/684,684 filed on Oct. 4, 2000, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/157,460, filed Oct. 4, 1999. The present invention relates generally to the treatment or prevention of intracellular microbial infections, including viral infections. More particularly, the invention relates to the treatment or prevention of infections by intracellular prokaryotes, DNA viruses, including hepatitis B, the papillomavirus family and the herpesvirus family, and retroviruses, including retroviruses causing neoplasms and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) family, and related leukemia and sarcoma retroviruses. Specifically the instant invention involves the administration of gallium complexes of 3-hydroxy-4pyrones, including tris(3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-onato)gallium, also called gallium maltolate. Without in any way restricting the scope of this invention, it is thought that a primary mechanism for the antineoplastic and general antiproliferative activities of gallium is its ability to substitute for ferric iron in the iron transport protein transferrin (Tf), thereby reducing iron uptake into cells via the transferrin receptor. Evidence of this mechanism is provided by observation that HL60 cells that develop resistance to the antiproliferative action of Ga are also resistant to similar effects of the iron chelating agent deferoxamine and to the effect of monoclonal antibody blockade of the cell Tf receptor (functioning to uptake the iron into the cell) (Chitambar et al. (1991), "Targeting iron-dependent DNA synthesis with gallium and transferrin-gallium," Pathobiology 59(1):3-10). Ribonucleotide reductase is an iron-bearing enzyme required for the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides that are required for the synthesis of DNA, and thus for cell division. Ribonucleotide reductase activity that can be affected by intracellular levels of both iron and gallium affects the life and replication cycles of obligate intracellular prokaryotes, such as chlamydia and rickettsia, DNA viruses and viruses utilizing reverse transcriptase, commonly known as retroviruses. Proliferating cells, due to the enhanced need for ribonucleotide reductase, have a high requirement for iron. Most of the available iron in blood is bound to the iron transport protein Tf, which is also the predominant carrier of gallium in blood plasma. Due to their high iron requirements, proliferating cells overexpress Tf receptor, and therefore take in large amounts of metal-bearing Tf. If gallium is present on the Tf, it will be avidly taken into proliferating cells, thus depleting intracellular iron, and may be incorporated into the M2 site of ribonucleotide reductase. Orally administered gallium, particularly gallium maltolate, has been shown to result in higher Tf binding of absorbed gallium and therefore better tissue distribution than intravenous gallium nitrate (Bernstein (1998), supra; Bernstein (2000), "Chemistry and pharmokinetics of gallium maltolate, a compound with high oral gallium bioavailability," Metal-Based Drugs 7(1):33-47). Another advantage of the oral gallium over the IV administered gallium nitrate is that no renotoxicity or nephrotoxicity has been observed with oral gallium maltolate (Bernstein (1998), supra; Bernstein (2000), supra). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
GPI-anchored small leucine-rich proteoglycan gene NYX Inventor(s): Bech-Hansen, N. Torben; (Calgary, CA) Correspondence: Edward Yoo C/o Bennett Jones; 1000 Atco Centre; 10035 - 105 Street; Edmonton, Alberta; AB; T5j3t2; CA Patent Application Number: 20020182669 Date filed: May 14, 2001
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Abstract: A mammalian gene (NYX) which encodes a GPI-anchored small leucine-rich proteoglycan, nyctalopin, together with compositions and methods involving NYX and nyctalopin or homologous molecules. Mutations in NYX may cause complete X-linked congenital stationary night blindness in humans. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to a gene encoding a novel small leucine-rich proteoglycan gene. In particular, this invention relates to a mammalian gene herein referred to as NYX, encoding a proteoglycan referred to as nyctalopin, wherein mutations of NYX may cause complete X-linked congenital stationary night blindness. During mammalian retinal development a complex sequence of molecular events leads to the precise laminations and interconnections of the mature retina. In normal mature human retinas, rod and cone photoreceptors start the processing of vision, which proceeds through bipolar and ganglion cell retinal pathways to the brain [1]. Hereditary disease can perturb these retinal pathways and cause either progressive degeneration or more stationary visual deficits [2]. Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is a group of retinopathies that fall into the latter category of a selective retinal pathway disturbance that manifest at birth. CSNB has been recognized clinically for more than 100 years; genetic subtypes have been defined; and different sites of disease action have been postulated [3-5]. Patients with X-linked CSNB phenotypically exhibit normal fundi, but generally have reduced visual acuity, impaired night vision and, in addition, may exhibit myopia (or occasionally hyperopia), and nystagmus. Based on electroretinographic findings, patients with X-linked CSNB can have one of two forms of X-linked CSNB--complete or incomplete [4,6]. This clinical heterogeneity correlates with underlying genetic heterogeneity in which complete X-linked CSNB segregates with the CSNB1 locus in Xp11.4, and incomplete X-linked CSNB segregates with the CSNB2 locus in Xp11.23 [6,7]. Patients with incomplete X-linked CSNB who show both impaired rod and cone function were recently shown to have mutations in a voltagegated L-type calcium channel.alpha.-.sub.1F-subunit gene, CACNA1F [8,9]. The electroretinographic findings in patients with complete X-linked CSNB indicates a specific defect in the ON pathway of the retina, namely the retinal circuitry which transmits the visual signal from the majority if not all of the rod photoreceptor cells and a subset of the cone photoreceptors. This signal is mediated via the rod and cone onbipolar retinal neurons. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Logarithmic light intensifier for use with photoreceptor-based implanted retinal prosthetics and those prosthetics Inventor(s): Greenberg, Robert J.; (Los Angeles, CA), Schulman, Joseph H.; (Santa Clarita, CA), Seidman, Abraham N.; (Beverly Hills, CA) Correspondence: Second Sight, Llc; 12744 San Fernando Road; Building #3; Sylmar; CA; 91342; US Patent Application Number: 20030181957 Date filed: November 26, 2002 Abstract: This invention is for directly modulating a beam of photons onto the retinas of patients who have extreme vision impairment or blindness. Its purpose is to supply enough imaging energy to retinal prosthetics implanted in the eye which operate essentially by having light (external to the eye) activating photoreceptors, or photoelectrical material. The invention provides sufficient light amplification and does it logarithmically. While it has sufficient output light power, the output light level still
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remains at a safe level. Most preferred embodiments of this invention provide balanced biphasic stimulation with no net charge injection into the eye. Both optical and electronic magnification for the image, as for example, using an optical zoom lens, is incorporated. Otherwise, it would not be feasible to zoom in on items of particular interest or necessity. Without proper adjustment, improper threshold amplitudes would obtain, as well as uncomfortable maximum thresholds. Therefore, to adjust for these, a way of proper adjustment for the threshold amplitudes and maximum comfortable thresholds is provided. Furthermore, to the extent that individual stimulation sites in the retina give different color perceptions, upon stimulation, then colors of the viewed scene is correlated with specific stimulation sites to provide a certain amount of color vision. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/125,875, filed Mar. 24, 1999. This invention, relates generally to retinal prosthetics and more particularly to a method and apparatus for enhancing retinal prosthetic performance. This invention relates to directly modulating a beam of photons of sufficient energy onto retinal prosthetic implants of patients who have extreme vision impairment or blindness. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for treating visual impairment through the prophylactic administration of a Morinda citrifolia-based naturaceutical Inventor(s): Jensen, Claude Jarakae; (Cedar Hills, UT), Ocampo, Enrique; (El Paso, TX) Correspondence: Kirton & Mcconkie; 1800 Eagle Gate Tower; 60 East South Temple; Salt Lake City; UT; 84111; US Patent Application Number: 20030134002 Date filed: November 1, 2002 Abstract: Implementation of the present invention takes place in association with the utilization of one or more processed products produced from the Indian Mulberry plant, scientifically known as Morinda citrifolia L., to treat one or more eye disorders that affect vision, such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, cataracts, agerelated macular degeneration, night blindness, color blindness, and other related conditions. The processed Morinda citrifolia products from the Indian Mulberry plant may be in the form of a dietary supplement, eye drops, or in another suitable form. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods and naturaceutical formulations and substances for treating and preventing ocular or visual impairments. Specifically, the present invention relates to Morinda citrifolia-based methods and naturaceutical formulations and substances for treating pre-existing ocular impairments, as well as to Morinda citrifolia-based methods and naturaceutical formulations and substances for preventing the onset or reducing the onset potential of future or additional ocular impairments. The present invention is particularly suited for treatment and prevention of ocular impairments as commonly experienced in mammals, and particularly humans. The eye is an organ that collects light and turns it into electronic messages that are sent to the brain. The brain then turns those signals into a picture for an individual to see. Since individuals have two eyes, two pictures are usually created, which accounts for depth of vision. Most of depth of vision occurs from judging the relative size of the objects seen. The eye includes several intricate parts or components. The eyelids hold the lashes, keep the eye moist, and shield it from intense light. The conjunctiva is a
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membrane that covers most of the eyeball and allows the lids to gently glide over the eye. The clear cornea covers the iris, and works like a watch-face for the eye. It allows a small amount of light to enter the eye through the pupil. Then, along with the natural lens, it acts like a camera-lens and focuses the image onto the retina. The retina is like the film in a "ocular" camera. It lines the inside of the eye, and is mostly clear. The retina has very few blood vessels that would disturb the retinal picture. Since the retina has so few blood vessels and does a lot of work, it needs to be nourished by a blood vessel layer beneath it. This sub-layer blood vessel is called the choroid or uvea. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Methods for selecting high visual contrast colors in user-interface design Inventor(s): Poynter, William Douglas; (Duluth, GA) Correspondence: Paul W. Martin; Law Department, Whq-5e; 1700 S. Patterson BLVD.; Dayton; OH; 45479-0001; US Patent Application Number: 20030174866 Date filed: March 15, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to assessing the level of visual contrast between foreground and background in visually presented information, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for determining whether a given set of foreground and background colors creates sufficient visual contrast to ensure legibility for the general population, as well as for individuals with visual disabilities, including color blindness/deficiency. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to assessing the level of visual contrast between foreground and background in visually presented information, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for determining whether a given set of foreground and background colors creates sufficient visual contrast to ensure legibility for the general population, as well as for individuals with visual disabilities, including color blindness/deficiency. Normal aging has a detrimental effect on visual contrast sensitivity, such that displayed information which is legible to an individual in his/her twenties may not be legible to an individual in his/her forties and older. In addition to the effects of normal aging, there are many medical and genetic factors, such as color blindness and color deficiency, that affect contrast sensitivity and overall visual acuity. As many as 8% of men and 1% of women have some form of color blindness, as disclosed by the American Optometric Association (http://www.aoanet.org/cvc-colordeficiency.html). Furthermore,.sctn. 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended (29 U.S.C. 794d), requires that when Federal agencies develop, procure, maintain, or use electronic and information technology, Federal employees with disabilities (including visual disabilities) have access to and use of information and data that is comparable to the access and use by Federal employees who are not individuals with disabilities, unless an undue burden would be imposed on the agency. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Multi-phasic microphotodiode retinal implant and adaptive imaging retinal stimulation system Inventor(s): Chow, Alan Y.; (Wheaton, IL), Chow, Vincent; (Hanover Park, IL) Correspondence: Brinks Hofer Gilson & Lione; P.O. Box 10395; Chicago; IL; 60610; US Patent Application Number: 20020087202 Date filed: April 2, 2001 Abstract: An artificial retina device and a method for stimulating and modulating its function is disclosed. The artificial retina device is comprised of plural multi-phasic microphotodiode subunits. In persons suffering from blindness due to outer retinal layer damage, a plurality of such devices, when surgically implanted into the subretinal space, may allow useful formed artificial vision to develop. One device, called a MMRI4, transduces light into electric currents to stimulate the retina. The four microphotodiode subunits of the MMRI-4 are oriented so that each flattened sides of the MMRI-4 has two subunits in a PiN configuration and two subunits in a NiP configuration. The flattened cubic shape of the MMRI-4 will allow one or the other of the two flattened sides to be preferentially directed toward incident light when implanted in the subretinal space. Because both the PiN and NiP configurations are present on each of the flattened sides of the MMRI-4, electric currents which produce the sensation of light from a PiN current, or darkness from a NiP current, can be induced regardless of which the flattened photoactive sides faces incident light. Filter layers disposed on the PiN configuration will allow visible light to induce a PiN current, and filter layers disposed on the NiP configuration will allow infrared light to induce a NiP current. By projecting real or computer controlled visible light images, and computer controlled infrared light images or illumination, simultaneously or in rapid alternation onto the MMRI-4s, the nature of induced retinal images may be modulated and improved. An Adaptive Imaging Retinal Stimulation System (AIRES), with a Projection and Tracking Optical System (PTOS), which may be worn as a headset is used for this purpose, and is also disclosed. Color images may even be induced by programming the stimulating pulse durations and frequencies of the AIRES system. By creating both PiN and NiP currents, in close spatial positions and temporal sequences, electrolysis damage to cellular tissue from prolonged unidirectional electric currents is reduced. MMRI-4s may also be embedded in a flexible, biologically compatible sheet, with its electrodes exposed on both surfaces of the sheet. This sheet is then implanted on the nerve fiber layer surface of the retina, where electrical stimulation can also induce a form of artificial vision. Excerpt(s): This is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/465,766, filed Jun. 6, 1995. The present invention is a medical product that can be used to correct vision loss or even complete blindness caused by certain retinal diseases. A variety of retinal diseases cause vision loss or blindness by destruction of the vascular layers of the eye including the choroid, choriocapillaris, and the outer retinal layers including Bruch's membrane and retinal pigment epithelium. Loss of these layers is followed by degeneration of the outer portion of the inner retina beginning with the photoreceptor layer. Variable sparing of the remaining inner retina composed of the outer nuclear, outer plexiform, inner nuclear, inner plexiform, ganglion cell and nerve fiber layers, may occur. The sparing of the inner retina allows electrical stimulation of this structure to produce sensations of light. Prior efforts to produce vision by electrically stimulating various portions of the retina have been reported. One such attempt involved an externally powered photosensitive device with its photoactive surface and electrode surfaces on opposite sides. The device theoretically would stimulate the nerve fiber
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layer via direct placement upon this layer from the vitreous body side. The success of this device is unlikely due to it having to duplicate the complex frequency modulated neural signals of the nerve fiber layer. Furthermore, the nerve fiber layer runs in a general radial course with many layers of overlapping fibers from different portions of the retina. Selection of appropriate nerve fibers to stimulate to produce formed vision would be extremely difficult, if not impossible. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Mutations in a novel photoreceptor-pineal gene on 17P cause leber congenital amaurosis (LCA4) Inventor(s): Daiger, Stephen P.; (Houston, TX), Sohocki, Melanie M.; (Houston, TX) Correspondence: Robert W Strozier, Pllc; 2925 Briarpark, Suite 930; Houston; TX; 77042; US Patent Application Number: 20030022165 Date filed: January 17, 2001 Abstract: A novel photoreceptor/pineal-expressed gene encoding aryl-hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein-like 1 (AIPL1), the associated protein like amino acid sequence and methods for identifying the presence of the sequence in patients. Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is the most severe form of inherited retinal dystrophy and the most frequent cause of inherited blindness in children. LCA is usually inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion, although rare dominant cases have been reported. One form of LCA, LCA4, maps to chromosome 17p13 and is genetically distinct from other forms of LCA. The inventors recently identified the gene associated with LCA4, AIPL1 (aryl-hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein-like 1) and identified three mutations that were the cause of blindness in five families with LCA. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to United States Provisional Application set bearing Express Mail Label EL 389 348 319 US to the United States Patent and Trademark Office on Jan. 4, 2001. The present invention relates to a novel a novel photoreceptor/pineal-expressed gene encoding aryl-hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein-like 1 (AIPL1). More particularly, the present invention relates to a DNA sequence for encoding AIPL1 and its mutants, DNA anti-sense probes including a sequence of bases including a mutation of the AIPL1 gene, synthetic protein made from a DNA sequence encoding AIPL1, transfection vehicles including a DNA sequence for encoding AIPL1, methods for transfecting retinal cells transiently or permanently, method for diagnosing retinal diseases associated with AIPL1 mutations, methods for treating retinal diseases by administering a transfection vehicle including a DNA sequence for encoding AIPL1 to a retinal site, methods for detecting specific mutations in a patient population and methods for treating retinal diseases by administering synthetic wild-type AIPL1 alone or in combination with other proteins or transfection vehicles encoding wild-type AIPL1 and/or other wild-type proteins. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Optoelectronic eye examination system Inventor(s): Riza, Nabeel Agha; (Oviedo, FL) Correspondence: Beusse, Brownlee, Bowdoin & Wolter, P. A.; 390 North Orange Avenue; Suite 2500; Orlando; FL; 32801; US Patent Application Number: 20030210378 Date filed: January 13, 2003 Abstract: Optoelectronic eye examination apparatus is shown that can test the eyes for refraction errors and color blindness with the additional capability to perform eye strain relief and eye muscle exercises. This invention with its various embodiments exploits the electronic programmability features of Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs) combined with fixed refractive power lenses in a unique thin-lens cascaded arrangement to form an eye examination instrument that provides (a) an assessment of the present state of the refractive powers of the eye; i.e., an update in Diopters of the change in eye wear prescription required for improved vision, (b) an assessment of the color vision capability of the eyes, and (c) a visual platform to subject the eye to image-based muscular and neural processing leading to eye strain relief and other neural/human benefits. The instrument is divided into several sub-modules that include the light source optics, image generation optics via programmable amplitude mode SLM, fixed refractive power optics and optional beam delay optics, SLM-based electronically programmable lens (serves as the adjustable weak lens), and a controller to provide feedback to the programmable optics with input from the human under test and/or a objective image quality and refractive power test system. The preferred no-moving parts embodiment of the invention is based on liquid crystal (LC) optics with a transmissive LC programmable lens for refractive power control and LC SLM for vision image generation required for various eye tests and measurements. For instance, the SLM image generator can produce rapid near zero dark phase test image rotation via software control, implementing astigmatism measurements. An alternate embodiment of this invention uses a reflective lens arrangement via a LC SLM or a mirror-based SLM that function as the weak lens. Both these embodiments have a shutter arrangement that in one shutter state allows external light from an infinity image to impinge on the eye so as to prevent the eye from near field accommodation during far field (e.g., greater than 10 feet standard vision chart distance) testing. In addition, in the other shutter state, only light from the image generation LC display strikes the eye. Another embodiment of the invention introduces the use of a fixed bias lens in close cascade with the SLM-based lens. The purpose of the bias lens is via the thin-lens formula approximation, add to the Dioptric power of the combined eye refractive power test system to cover a wider power range than possible with a single SLM-based lens. Here, bias lenses of various powers can be attached in a wheel where rotating the wheel brings the desired bias lens in line with the SLM-based lens optical axis. Both a transmissive LC lens or a reflective lens such as via an actuated mirror device or an LC device can be used to form this embodiment of the invention. Additional embodiments of the invention use multiple cascaded SLMs to increase the Dioptric power and measurement capability of the vision testing instrument. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application, Application No. 60/350,256, filed Jan. 17, 2002, incorporated herein by reference. The present invention is generally related to eye examination systems, and, specifically, to an optoelectronic eye examination system using spatial light modulators. The human eye is a vital part of our sensory system, see C. E. RISCHER AND T. A. EASTON, Focus ON HUMAN BIOLOGY, 363-368, (1992), that provides a window to the universe and the
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quality of life's pleasures it brings to us as individuals. From the day we are born to the day we depart, our eyes provide us with dedicated non-stop sensory feedback that shapes our lives. Like any other part of our human anatomy, the eye undergoes a gradual wear and tear process during the aging process, and in some cases, more serious changes or damage occur. The most common yet debilitating change in our eye is the change in eye lens quality that then affects our ability to see and function properly. Hence, knowing the well being of our eyes and their vision quality status is critical for functionality in our daily lives. In some cases like driving automobiles, flying aircrafts, operating military equipment, and running heavy or dangerous industrial machinery can have deadly consequences to society in general. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
PHYSIOLOGICAL METHOD OF IMPROVING VISION Inventor(s): Nolan, Gerard M.; (Farmington, CT) Correspondence: Louis M. Heidelberger, ESQ.; Reed Smith Llp; 2500 One Liberty Place; 1650 Market Street; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20030036535 Date filed: August 13, 2001 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a physiological method for improving vision in a human patient. This method involves topical application to the eye, an amount of acetylcholine esterase inhibitor containing composition so that it is sufficient to provide a therapeutic benefit to improve the visual acuity in the human patient. The composition is administered topically and at bedtime after an eye straining work for about 20 minutes. The method disclosed herein is used for treatment and prevention of congenital and acquired color vision blindness, treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucoma, prevention of the progression of myopia, treatment of strabismus or squint, potentiation of best visual acuity, neuro-protection, treatment of aberrations secondary to pupil dilation. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/667,270 filed Sep. 22, 2000 and U.S. application Ser. No. 09/773,878 filed Jan. 31, 2001 which applications are incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to a newly identified pharmacological treatment to treat age related diseases or disorders of the both the anterior and posterior segment of the eye or to potentiate best visual acuity. Specifically, the invention provides methods for treatment and prevention of congenital and acquired color vision blindness, treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucoma, prevention of the progression of myopia, treatment of strabismus or squint, potentiation of best visual acuity, neuro-protection, treatment of aberrations secondary to pupil dilation by topical administration of acetylcholine esterase inhibitors. The image of an infinite distant object will fall in front of the retina in myopia (nearsightedness) on the retina in emmetropia (normal sightedness) and behind the retina in hyperopia (farsightedness), when these eyes are exerting zero accommodation. The emmetropic eye forms sharp retinal imagers of distant objects with the lens of the eye in relaxed accommodation. This ideal optical human condition of emmetropia is possible as a result of a function of corneal curvature and axial length of the eye and takes into account that parallel rays of light travel from air will bend when passing through the cornea surface and into the liquid environment of the eye. Normally, the emmetrope can see distant scenes sharply and, in addition, can see objects held close to the eye without awareness of any focusing by the eye. The process of focusing upon a near object, called
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accommodation, is accomplished by the muscles of the ciliary body of the eye contracting to vary the shape of the crystalline lens of the eye. To see at a distance, the ciliary muscles are relaxed; to see nearby, the ciliary body contracts to reshape the lens. The amount of accommodation exerted from the relaxed state of the muscles of the ciliary body to the contracted state of the ciliary muscles (i.e., to full accommodation) of the eye is termed the amplitude of accommodation. When the eye is fully accommodated, the point in space which is focused upon the retina is called the near point of the eye, or the nearest point of distinct vision. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Transverse reflective-protective contact eye lenses and coating for conventional facemounted apparatus, manufacturing method and kit Inventor(s): Resnick, Joseph A.; (Crystal River, FL) Correspondence: D. Sullivan, ESQ.; 150 Cheney CT.; New Kensington; PA; 15068; US Patent Application Number: 20020141760 Date filed: March 29, 2001 Abstract: A device comprising a means and method, and a means and method of presentation to a human body component, as in the form of an application or a coating, or another form, such as a pre-formed lense, to and for protecting the human eye or other organs or parts of the human body from injury from elecrtomotive-force weapons, radiant energy weapons or sources, light or sound powered devices or weapons, or from any other energy sources, such as the Sun, or from the flashes of high-intensity camera strobe lights, for example, which may be capable of providing sufficient radiant energy, directed energy, for example, LASER, in the direction of the wearer, to cause temporary blindness, vertigo, loss of consciousness, confusion, disorientation or other undersirable physical conditions. The device comprises a singular layer, or may comprise a matrix or matrixes containing microspheres or nanospheres containing adsorptive substances or reflective substances, and miniature heating or cooling devices for the purpose of maintaining homeostasis in an organ, or for warming or cooling the body component or part or parts of the body, the human eye, for example, or other parts of the human body, the ears, for example (sound) Excerpt(s): As early as 1508 Leonardo da Vinci illustrated the concept of utilizing contact lenses as a method of improving vision. In 1823 British Astronomer Sir John Herschel conceptualized a practical lens design. In 1887 the first contact lens was manufactured from glass to fit the human eye. In 1937 contact lenses were made from plastic to fit the human eye. In 1948 plastic lenses were made to fit only the cornea of the human eye. In 1971 the first soft-contact lens was made. In 1978 the oxygen-permeable contact lens was introduced. In 1981 the US Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") approved the use of the first extended wear contact lens which enabled the user to wear the lens fro extended periods of time, usually over night. In 1986 extended wear, over-night contact lenses became widely available. In 1987 a disposable, soft-contact lens was developed and became available. In 1987 oxygen-permeable, or gas-permeable lenses became available utilizing advanced polymers, such as flourosilicone acrylate materials. A variety of uses are recommended for wearers of these appliances from Toric conditions to the more-recently available cosmetic lenses which enable the wearer to choose a particular eye color, for example. Some lenses are also available for actors for use in movies and on the stage which enable the wearer to have the eyes appear to glow or to take on other desired characteristics. For the most part, contact lenses are used to correct
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Toric or myopic conditions. Some types of contact lenses are used as temporary prostheses, such as in the science of Orthokeratology, wherein a device is used to constrict desired areas of the cornea thereby altering the refractive properties, temporarily, by altering the shape of the cornea. The instant application and invention relates to a means, method and manufacture of a contact lenses designed to be worn on the user's eye for the purpose of providing protection from the effects of repeated exposure to optical stimulation of the optic nerves and central nervous system, or brain, as a result of repeated exposure to flashes of radiant light commonly associated with the strobe flashes produced by cameras, or by exposure to radiation from other sources, such as the Sun, or from next-generation LASER or spectral energy weapons, or any type of electromotive force weaponry, by providing and incorporating, singularly or in combination, both methods of reflective means and/or adsorptive means utilizing Radar-Attenuating Materials ("RAM), such as Molybdenum Disulfide ("MOS2"), or other discrete microelectronic devices, such as electromotive force ("EMF") counter counter-measure devices, in order to protect the wearer from suffering injuries or harm as a result of exposure to such occurrences. In a less severe example, celebrities and movie stars are exposed to hundreds of flashes during special events such as the Screen Actor's Guild Award ceremonies, Oscar presentations and awards, etc. During such events and as a result of repeated exposure to the flashes generated by cameras used by members of the media and the Paparazzi, some celebrities experience physical side effects as a result of over stimulation to the optic nerves and central nervous system (brain), such as disorientation, temporary blindness, vertigo, nausea/vomiting, etc. One of the objects of the instant invention is to prevent such physical onsets of discomfort, symptoms and possible side effects, such as development of brain tumors, as a result of such exposure to unnatural light sources. The instant invention is enabled through alteration and improvement of conventional contact lenses by incorporation of the microspheres or nanospheres into the actual lens during manufacture through fabrication of a new shaped matrix incorporating microspheres (including nanospheres) containing reflective or adsorptive substances, or by the application of a coating comprising substrate, carrier microspheres, binder and chemicals, in a matrix or comprising layers of coating comprising a matrix, or comprising a series of matrixes, to be applied as a coating to existing lenses or new manufactures, or alternately to both. Alternatively, injuries to soldiers or other personnel who cold be blinded or immobilized or nullified by high-intensity LASER or energy-radiant spectral-specific weapons, and consequently be defeated or immobilized, could be prevented while wearing the proposed eye protection system. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Zeaxanthin formulations for human ingestion Inventor(s): Garnett, Kevin M.; (Morristown, NJ), Gierhart, Dennis L.; (Chesterfield, MO), Guerra-Santos, Luis H.; (Ballwin, MO) Correspondence: Patrick D. Kelly; 11939 Manchester #403; ST. Louis; MO; 63131; US Patent Application Number: 20030108598 Date filed: December 17, 2002 Abstract: Preparations are disclosed containing the 3R-3'R stereoisomer of zeaxanthin, packaged for oral ingestion by humans as a therapeutic drug or nutritional supplement. Zeaxanthin is a yellow carotenoid pigment found in the macula (in the center of the human retina), which helps protect retinal cells against phototoxic damage. The R-R
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stereoisomer can be prepared by fermenting cells, such as Flavobacterium multivorum (ATCC 55238), which do not create any detectable quantity of the undesired and potentially toxic S-S or S-R isomers, and which do not synthesize any other carotenoids. The R-R isomer can be concentrated, in large quantities and at low cost, into a viscous oily fluid containing about 5 to 20% zeaxanthin, by means of a simple solvent extraction process. This oily fluid can be mixed with a carrier such as vegetable oil and enclosed within a digestible capsule, comparable to a conventional capsule containing Vitamin E. It can also be prepared in a microencapsulated granular formulation, and/or in a tablet form with an enteric coating. Alternately, a zeaxanthin fluid can be added to various types of foods, such as margarine, dairy products, syrup, cookie dough, and meat preparations that are not subjected to harsh cooking. Such processing can be used to create formulations such as ingestible tablets, and particulate formulations that can be added to soups, salads, drinks, or other foods. Preferred stabilizers and anti-oxidants are also disclosed. When consumed by humans in any of these modes, the R-R isomer of zeaxanthin can help treat and prevent macular degeneration, one of the leading causes of blindness and vision loss, especially among the elderly. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/699,985, filed on Oct. 27, 2000, which requested reissuance of U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,652, which arose from application Ser. No. 08/551,153, filed on Oct. 31, 1995. This invention is in the field of pharmacology, and relates to human use of a yellow pigment called zeaxanthin (ZX) in preventing or treating macular degeneration, a disease which damages retinal tissue and causes blindness. A related U.S. Pat. No. 5,854,015 ("Method of Making Pure 3R-3'R Stereoisomer of Zeaxanthin for Human Ingestion", assigned to the same assignee herein) contains a fairly extensive discussion of retinal physiology and carotenoid chemistry. The contents of that patent are incorporated herein by reference. Although that Background information will not be repeated herein in its entirety, a brief overview is provided in the next paragraphs, to help introduce and explain this invention. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with blindness, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “blindness” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on blindness. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning blindness. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON BLINDNESS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to blindness. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on blindness include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “blindness” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on blindness: •
If Blindness Comes Source: Baltimore, MD: National Federation of the Blind. 1994. 248 p. Contact: Available from National Federation of the Blind. 1800 Johnson Street, Suite 300, Baltimore, MD 21230-4998. (410) 659-9314. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This book from the National Federation of the Blind (NFB) provides basic information about blindness and coping with the changes that blindness brings. It is designed for people who are blind, who are losing their sight, or who care about or work with visually impaired persons. The book emphasizes that loss of sight need not be a tragedy, but that without the proper information, it can become one. Topics covered include basic questions and answers about blindness and blind people; braille; independent travel; cooking techniques; sewing techniques; marking dials and tactile labeling; shopping ideas; older blind and visually impaired persons; common eye
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conditions and causes of blindness in the United States, including diabetic retinopathy; and blind leaders.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “blindness” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “blindness” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “blindness” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
A Different Way of Seeing: Youth With Blindness and Vision Impairment by Patti Souder; ISBN: 1590847334; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1590847334/icongroupinterna
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AIDS: Blindness and Low Vision: A Guide for Service Providers by Mary Ann Lang, et al (1990); ISBN: 0788131281; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788131281/icongroupinterna
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An elephant's ballet : one man's successful struggle with sudden blindness by Robert G. Kemper; ISBN: 0816403732; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816403732/icongroupinterna
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Blindness by Henry Green (2001); ISBN: 1564782654; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1564782654/icongroupinterna
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Blindness (Understanding Illness) by Elaine Landau; ISBN: 0805029923; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805029923/icongroupinterna
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Blindness and Autobiography: Al-Ayyam of Taha Husayn by Fedwa Malti-Douglas; ISBN: 0691067333; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0691067333/icongroupinterna
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Blindness and Children : An Individual Differences Approach by David H. Warren (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0521451094; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521451094/icongroupinterna
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Blindness and Early Childhood Development by David H. Warren (1984); ISBN: 0891281231; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0891281231/icongroupinterna
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Blindness and Electrical Activity of the Brain: Electro Encephalographic of the Effects of Sensory by Liubov Novikova (1975); ISBN: 0783701292; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0783701292/icongroupinterna
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Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism by Paul De Man, Wlad Godzich (Designer) (1985); ISBN: 0816611351; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816611351/icongroupinterna
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Blindness and partial sight : a guide for social workers and others concerned with the care and rehabilitation of the visually handicapped by Astrid Klemz; ISBN:
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0859410730; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859410730/icongroupinterna •
Blindness and the Electrical Activity of the Brain: Electroencephalographic Studies of the Effects of Sensory Impairment by Liubov Novikova, Abramovna; ISBN: 0891280138; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0891280138/icongroupinterna
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Blindness and Visual Handicap: The Facts by John Hatherley Dobree, Eric Boulter (Photographer) (1982); ISBN: 0192613286; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192613286/icongroupinterna
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Blindness in a Culture of Light: Especially the Case of Oedipus at Colonus of Sophocles (American University Studies; Series XVII: Classical Langua) by Eleftheria A. Bernidaki-Aldous; ISBN: 0820410241; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0820410241/icongroupinterna
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Blindness in Children by Miriam Norris; ISBN: 0226591654; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0226591654/icongroupinterna
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Blindness Reading Group Guide by Harcourt Brace Publishing, Saramago (1999); ISBN: 0151006512; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0151006512/icongroupinterna
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Blindness Research: The Expandng Frontiers by Maxwell H. Goldberg (Editor), John Swinton (Editor); ISBN: 0271000732; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0271000732/icongroupinterna
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Blindness What It Is, What It Does and How to Live by T.J. Carroll; ISBN: 0316129992; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0316129992/icongroupinterna
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Blindness, Visual Impairment, Deaf-Blindness: Annotated Listing of the Literature, 1953-75 by Mary Kinsey Bauman; ISBN: 0877220670; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0877220670/icongroupinterna
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Blindness: A First Book (First Book) by Malcolm E. Weiss; ISBN: 0531029395; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0531029395/icongroupinterna
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Blindness: Medical Subject Analysis With Bibliography by Edward G. Amaura (1987); ISBN: 0881645451; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881645451/icongroupinterna
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Blindness: The History of a Mental Image in Western Thought by Moshe Barasch; ISBN: 0415927420; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415927420/icongroupinterna
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Causes and Prevention of Blindness: Proceedings. by I. Michaelson; ISBN: 0124936504; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0124936504/icongroupinterna
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Children of blindness by Trish Sheppard; ISBN: 0725403047; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0725403047/icongroupinterna
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Collaboration With African Traditional Healers for the Prevention of Blindness by Paul Courtright, et al (2000); ISBN: 9810243774; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9810243774/icongroupinterna
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Color Vision Deficiency and Color Blindness by Mary M. Olsen, Kenneth R. Harris; ISBN: 0961533226; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961533226/icongroupinterna
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Colour Blindness: Causes and Effects by Donald McIntyre; ISBN: 0954188608; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0954188608/icongroupinterna
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Combating Nutritional Blindness in Children: A Case Study of Technical Assistance in Indonesia by Carl Fritz (1980); ISBN: 0080246362; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080246362/icongroupinterna
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Coping With Blindness: Personal Tales of Blindness Rehabilitation by Alvin Roberts (1998); ISBN: 0809321602; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0809321602/icongroupinterna
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Coping With Color-Blindness by Odeda Rosenthal, Robert H. Phillips (Contributor); ISBN: 0895297337; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895297337/icongroupinterna
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Dalton and the Contribution of Self-observation to Scientific Discovery: An Account of Colour Blindness by John Dalton (1766-1844) by John Dalton (1992); ISBN: 1857080297; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1857080297/icongroupinterna
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Dancing in the Dark: A Guide to Living With Blindness and Visual Impairment by Frances Lief Neer (1994); ISBN: 0963783904; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963783904/icongroupinterna
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Data on Blindness and Visual Impairment in the U.S. (1988); ISBN: 0891281169; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0891281169/icongroupinterna
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Deaf - Blindness: Essential Information for Families, Professionals, and Students by Isabell Florence (1994); ISBN: 0963060848; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963060848/icongroupinterna
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Diabetes, Vision, Impairment, and Blindness by Allene R. Van Son (1989); ISBN: 089128902X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089128902X/icongroupinterna
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Diabetic Eye Disease: Lessons from a Diabetic Eye Doctor: How to Avoid Blindness and Get Great Eye Care by A. Paul Chous, Paul Chous (2003); ISBN: 0966818474; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966818474/icongroupinterna
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Do You Remember the Color Blue?: And Other Questions Kids Ask About Blindness by Sally Hobart Alexander (2002); ISBN: 0142300802; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0142300802/icongroupinterna
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Epidemiology of Blindness and Eye Disease by H. G. Krumpaszky (Editor), V. Klauss (1996); ISBN: 3805563159; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805563159/icongroupinterna
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Ethical Issues in the Field of Blindness: Papers Presented at the 1985 Helen Keller Seminar, Oct 23 by Helen Keller Seminar Staff (Editor) (1985); ISBN: 0783727607; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0783727607/icongroupinterna
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Find Inc Living Skills Inventories for Individuals With Deaf-Blindness by Find Inc Staff (1990); ISBN: 0962689602; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962689602/icongroupinterna
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Hysterical Blindness by Laura Cahill (1999); ISBN: 0822217155; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0822217155/icongroupinterna
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If Blindness Strikes: Don't Strike Out: A Lively Look at Living With a Visual Impairment by Margaret M. Smith (1984); ISBN: 0398049378; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398049378/icongroupinterna
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Inattentional Blindness (Cognitive Psychology) by Arien Mack (Author), Irvin Rock (Author); ISBN: 0262632039; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0262632039/icongroupinterna
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Kaimokusho or Liberation from Blindness by Numata Center for Buddhist Translation & Research, Research; ISBN: 1886439125; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1886439125/icongroupinterna
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Living With Blindness (Living With) by Patsy Westcott; ISBN: 0817257411; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0817257411/icongroupinterna
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Living With Deaf Blindness: Nine Profiles by Vernon McCoy; ISBN: 0934336008; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0934336008/icongroupinterna
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Living With Vision Problems: The Sourcebook for Blindness and Vision Impairment (The Facts for Life Series) by Jill Sardegna (Editor), et al (2002); ISBN: 0816042810; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816042810/icongroupinterna
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Lost Senses: Deafness and Blindness by John Kitto (2003); ISBN: 076615937X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/076615937X/icongroupinterna
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Nutritional Blindness: Xerophthalmia and Keratomalacia by Alfred Sommer; ISBN: 0195029771; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195029771/icongroupinterna
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On Blindness: Letters Between Bryan Magee and Martin Milligan by Bryan Magee, Martin Milligan; ISBN: 0198235437; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0198235437/icongroupinterna
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Onchocerciasis in Zaire : a new approach to the problem of river blindness; ISBN: 0080206190; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080206190/icongroupinterna
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Orchid of the Bayou: A Deaf Woman Faces Blindness by Cathryn Carroll, Catherine Hoffpauir Fischer (2002); ISBN: 1563681048; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1563681048/icongroupinterna
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Our Sciences Ruled by Human Prejudice: Humanly Necessary Causal Blindness Persisting Even in Sciences by D. G. Garan; ISBN: 0802225071; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0802225071/icongroupinterna
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Out of Sight: Ten Stories of Victory over Blindness by Al. Sperber; ISBN: 0316807001; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0316807001/icongroupinterna
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Prevention of Blindness in Nigeria and Other African States by Stanley C. Evans (1981); ISBN: 0710900082; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0710900082/icongroupinterna
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Proceedings of the Helen Keller Seminar, 1983: Blindness-Visual Impairment: A Family Affair (1984); ISBN: 0891281266; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0891281266/icongroupinterna
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Sahel Visions: Planned Settlement and River Blindness Control in Burkina Faso by Della E. McMillan (1995); ISBN: 0816514895; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816514895/icongroupinterna
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Savage Shadows: Eileen Ross's True Story of Blindness, Rape and Courage by Eileen Ross, et al (1991); ISBN: 0882821059; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0882821059/icongroupinterna
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Settlement & Development in the River Blindness Control Zone: Case Study, Burkina Faso by Della E. McMillan, et al (1994); ISBN: 0821327194; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0821327194/icongroupinterna
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Social and Cultural Perspectives on Blindness: Barriers to Community Integration by C. Edwin Vaughan (1998); ISBN: 0398068550; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398068550/icongroupinterna
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Strategies for the Prevention of Blindness in National Programmes: A Primary Health Care Approach by World Health Organization (1997); ISBN: 9241544929; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241544929/icongroupinterna
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Taking Hold: My Journey into Blindness by Sally Hobart Alexander; ISBN: 0027004023; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0027004023/icongroupinterna
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The Encyclopedia of Blindness and Vision Impairment (The Facts on File Library of Health and Living) by Jill Encyclopedia of Blindness and Vision Impairment Sardegna (Editor), et al (2002); ISBN: 0816042802; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816042802/icongroupinterna
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The Meaning of Blindness: Attitudes Toward Blindness and Blind People by Michael E. Monbeck; ISBN: 0253337275; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0253337275/icongroupinterna
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The Mystery of the Eye and the Shadow of Blindness by Rod Michalko (1998); ISBN: 0802080936; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0802080936/icongroupinterna
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The Psychology of Blindness by Donald D. Kirtley; ISBN: 0882291785; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0882291785/icongroupinterna
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The State of the Blindness System Today: 1987-1990 Helen Keller Seminar (1992); ISBN: 0891282394; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0891282394/icongroupinterna
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The Struggle of Blind People for Self-Determination: The DependencyRehabilitation Conflict: Empowerment in the Blindness Community by C. Edwin Vaughan; ISBN: 0398058547; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398058547/icongroupinterna
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The Two-In-One: Walking With Smokie, Walking With Blindness by Rod Michalko (1998); ISBN: 1566396492; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1566396492/icongroupinterna
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The Unseen Minority: A Social History of Blindness in America by Frances A. Koestler; ISBN: 0679505393; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679505393/icongroupinterna
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Touch, Representation, and Blindness (Debates in Psychology) by Morton A. Heller (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 0198503873; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0198503873/icongroupinterna
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Touching the Rock: An Experience of Blindness by John M. Hull (1992); ISBN: 067973547X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/067973547X/icongroupinterna
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Transition for Persons With Deaf Blindness and Other Profound Handicaps: State of the Art by Angela M. Covert, H.D. Bud Fredericks (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 0944232000; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0944232000/icongroupinterna
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Vision for the World: Eye Surgeons' Solution to Mass Blindness - A Major World Medical Problem by Arthur S. M. Lim (1996); ISBN: 9810228481; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9810228481/icongroupinterna
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We Know Who We Are: A History of the Blind in Challenging Educational and Socially Constructed Policies: A Study in Policy Archeology (Critical Concerns in Blindness Series, 1St.) by Ronald J. Ferguson (2001); ISBN: 1880192357; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1880192357/icongroupinterna
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What Blind People Wish Sighted People Knew About Blindness by Harry Martin (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 0965220508; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965220508/icongroupinterna
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World Blindness and Its Prevention by John, Sir Wilson (Editor), John E. Wilson; ISBN: 0192614800; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192614800/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “blindness” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
Adjustment to blindness - re-viewed, by Mary K. Bauman and Norman M. Yoder. Author: Bauman, Mary K. (Mary Kinsey),; Year: 1965; Springfield, Ill., Thomas [c1966]
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Adjustment to blindness and severe visual impairment; a selected bibliography. Author: Scott, Robert A.,; Year: 1961; New York, IRIS, American Foundation for the Blind, 1967
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Blindness in China; report to the Government of China, by Sir Clutha Mackenzie and W. S. Flowers. Author: Mackenzie, Clutha,; Year: 1966; [n.p., 1949]
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Estimated statistics on blindness and vision problems. Author: National Society for the Prevention of Blindness.; Year: 1966; New York [c1966]
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The incidence and causes of blindness in England and Wales, 1948-1962. Author: Sorsby, Arnold,; Year: 1966; London, H. M. Stationery Off., 1966
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Uncharted country; aspects of life in blindness. Author: Mitchell, Mary.; Year: 1964; Melbourne, Cheshire [1963]
11
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Victory over blindness; how it was won by the men of St. Dunstan's and how others may win it. Author: Pearson, Arthur,; Year: 1962; New York, Doran [c1919]
Chapters on Blindness In order to find chapters that specifically relate to blindness, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and blindness using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “blindness” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on blindness: •
Neurological Disorders Source: in Scully, C. and Cawson, R.A. Medical Problems in Dentistry. 4th ed. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. 1998. p. 336-373. Contact: Available from Butterworth-Heinemann. 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041. (800) 366-2665 or (781) 904-2500. Fax (800) 446-6520 or (781) 933-6333. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.bh.com. PRICE: $110.00. ISBN: 0723610568. Summary: Dental staff should be able to recognize abnormalities involving the cranial nerves, especially the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagal and hypoglossal nerves. This chapter on neurologic disorders is from a text that covers the general medical and surgical conditions relevant to the oral health care sciences. Topics include congenital neurological disorders, including cerebral palsy (CP), neural tube defects (spina bifida), syringomyelia, Huntington's chorea, and Friedreich's ataxia; acquired neurological disorders, including the examination and lesions of the cranial nerves, facial sensory loss (facial pain is covered in a separate chapter), facial paralysis, Bell's palsy, trigeminal motor neuropathy, abnormal facial movements (dystonias, dyskinesias, facial tics, Tourette syndrome), multiple cranial nerve palsies, blindness and visual impairment, deafness and hearing impairment, Meniere's disease, autonomic dysfunction, epilepsy, syncope (fainting), raised intracranial pressure, hypoxic encephalopathy, infections of the nervous system (including HIV and syphilis), cerebrovascular accidents (stroke), Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome (infective or idiopathic polyneuritis), motor neurone disease, mercury intoxication, tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), myasthenia gravis, patients with respiratory paralysis, and peripheral neuropathies. For each condition, the authors discuss general aspects, diagnosis and management issues, dental aspects, and patient care strategies. The chapter includes a summary of the points covered. 1 appendix. 4 figures. 15 tables. 52 references.
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Child with More than One Disability Source: in Cornett, R.O. and Daisey, M.E. Cued Speech Resource Book for Parents of Deaf Children. 2nd ed. Cleveland, OH: National Cued Speech Association. 2001. p. 537562. Contact: Available from National Cued Speech Association. 23970 Hermitage Road, Cleveland, OH 44122-4008. Voice/TTY (800) 459-3529 or (216) 292-6213. E-mail:
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[email protected]. PRICE: $37.50 for members; $39.50 for nonmembers, plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0963316419. Summary: Hearing impairment often occurs concurrently with one or more other disabling conditions that may impede communication or learning, such as memory problems, mental retardation, aphasia (lack of language comprehension), dyslexia, dysarthria (motor speech disorders), cerebral palsy, Usher syndrome (a cause of deaf blindness), and others. This chapter on children with more than one disability is from a book that offers an overview of cued speech, the use of hand cues with speech that permits the deaf child to learn the English language. The book includes information and advice for parents who have decided to use Cued Speech with a child who is deaf or hard of hearing, or are considering doing so. The authors discuss specific overlying conditions, including minor or correctable conditions, cerebral palsy, memory problems, aphasia, apraxia (difficulty in expressive language), dyslexia, deaf blindness, and nonspecific learning disability. The chapter then offers case histories of children who have at least one other learning problem in addition to hearing impairment. Two case histories, while not featuring additional learning problems, tell of children whose early years were so dominated by health problems that there appeared to be little hope for normal development of language, communication, or reading. •
Vision Problems of the Deaf and Educational Implications: Ancillary Clinic and Educational Support Services Source: in Johnson, D.D. Deafness and Vision Disorders: Anatomy and Physiology, Assessment Procedures, Ocular Anomalies, and Educational Implications. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Ltd. 1999. p. 315-350. Contact: Available from Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Ltd. 2600 South First Street, Springfield, IL 62794-9265. (800) 258-8980 or (217) 789-8980. Fax (217) 789-9130. PRICE: $74.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 039806945X. Summary: This chapter is from a textbook written to help students preparing for work in the field of deafness to understand and incorporate an awareness of vision disorders in the deaf population. This chapter discusses the educational implications and vision problems of the deaf, focusing on the ancillary clinic and educational support services. Information within the book concerning the congenital anomalies, functional defects, and pathologic ocular conditions most often found within a deaf student population was obtained from eleven years of research unobtrusively conducted within the NTID Eye and Ear Clinic between August 1984 and May 1995 (at the National Technical Institute for the Deaf, one of the eight colleges of the Rochester Institute of Technology). The first part of the chapter deals with the treatment plans requested by the NTID consulting ophthalmologists as a result of their findings. Treatment options discussed include observation and identification, visual field tests, new prescription for glasses, personal and family counseling, maintain same prescription for glasses, prescription for safety glasses, obtain previous records, get fundus or disc photographs, get electroretinograms (ERG), off campus diagnostic referral, get low vision evaluation (LVE), determine RP status, see contact lens specialist, obtain prescription for medications, declare legal blindness, and get Amsler grid test. The second portion of the chapter provides suggestions for modification of the educational environment or use by the student of special low vision aids to more adequately insure academic success for those deaf students with noncorrectable visual problems. These educational support services may include use of low vision aids (LVAs) such as magnifying lenses in spectacles, hand held or stand magnifiers, telescopic devices, and closed circuit television (CCTB) reading devices. Other services may include preferential seating or
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classroom modifications such as enlarged print on transparencies, nonglare lighting, and enlarged print passouts of the instructor's lecture outline. The author presents a number of case illustrations to demonstrate how these educational modifications are used by students at NTID to enhance their chances for academic success. 5 tables. 15 references. •
Assessing Aphasia and Related Disorders Source: in Brookshire, R.H. Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 1997. p. 127-207. Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, P.O. Box 46908, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 426-4545; Fax (800) 535-9935; E-mail:
[email protected].; http://www.mosby.com. PRICE: $45.99 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0815110146. Summary: This chapter on assessing aphasia and related disorders is from a textbook on neurogenic communication disorders. The first section on neuroanatomic explanations of aphasia and related disorders covers language and cerebral dominance, the perisylvian region and language, how the brain performs language, aphasia caused by destruction of the cortical centers for language, aphasia caused by damage to association fiber tracts important to language, and aphasia syndromes without a clear localization. A section of related disorders covers disconnection syndromes, visual field blindness, apraxia, diagnosis of apraxia, apraxia of speech, and agnosia. The next section discusses the assessment of language and communication, including comprehensive language tests, the Minnesota Tests for Differential Diagnosis of Aphasia, the Porch Index of Communicative Ability, the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination, the Western Aphasia Battery, other comprehensive language tests, and screening tests of language and communication. A section on the assessment of auditory comprehension, includes single word comprehension and sentence comprehension, variables that may affect brain-damaged adults' comprehension, sentence comprehension and comprehension in daily life, and comprehension of spoken discourse. Other topics include assessing reading, assessing speech production, assessing written expression, and the effects of managed care on assessment of neurogenic communication disorders. 29 figures. 4 references. (AA-M).
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Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) Source: in Bork, K., et al. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. p. 218-219. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Book Orders Fulfillment Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32821-9854. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $95.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: This chapter on giant cell arteritis, or temporal arteritis, is from a textbook of diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips. Giant cell arteritis is a widespread inflammatory arteritis. The disease is found mainly in older women and is closely related to polymyalgia rheumatica. The chapter covers the clinical features, oral features, diagnosis, and therapy of giant cell arteritis. The most common clinical feature is a sharp unilateral headache concentrated on the temple. Another common finding is claudication of the jaw muscle on chewing. The crucial problem is involvement of the central artery of the optic nerve leading to initially transitory but eventually permanent blindness. The most common oral finding is unilateral tongue necrosis. Initially the
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patient has episodes of unilateral tongue pain and difficulty speaking. There may also be episodes of pallor due to the insufficient blood supply to the tongue. As the process progresses (and this may occur very rapidly), the artery closes, leading to infarction and necrosis (tissue death). The necrosis of the tongue produces a large, heavily coated ulcer that heals slowly over months. Despite the amazing regenerative ability of the oral cavity, scarring and impaired function are to be expected. Treatment involves high doses of oral or intravenous corticosteroids. Once improvement is obtained, a lower maintenance dose, often even alternate day therapy, can control the disorder. 1 figure. 16 references. •
Ocular Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 275-277. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email:
[email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: This chapter on ocular (eye) manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), together known as IBD. Historically, IBD related ocular inflammation could result in blindness, although blindness is less likely today due to better treatments. Ocular inflammation in patients with IBD has a reported range of frequency from as low as 1.9 percent to as high as 13 percent of patients. Ulcerative colitis appears to be less likely to have associated ocular inflammation than does Crohn's disease. Although a large number of inflammatory conditions have been reported with IBD, including uveitis, episcleritis, scleritis, keratitis, conjunctivitis, retinitis, retinal vasculitis, choroiditis, optic neuritis, orbital myositis, and orbital pseudotumor, lesions that appear to be more clearly associated with IBD include anterior uveitis, scleritis, keratitis, and retinal vasculitis and/or posterior uveitis. Of these, anterior uveitis is the most common and the primary focus of this chapter. Most patients with the serious ocular manifestations of IBD will be symptomatic, although the symptoms may need to be elicited. Any ocular symptoms should be evaluated by an ophthalmologist, as there are no symptoms that are specific for IBD related eye disease, and the symptoms of several problems are similar. Acute problems often are manifested by pain, redness, photophobia (sensitivity to light), and sometimes blurred vision, whereas chronic problems may present with blurred vision. Typical treatment involves topical prednisolone acetate 1 percent every hour while awake, and once inflammation is controlled, the frequency of administration is slowly tapered off. 8 references.
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Educating Students Who Are Deafblind Source: in Sacks, S.Z. and Silberman, R.K., eds. Educating Students Who Have Visual Impairments with Other Disabilities. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. 1998. p. 139-159. Contact: Available from Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285. (800) 638-3775. Fax (410) 337-8539. Website: www.brookespublishing.com. PRICE: $49.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1557662800. Summary: This chapter on the education of students who are deafblind is from a text that brings together expertise from a broad range of disciplines to assist general
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educators, special educators, related services personnel, and families in developing methods and strategies to meet the educational needs of students who have visual impairments along with other disabilities. The authors of this chapter describe the different forms of deafblindness and the factors that affect the impact of the loss of two distant senses. Because this disability greatly compromises or eliminates easy access to information from the two distance senses, its impact is greatest on learning, communication, and social interaction. The authors describe the various communication modes, systems, and devices that are used by and with students who are deafblind. The authors present critical elements that are fundamental to the development of instructional programming that teachers can use to enhance learning, communication, and social interactions for these students. The chapter begins with a vignette that describes the specific educational needs of a 12 year old boy and a list of objectives for the chapter. 1 figure. 1 table. 44 references. •
Psychosocial Aspects of Diabetes in Adult Populations Source: in Harris, M.I., et al., eds., for the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG). Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health. 1995. p. 507-517. Contact: Available from National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC). 1 Information Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3560. (800) 860-8747 or (301) 654-3327. Fax (301) 634-0716. E-mail:
[email protected]. Also available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/. PRICE: Full-text book and chapter available online at no charge; book may be purchased for $20.00. Order number: DM-96 (book). Summary: This chapter on the psychosocial aspects of diabetes in the adult population is from a compilation and assessment of data on diabetes and its complications in the United States. It is a prevalent clinical belief that depression in diabetes is secondary to psychosocial hardship brought on by increasing severity of the diabetes. However, studies that examined this relationship did not find statistically significant associations between depression and severity of diabetes. The authors postulate that the presence of diabetes complications alone may not result in depression unless severe functional limitations such as blindness, impotence, and cognitive impairment are present. The nature of depression in diabetes is complex, and adverse life events, severity of the medical illness, genetic and personality factors, and psychiatric history are all likely contributors to its occurrence. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders other than depression in diabetes has not been extensively studied. There is evidence that anxiety disorders are significantly more common in this group, particularly generalized anxiety disorder and simple phobia. The prevalence of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in diabetes is unknown, but interest in these disorders remains high because of their potential for adverse effects on glycemic control. The relationship between stress and glucose regulation in diabetes has been the subject of considerable study, but findings have been inconsistent. Stress has been reported to increase, decrease, or have no significant effect on diabetes glycemic control. The threshold for the reporting of diabetes symptoms may be lowered by psychological factors, particularly depression and anxiety, and both psychological and physiological factors may contribute to diabetes symptoms. Also, the efficacy of psychotropic medication for psychiatric disorders in patients with diabetes is largely unknown. However, these pharmaceuticals may have side effects that limit their use in persons with diabetes. Thus, psychotherapy may have a prominent place in diabetes treatment options. 9 tables. 71 references.
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Vision Disorders in Diabetes Source: in Harris, M.I., et al., eds., for the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG). Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health. 1995. p. 293-338. Contact: Available from National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse (NDIC). 1 Information Way, Bethesda, MD 20892-3560. (800) 860-8747 or (301) 654-3327. Fax (301) 634-0716. E-mail:
[email protected]. Also available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/. PRICE: Full-text book and chapter available online at no charge; book may be purchased for $20.00. Order number: DM-96 (book). Summary: This chapter on vision disorders in diabetes is from a compilation and assessment of data on diabetes and its complications in the United States. Three complications of diabetes may lead to blindness. They are retinopathy, cataracts, and glaucoma. Diabetic retinopathy is characterized by alterations in the small blood vessels in the retina. An estimated 97 percent of insulin-taking and 80 percent of noninsulintaking persons who have had diabetes for more than 15 years have retinopathy; approximately 40 percent of insulin-taking and 5 percent of noninsulin-taking persons have the most severe stage, proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Intensive insulin treatment, in persons with no retinopathy at baseline, results in a 60 percent risk reduction in progression of retinopathy compared with persons with conventional insulin treatment. For those with retinopathy at baseline, intensive insulin treatment was associated with a 54 percent reduction in progression, a 47 percent reduction in the incidence of preproliferative or proliferative retinopathy, and a 54 percent reduction in laser treatment compared with conventional insulin treatment. Clinical trials have shown the efficacy of panretinal photocoagulation in reducing the incidence of serious loss of vision in persons with severe proliferative retinopathy by about 50 percent. Regular ophthalmologic consultation and examination are indicated in the care of these patients because timely panretinal photocoagulation treatment may prevent loss of vision. This is especially important for individuals with diabetes, who may be unaware of the potential for loss of vision because early diabetic retinopathy is usually asymptomatic and does not cause impaired vision. Even patients with new blood vessel growth may be unaware of the threat to sight until a serious hemorrhage into the vitreous occurs. In addition to hyperglycemia, other risk factors for the progression of retinopathy are high blood pressure, early age at onset of diabetes, and longer duration of diabetes. The authors call for accurate data concerning the needs of the visually impaired for occupational, vocational, psychosocial, and medical services, in order to describe the current situation and to plan for future health care delivery. 2 appendices. 25 figures. 54 tables. 161 references. (AA-M).
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Plasma Glucose Source: in Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, U.S. Public Health Service. Put Prevention Into Practice: Clinician's Handbook of Preventive Services. 2nd ed. Germantown, MD: International Medical Publishing, Inc. 1998. p. 272-276. Contact: Available from International Medical Publishing, Inc. Reiter's Scientific and Professional Books, 2021 K Street, NW, Washington, DC 20006. (800) 591-2713 or (202) 223-3327. Fax (202) 296-9103. PRICE: $20.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1883205328. Also available from the U.S. Government Printing Office. Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. (202) 512-1800. Fax (202) 5122250.
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Summary: This chapter presents recommendations of major authorities on screening for diabetes mellitus. Approximately 5 percent of those who have diabetes have type 1, and they require insulin for survival. They usually have symptoms and are diagnosed soon after clinical onset. The remaining 95 percent have type 2 diabetes. People who have this type can be relatively symptom free for years before diagnosis. The prevalence of diabetes is significantly higher among certain ethnic groups, including Hispanics, African Americans, and Native Americans. Diabetes complications include end-stage renal disease, blindness, nontraumatic lower extremity amputation, neuropathy, cardiovascular disease, and peripheral vascular disease. The most accurate method of screening is by measuring fasting plasma glucose. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the American College of Physicians, the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination, and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommend diabetes screening for patients who have various risk factors for the disease. The American Diabetes Association recommends diabetes screening every 3 years for all adults 45 years old or older and screening for younger people who have various risk factors. The chapter provides guidelines on plasma glucose screening, lists patient resources, and presents criteria for diagnosing diabetes in nonpregnant adults. 16 references. •
Dental Care Source: in Rosenthal, S.R.; Sheppard, J.J.; Lotze, M., eds. Dysphagia and the Child with Developmental Disabilities: Medical, Clinical, and Family Interventions. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1995. p. 323-331. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $57.50 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565930894. Item Number 0394. Summary: This chapter, from a book about dysphagia and children with developmental disabilities, discusses dental care for these children. Topics include the characteristics of specific disabilities, including Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, seizure disorders, and blindness; oral hygiene considerations; and patient treatment planning. The oral manifestations that may be seen with developmental disabilities include dental caries, periodontal disease, defective tooth development, abnormal craniofacial growth, and a variety of habitual oral reflex aberrations. The author stresses that chronic oral pathology may inhibit the progress of a favorable medical prognosis in this population; therefore, cooperation between the dentist and physician will assure a more holistic approach to the child's total health. 4 figures. 14 references.
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Genetic Hearing Loss Associated with Eye Disorders Source: in Gorlin, R.J.; Toriello, H.V.; Cohen, M.M., Jr., eds. Hereditary Hearing Loss and Its Syndromes. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 1995. p. 105-140. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press. 200 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. (800) 334-4249 or (212) 679-7300. PRICE: $195.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0195065522. Summary: This chapter, from a text on hereditary hearing loss and its syndromes, discusses genetic hearing loss associated with eye disorders. Conditions covered include Usher syndrome (retinitis pigmentosis and sensorineural hearing loss); Alstrom syndrome; Edwards syndrome; retinitis pigmentosa, nystagmus, hemiplegic migraine, and sensorineural hearing loss; retinitis pigmentosa, vitiligo, and sensorineural hearing
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loss; Hersh syndrome; choroideremia, obesity, and congenital sensorineural hearing loss; Refsum syndrome; infantile Refsum syndrome; inverse retinitis pigmentosa, hypogonadism, and sensorineural hearing loss; miscellaneous disorders of pigmentary retinopathy and sensorineural hearing loss; myopia and congenital sensorineural hearing loss; Marshall syndrome; Holmes-Schepens syndrome; Harboyan syndrome; familial band keratopathy, abnormal calcium metabolism, and hearing loss; EhlersDanlos syndrome, type IV; corneal anesthesia, retinal abnormalities, mental retardation, unusual facies, and sensorineural hearing loss; DeHauwere syndrome; AbruzzoErickson syndrome; aniridia and sensorineural hearing loss; congenital total color blindness, cataracts, hyperinsulinism, and sensorineural hearing loss; total color blindness, liver degeneration, endocrine dysfunction, and sensorineural hearing loss; rod-cone dystrophy, renal dysfunction, and sensorineural hearing loss; OHAHA syndrome; IVIC syndrome; cataracts and progressive sensorineural hearing loss; Ohdo syndrome; Michels syndrome; Fraser syndrome; ocular albinism with late-onset sensorineural hearing loss; Norrie syndrome; Gernet syndrome; Jensen syndrome; BerkTabatznik syndrome; and Mohr-Mageroy syndrome. For each condition discussed, the author covers the ocular system involvement, the auditory system, laboratory findings, pathology, heredity, diagnosis, and prognosis. References are included in each section. 23 figures. 4 tables. 346 references. •
Usher SyndroMen Source: in Martini, A.; Read, A.; Stephens, D., eds. Genetics and Hearing Impairment. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1996. p. 141-145. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $54.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565937929. Summary: Usher syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hearing loss and retinitis pigmentosa (RP; which results in night blindness and restricted visual fields). This chapter on Usher syndrome (US) is from a book that offers an overview of genetic hearing loss for audiologists, otolaryngologists, and clinical geneticists. Topics covered include classification (type I and type II), characteristic findings, prevalence, gene localization and identification, and the history and goals of genetic research regarding US. Linkage analysis has shown that a minimum of five different genes are involved in US, three for type I and two for type II with possibly two additional genes. One important use of this genetic information is for genetic counseling. Given tight linkage and an informative family with one previously affected child, early diagnosis is possible for subsequent children. The author concludes that, given the tremendous burden imposed by the loss of both major senses and the fact that US is now the major cause of deaf blindness, it is important to pursue research into the causes of the syndrome in order to find an effective treatment. 1 table.
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Era of Complications Source: Sanders, L.J. Philatelic History of Diabetes: In Search of a Cure. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 57-66. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1580400841.
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Summary: With more than 40 internationally issued postage stamps beautifully displayed and identified by country and date of issue, this book groups commemorative stamps into five evolutionary phases that illustrate how diabetes has been viewed throughout history. This chapter addresses the fifth period, defined as the era of complications. People with diabetes are at increased risk for the development of serious complications, including blindness (diabetic retinopathy), heart and kidney disease (diabetic nephropathy), nerve problems (diabetic neuropathy), stroke, and amputation. The author discusses the use of stamps to help promote understanding about diabetes and how to avoid each of these complications. The chapter includes eleven full-color reproductions of related stamps. 11 figures.
Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to blindness have been published that consolidate information across various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:12 •
Directory of Grants for Organizations Serving People with Disabilities. 10th ed Source: Margate, FL: Research Grant Guides, Inc. 1997. 152 p. Contact: Available from Research Grant Guides, Inc. Department 3A, P.O. Box 1214, Loxahatchee, FL 33470. (561) 795-6129; Fax (561) 795-7794. PRICE: $59.50 per copy, plus $6.00 for shipping and handling. ISBN: 094507817X. Summary: Designed to help nonprofit organizations identify and obtain grants, this directory profiles 800 foundations that support services for people with disabilities. Each profile identifies the areas of support, geographic restrictions, grant range, and previously awarded grants. The foundations are listed geographically (by state). The introductory material presents three instructional essays to help readers write more competitive grant proposals. The appendices describe two centers that can provide assistance for grant writers: the Foundation Center and the Grantsmanship Center. The directory includes an alphabetical index and a subject index. The subject index includes the following subjects: accessibility projects, blindness and visual impairments, cultural programs, deafness and hearing impairments, education, independent living programs, learning disabilities, mental health, mentally disabilities, physical disabilities, recreation, rehabilitation, speech impairments, vocational training, and youth.
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Resources for People with Disabilities and Chronic Conditions Source: Lexington, MA: Resources for Rehabilitation. 1996. 288 p. Contact: Available from Resources for Rehabilitation. 33 Bedford Street, Suite 19A, Lexington, MA 02173. (617) 862-6455; Fax (617) 861-7517. PRICE: $49.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0929718178.
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You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “blindness” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “blindness” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.
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Summary: This book is a resource guide covering many common conditions, including spinal cord injury, low back pain, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, hearing and speech impairments, visual impairment and blindness, and epilepsy. Each chapter includes information about the disease or condition, psychological aspects of the condition, professional service providers, environmental adaptations, assistive devices, and descriptions of related organizations and publications. Also included is information on rehabilitation services, independent living, self-help, laws that affect people with disabilities, making everyday life easier, children with disabilities, computer bulletin boards, and resources on the Internet. The book concludes with an organization name index. (AA-M).
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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON BLINDNESS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on blindness. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on blindness is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “blindness” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “blindness” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on blindness: •
Understanding the Senses Source: Films for the Humanities and Sciences. Princeton, NJ. 1999. Contact: Available from Films for the Humanities and Sciences. P.O. Box 2053, Princeton, NJ 08543-2053. Voice (800) 257-5126; (609) 275-1400, 8:00am to 5:30pm EST. Fax (609) 275-3767. E-mail:
[email protected]. Web site: http://www.films.com. PRICE: $129.95 plus shipping. Summary: In this video program, neurologist Dr. Oliver Sacks and other specialists reveal the beauty and complexity of visual, audial, chemosensory, and tactile perception. Sense-related phenomena such as proprioception and applications like a device designed to sniff our dangerous chemical signatures are examined, along with sensory malfunctions including color blindness, phantom limb syndrome, and the inability to see motion. A Discovery Channel Production. 56 minutes, color video.
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Lasers for Eyes Source: Princeton, NJ: Films for Humanities and Sciences. 1990. Contact: Available from Films for the Humanities and Sciences. P.O. Box 2053, Princeton, NJ 08543-2053. (800) 257-5126. PRICE: $149 (purchase), or $75 (rental), plus 5 percent of total cost for shipping and handling. Order Number FM-2356. Summary: Lasers have revolutionized eye surgery, saving sight where blindness would once have been inevitable and replacing formerly complicated, painful surgery with quicker, safer, less painful, more successful procedures. This patient education video program covers the five principal areas of eye disease in which laser surgery is making important contributions: cataracts, macular degeneration, glaucoma, retinal tears, and diabetic retinopathy. The videotape explains each condition and how it is repaired by laser surgery, identifies the likeliest victims of each condition, and warns of the potential dangers of laser surgery. (AA-M).
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Improving Eyesight Source: Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities and Sciences. 1990. Contact: Available from Films for the Humanities and Sciences. P.O. Box 2053, Princeton, NJ 08543-2053. (800) 257-5126 or (609) 452-1128. PRICE: $149 (purchase), or $75 (rental), plus 5 percent of total order for shipping and handling. Order Number FM2659. Summary: This patient education video program discusses the range of diagnostic procedures available to deal with problems and diseases of the eye; explains the techniques involved in repairing cataracts and corneal transplants; and discusses diabetic retinopathy, the leading cause of adult blindness in the United States. The videotape also explains the uses of the excimer laser and discusses the differences between an optician, an optometrist, and an ophthalmologist.
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The Broadcast Tapes of Dr. Peter Contact: Media Incorporated, 1 Veterans' Square Ste 105, Media, PA, 19063, (800) 5230118. Summary: This tape condenses 111 segments of an intimate video diary of a physician who was diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in 1986. The video became a television series that aired weekly in Canada. During each segment Dr. Peter Jepson-Young discusses a different topic, including his childhood, the impact that the diagnoses had on his life and lifestyle, his progressive blindness and training with a guide dog, his hospitalizations, and his relationship with his family. The video also touches on Dr. Jepson-Young's spirituality and feelings about death and dying, coping with his Kaposi's sarcoma and the often devastating effects of his chemotherapy. Dr. JepsonYoung's health deteriorates throughout the segments, from his complete loss of sight; the rapidly-growing lesions on his hand, in his throat, and eventually in his lungs; to his eventual dependency on a wheelchair. The video continues through Dr. Jepson-Young's death and funeral service.
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Too Little, Too Late Contact: Fanlight Productions, 47 Halifax St, Boston, MA, 02130, (617) 524-0980. Summary: This videorecording is based upon interviews with Persons with AIDS (PWA's) and families that have been intimately involved with the Acquired
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immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) crisis. They candidly speak out about death and dying, offering insights into the emotional stress, rejection, and isolation experienced by them and their families. During the interviews, symptoms of the disease are mentioned which include dementia, blindness, and premature aging. The videorecording stresses the importance of family support, openness, and honesty for the individual infected with the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as a means of alleviating anxiety and fear. The support group Mothers of AIDS Patients (MAP) is featured and contact telephone numbers are listed at the conclusion of the videorecording. •
Diabetes Source: Urbana, IL: Carle Medical Communications. 199x. Contact: Available from Carle Medical Communications. 110 West Main Street, Urbana, IL 61891-2700. (217) 384-4838. PRICE: Individual program rental $65 for 3 days, $100 for 5 days; Series rental $650 for 5 days; Individual program purchase $175, Series purchase $1,820. Summary: This videotape is part of a 13-part video series that takes an in-depth look at the internal strength and convictions of people who live active and productive lives in spite of an illness that can be disabling or fatal. Although faced with the possibility of blindness, amputation, or an early death, Gerald Brennecke of St. Charles, Missouri, has been maintaining daily control of his diabetes for more than 30 years. His story, told in this videotape, is an example of the increasingly brighter outlook for people with diabetes. (AA-M).
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Smoking and Diabetes Source: Los Angeles, CA: National Health Video, Inc. 1998. (videocassette). Contact: Available from National Health Video, Inc. 12021 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 550, Los Angeles, CA 90025. (800) 543-6803. Fax (310) 477-8198. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $89.00 plus shipping and handling. Order number 272. Summary: This videotape provides people who have diabetes with information on the effect of smoking on the disease. Smoking has a greater adverse effect on people who have diabetes than on otherwise healthy smokers. For example, the risk of heart disease is 14 times higher in a person has diabetes and smokes. In addition, vasoconstriction can lead to blindness and severe peripheral neuropathy. Other adverse effects of smoking in a person with diabetes include increasing the risk of high blood pressure, stroke, respiratory disease, various cancers, and periodontal disease; impeding the control of infection; limiting joint mobility; and contributing to impotence. The video offers tips on quitting, including learning about smoking habits and using a substitute for smoking when a pattern is identified, setting a quitting date, and using nicotine replacement therapy. In addition, the video presents suggestions on avoiding postcessation weight gain.
Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option
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“Sound Recordings.” Type “blindness” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on blindness: •
Sound Solution Source: Los Angeles, CA: Braille Institute of America. 1999. (sound recording). Contact: Available from Braille Institute of America. 741 North Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90029. (800) 272-4553. Fax (323) 663-8082. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.brailleinstitute.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: Vision loss is not the end of independence, but the beginning of a new way of doing things. Sound Solutions is an audiocassette series that presents practical information, resources and encouragement for seniors who are experiencing sight loss, including that due to diabetes mellitus. This first audiotape in the series introduces the series, covering home management, adaptive cooking, learning to live with vision loss, how to make the best use of one's remaining senses, developing leisure interests, rights and resources, facts versus myths, the causes of blindness, developing a healthy outlook and lifestyle, what to do when a family member loses vision, enhancing communication, and putting humor back into one's life. The series is professionally produced, using creative scripts, testimonials, sound effects, music and humor to communicate practical information for daily living. The Sound Solutions tapes are free.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Blindness The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in blindness (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on blindness: •
A Man with intermittent blindness due to transcient ischemic attacks [videorecording] Source: presented by Department of Medicine, Emory University, School of Medicine; Year: 1983; Format: Videorecording; Atlanta, Ga.: Emory Medical Television Network, 1983
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Blindness, five points of view [motion picture]. Year: 1979; Format: Motion picture; [Boston]: WGBH, c1979
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Medical aspects of disabilities. Low vision & blindness [videorecording]. Year: 1996; Format: Videorecording; [Logan, Utah]: Vocational Rehabilitation Distance Learning Project, Utah State University; [Stillwater, Okla.]: National Clearinghouse of Rehabilitation Training Materials [distributor], c1996
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Moira, a vision of blindness [motion picture]: a film Source: by Tony De Nonno, in association with WABC-TV; Year: 1979; Format: Motion picture; [Brooklyn, N.Y.]: De Nonno, c1979
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People who are fighting blindness [videorecording] Source: Martha Stuart Communications, Inc; Year: 1982; Format: Videorecording; [Hillsdale, N.Y.]: Martha Stuart, [1982]
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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BLINDNESS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover blindness.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on blindness is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “blindness” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to blindness. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “blindness” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for blindness: •
Pfizer, Eyetech drug combats age-related blindness Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 17, 2003
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Vitamins combat age-related blindness -study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 10, 2003
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UK child blindness more common than expected Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 24, 2003
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New crop of blindness disease drugs show promise Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 06, 2003
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UK to fund blindness therapy study: charity Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 01, 2003
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Acne drug halts rare type of blindness in mice Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 18, 2003
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Study looks at heart drug, color blindness link Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 05, 2002
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Flavor enhancer MSG linked to blindness in rats Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 23, 2002
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Visual field loss at diagnosis predicts risk of glaucoma-related blindness Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 04, 2002 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “blindness” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology
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oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “blindness” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to blindness, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “blindness” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “blindness” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on blindness: •
Heidi's Inclusion in Junior High: Transition and Educational Planning for a Student with Deaf-Blindness Source: Deaf-Blind Perspectives. 2(3): 1-6. Spring 1995. Contact: Available from Deaf-Blind Perspectives. Teaching Research Division, Western Oregon State College, 345 North Monmouth Avenue, Monmouth, OR 97361. (503) 8388885. TTY (503) 838-8821. Summary: In this article, the authors use the experience of one young girl with deaf blindness in mainstreaming to discuss the use of the COACH model (Choosing Options and Accommodations for Children: A Guide to Planning Inclusive Education). The authors describe this student's successful transition into an inclusive educational program in which COACH served as a supportive tool; they also describe some of the ways COACH contributed to positive changes in her life. They note that COACH was used in conjunction with exemplary practices such as collaborative teamwork, transition planning, and family-school collaboration. 1 table. 7 references.
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The Right Foods for Preventing a Leading Cause of Blindness Source: Tufts University Health and Nutrition Letter. 18(12). Special Supplement. February 2001. Contact: 10 High Street, Suite 706, Boston, MA 02110.
[email protected] www.healthletter.tufts.edu. Summary: Lutein and zeaxanthin, found in dark green, leafy vegetables, may help reduce risk for macular degeneration, the leading cause of irreversible blindness among older Americans. Dr. Elizabeth Johnson of the Gastrointestinal Nutrition Laboratory at the Tufts Center on Aging fed non-green eaters a small serving of spinach every day for several months to see if the lutein in the spinach actually made it into the bloodstream and from there to the retina. These compounds appear in much higher concentrations in the eye than anywhere else in the body. The study results indicate that the lutein in food does end up in the retina of the eye. Another research project at the Oregon Health Sciences University is underway to determine if people in the early stages of macular degeneration can slow the progress of the disease by eating leafy greens. Already proven ways to reduce the risk for macular degeneration include reducing eye exposure to sunlight, not smoking, drinking in moderation, and (possibly) losing excess weight.
Academic Periodicals covering Blindness Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to blindness. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering blindness that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for blindness. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with blindness. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to blindness: Azelastine •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Optivar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500223.html
Beta-Carotene •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lumitene; Max-Caro http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202623.html
Diethylcarbamazine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hetrazan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202192.html
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202911.html •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Tetramune http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202911.html
Dorzolamide and Timolol •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Cosopt http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203550.html
Ivermectin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Stromectol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202311.html
Pemirolast •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Alamast http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500115.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.
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PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute13: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
13
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.14 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:15 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
14
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 15 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “blindness” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “blindness” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
Including Deafblind Students: Report from a National Task Force Source: San Francisco, CA: California Research Institute. 1997. [215 p.]. Contact: Available from California Research Institute. San Francisco State University, 612 Font Boulevard, San Francisco, CA 94132. (415) 338-7847. Fax (415) 338-2845. PRICE: $15.00. Summary: This manual serves as the report of a National Task Force on full inclusion for students who are deafblind. The task force included parents, educators, technical assistance providers, and researchers who worked to illuminate the concerns, challenges, and successes of including deafblind students full-time in general education classrooms. The manual begins with two short technical essays, one addressing the meaning and current status of inclusive schooling, and one addressing the implications of deafblindness for learning. Thirteen case study narratives then follow, with an analysis of issues emerging from three years of case study presentations to the task force. The final section of the manual is a descriptive report of the quantitative data set collected using the questionnaires developed by the task force. These items offer multiple perspectives in what happens when students with complex service needs are also students who are full time members in general education classrooms. Appendices to the report include a participation plan for one of the students, a person centered plan for another student, the case study parameters, and questionnaires and forms. Brief reference lists are offered in each section. 1 table. 57 references.
The NLM Gateway16 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.17 To 16 17
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
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use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “blindness” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 19254 1170 657 63 11 21155
HSTAT18 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.19 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.20 Simply search by “blindness” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists21 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.22 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.23 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for
18
Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.
19
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
20
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 21 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 22
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 23 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
The Genome Project and Blindness In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and blindness. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).24 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “blindness” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for blindness: •
Colorblindness, Partial, Deutan Series Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?303800
•
Colorblindness, Partial, Protan Series Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?303900
•
Cortical Blindness, Retardation, and Postaxial Polydactyly Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?218010
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Night Blindness with High-grade Myopia Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?257270
24 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.
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Night Blindness, Congenital Stationary Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?163500
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Night Blindness, Congenital Stationary, Type 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?310500
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Night Blindness, Congenital Stationary, Type 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?300071
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Polycystic Kidney, Cataract, and Congenital Blindness Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?263100
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Rodrigues Blindness Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?268320
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Spinocerebellar Ataxia with Blindness and Deafness Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?271250
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Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map) The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html
•
Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html
•
Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html
•
Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html
•
Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome,
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Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html •
Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html
•
Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez
Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •
3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
•
Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books
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Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome
•
NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/
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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide
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OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM
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PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset
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ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein
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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure
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Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy
To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “blindness” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database25 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database26 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “blindness” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).
25
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 26 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on blindness can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to blindness. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to blindness. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “blindness”:
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Other guides Eye Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyediseases.html Eye Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyeinjuries.html Macular Degeneration http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/maculardegeneration.html Refractive Errors http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/refractiveerrors.html Vision Disorders & Blindness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/visiondisordersblindness.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to blindness, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Vision Impairment Source: National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/dd/ddvi.htm
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Diagnosis/Symptoms Do You Have Low Vision? Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/lowvision/lowvision_quiz.htm Signs of Possible Eye Trouble in Adults Source: Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/eye_problems/signsadults.html
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Treatment Eye Drops to Treat Childhood Eye Disorder Work As Well As Patching the Eye Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/mar2002/nei-13.htm Reduced Daily Eye Patching Effectively Treats Childhood's Most Common Eye Disorder Source: National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/may2003/nei-12.htm
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Coping Family and Friends Can Make a Difference! How to Help When Someone Close to You Is Visually Impaired Source: Lighthouse International http://www.lighthouse.org/vision_loss/family_friends.htm Frequently Asked Questions about FCC Provisions for People with Disabilities Source: Federal Communications Commission http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/dro/dtffaq.html
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Introduction to Adaptive Computer Technology Source: Lighthouse International http://www.lighthouse.org/resources_assistive_tech.htm Living with Low Vision? 10 Steps to Ensure Your Independence Source: Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/eye_problems/lowvision.html Low Vision Coping Resources: Adjustment Process Source: Foundation Fighting Blindness http://www.blindness.org/coping/resourceDetail.asp?res=1&id=4 Low Vision Coping Resources: Watching TV with Low Vision Source: Foundation Fighting Blindness http://www.blindness.org/coping/resourceDetail.asp?res=1&id=18 What Do You Do When You Meet Someone Who Can't See? Source: Lighthouse International http://www.lighthouse.org/meet_someone.htm What Is Braille? Source: American Foundation for the Blind http://www.afb.org/info_document_view.asp?documentid=1248 •
Specific Conditions/Aspects Color Blindness Source: Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/eye_problems/colorvision.html Common Eye Myths Source: Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/eye_problems/eye_myths.html Eye Coordination Problems Source: American Optometric Association http://www.aoa.org/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?site=AOAstage&WebCode=EyeCo ordination Eye Donation and Corneal Transplantation: Frequently Asked Questions and Answers Source: Eye Bank Association of America http://www.restoresight.org/general/faqs.htm Going to a Low Vision Center - What You Should Know and What to Expect Source: Foundation Fighting Blindness http://www.blindness.org/coping/resourceDetail.asp?res=1&id=17 Histoplasmosis Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/histoplasmosis/index.htm Illuminating Solutions: Lighting and Low Vision Source: Lighthouse International http://www.lighthouse.org/resources_lighting.htm
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JAMA Patient Page:Causes of Visual Impairment Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/search/article_display.cfm?path=%5C%5CTANQUERA Y%5CM_ContentItem&mstr=/M_ContentItem/ZZZ9OBQB2MD.html&soc=JAMA /Archives&srch_typ=NAV_SERCH Lazy Eye Source: American Optometric Association http://www.aoa.org/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?site=AOAstage&WebCode=LazyE ye Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/newsroom/focuson/bugborne01/onchoc.htm Septo-Optic Dysplasia Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/septo-optic.htm •
Children “Vision Impairment” Quest Source: National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/kids/kblindpage.htm My Friend Jodi Is Blind Source: Lighthouse International http://www.lighthouse.org/jodi.htm Signs of Possible Eye Trouble in Children Source: Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/children/trouble_signs.html What Is a Pediatric Ophthalmologist? http://www.aap.org/sections/he3006.pdf What's Color Blindess? Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/talk/qa/color_blind.html Your Child's Vision Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/eyes/vision.html
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From the National Institutes of Health Frequently Asked Questions about Low Vision Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/nehep/faqs.htm Questions to Ask about Low Vision Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/nehep/questions.htm What You Should Know about Low Vision Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/nehep/what.htm
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Law and Policy Consuming Interest: A Guide to Titles II and III of the ADA for People with Vision Loss Source: American Foundation for the Blind http://www.afb.org/info_document_view.asp?documentid=525 Social Security: If You Are Blind How We Can Help Source: Social Security Administration http://www.ssa.gov/pubs/10052.html
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Organizations American Foundation for the Blind http://www.afb.org/ American Optometric Association http://www.aoa.org Eye Bank Association of America http://www.restoresight.org/ Foundation Fighting Blindness http://www.blindness.org/ National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/ Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/
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Pictures/Diagrams Color Blindness Simulations Source: National Weather Service http://www.nws.noaa.gov/sec508/htm/colorblind.htm Diagram of the Eye Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/eyediagram/index.htm Eye Disease Simulations Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/photo/sims/sims.htm Eye Examinations Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/photo/eye_exam/eye_exam.htm Impairments to Vision Source: National Weather Service http://www.nws.noaa.gov/sec508/htm/blindness.htm Low Vision Devices Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/photo/lowvis/index.htm
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Low Vision Simulations Source: National Weather Service http://www.nws.noaa.gov/sec508/htm/low_vision.htm •
Prevention/Screening Checklist for Your Eye Doctor Appointment Source: Prevent Blindness America http://www.preventblindness.org/eye_problems/doc_checklist.html Eye Care Is for Everyone Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ08DZO3SC &sub_cat=113 Eyestrain and Your Computer Screen: Tips for Getting Relief Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00462 How Often to Have an Eye Exam Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZAKCLP3SC& sub_cat=113
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Statistics Quick Facts and Figures on Blindness and Low Vision Source: American Foundation for the Blind http://www.afb.org/info_document_view.asp?documentid=1374 Vision Problems in the U.S. Source: National Eye Institute http://www.nei.nih.gov/eyedata/pdf/VPUS.pdf
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Teenagers Blindness Awareness Source: Dept. of Health and Human Services http://www.girlpower.gov/girlarea/06jun/blindaware.htm Visual Impairment Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/sight/visual_impairment.html Visual Impairments Source: National Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities http://www.nichcy.org/pubs/factshe/fs13txt.htm
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search.
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The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on blindness. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Overview on Deaf-Blindness Source: Monmouth, OR: DB-LINK, National Information Clearinghouse on Children Who Are Deaf-Blind. 2000. [9 p.]. Contact: Available from DB-LINK. 345 North Monmouth Avenue, Monmouth, OR 97361. Voice (800) 438-9376. TTY (800) 854-7013. Fax (503) 838-8150. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.tr.wou.edu/dblink. PRICE: Single copy free. Also available for free at http://www.tr.wou.edu/dblink/ovrview2.htm. Summary: Children who are called deaf-blind are singled out educationally because impairments of sight and hearing require thoughtful and unique educational approaches in order to ensure that children with this disability have the opportunity to reach their full potential. This fact sheet provides an overview of deaf-blindness in children, defined as hearing and visual losses that cause severe communication, developmental, and educational needs, to the point that children cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for children with deafness or children with blindness or children with multiple disabilities. After a section defining deaf-blindness, the author discusses the causes of deaf-blindness, the numbers of deafblind people (adults and children) in the United States, the challenges facing a person who is deaf-blind, communication strategies and systems for persons who are deafblind, orientation and mobility issues, individualized education, transition and rehabilitation goals, and inclusion of the deaf-blind child in the family. The author stresses that many persons who are deaf-blind have achieved a quality of life that is excellent. The fact sheet concludes with a list of suggested readings and additional resources. 1 table. 3 references. Healthfinder™
Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Glaucoma: Information for Patients Summary: Glaucoma is a group of diseases that can lead to damage to the eye's optic nerve and result in blindness. This pamphlet is designed to help people with glaucoma better understand the disease. Source: National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=693
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Questions From Kids About Blindness Summary: The National Federation of the Blind posts these answers to some of the most often asked questions by blind children for the benefit of sighted children. Source: National Federation of the Blind http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=2166
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Research to Prevent Blindness Practitioner Directory Summary: Users may search this directory to find an eye specialist in their state. Source: Research to Prevent Blindness http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7742
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What's Color Blindness? Summary: A general overview of color blindness that's written for children. The article explains what color blindness is and talks about why some people have color blindness and others don't. Source: Nemours Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5862 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to blindness. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Associations and Blindness The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to blindness: •
Foundation Fighting Blindness Telephone: (410) 568-0150 Toll-free: (800) 683-5555 Fax: (410) 363-2393 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.blindness.org Background: The mission of The Foundation Fighting Blindness is to fund the research that will discover the causes, treatments, preventive methods, and cures for retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration, Usher syndrome, Stargardt disease, and the entire spectrum of retinal degenerative diseases. It offers information and referral services for affected individuals and their families as well as for doctors and eye care professionals. The Foundation also provides comprehensive information kits on Retinitis Pigmentosa, Macular Degeneration, and Usher Syndrome. Its newsletter, Fighting Blindness News, presents articles on coping, research updates, and Foundation news and is published six times per year, every other month. National conferences are held annually. Relevant area(s) of interest: Blindness
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Prevent Blindness America Telephone: (847) 843-2020 Toll-free: (800) 331-2020 Fax: (847) 843-8458 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.preventblindness.org Background: Prevent Blindness America is a nonprofit voluntary organization dedicated to fighting blindness and saving sight. Established in 1908, Prevent Blindness America and its nationwide network of affiliates, divisions, and chapters serve millions of people each year through public and professional education, community and patient service programs, and research. Consisting of 35,000 volunteers and 43 chapters, the organization produces educational materials including brochures entitled 'Age-Related Macular Degeneration,' 'Signs of Possible Eye Trouble in Adults,' and 'Your Child s Sight.' The organization also produces videos, posters, and brochures. Program activities include support groups, patient advocacy, referrals, and a toll-free help line. Relevant area(s) of interest: Blindness
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to blindness. By consulting all of associations listed in
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this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with blindness. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about blindness. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “blindness” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “blindness”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “blindness” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “blindness” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.27
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
27
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)28: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
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Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on blindness: •
Basic Guidelines for Blindness Blindness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003040.htm Blindness - resources Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002186.htm
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Signs & Symptoms for Blindness Blindness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003040.htm Eye pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003032.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm
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Diagnostics and Tests for Blindness Ophthalmoscopy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003881.htm Routine eye examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003434.htm Tonometry Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003447.htm Visual acuity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003396.htm
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Nutrition for Blindness Vitamin A deficiency Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002400.htm
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Background Topics for Blindness Chemical burns Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000059.htm Fireworks Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002785.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Lead poisoning Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002473.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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BLINDNESS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] Acculturation: Process of cultural change in which one group or members of a group assimilates various cultural patterns from another. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation. [NIH] Acuity: Clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. [EU] Acupuncture Therapy: Treatment of disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians. The placement varies with the disease being treated. Heat or moxibustion and
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acupressure may be used in conjunction. [NIH] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among
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simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agnosia: Loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning or recognize the importance of various forms of stimulation that cannot be attributed to impairment of a primary sensory modality. Tactile agnosia is characterized by an inability to perceive the shape and nature of an object by touch alone, despite unimpaired sensation to light touch, position, and other primary sensory modalities. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Albinism: General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Alexia: The inability to recognize or comprehend written or printed words. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]
Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU]
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Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alprenolol: 1-((1-Methylethyl)amino)-3-(2-(2-propenyl)phenoxy)-2-propanol. Adrenergic beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alternative Splicing: A process whereby multiple protein isoforms are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of nonconsecutive exons during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form messenger RNA. The alternative forms produce proteins in which one part is common while the other part is different. [NIH] Amaurosis: Partial or total blindness from any cause. [NIH] Amblyopia: A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivationinduced amblopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. Strabismus and refractive errors may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the optic nerve which is associated with alcoholism, tobacco smoking, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amputation: Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU]
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Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angiitis: Inflammation of a vessel, chiefly of a blood or a lymph vessel; called also vasculitis. [EU] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiogenesis inhibitor: A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. [NIH] Angioplasty: Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Aniridia: A congenital abnormality in which there is only a rudimentary iris. This is due to the failure of the optic cup to grow. Aniridia also occurs in a hereditary form, usually autosomal dominant. [NIH]
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Anisometropia: A condition of an inequality of refractive power of the two eyes. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]
Anosognosia: Inability to recognize loss of function, disease, or defect in a part of one's own body. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anterior Cerebral Artery: Artery formed by the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. Branches of the anterior cerebral artery supply the caudate nucleus, internal capsule, putamen, septal nuclei, gyrus cinguli, and surfaces of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe. [NIH] Anterior chamber: The space in front of the iris and behind the cornea. [NIH] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from
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spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Aphakia: Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of lens dislocation and subluxation. [NIH] Aphasia: A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia. [NIH] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Apraxia: Loss of ability to perform purposeful movements, in the absence of paralysis or sensory disturbance, caused by lesions in the cortex. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aqueous fluid: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Aqueous humor: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH]
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Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arrestin: A 48-Kd protein of the outer segment of the retinal rods and a component of the phototransduction cascade. Arrestin quenches G-protein activation by binding to phosphorylated photolyzed rhodopsin. Arrestin causes experimental autoimmune uveitis when injected into laboratory animals. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astigmatism: A condition in which the surface of the cornea is not spherical; causes a blurred image to be received at the retina. [NIH] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Astrocytoma: A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from
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posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to propranolol, but without a negative inotropic effect. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Auditory nerve: The eight cranial nerve; also called vestibulocochlear nerve or acoustic nerve. [NIH] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Babesiosis: A group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including zoonoses in humans. They are caused by protozoans of the genus babesia, which parasitize erythrocytes, producing hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism's natural host is mice and transmission is by the deer tick ixodes scapularis. [NIH] Backcross: A cross between a hybrid and either one of its parents. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the
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coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Sequence: The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide or nucleoside sequence. [NIH] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basilar Membrane: A membrane that stretches from the spiral lamina to the basilar crest consisting of an inner and an outer part. The inner part supports the spiral organ of Corti. [NIH]
Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Betaxolol: A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic antagonist with no partial agonist activity. [NIH]
Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biochemical reactions: In living cells, chemical reactions that help sustain life and allow cells to grow. [NIH] Bioengineering: The application of engineering principles to the solution of biological problems, for example, remote-handling devices, life-support systems, controls, and
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displays. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biphasic: Having two phases; having both a sporophytic and a gametophytic phase in the life cycle. [EU] Birth Order: The sequence in which children are born into the family. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bleomycin: A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Retinal Barrier: Specialized nonfenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the retinal capillaries and the retinal tissue. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled
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with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bone metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone. [NIH]
Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchopulmonary: Pertaining to the lungs and their air passages; both bronchial and pulmonary. [EU] Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A chronic lung disease appearing in certain newborn infants treated for respiratory distress syndrome with mechanical ventilation and elevated concentration of inspired oxygen. [NIH] Bulimia: Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa). [NIH] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Calcineurin: A calcium- and calmodulin-binding protein present in highest concentrations in the central nervous system. Calcineurin is composed of two subunits. A catalytic subunit, calcineurin A, and a regulatory subunit, calcineurin B, with molecular weights of about 60 kD and 19 kD, respectively. Calcineurin has been shown to dephosphorylate a number of phosphoproteins including histones, myosin light chain, and the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. It is involved in the regulation of signal transduction and is the target of an important class of immunophilin-immunosuppressive drug complexes in T-lymphocytes that act by inhibiting T-cell activation. EC 3.1.3.-. [NIH]
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Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Cannabis: The hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Products prepared from the dried flowering tops of the plant include marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsular: Cataract which is initiated by an opacification at the surface of the lens. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac catheterization: A procedure in which a thin, hollow tube is inserted into a blood vessel. The tube is then advanced through the vessel into the heart, enabling a physician to study the heart and its pumping activity. [NIH] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH]
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Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carmustine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH]
Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Carotid Arteries: Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cavernous Sinus: An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH]
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Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Polarity: Orientation of intracellular structures especially with respect to the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. Polarized cells must direct proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the appropriate domain since tight junctions prevent proteins from diffusing between the two domains. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellular Structures: Components of a cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Central retinal artery: The blood vessel that carries blood into eye; supplies nutrition to the retina. [NIH] Ceramide: A type of fat produced in the body. It may cause some types of cells to die, and is being studied in cancer treatment. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]
Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Ceroid: A naturally occurring lipid pigment with histochemical characteristics similar to
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lipofuscin. It accumulates in various tissues in certain experimental and pathological conditions. [NIH] Cerulenin: Antifungal antibiotic isolated from several species, including Acremonium (Cephalosporium), Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function and is used as a biochemical tool. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlamydia: A genus of the family Chlamydiaceae whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Chloride Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for chloride ions. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Chloroplasts: Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, which is associated with the membrane of thylakoids. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of higher plants. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Choreatic Disorders: Acquired and hereditary conditions which feature chorea as a primary manifestation of the disease process. [NIH] Choriocapillaris: A layer of the choroid between the lamina vitrea and Sattler's layer, consisting of a network of capillaries which supplies the outer 5 layers of the retina; the network is densest at the macula. [NIH]
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Chorioretinitis: Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Choroidal Neovascularization: A pathological process consisting of the formation of new blood vessels in the choroid. [NIH] Choroiditis: Inflammation of the choroid. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Ciliary muscles: The muscles that relax the zonules to enable the lens to change shape for focusing. [NIH] Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor: A neurotrophic factor that promotes the survival of various neuronal cell types and may play an important role in the injury response in the nervous system. [NIH] Ciliary processes: The extensions or projections of the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor. [NIH] Cilium: A hairlike appendage of the surface of a cell. It aids in cellular locomotion and creates currents in surrounding fluids. [NIH] Cinchona: A genus of rubiaceous South American trees that yields the toxic cinchona alkaloids from their bark; quinine, quinidine, chinconine, cinchonidine and others are used to treat malaria and cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH]
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Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clathrin: The main structural coat protein of coated vesicles which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins. [NIH] Claudication: Limping or lameness. [EU] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coated Vesicles: Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as clathrin, coat protein complex proteins, or caveolins. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]
Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Implants: Electronic devices implanted beneath the skin with electrodes to the cochlear nerve to create sound sensation in persons with sensorineural deafness. [NIH] Cochlear Nerve: The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus) of the brain stem. They mediate the sense of hearing. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH]
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Coliphages: Viruses whose host is Escherichia coli. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Color blindness: A form of defective color vision requiring only two primary colors, mixed in various proportions, to match all other colors. [NIH] Color Perception: The visual awareness of any particular hue or achromatic color. [NIH] Color Vision Defects: Mild to severe impairment in the ability to discriminate or differentiate hues. This disorder may be acquired as a result of retinal diseases involving the cones (retina) or inherited as an X-linked disorder featuring absent or abnormal cone pigment. [NIH] Combination chemotherapy: Treatment using more than one anticancer drug. [NIH] Combinatorial: A cut-and-paste process that churns out thousands of potentially valuable compounds at once. [NIH] Communication Disorders: Disorders of verbal and nonverbal communication caused by receptive or expressive language disorders, cognitive dysfunction (e.g., mental retardation), psychiatric conditions, and hearing disorders. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement
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activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Cone cells: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Cones (Retina): One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the vertebrate retina. In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but they provide vision with higher spatial and temporal acuity, and the combination of signals from cones with different pigments allows color vision. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective
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tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constrict: Tighten; narrow. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Constriction, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Contrast Sensitivity: The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Contusion: A bruise; an injury of a part without a break in the skin. [EU] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneal Neovascularization: New blood vessels originating from the corneal veins and extending from the limbus into the adjacent corneal stroma. These vessels may lie in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma. Neovascularization is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, including trachoma, viral interstitial keratitis, microbial keratoconjunctivitis, and the immune response elicited by corneal transplantation. [NIH] Corneal Stroma: The lamellated connective tissue constituting the thickest layer of the cornea between the Bowman and Descemet membranes. [NIH] Corneal Transplantation: Partial or total replacement of the cornea from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Corneal Ulcer: Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU]
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Coronary Angiography: Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortical Blindness: The inability to understand or interpret what is seen due to a disturbance in the cerebral associational areas, the retina, the sensory pathways, and the striate area being intact. [NIH] Cortices: The outer layer of an organ; used especially of the cerebrum and cerebellum. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cost-benefit: A quantitative technique of economic analysis which, when applied to radiation practice, compares the health detriment from the radiation doses concerned with the cost of radiation dose reduction in that practice. [NIH] Cost-Benefit Analysis: A method of comparing the cost of a program with its expected benefits in dollars (or other currency). The benefit-to-cost ratio is a measure of total return expected per unit of money spent. This analysis generally excludes consideration of factors that are not measured ultimately in economic terms. Cost effectiveness compares alternative ways to achieve a specific set of results. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cranial Nerves: Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers. [NIH] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Craniopharyngioma: A benign brain tumor that may be considered malignant because it can damage the hypothalamus, the area of the brain that controls body temperature, hunger,
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and thirst. [NIH] Cribriform: Pierced with small holes as in a sieve. Refers to the appearance of a tumor when viewed under a microscope. The tumor appears to have open spaces or small holes inside. [NIH]
Crowns: A prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. It may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). It is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanobacteria: A subgroup of the oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular photosynthetic bacteria possessing chlorophyll a and carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria are the only known organisms capable of fixing both carbon dioxide (in the presence of light) and nitrogen. Formerly called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria were traditionally treated as algae. By the late 19th century, however, it was realized that the blue-green algae were unique and lacked the traditional nucleus and chloroplasts of the green and other algae. The comparison of nucleotide base sequence data from 16S and 5S rRNA indicates that cyanobacteria represent a moderately deep phylogenetic unit within the gram-negative bacteria. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cystatins: A homologous group of endogenous cysteine proteinase inhibitors. Four distinct families are recognized within the cystatin superfamily: cystatin B or stefins; cystatin C or post-gamma-globulin; egg-white or chicken cystatin; and kininogen cystatin. The cystatins inhibit most Cysteine Endopeptidases of the papain type, and other peptidases which have a sulfhydryl group at the active site. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors: Exogenous and endogenous compounds which inhibit cysteine endopeptidases. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]
Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the
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hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible. [NIH]
Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Dark Adaptation: Adjustment of the eyes under conditions of low light. The sensitivity of the eye to light is increased during dark adaptation. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the form of its mesylate. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline
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is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]
Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]
Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleotides: A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a deoxyribose containing a bond to a phosphate group. [NIH] Depigmentation: Removal or loss of pigment, especially melanin. [EU] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Desquamation: The shedding of epithelial elements, chiefly of the skin, in scales or small sheets; exfoliation. [EU] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of fenfluramine. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH]
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Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diagnostic Services: Organized services for the purpose of providing diagnosis to promote and maintain health. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of the calcium ion in membrane functions. It is also teratogenic. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or
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in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drusen: Tiny yellow or white deposits in the retina or optic nerve head. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysarthria: Imperfect articulation of speech due to disturbances of muscular control which result from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system. [EU] Dysgerminoma: A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646 [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dyslexia: Partial alexia in which letters but not words may be read, or in which words may be read but not understood. [NIH] Dyslipidemia: Disorders in the lipoprotein metabolism; classified as hypercholesterolemia,
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hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All of the dyslipidemias can be primary or secondary. Both elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol predispose to premature atherosclerosis. [NIH] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]
Ectoderm: The outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electric shock: A dangerous patho-physiological effect resulting from an electric current passing through the body of a human or animal. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Electroretinogram: The electrical effect recorded from the surface of the eyeball and originated by a pulse of light. [NIH] Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until
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it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Empiric: Empirical; depending upon experience or observation alone, without using scientific method or theory. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalocele: Cerebral tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull. The majority of congenital encephaloceles occur in the occipital or frontal regions. Clinical features include a protuberant mass that may be pulsatile. The quantity and location of protruding neural tissue determines the type and degree of neurologic deficit. Visual defects, psychomotor developmental delay, and persistent motor deficits frequently occur. [NIH]
Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endarterectomy: Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called atherectomy. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles
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or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]
Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Endophthalmitis: Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye; not all layers of the uvea are affected. Fungi, necrosis of intraocular tumors, and retained intraocular foreign bodies often cause a purulent endophthalmitis. [NIH] Endostatin: A drug that is being studied for its ability to prevent the growth of new blood vessels into a solid tumor. Endostatin belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH]
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Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epidural Space: Space between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epiretinal Membrane: Membrane viruses are thought to acquire their envelopes by budding through modified portions of the host cell membrane. [NIH] Episcleritis: Inflammation of the episclera and/or the outer layers of the sclera itself. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Esotropia: A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a "cross-eye" appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze. [NIH] Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethmoid: An unpaired cranial bone which helps form the medial walls of the orbits and contains the themoidal air cells which drain into the nose. [NIH]
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Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Eukaryote: An organism (or a cell) that carries its genetic material physically constrained within a nuclear membrane, separate from the cytoplasm. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excimer laser: An ultraviolet laser used in refractive surgery to remove corneal tissue. [NIH] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitotoxicity: Excessive exposure to glutamate or related compounds can kill brain neurons, presumably by overstimulating them. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Exophthalmos: Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye. [NIH] Exotropia: A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH]
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Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Eye Color: Color of the iris. [NIH] Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Pain: Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as facial pain syndromes. [NIH] Facial Paralysis: Severe or complete loss of facial muscle motor function. This condition may result from central or peripheral lesions. Damage to CNS motor pathways from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei in the pons leads to facial weakness that generally spares the forehead muscles. Facial nerve diseases generally results in generalized hemifacial weakness. Neuromuscular junction diseases and muscular diseases may also cause facial paralysis or paresis. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Farsightedness: The common term for hyperopia. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetal Development: Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinolysis: The natural enzymatic dissolution of fibrin. [NIH] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen
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and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filariasis: Infections with nematodes of the superfamily Filarioidea. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischaemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face. [NIH] Filarioidea: A superfamily of nematodes of the suborder Spirurina. Its organisms possess a filiform body and a mouth surrounded by papillae. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy. [NIH] Fluorescein Angiography: Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature. [NIH] Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease. [NIH]
Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH]
Food Coloring Agents: Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods. [NIH]
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Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Functional Disorders: Disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome. These conditions result from poor nerve and muscle function. Symptoms such as gas, pain, constipation, and diarrhea come back again and again, but there are no signs of disease or damage. Emotional stress can trigger symptoms. Also called motility disorders. [NIH] Functional magnetic resonance imaging: A noninvasive tool used to observe functioning in the brain or other organs by detecting changes in chemical composition, blood flow, or both. [NIH]
Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72. [NIH] Gallium nitrate: A drug that lowers blood calcium. Used as treatment for hypercalcemia (too much calcium in the blood) and for cancer that has spread to the bone (bone metastases). [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gangrene: Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH]
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Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Targeting: The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genes, mos: Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (mos) originally isolated from the Moloney murine sarcoma virus (Mo-MSV). The proto-oncogene mos (c-mos) codes for a protein which is a member of the serine kinase family. There is no evidence as yet that human c-mos can become transformed or has a role in human cancer. However, in mice, activation can occur when the retrovirus-like intracisternal A-particle inserts itself near the c-mos sequence. The human c-mos gene is located at 8q22 on the long arm of chromosome 8. [NIH]
Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Counseling: Advising families of the risks involved pertaining to birth defects, in order that they may make an informed decision on current or future pregnancies. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ cell tumors: Tumors that begin in the cells that give rise to sperm or eggs. They can occur virtually anywhere in the body and can be either benign or malignant. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography,
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and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glare: Scatter from bright light that decreases vision. [NIH] Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein: An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000. [NIH] Gliosis: The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH]
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Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or Nacetylgalactosamine. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]
Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. [NIH]
Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH]
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Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Handedness: Preference for using right or left hand. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Health Care Costs: The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost. [NIH] Health Expenditures: The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers. [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Hearing Disorders: Conditions that impair the transmission or perception of auditory impulses and information from the level of the ear to the temporal cortices, including the sensorineural pathways. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Hematuria: Presence of blood in the urine. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemiparesis: The weakness or paralysis affecting one side of the body. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to
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hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatic Encephalopathy: A condition that may cause loss of consciousness and coma. It is usually the result of advanced liver disease. Also called hepatic coma. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterodimers: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterotropia: One in which the angle of squint remains relatively unaltered on conjugate movement of the eyes. [NIH] Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. [NIH]
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Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Homozygotes: An individual having a homozygous gene pair. [NIH] Hookworms: A parasitic infection that may affect workers exposed to warm moist soil in which the larvae of the worm lives. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human Development: Continuous sequential changes which occur in the physiological and psychological functions during the individual's life. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. [NIH]
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Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperopia: Farsightedness; ability to see distant objects more clearly than close objects; may be corrected with glasses or contact lenses. [NIH] Hyperoxia: An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthermia: A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypesthesia: Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoglossal Nerve: The 12th cranial nerve. The hypoglossal nerve originates in the hypoglossal nucleus of the medulla and supplies motor innervation to all of the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus (which is supplied by the vagus). This nerve also contains proprioceptive afferents from the tongue muscles. [NIH] Hypogonadism: Condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypovitaminosis: A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Immaturity: The state or quality of being unripe or not fully developed. [EU] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer
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factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]
Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunophilin: A drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU]
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Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]
Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role
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in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Integrins: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including extracellular matrix glycoproteins, complement, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the cytoskeleton. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors, the leukocyte adhesion receptors, and the very-late-antigen receptors. Each family contains a common beta-subunit combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits. These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development, hemostasis, thrombosis, wound healing, immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms, and oncogenic transformation. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Pressure: Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH]
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Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Introns: Non-coding, intervening sequences of DNA that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger RNA. Most genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes contain introns, as do mitochondrial and chloroplast genes. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Islet: Cell producing insulin in pancreas. [NIH] Isoelectric: Separation of amphoteric substances, dissolved in water, based on their isoelectric behavior. The amphoteric substances are a mixture of proteins to be separated and of auxiliary "carrier ampholytes". [NIH] Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. [NIH] Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects. [NIH] Ivermectin: A mixture of ivermectin component B1a (RN 71827-03-7) and B1b (RN 70209-813), which is a semisynthetic product from Streptomyces avermitilis. A potent macrocyclic lactone disaccharide antiparasitic agent used to prevent and treat parasite infestations in
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animals. The compound has activity against internal and external parasites and has been found effective against arthropods, insects, nematodes, filarioidea, platyhelminths, and protozoa. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis: Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Kinetoplastida: An order of flagellate protozoa. Characteristics include the presence of one or two flagella arising from a depression in the cell body and a single mitochondrion that extends the length of the body. [NIH] Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs. [NIH] Labetalol: Blocker of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors that is used as an antihypertensive. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lag: The time elapsing between application of a stimulus and the resulting reaction. [NIH] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Language Disorders: Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or
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expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders. [NIH] Language Tests: Tests designed to assess language behavior and abilities. They include tests of vocabulary, comprehension, grammar and functional use of language, e.g., Development Sentence Scoring, Receptive-Expressive Emergent Language Scale, Parsons Language Sample, Utah Test of Language Development, Michigan Language Inventory and Verbal Language Development Scale, Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, Northwestern Syntax Screening Test, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Ammons Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test, and Assessment of Children's Language Comprehension. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Laryngectomy: Total or partial excision of the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Laser Surgery: The use of a laser either to vaporize surface lesions or to make bloodless cuts in tissue. It does not include the coagulation of tissue by laser. [NIH] Laser therapy: The use of an intensely powerful beam of light to kill cancer cells. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Legal blindness: In the U.S., (1) visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in the better eye with corrective lenses (20/200 means that a person must be at 20 feet from an eye chart to see what a person with normal vision can see at 200 feet) or (2) visual field restricted to 20 d [NIH]
Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lentivirus: A genus of the family Retroviridae consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH]
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Leukoencephalopathy: A condition with spongy holes in the brain's white matter. [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Levobunolol: A nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist used in the treatment of glaucoma. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Lidoflazine: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic action. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Linkage Disequilibrium: Nonrandom association of linked genes. This is the tendency of the alleles of two separate but already linked loci to be found together more frequently than would be expected by chance alone. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipofuscin: A naturally occurring lipid pigment with histochemical characteristics similar to ceroid. It accumulates in various normal tissues and apparently increases in quantity with age. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Loa: A genus of parasitic nematodes found throughout the rain-forest areas of the Sudan and the basin of the Congo. L. loa inhabits the subcutaneous tissues, which it traverses freely. [NIH]
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Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Lobsters: Large marine decapod crustaceans of the family Homaridae, commonly used for food. [NIH] Local Government: Smallest political subdivisions within a country at which general governmental functions are carried-out. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loiasis: A parasitic infection caused by the nematode Loa loa. The vector in the transmission of this infection is the horsefly (Tabanus) or the deerfly or mango fly (Chrysops). The larvae may be seen just beneath the skin or passing through the conjunctiva. Eye lesions are not uncommon. The disease is generally mild and painless. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement; and other conditions. [NIH] Low vision: Visual loss that cannot be corrected with eyeglasses or contact lenses and interferes with daily living activities. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lung Transplantation: The transference of either one or both of the lungs from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH]
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Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphosarcoma: An obsolete term for a malignant tumor of lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU] Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the superior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. [NIH] Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms
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the upper jaw. [EU] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple). [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells. [NIH] Membranoproliferative: A disease that occurs primarily in children and young adults. Over time, inflammation leads to scarring in the glomeruli, causing proteinuria, hematuria, and sometimes chronic renal failure or end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningioma: A type of tumor that occurs in the meninges, the membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. Meningiomas usually grow slowly. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH]
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Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Metoprolol: Adrenergic beta-1-blocking agent with no stimulatory action. It is less bound to plasma albumin than alprenolol and may be useful in angina pectoris, hypertension, or cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]
labeled
with
Microviridae: A large family of lytic bacteriophages infecting enterobacteria. It contains two genera: Microvirus and Spiromicrovirus. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH]
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Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Probes: A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in molecular genetics to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by molecular hybridization. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Molting: Casting off feathers, hair, or cuticle. Molting is a process of sloughing or desquamation, especially the shedding of an outer covering and the development of a new one. This phenomenon permits growth in arthropods, skin renewal in amphibians and reptiles, and the shedding of winter coats in birds and mammals. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocular: Diplopia identified with one eye only; it may be induced with a double prism, or it may occur either as a result of double imagery due to an optical defect in the eye, or as a result of simultaneous use of normal and anomalous retinal correspondence. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU]
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Motion Perception: The real or apparent movement of objects through the visual field. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Mycoplasma: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria bounded by a plasma membrane only. Its organisms are parasites and pathogens, found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds. [NIH] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycotic: Pertaining to a mycosis; caused by fungi. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopia: That error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. [EU] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of
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muscles. [NIH] Myositis: Inflammation of a voluntary muscle. [EU] Myotonia: Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of myotonic disorders. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] N-acetyl: Analgesic agent. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Nearsightedness: The common term for myopia. [NIH] Neck dissection: Surgery to remove lymph nodes and other tissues in the neck. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neonatology: A subspecialty of pediatrics concerned with the newborn infant. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU]
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Neural Crest: A strip of specialized ectoderm flanking each side of the embryonal neural plate, which after the closure of the neural tube, forms a column of isolated cells along the dorsal aspect of the neural tube. Most of the cranial and all of the spinal sensory ganglion cells arise by differentiation of neural crest cells. [NIH] Neural tube defects: These defects include problems stemming from fetal development of the spinal cord, spine, brain, and skull, and include birth defects such as spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Neural tube defects occur early in pregnancy at about 4 to 6 weeks, usually before a woman knows she is pregnant. Many babies with neural tube defects have difficulty walking and with bladder and bowel control. [NIH] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neuroanatomy: Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline. [NIH]
Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuromuscular Junction Diseases: Conditions characterized by impaired transmission of impulses at the neuromuscular junction. This may result from disorders that affect receptor function, pre- or postsynaptic membrane function, or acetylcholinesteraseactivity. The majority of diseases in this category are associated with autoimmune, toxic, or inherited conditions. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuroretinitis: Inflammation of the optic nerve head and adjacent retina. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]
Neurotrophins: A nerve growth factor. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH]
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Niacinamide: An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake. [NIH] Nicorandil: A derivative of the niacinamide that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Night Blindness: Anomaly of vision in which there is a pronounced inadequacy or complete absence of dark-adaptation. [NIH] Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure. [NIH] Nitrendipine: Ethyl methyl 2,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5pyridinedicarboxylate. A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Normal Distribution: Continuous frequency distribution of infinite range. Its properties are as follows: 1) continuous, symmetrical distribution with both tails extending to infinity; 2) arithmetic mean, mode, and median identical; and 3) shape completely determined by the mean and standard deviation. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through
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the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Localization Signal: Short, predominantly basic amino acid sequences identified as nuclear import signals for some proteins. These sequences are believed to interact with specific receptors at nuclear pores. [NIH] Nuclear Pore: An opening through the nuclear envelope formed by the nuclear pore complex which transports nuclear proteins or RNA into or out of the cell nucleus and which, under some conditions, acts as an ion channel. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Nystagmus: Rhythmical oscillation of the eyeballs, either pendular or jerky. [NIH] Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ocular Hypertension: A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Olfactory Bulb: Ovoid body resting on the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone where the olfactory nerve terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose dendrites the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the vomeronasal organ via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Onchocerciasis: Infection with nematodes of the genus Onchocerca. Characteristics include the presence of firm subcutaneous nodules filled with adult worms, pruritus, and ocular lesions. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH]
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Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Open Reading Frames: Reading frames where successive nucleotide triplets can be read as codons specifying amino acids and where the sequence of these triplets is not interrupted by stop codons. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmic Artery: Artery originating from the internal carotid artery and distributing to the eye, orbit and adjacent facial structures. [NIH] Ophthalmologic: Pertaining to ophthalmology (= the branch of medicine dealing with the eye). [EU] Ophthalmologist: A medical doctor specializing in the diagnosis and medical or surgical treatment of visual disorders and eye disease. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Ophthalmoscope: A lighted instrument used to examine the inside of the eye, including the retina and the optic nerve. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Optic cup: The white, cup-like area in the center of the optic disc. [NIH] Optic disc: The circular area (disc) where the optic nerve connects to the retina. [NIH] Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]
Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Optic nerve head: The circular area (disc) where the optic nerve connects to the retina. [NIH] Optic Neuritis: Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis). [NIH] Optician: An expert in the art and science of making and fitting glasses and may also dispense contact lenses. [NIH]
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Optometrist: A primary eye care provider who diagnoses, manages, and treats disorders of the visual system and eye diseases. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Oral Manifestations: Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury. [NIH]
Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Ornithosis: Infection with Chlamydophila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to man by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected birds. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by pneumonitis and systemic manifestations. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Osteotomy: The surgical cutting of a bone. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]
Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
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Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pallor: A clinical manifestation consisting of an unnatural paleness of the skin. [NIH] Palsies: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Papain: A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and chymopapain that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Parallax: The apparent change in direction or lateral displacement of a viewed object when the eye is moved from one position to another, or when the object is viewed first with one eye and then with the other. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without
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an outside stimulus. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Patella: The flat, triangular bone situated at the anterior part of the knee. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Advocacy: Promotion and protection of the rights of patients, frequently through a legal process. [NIH] Patient Care Team: Care of patients by a multidisciplinary team usually organized under the leadership of a physician; each member of the team has specific responsibilities and the whole team contributes to the care of the patient. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericytes: Smooth muscle cell that wraps around normal blood vessels. [NIH] Perimetry: Determination of the extent of the visual field for various types and intensities of stimuli. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH]
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Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Peripheral stem cells: Immature cells found circulating in the bloodstream. New blood cells develop from peripheral stem cells. [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peripheral vision: Side vision; ability to see objects and movement outside of the direct line of vision. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Periventricular Leukomalacia: Rare form of epilepsy. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH]
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Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phobia: A persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the stem to which it is affixed. [EU] Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Photophobia: Abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of eye diseases; migraine; subarachnoid hemorrhage; meningitis; and other disorders. Photophobia may also occur in association with depression and other mental disorders. [NIH] Photoreceptor: Receptor capable of being activated by light stimuli, as a rod or cone cell of the eye. [NIH] Phototransduction: The transducing of light energy to afferent nerve impulses, such as takes place in the retinal rods and cones. After light photons are absorbed by the photopigments, the signal is transmitted to the outer segment membrane by the cyclic GMP second messenger system, where it closes the sodium channels. This channel gating ultimately generates an action potential in the inner retina. [NIH] Phrenic Nerve: The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm. [NIH]
Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase
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"physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmids: Any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant. Plasmids are self-replicating circular molecules of DNA that are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet Count: A count of the number of platelets per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Platyhelminths: A phylum of acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms, without a definite anus. It includes three classes: Cestoda, Turbellaria, and Trematoda. [NIH]
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Pneumocephalus: Presence of air or gas within the intracranial cavity (e.g., epidural space, subdural space, intracerebral, etc.) which may result from traumatic injuries, fistulous tract formation, erosions of the skull from neoplasms or infection, neurosurgical procedures, and other conditions. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymyalgia Rheumatica: A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with temporal arteritis and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyuria: Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Pontine: A brain region involved in the detection and processing of taste. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Posterior chamber: The space between the back of the iris and the front face of the vitreous; filled with aqueous fluid. [NIH] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for
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the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Preeclampsia: A toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. [EU] Pre-Eclampsia: Development of hypertension with proteinuria, edema, or both, due to pregnancy or the influence of a recent pregnancy. It occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but it may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease. [NIH] Pre-eclamptic: A syndrome characterized by hypertension, albuminuria, and generalized oedema, occurring only in pregnancy. [NIH] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prion: Small proteinaceous infectious particles that resist inactivation by procedures modifying nucleic acids and contain an abnormal isoform of a cellular protein which is a major and necessary component. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Progressive disease: Cancer that is increasing in scope or severity. [NIH] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prokaryote: Unicellular organism having a less complex structure than a eukaryote; it's characterized by the absence of a nucleus and by having the genetic material in the form of simple filaments of DNA. [NIH] Proliferative Retinopathy: A disease of the small blood vessels of the retina of the eye. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH]
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Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Propanolol: Beta blocker. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Proprioception: The mechanism involved in the self-regulation of posture and movement through stimuli originating in the receptors imbedded in the joints, tendons, muscles, and labyrinth. [NIH] Proptosis: Forward projection or displacement especially of the eyeball : exophthalmos. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein Isoforms: Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different genes, or from the same gene by alternative splicing. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Protein Transport: The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport. [NIH]
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Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteoglycan: A molecule that contains both protein and glycosaminoglycans, which are a type of polysaccharide. Proteoglycans are found in cartilage and other connective tissues. [NIH]
Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Prototheca: An achlorophyllous mutant of the green alga Chlorella. It is found in decayed matter, water, sewage and soil and produces cutaneous and disseminated infections in various vertebrates including man. It infects the skin, lymph nodes, eye, myocardium, kidney, muscle, and bovine mammary gland. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Proxy: A person authorized to decide or act for another person, for example, a person having durable power of attorney. [NIH] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psittaci: Causal agent of ornithosis. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoacoustic: That branch of psychophysics dealing with acoustic stimuli. [NIH] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]
Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychophysics: The science dealing with the correlation of the physical characteristics of a stimulus, e.g., frequency or intensity, with the response to the stimulus, in order to assess the psychologic factors involved in the relationship. [NIH]
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Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Ptosis: 1. Prolapse of an organ or part. 2. Drooping of the upper eyelid from paralysis of the third nerve or from sympathetic innervation. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH]
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Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radicular: Having the character of or relating to a radicle or root. [NIH] Radiculopathy: Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see spinal nerve roots) which may result from compression related to intervertebral disk displacement; spinal cord injuries; spinal diseases; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root. [NIH]
Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH]
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Reflective: Capable of throwing back light, images, sound waves : reflecting. [EU] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractive Errors: Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus. [NIH] Refractive Power: The ability of an object, such as the eye, to bend light as light passes through it. [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Rehabilitative: Instruction of incapacitated individuals or of those affected with some mental disorder, so that some or all of their lost ability may be regained. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Reproductive cells: Egg and sperm cells. Each mature reproductive cell carries a single set of 23 chromosomes. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Resolving: The ability of the eye or of a lens to make small objects that are close together, separately visible; thus revealing the structure of an object. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Respiratory Paralysis: Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with motor neuron diseases; peripheral nerve disorders; neuromuscular junction diseases; spinal cord diseases; injury to the phrenic nerve; and other disorders. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinae: A congenital notch or cleft of the retina, usually located inferiorly. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative
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enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Artery: Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina. [NIH] Retinal Artery Occlusion: Occlusion or closure of the central retinal artery causing sudden, usually nearly complete, loss of vision in one eye. Occlusion of the branch retinal artery causes sudden visual loss in only a portion of the visual field. [NIH] Retinal Detachment: Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12). [NIH] Retinal Ganglion Cells: Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner plexiform layer. [NIH] Retinal Hemorrhage: Bleeding from the vessels of the retina. [NIH] Retinal Neovascularization: Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina. [NIH] Retinal pigment epithelium: The pigment cell layer that nourishes the retinal cells; located just outside the retina and attached to the choroid. [NIH] Retinal Vein: Central retinal vein and its tributaries. It runs a short course within the optic nerve and then leaves and empties into the superior ophthalmic vein or cavernous sinus. [NIH]
Retinitis: Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months. [NIH] Retinitis Pigmentosa: Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Retrobulbar: Behind the pons. [EU]
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Retrovirus: A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rickettsia: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria often surrounded by a protein microcapsular layer and slime layer. The natural cycle of its organisms generally involves a vertebrate and an invertebrate host. Species of the genus are the etiological agents of human diseases, such as typhus. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rod cells: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Rod Outer Segments: The portion of the retinal rod cell between the inner segment and the pigment epithelium layer of the retina. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rural Health: The status of health in rural populations. [NIH] Rural Population: The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural. [NIH] Sagittal: The line of direction passing through the body from back to front, or any vertical plane parallel to the medial plane of the body and inclusive of that plane; often restricted to the medial plane, the plane of the sagittal suture. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main
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body of the chromosome. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleritis: Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH]
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Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Seminoma: A type of cancer of the testicles. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serrata: The serrated anterior border of the retina located approximately 8.5 mm from the limbus and adjacent to the pars plana of the ciliary body. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Sharpness: The apparent blurring of the border between two adjacent areas of a radiograph having different optical densities. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH]
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Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Skull Base: The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the
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extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for sodium ions. Fast sodium current is associated with the action potential in neural membranes. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Speech Disorders: Acquired or developmental conditions marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or generate spoken forms of language. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH]
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Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinal Cord Injuries: Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., wounds, gunshot; whiplash injuries; etc.). [NIH] Spinal Nerve Roots: The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. [NIH] Spiral Lamina: The bony plate which extends outwards from the modiolus. It is part of the structure which divides trhe cochlea into sections. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Statistically significant: Describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups. The difference is said to be statistically significant if it is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stereotactic: Radiotherapy that treats brain tumors by using a special frame affixed directly to the patient's cranium. By aiming the X-ray source with respect to the rigid frame, technicians can position the beam extremely precisely during each treatment. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between
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the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strabismus: Deviation of the eye which the patient cannot overcome. The visual axes assume a position relative to each other different from that required by the physiological conditions. The various forms of strabismus are spoken of as tropias, their direction being indicated by the appropriate prefix, as cyclo tropia, esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, and hypotropia. Called also cast, heterotropia, manifest deviation, and squint. [EU] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striate: Recurrent branch of the anterior cerebral artery which supplies the anterior limb of the internal capsule. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH]
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Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic Vesicles: Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents. [NIH] Syncope: A temporary suspension of consciousness due to generalized cerebral schemia, a faint or swoon. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Synovitis: Inflammation of a synovial membrane. It is usually painful, particularly on motion, and is characterized by a fluctuating swelling due to effusion within a synovial sac. Synovitis is qualified as fibrinous, gonorrhoeal, hyperplastic, lipomatous, metritic, puerperal, rheumatic, scarlatinal, syphilitic, tuberculous, urethral, etc. [EU] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]
Syringomyelia: The presence in the spinal cord of elongated central fluid containing cavities surrounded by gliosis. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tamponade: The inserting of a tampon; a dressing is inserted firmly into a wound or body cavity, as the nose, uterus or vagina, principally for stopping hemorrhage. [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or
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mucous membranes. [NIH] Telecommunications: Transmission of information over distances via electronic means. [NIH]
Telemedicine: Delivery of health services via remote telecommunications. This includes interactive consultative and diagnostic services. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testimonials: Information provided by individuals who claim to have been helped or cured by a particular product. The information provided lacks the necessary elements to be evaluated in a rigorous and scientific manner and is not used in the scientific literature. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH]
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Timolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist similar in action to propranolol. The levo-isomer is the more active. Timolol has been proposed as an antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, antiangina, and antiglaucoma agent. It is also used in the treatment of migraine and tremor. [NIH]
Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Tonsils: Small masses of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]
Trabecular Meshwork: A porelike structure surrounding the entire circumference of the anterior chamber through which aqueous humor circulates to the canal of Schlemm. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tracheostomy: Surgical formation of an opening into the trachea through the neck, or the opening so created. [NIH] Trachoma: A chronic infection of the conjunctiva and cornea caused by Chlamydia
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trachomatis. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transducin: A heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein that mediates the light activation signal from photolyzed rhodopsin to cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase and is pivotal in the visual excitation process. Activation of rhodopsin on the outer membrane of rod and cone cells causes GTP to bind to transducin followed by dissociation of the alpha subunit-GTP complex from the beta/gamma subunits of transducin. The alpha subunit-GTP complex activates the cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of cyclic GMP to 5'-GMP. This leads to closure of the sodium and calcium channels and therefore hyperpolarization of the rod cells. EC 3.6.1.-. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocate: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trans-Splicing: The joining of RNA from two different genes. One type of trans-splicing is the "spliced leader" type (primarily found in protozoans such as trypanosomes and in lower invertebrates such as nematodes) which results in the addition of a capped, noncoding, spliced leader sequence to the 5' end of mRNAs. Another type of trans-splicing is the "discontinuous group II introns" type (found in plant/algal chloroplasts and plant mitochondria) which results in the joining of two independently transcribed coding sequences. Both are mechanistically similar to conventional nuclear pre-mRNA cis-splicing. Mammalian cells are also capable of trans-splicing. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of
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Parkinson disease. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Tropism: Directed movements and orientations found in plants, such as the turning of the sunflower to face the sun. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tubulin: A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from sperm flagella, cilia, and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to colchicine, vincristine, and vinblastine. [NIH] Tumor-derived: Taken from an individual's own tumor tissue; may be used in the development of a vaccine that enhances the body's ability to build an immune response to the tumor. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Umbilical Arteries: Either of a pair of arteries originating from the internal iliac artery and passing through the umbilical cord to carry blood from the fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilical Cord: The flexible structure, giving passage to the umbilical arteries and vein, which connects the embryo or fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilical cord blood: Blood from the placenta (afterbirth) that contains high concentrations of stem cells needed to produce new blood cells. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH]
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Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuole: A fluid-filled cavity within the cytoplasm of a cell. [NIH] Vagal: Pertaining to the vagus nerve. [EU] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilatation: A state of increased calibre of the blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide
322
Blindness
back for gas exchange. [NIH] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH]
Dictionary 323
Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Visual Cortex: Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. [NIH] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Visual Pathways: Set of cell bodies and nerve fibers conducting impulses from the eyes to the cerebral cortex. It includes the retina, optic nerve, optic tract, and geniculocalcarine tract. [NIH]
Visual Perception: The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience. [NIH] Visually Impaired Persons: Persons with loss of vision such that there is an impact on activities of daily living. [NIH] Vitiligo: A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. [NIH] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vitreous Humor: The transparent, colorless mass of gel that lies behind the lens and in front of the retina and fills the center of the eyeball. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Voltage-gated: It is opened by the altered charge distribution across the cell membrane. [NIH]
Volvulus: A twisting of the stomach or large intestine. May be caused by the stomach being in the wrong position, a foreign substance, or abnormal joining of one part of the stomach or intestine to another. Volvulus can lead to blockage, perforation, peritonitis, and poor blood flow. [NIH] Vomeronasal Organ: A specialized part of the olfactory system located anteriorly in the nasal cavity within the nasal septum. Chemosensitive cells of the vomeronasal organ project via the vomeronasal nerve to the accessory olfactory bulb. The primary function of this organ appears to be in sensing pheromones which regulate reproductive and other social behaviors. While the structure has been thought absent in higher primate adults, data now suggests it may be present in adult humans. [NIH]
324
Blindness
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic. [NIH] Xerophthalmia: Dryness of the eye surfaces caused by deficiency of tears or conjunctival secretions. It may be associated with vitamin A deficiency, trauma, or any condition in which the eyelids do not close completely. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zonules: The fibers that hold the lens suspended in position and enable it to change shape during accommodation. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
325
INDEX A Abdominal, 235, 236, 260, 280, 296, 298, 320 Abdominal Pain, 235, 280, 298, 320 Aberrant, 41, 58, 235 Acceptor, 235, 283, 295 Accommodation, 151, 167, 168, 235, 289, 324 Acculturation, 17, 235 Acetylcholine, 168, 235, 250, 292 Acidosis, 44, 235 Acne, 196, 235, 280 Acne Vulgaris, 235, 280 Acoustic, 235, 243, 304 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 161, 235 Acrylonitrile, 235, 309 Actin, 9, 16, 36, 235, 289 Activities of Daily Living, 130, 235, 323 Acuity, 25, 53, 54, 93, 152, 168, 234, 235, 254 Acupuncture Therapy, 113, 235 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 236 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 64, 236 Acute renal, 236, 274 Adaptability, 236, 249 Adaptation, 28, 42, 72, 236, 258, 292, 300 Adipocytes, 236, 255 Adipose Tissue, 143, 236 Adjustment, 131, 147, 153, 163, 179, 217, 235, 236, 258 Adjuvant, 236, 268, 270 Adrenal Cortex, 236, 256, 302 Adrenergic, 21, 151, 236, 238, 243, 244, 265, 281, 287, 303, 318 Adsorptive, 169, 170, 236 Adverse Effect, 152, 154, 184, 193, 236, 238, 280, 312 Aerobic, 236, 288, 309 Afferent, 236, 256, 294, 299, 314 Affinity, 40, 236, 237, 242, 283, 312 Agar, 237, 300 Age of Onset, 11, 20, 237, 320 Agnosia, 83, 182, 237 Agonist, 237, 244, 259, 292 Agoraphobia, 237, 299 Albinism, 187, 237 Albumin, 237, 287
Alexia, 237, 261 Algorithms, 237, 245 Alimentary, 148, 237, 296 Alkaline, 235, 237, 247 Alkaloid, 237, 252, 292, 305 Alkylating Agents, 237, 248 Alleles, 6, 9, 34, 53, 237, 274, 283 Allergen, 237, 259, 311 Alpha Particles, 238, 305 Alprenolol, 238, 287 Alternative medicine, 116, 196, 238 Alternative Splicing, 238, 303 Amaurosis, 19, 48, 166, 238 Amblyopia, 50, 144, 238 Ameliorating, 156, 238 Amenorrhea, 238, 240 Amino Acid Sequence, 166, 238, 240, 266, 270, 293 Amino Acids, 12, 34, 238, 242, 265, 270, 294, 297, 301, 304, 309, 311, 319 Amniotic Fluid, 238, 271 Amplification, 162, 238 Amputation, 149, 186, 188, 193, 238 Anaerobic, 238, 289 Anaesthesia, 82, 88, 238, 278 Anal, 239, 268, 284 Analgesic, 239, 283, 290, 305 Analog, 146, 239 Analogous, 46, 239, 319 Anaphylatoxins, 239, 254 Anaplasia, 239 Anatomical, 14, 28, 57, 136, 239, 243, 255, 263, 277, 310 Anemia, 123, 212, 239 Anesthesia, 66, 93, 187, 239, 263, 302 Aneurysm, 66, 239, 321 Angiitis, 64, 239 Angina, 239, 287, 303 Angina Pectoris, 239, 287, 303 Anginal, 238, 239, 292 Angiogenesis, 15, 25, 26, 31, 154, 239, 264, 285 Angiogenesis inhibitor, 154, 239, 264 Angioplasty, 97, 239 Animal model, 19, 25, 27, 30, 33, 44, 45, 48, 49, 51, 54, 58, 239 Anions, 237, 239, 280, 315 Aniridia, 187, 239
326
Blindness
Anisometropia, 50, 240 Anomalies, 181, 240, 317 Anorexia, 184, 240 Anorexia Nervosa, 184, 240 Anosognosia, 115, 240 Antagonism, 240, 260 Anterior Cerebral Artery, 240, 249, 315 Anterior chamber, 145, 240, 280, 318 Antiarrhythmic, 240, 283, 318 Antibacterial, 240, 313 Antibiotic, 42, 45, 55, 240, 243, 250, 265, 313, 317 Antibodies, 35, 240, 243, 265, 273, 285, 300 Antibody, 161, 237, 240, 253, 273, 275, 277, 278, 280, 286, 288, 306, 311, 313, 324 Anticoagulant, 68, 240, 303, 324 Antigen, 25, 35, 40, 51, 236, 240, 253, 259, 265, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 286, 311 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 240, 253 Antigen-presenting cell, 40, 240, 259 Antihypertensive, 238, 240, 281, 292, 318 Anti-infective, 240, 268, 275 Anti-Infective Agents, 240, 268 Anti-inflammatory, 42, 159, 241, 242, 256, 271, 310 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 241, 242, 256 Antineoplastic, 161, 237, 241, 245, 256, 322 Antioxidant, 27, 49, 156, 159, 241, 295, 296 Antiproliferative, 161, 241 Antipyretic, 241, 305 Antiviral, 21, 160, 241, 279 Anuria, 241, 281 Anxiety, 184, 193, 241, 299, 303 Anxiety Disorders, 184, 241 Aperture, 150, 241, 305 Aphakia, 241, 308 Aphasia, 181, 182, 241 Aponeurosis, 241, 269 Apoptosis, 7, 12, 18, 25, 26, 30, 32, 39, 51, 241, 248 Applicability, 150, 241 Apraxia, 181, 182, 241 Aqueous, 145, 152, 241, 244, 251, 258, 263, 275, 282, 301, 318 Aqueous fluid, 241, 301 Aqueous humor, 145, 152, 241, 251, 318 Arginine, 239, 241, 292 Argon, 135, 136, 242 Aromatic, 141, 242, 315 Arrestin, 52, 242 Arrhythmia, 240, 242, 322 Arterial, 143, 242, 249, 276, 303, 316
Arteries, 4, 8, 242, 245, 248, 255, 256, 284, 287, 289, 292, 320 Arterioles, 242, 245, 247, 292 Arteritis, 4, 82, 182, 242, 301 Articular, 242, 295 Articulation, 242, 261 Aseptic, 242, 295, 314 Aspartic, 51, 242, 264 Aspartic Acid, 51, 242 Aspirin, 135, 242 Assay, 28, 53, 242 Astigmatism, 167, 242, 307 Astringents, 242, 287 Astrocytes, 26, 37, 242, 271 Astrocytoma, 37, 242 Asymptomatic, 185, 242, 268 Ataxia, 180, 211, 212, 242, 317 Atenolol, 152, 243 Atmospheric Pressure, 243, 275 Atrial, 63, 80, 243, 324 Atrial Fibrillation, 80, 243, 324 Atrium, 243, 322 Atrophy, 79, 156, 211, 212, 243 Auditory, 11, 110, 114, 117, 129, 146, 182, 187, 243, 273, 321 Auditory nerve, 146, 243 Autoantibodies, 22, 243 Autoantigens, 243 Autoimmune disease, 35, 40, 243, 289 Autonomic, 180, 235, 243, 256, 271, 292, 298, 314 Autopsy, 5, 243 Axonal, 29, 43, 243 Axons, 27, 29, 151, 243, 290, 294, 298, 308, 314 Azithromycin, 56, 62, 243 B Babesiosis, 243, 305 Backcross, 6, 243 Bacterial Physiology, 236, 243 Bacteriophage, 10, 243, 300, 319, 323 Bacterium, 48, 244, 274, 318 Basal Ganglia, 243, 244, 250, 269 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 243, 244, 250 Base, 19, 33, 46, 149, 244, 257, 259, 266, 270, 281, 317 Base Sequence, 244, 257, 270 Basement Membrane, 15, 35, 155, 244, 266, 281 Basilar Membrane, 146, 244 Basophils, 244, 272, 282
Index 327
Benign, 37, 64, 244, 256, 269, 270, 273, 290, 306, 310 Betaxolol, 152, 244 Bewilderment, 244, 254 Bifida, 244 Bilateral, 61, 64, 80, 85, 90, 93, 96, 111, 244, 296, 308 Bile, 124, 244, 269, 283, 314 Bioavailability, 161, 244 Biochemical, 8, 12, 14, 23, 32, 33, 38, 42, 44, 48, 57, 58, 148, 237, 244, 245, 250, 281, 295, 311 Biochemical reactions, 148, 244 Bioengineering, 10, 206, 244 Biological response modifier, 245, 279 Biological therapy, 245, 272 Biological Transport, 245, 260 Biopsy, 4, 245 Biosynthesis, 245, 250, 303, 311 Biotechnology, 58, 59, 148, 179, 196, 207, 210, 211, 212, 213, 245 Biphasic, 163, 245 Birth Order, 17, 245 Bladder, 40, 245, 269, 277, 289, 291, 303, 321 Bleomycin, 113, 245 Blood Coagulation, 245, 247, 317 Blood Glucose, 3, 29, 62, 157, 245, 274, 279 Blood pressure, 27, 185, 193, 240, 245, 248, 276, 288, 292, 298, 313 Blood vessel, 44, 154, 160, 164, 185, 239, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 251, 255, 261, 263, 264, 267, 274, 280, 283, 285, 287, 297, 298, 299, 302, 308, 312, 313, 315, 316, 317, 321 Blood-Retinal Barrier, 16, 41, 245 Blot, 16, 27, 245 Body Fluids, 245, 246, 313 Bone Marrow, 116, 236, 245, 246, 257, 272, 277, 284, 285, 288, 313, 315 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 116, 246 Bone metastases, 246, 269 Bone scan, 246, 310 Bowel, 40, 183, 239, 246, 260, 278, 279, 291, 315, 320 Bowel Movement, 246, 260, 315 Brachytherapy, 246, 279, 280, 306, 324 Bradykinin, 246, 292 Branch, 22, 48, 231, 246, 258, 262, 285, 294, 297, 304, 305, 308, 313, 315, 317 Breakdown, 31, 246, 260, 269, 294 Bronchial, 246, 275
Bronchopulmonary, 23, 246 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, 23, 246 Bulimia, 184, 246 Bupivacaine, 246, 283 Burns, 234, 246 Burns, Electric, 246 Bypass, 102, 105, 246 C Calcineurin, 39, 246 Calcium, 40, 157, 162, 187, 246, 247, 253, 260, 268, 269, 275, 285, 292, 312, 319, 322 Calcium channel blocker, 247, 292, 322 Calcium Channel Blockers, 247, 292 Calcium Channels, 157, 247, 319 Calmodulin, 246, 247, 268 Cannabis, 60, 92, 247 Capillary, 15, 246, 247, 271, 322 Capsular, 158, 247 Capsules, 247, 261, 270, 271 Carbohydrate, 247, 256, 293, 301, 311 Carbon Dioxide, 247, 257, 268, 300, 307, 321 Carboxy, 34, 52, 143, 247 Carcinogen, 154, 247 Carcinogenic, 237, 247, 278, 293, 303, 314 Cardiac, 80, 82, 85, 240, 243, 247, 251, 262, 265, 283, 287, 289, 314 Cardiac catheterization, 82, 247 Cardioselective, 243, 244, 247, 303 Cardiovascular, 82, 186, 247, 248, 311 Cardiovascular disease, 186, 248 Carmustine, 111, 248 Carnitine, 38, 248 Carotene, 117, 120, 124, 200, 248, 308 Carotenoids, 8, 124, 148, 171, 248 Carotid Arteries, 8, 248 Case report, 4, 63, 64, 68, 86, 90, 94, 97, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 112, 115, 117, 248, 252 Caspase, 12, 30, 32, 39, 248 Catecholamine, 248, 259 Catheterization, 82, 239, 248 Caudal, 248, 276, 301 Cavernous Sinus, 66, 248, 308 Celiac Disease, 81, 121, 248 Cell Adhesion, 37, 248, 279 Cell Count, 16, 248 Cell Cycle, 94, 248, 251, 257, 321 Cell Death, 17, 18, 25, 30, 31, 32, 39, 43, 48, 52, 56, 157, 241, 249, 290 Cell Differentiation, 249, 312
328
Blindness
Cell Division, 161, 211, 243, 248, 249, 258, 272, 286, 288, 300, 303, 310 Cell membrane, 27, 245, 247, 249, 250, 254, 259, 265, 269, 299, 313, 323 Cell Polarity, 7, 249 Cell proliferation, 27, 37, 38, 154, 249, 312 Cell Survival, 249, 272 Cellular Structures, 249, 288 Central Nervous System, 40, 170, 180, 235, 246, 247, 249, 269, 273, 289, 294, 301, 311 Central Nervous System Infections, 249, 273 Central retinal artery, 70, 249, 308 Ceramide, 12, 249 Cerebellar, 77, 243, 249, 306, 319 Cerebellum, 249, 256, 301, 306 Cerebral Infarction, 81, 249 Cerebral Palsy, 22, 180, 181, 186, 249 Cerebrovascular, 136, 180, 244, 247, 248, 249, 292, 317 Cerebrum, 249, 256, 320 Ceroid, 12, 38, 43, 249, 283 Cerulenin, 143, 250 Cervical, 73, 250, 299 Cervix, 250 Character, 48, 239, 250, 258, 271, 306 Chemokines, 40, 250 Chemotactic Factors, 250, 254 Chemotaxis, 40, 250 Chemotherapy, 14, 100, 102, 103, 105, 113, 118, 160, 192, 250 Chlamydia, 9, 10, 55, 160, 161, 250, 295, 318 Chloride Channels, 51, 250 Chlorophyll, 250, 257 Chloroplasts, 250, 257, 319 Cholesterol, 244, 250, 256, 262, 276, 283, 284, 310, 314 Cholinergic, 250, 292 Chorea, 180, 250 Choreatic Disorders, 250 Choriocapillaris, 16, 158, 165, 250 Chorioretinitis, 88, 251, 308 Choroid, 25, 145, 158, 164, 165, 250, 251, 307, 308, 321 Choroidal Neovascularization, 25, 26, 47, 251 Choroiditis, 183, 251 Chromatin, 12, 241, 251, 265, 291 Chromosomal, 238, 251, 309 Chromosome, 6, 20, 22, 28, 34, 48, 83, 166, 251, 270, 283, 310, 319
Chronic renal, 251, 286, 301 Ciliary, 17, 144, 169, 241, 251, 311, 321 Ciliary Body, 169, 251, 311, 321 Ciliary muscles, 144, 169, 251 Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor, 17, 251 Ciliary processes, 241, 251 Cilium, 151, 251 Cinchona, 251, 305 Circadian, 49, 251 Circulatory system, 251, 279 CIS, 42, 59, 251, 308, 319 Cisplatin, 111, 113, 251 Clamp, 51, 252 Clathrin, 9, 252 Claudication, 156, 182, 252 Clinical Medicine, 49, 252 Clinical study, 252, 255 Clinical trial, 6, 19, 26, 36, 41, 116, 133, 135, 137, 185, 207, 252, 257, 304, 306 Clone, 6, 252 Cloning, 22, 28, 37, 245, 252 Coagulation, 41, 160, 245, 252, 274, 282, 317, 324 Coated Vesicles, 252 Cochlea, 146, 252, 278, 314 Cochlear, 5, 71, 252, 322 Cochlear Implants, 5, 252 Cochlear Nerve, 252, 322 Cofactor, 252, 303, 317 Cognition, 63, 76, 78, 81, 89, 91, 110, 111, 114, 252 Colchicine, 252, 320 Coliphages, 244, 253 Colitis, 183, 253, 280 Collagen, 13, 244, 253, 266, 267, 270, 285, 300, 302, 310 Collagen disease, 253, 310 Collapse, 246, 253 Color Perception, 163, 253 Color Vision Defects, 147, 253 Combination chemotherapy, 42, 253 Combinatorial, 40, 253 Communication Disorders, 137, 182, 206, 253 Complement, 160, 239, 253, 254, 270, 279, 311 Complementary and alternative medicine, 109, 125, 254 Complementary medicine, 109, 254 Computational Biology, 207, 210, 254 Computed tomography, 254, 310 Computer Simulation, 55, 254
Index 329
Computerized axial tomography, 254, 310 Cone, 18, 33, 45, 47, 48, 57, 60, 142, 146, 148, 162, 187, 253, 254, 299, 319 Cone cells, 146, 148, 254, 319 Cones (Retina), 253, 254 Confusion, 169, 254, 260, 320 Congenita, 254, 305 Conjugated, 154, 254, 257 Conjunctiva, 163, 254, 281, 284, 310, 318, 320 Conjunctivitis, 10, 183, 254 Connective Tissue, 27, 245, 253, 254, 255, 268, 269, 270, 284, 287, 298, 304, 309 Connective Tissue Cells, 27, 254, 255 Consciousness, 70, 76, 169, 239, 255, 259, 261, 274, 316 Constipation, 255, 269, 280, 298 Constitutional, 255, 289, 308 Constrict, 170, 255 Constriction, 255, 280, 309, 321 Constriction, Pathologic, 255, 321 Consultation, 185, 255 Consumption, 155, 255, 259, 307 Contraindications, ii, 255 Contralateral, 255, 294, 306 Contrast Sensitivity, 25, 164, 255, 294 Controlled clinical trial, 56, 255 Contusion, 84, 255 Convulsions, 255, 262, 302 Coordination, 217, 249, 255, 289 Corneal Neovascularization, 13, 31, 255 Corneal Stroma, 255 Corneal Transplantation, 42, 217, 255 Corneal Ulcer, 102, 105, 116, 255 Coronary, 10, 29, 73, 97, 143, 239, 248, 255, 256, 283, 287, 289, 292 Coronary Angiography, 73, 97, 256 Coronary heart disease, 10, 248, 256 Coronary Thrombosis, 256, 287, 289 Cortex, 11, 53, 55, 63, 75, 110, 111, 116, 146, 158, 238, 241, 243, 256, 266, 267, 306, 323 Cortices, 11, 256, 273 Corticosteroid, 256, 302 Cortisol, 154, 237, 256 Cost-benefit, 72, 256 Cost-Benefit Analysis, 72, 256 Cranial Nerves, 180, 256 Craniocerebral Trauma, 244, 256, 273, 317 Craniopharyngioma, 5, 256 Cribriform, 257, 293 Crowns, 257
Cryptosporidiosis, 243, 257 Cues, 11, 181, 257 Curative, 257, 317 Cutaneous, 117, 257, 276, 304 Cyanobacteria, 8, 257 Cyclic, 33, 247, 257, 273, 292, 299, 319 Cyclin, 19, 257 Cyclosporine, 116, 257 Cyst, 5, 257 Cystatins, 14, 257 Cysteine, 14, 44, 125, 250, 257, 264 Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors, 257 Cystine, 257 Cytochrome, 30, 39, 257 Cytogenetics, 258, 309 Cytokine, 23, 258 Cytoplasm, 9, 241, 244, 249, 258, 264, 265, 266, 272, 288, 291, 309, 316, 321 Cytoskeletal Proteins, 252, 258 Cytoskeleton, 9, 258, 279 Cytotoxic, 27, 258, 277, 306, 312 Cytotoxicity, 251, 258 D Dairy Products, 171, 258, 310 Dark Adaptation, 54, 258 Databases, Bibliographic, 207, 258 De novo, 143, 258 Defense Mechanisms, 258, 279 Deferoxamine, 161, 258 Degenerative, 17, 27, 34, 51, 78, 223, 258, 271, 274, 285, 289, 295, 308 Deletion, 51, 241, 258 Delivery of Health Care, 4, 258, 273 Dementia, 157, 193, 235, 258 Dendrites, 259, 291, 293 Dendritic, 40, 259, 286, 308 Dendritic cell, 40, 259 Density, 53, 259, 262, 283, 294, 313 Dental Care, 186, 259 Dental Caries, 186, 259 Dentists, 4, 259 Deoxyribonucleotides, 161, 259 Depigmentation, 259, 323 Depolarization, 259, 312 Depressive Disorder, 259, 283 Deprivation, 12, 43, 53, 110, 111, 116, 117, 119, 238, 259 Dermatitis, 154, 259 Dermatosis, 259, 268 Desensitization, 57, 259 Desquamation, 259, 288 Developed Countries, 6, 50, 259, 268
330
Blindness
Developing Countries, 100, 103, 112, 259 Dexfenfluramine, 143, 259 Diabetes Insipidus, 5, 73, 259 Diabetes Mellitus, 15, 17, 24, 121, 135, 157, 186, 194, 260, 271, 274 Diabetic Retinopathy, 4, 15, 25, 30, 41, 135, 140, 154, 159, 163, 174, 185, 188, 192, 260, 299 Diagnostic procedure, 139, 192, 197, 260 Diagnostic Services, 260, 317 Diaphragm, 151, 260, 299 Diarrhea, 257, 260, 269, 280 Diastolic, 260, 276 Diffusion, 54, 245, 260, 278 Digestion, 237, 244, 246, 260, 279, 283, 314 Digestive system, 137, 260 Dihydrotestosterone, 260, 306 Dilatation, 239, 260, 302, 321 Dilation, 168, 246, 260, 321 Diltiazem, 157, 260 Dimethyl, 260, 292 Direct, iii, 32, 54, 146, 166, 199, 249, 252, 260, 298, 305, 306, 316 Discrimination, 11, 13, 130, 140, 146, 147, 260 Disease Progression, 29, 38, 41, 260 Disorientation, 169, 170, 254, 260, 261 Dissection, 62, 260 Dissociation, 236, 260, 319 Distal, 11, 243, 261, 262, 298, 304 Dizziness, 261, 322 Dominance, 182, 261 Dorsal, 261, 291, 301, 314 Dorsum, 261, 269 Dosage Forms, 156, 261, 298 Drive, ii, vi, 49, 99, 182, 261 Drug Interactions, 200, 201, 261 Drusen, 25, 47, 261 Dura mater, 248, 261, 265, 286, 296 Dyes, 244, 261, 268, 291, 298 Dysarthria, 181, 261 Dysgerminoma, 113, 261 Dyskinesia, 261 Dyslexia, 181, 261 Dyslipidemia, 15, 261 Dysphagia, 186, 262 Dysplasia, 212, 218, 262 Dystrophy, 51, 166, 187, 211, 262 E Eclampsia, 66, 74, 93, 262, 302 Ectoderm, 262, 291 Edema, 64, 136, 260, 262, 302
Effector, 235, 253, 262, 299 Efficacy, 19, 22, 26, 36, 40, 49, 50, 130, 135, 184, 185, 262 Effusion, 262, 316 Elastin, 253, 262, 266 Elective, 35, 119, 262 Electric shock, 262 Electrocoagulation, 252, 262 Electrode, 46, 158, 159, 165, 262 Electrolysis, 165, 239, 262 Electrolyte, 256, 262, 281, 301, 313 Electrons, 241, 244, 262, 280, 295, 305, 306 Electrophysiological, 33, 45, 81, 114, 262 Electroretinogram, 15, 28, 45, 262 Emaciation, 235, 262 Emboli, 90, 262, 263, 324 Embolism, 263, 305, 324 Embolization, 90, 263, 324 Embolus, 64, 263, 278 Embryo, 249, 262, 263, 267, 278, 320 Empiric, 16, 263 Emulsion, 263, 268 Enamel, 259, 263 Encapsulated, 75, 263 Encephalitis, 154, 263 Encephalitis, Viral, 263 Encephalocele, 263, 291 Encephalopathy, 180, 263 Endarterectomy, 87, 239, 263 Endemic, 55, 56, 263, 314 Endocytosis, 9, 263 Endometrial, 264 Endometriosis, 154, 264 Endometrium, 264 Endopeptidases, 257, 264, 303 Endophthalmitis, 45, 264 Endostatin, 13, 264 Endothelial cell, 13, 15, 16, 25, 26, 154, 159, 160, 245, 264, 267, 317 Endothelium, 159, 160, 264, 292 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 264 Endothelium, Vascular, 264 Endothelium-derived, 264, 292 Endotoxins, 253, 264 End-stage renal, 186, 251, 264, 286, 301 Enhancer, 21, 196, 264 Environmental Exposure, 264, 293 Environmental Health, 206, 208, 264 Enzymatic, 31, 247, 248, 253, 259, 264, 267, 275, 296, 308 Eosinophils, 75, 265, 272, 282 Epidemic, 36, 265, 314
Index 331
Epidemiological, 8, 55, 265 Epidural, 97, 265, 301 Epidural Space, 265, 301 Epinephrine, 236, 265, 292 Epiretinal Membrane, 58, 265 Episcleritis, 183, 265, 310 Epithelial, 9, 25, 27, 57, 89, 245, 251, 255, 259, 265, 274, 281 Epithelial Cells, 9, 25, 265, 274, 281 Epithelium, 26, 57, 155, 244, 264, 265, 280, 296, 308, 309 Epitopes, 35, 265 Erythrocytes, 239, 243, 245, 265, 306, 311 Erythromycin, 243, 265 Esophagus, 35, 260, 265, 298, 315 Esotropia, 265, 315 Essential Tremor, 211, 265 Ethanol, 265, 267 Ethmoid, 265, 293 Ethnic Groups, 186, 266 Eukaryote, 266, 302 Eukaryotic Cells, 9, 258, 266, 277, 295 Evacuation, 255, 266 Evoke, 266, 314 Excimer laser, 192, 266 Excipients, 266, 268, 298 Excitation, 42, 266, 319 Excitotoxicity, 156, 266 Excrete, 241, 266, 281 Exogenous, 257, 266, 270, 303, 320 Exon, 24, 238, 266 Exophthalmos, 266, 303 Exotropia, 266, 315 Extensor, 266, 304, 323 External-beam radiation, 266, 280, 306, 324 Extracellular, 30, 31, 38, 57, 242, 254, 255, 263, 266, 267, 279, 285, 303, 313 Extracellular Matrix, 30, 31, 57, 254, 255, 266, 267, 279, 285 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 266, 285 Extracellular Space, 266, 267 Extraction, 171, 241, 267, 308 Extremity, 85, 186, 267, 296 Exudate, 251, 267 Eye Color, 169, 267 Eye Movements, 46, 267 F Facial, 65, 180, 267, 294 Facial Pain, 180, 267 Facial Paralysis, 180, 267 Family Planning, 207, 267
Farsightedness, 168, 267, 276 Fat, 143, 236, 245, 248, 249, 256, 263, 267, 283, 289, 293, 309, 310, 313 Fatty acids, 15, 237, 267 Fenfluramine, 259, 267 Fermentation, 148, 267, 269 Fetal Development, 267, 291 Fetus, 267, 300, 320, 321 Fibrin, 245, 267, 298, 317 Fibrinolysis, 160, 267 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 17, 44, 267 Fibroblasts, 26, 31, 255, 267 Fibrosis, 88, 212, 268, 310 Filariasis, 14, 23, 79, 122, 268 Filarioidea, 268, 281 Fistula, 90, 268 Fixation, 50, 268, 311 Flatus, 268, 269 Flavoring Agents, 268, 298 Flunarizine, 157, 268 Fluorescein Angiography, 136, 268 Follow-Up Studies, 23, 268 Food Additives, 148, 268 Food Coloring Agents, 268 Food Preservatives, 268, 269 Forearm, 245, 269 Fossa, 85, 249, 269 Fovea, 50, 268, 269 Frontal Lobe, 110, 240, 249, 269 Functional Disorders, 32, 269 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 11, 77, 269 Fundus, 25, 47, 136, 181, 269, 294 Fungi, 264, 269, 287, 289, 324 G Gallbladder, 235, 260, 269 Gallium, 160, 161, 269 Gallium nitrate, 161, 269 Ganglia, 235, 244, 269, 290, 298, 314 Ganglion, 18, 32, 39, 43, 151, 159, 162, 165, 252, 269, 291, 294, 308, 322 Gangrene, 156, 269 Gap Junctions, 269, 316 Gastric, 248, 261, 269, 275 Gastrin, 269, 275 Gastrointestinal, 198, 246, 265, 269, 270, 311, 313 Gastrointestinal tract, 265, 270, 311, 313 Gelatin, 270, 271 Gels, 51, 270 Gene Expression, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 23, 26, 34, 37, 49, 212, 270
332
Blindness
Gene Targeting, 30, 270 Generator, 167, 270 Genes, mos, 22, 270 Genetic Code, 270, 293 Genetic Counseling, 187, 270 Genetic Engineering, 245, 252, 270 Genetics, 18, 33, 48, 49, 79, 94, 187, 258, 261, 270, 288 Genital, 10, 23, 119, 270 Genotype, 15, 22, 57, 270, 299 Germ cell tumors, 261, 270 Germ Cells, 48, 261, 270, 286, 293, 313, 317 Gestation, 23, 270, 300, 302 Gestational, 23, 270 Gestational Age, 23, 270 Gland, 85, 236, 266, 271, 284, 296, 300, 303, 304, 310, 314, 317 Glare, 271 Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, 37, 271 Gliosis, 271, 316 Glomerular, 271, 281, 292, 307 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 271, 281, 292 Glomeruli, 271, 286, 293 Glomerulonephritis, 73, 88, 271 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 267, 271 Glucocorticoid, 271, 302 Glucose, 15, 29, 184, 185, 186, 211, 245, 260, 271, 272, 273, 279, 309 Glucose Intolerance, 260, 271 Glucuronic Acid, 271, 274 Glutamate, 32, 266, 271 Glutathione Peroxidase, 27, 271 Gluten, 248, 271 Glycine, 51, 271, 311 Glycogen, 250, 272 Glycoprotein, 88, 272, 281, 317 Glycosaminoglycans, 266, 272, 304 Goats, 258, 272 Gonad, 261, 272 Gonadal, 272, 314 Governing Board, 272, 302 Gp120, 157, 272 Grade, 15, 19, 25, 210, 261, 272 Grading, 8, 25, 272 Graft, 72, 97, 272, 275, 277 Graft-versus-host disease, 72, 272 Gram-negative, 250, 257, 272, 289, 309 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 257, 272 Gram-positive, 45, 272 Granulocytes, 272, 312, 324 Gravis, 180, 272
Growth, 12, 14, 16, 18, 25, 37, 38, 41, 44, 58, 136, 143, 154, 155, 185, 186, 211, 239, 240, 241, 249, 259, 264, 267, 272, 276, 279, 285, 288, 290, 293, 295, 300, 310, 313, 317, 320, 321, 323 Growth factors, 18, 25, 38, 44, 58, 155, 272 Guanylate Cyclase, 48, 273, 292 H Habitual, 186, 250, 273 Half-Life, 24, 273 Handedness, 133, 273 Haptens, 237, 273 Headache, 4, 114, 182, 233, 273 Headache Disorders, 273 Health Care Costs, 29, 273 Health Expenditures, 273 Health Promotion, 72, 185, 273 Health Services, 258, 273, 317 Hearing Disorders, 253, 273 Heart attack, 248, 273 Hematuria, 273, 286 Heme, 257, 273 Hemiparesis, 80, 273 Hemodialysis, 273, 281 Hemoglobin, 239, 265, 273, 274, 280, 282 Hemoglobinuria, 211, 274 Hemolytic, 80, 274 Hemorrhage, 185, 256, 262, 273, 274, 299, 315, 316, 323 Hemostasis, 274, 279, 311 Heparin, 154, 274 Hepatic, 54, 73, 237, 274 Hepatic Encephalopathy, 73, 274 Hepatitis, 88, 160, 161, 274 Hepatocytes, 274 Hereditary, 15, 33, 36, 38, 162, 186, 239, 250, 274, 289, 300, 308 Heredity, 20, 187, 235, 270, 274 Herpes, 6, 21, 160, 274 Herpes virus, 160, 274 Herpes Zoster, 274 Heterodimers, 274, 279 Heterogeneity, 22, 160, 162, 237, 274 Heterotropia, 274, 315 Heterozygotes, 57, 261, 274 Histamine, 239, 268, 275 Histology, 23, 31, 49, 275 Homeostasis, 160, 169, 275 Homologous, 14, 31, 33, 162, 237, 257, 270, 274, 275, 310, 311, 316, 319 Homozygotes, 261, 275 Hookworms, 23, 275
Index 333
Hormonal, 243, 256, 275 Hormone, 143, 256, 265, 269, 275, 278, 302, 309, 312, 313, 317 Host, 9, 10, 37, 42, 45, 48, 55, 148, 243, 253, 265, 275, 276, 277, 309, 322 Human Development, 48, 206, 275 Hybrid, 243, 252, 275 Hybridization, 275, 288 Hydrogen, 235, 244, 247, 266, 271, 275, 283, 288, 291, 295, 304, 315 Hydrogen Peroxide, 271, 275, 283, 315 Hydrolysis, 242, 251, 275, 299, 301, 304, 319 Hydroxylysine, 253, 275 Hydroxyproline, 253, 275 Hyperaemia, 254, 275 Hyperbaric, 27, 275 Hyperbaric oxygen, 27, 275 Hypercalcemia, 269, 275 Hypercholesterolemia, 156, 261, 276 Hyperglycemia, 15, 143, 185, 276 Hyperlipidemia, 157, 262, 276 Hyperopia, 162, 168, 267, 276, 307 Hyperoxia, 36, 44, 276 Hypersensitivity, 237, 259, 276, 309, 311 Hypertension, 85, 122, 143, 157, 247, 248, 273, 276, 287, 302, 303 Hyperthermia, 21, 276 Hypertriglyceridemia, 262, 276 Hypertrophy, 15, 276 Hypesthesia, 276, 291 Hypnotic, 78, 110, 115, 118, 276 Hypoglossal Nerve, 180, 276 Hypogonadism, 187, 276 Hypothalamus, 256, 276, 300, 313 Hypovitaminosis, 101, 104, 276 I Id, 106, 120, 217, 220, 222, 230, 232, 276 Idiopathic, 180, 276 Illusion, 276, 322 Immaturity, 36, 276 Immune response, 6, 236, 240, 243, 255, 256, 273, 276, 277, 310, 311, 320, 322, 323 Immune system, 94, 240, 245, 276, 277, 285, 289, 298, 321, 324 Immunity, 6, 34, 235, 276 Immunization, 276, 277, 311 Immunocompromised, 160, 277 Immunodeficiency, 56, 157, 161, 193, 211, 235, 277 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 193, 277 Immunoglobulin, 240, 277, 288
Immunologic, 250, 270, 276, 277, 306 Immunology, 57, 75, 236, 277 Immunophilin, 246, 277 Immunosuppressant, 39, 237, 277 Immunosuppressive, 246, 271, 277, 310 Immunosuppressive Agents, 277, 310 Immunotherapy, 245, 259, 277 Implant radiation, 277, 279, 280, 306, 324 Impotence, 184, 193, 277 In situ, 38, 277 In Situ Hybridization, 38, 277 In vitro, 7, 13, 14, 25, 32, 37, 40, 41, 42, 49, 57, 58, 277 In vivo, 7, 13, 14, 19, 24, 26, 27, 32, 34, 37, 38, 40, 42, 49, 59, 154, 274, 277, 295 Incision, 277, 280 Incontinence, 40, 277 Incubation, 277, 282 Incubation period, 277, 282 Indicative, 174, 277, 297, 321 Induction, 15, 18, 278 Infancy, 52, 278 Infantile, 43, 79, 187, 278 Infarction, 183, 249, 278 Infertility, 10, 278 Infiltration, 271, 278, 302 Inflammatory bowel disease, 183, 278 Ingestion, 51, 148, 170, 171, 278, 287, 301 Inhalation, 278, 295, 301 Initiation, 24, 42, 52, 278 Initiator, 24, 278 Inlay, 278, 307 Inner ear, 146, 278 Innervation, 276, 278, 305 Inorganic, 251, 278, 289 Inotropic, 243, 278 Insight, 19, 24, 28, 30, 87, 174, 278 Insulator, 278, 289 Insulin, 4, 22, 44, 143, 185, 186, 278, 279, 280, 320 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 143, 279 Insulin-like, 44, 279 Integrins, 36, 279 Interferon, 88, 279, 285 Interferon-alpha, 279 Intermittent, 156, 194, 279 Internal radiation, 279, 280, 306, 324 Interstitial, 246, 255, 267, 279, 280, 307, 324 Intervertebral, 279, 284, 306 Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 279, 284, 306
334
Blindness
Intestinal, 248, 257, 279, 285 Intestine, 246, 279, 282, 323 Intoxication, 61, 180, 279 Intracellular, 9, 10, 30, 33, 36, 38, 48, 157, 160, 161, 247, 249, 252, 278, 279, 292, 301, 312 Intracranial Pressure, 180, 279 Intramuscular, 279, 296 Intraocular, 17, 18, 25, 26, 29, 39, 40, 45, 82, 84, 144, 151, 264, 279, 293 Intraocular pressure, 18, 25, 26, 29, 39, 40, 151, 279, 293 Intravenous, 161, 183, 268, 279, 296 Intrinsic, 18, 51, 237, 244, 280 Introns, 280, 319 Invasive, 40, 54, 276, 280, 285 Invertebrates, 280, 319 Involuntary, 244, 250, 265, 280, 289, 307 Ion Channels, 33, 242, 280, 316 Ions, 244, 247, 250, 260, 262, 275, 280, 313 Iris, 30, 89, 151, 164, 239, 240, 255, 267, 280, 301, 305, 321 Irradiation, 21, 155, 280, 324 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 269, 280 Ischemia, 27, 32, 239, 243, 280 Islet, 22, 280 Isoelectric, 43, 280 Isoleucine, 51, 280 Isotretinoin, 59, 101, 104, 280 Ivermectin, 14, 94, 100, 103, 200, 280 J Joint, 193, 242, 281, 295, 301, 314, 315, 316 K Kb, 21, 22, 206, 281 Keratitis, 6, 42, 59, 183, 255, 281 Keratoconjunctivitis, 255, 281 Keratolytic, 259, 281 Kidney Disease, 89, 137, 184, 185, 188, 206, 212, 281 Kidney Failure, 22, 29, 264, 281 Kidney Failure, Acute, 281 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 281 Kinetics, 18, 24, 247, 281 Kinetoplastida, 24, 281 Krypton, 136, 281 L Labetalol, 152, 281 Labile, 154, 253, 281 Labyrinth, 252, 278, 281, 303, 311, 322 Lactation, 84, 281 Lag, 29, 151, 281 Laminin, 244, 266, 281
Language Disorders, 253, 281 Language Tests, 182, 282 Large Intestine, 260, 279, 282, 306, 312, 323 Laryngeal, 35, 282 Laryngectomy, 64, 282 Larynx, 282, 318, 321 Laser Surgery, 192, 282 Laser therapy, 140, 282 Latency, 21, 41, 282 Latent, 21, 41, 282 Legal blindness, 16, 181, 282 Lentivirus, 19, 49, 282 Leprosy, 61, 68, 282 Lesion, 28, 55, 271, 282, 284, 311, 320 Lethal, 48, 282 Leucine, 161, 162, 282 Leukemia, 161, 211, 282 Leukocytes, 15, 244, 245, 250, 265, 272, 279, 282, 288, 291 Leukoencephalopathy, 88, 283 Levo, 156, 283, 318 Levobunolol, 152, 283 Library Services, 230, 283 Lidocaine, 93, 283 Lidoflazine, 157, 283 Life cycle, 9, 245, 269, 283 Ligament, 283, 303, 314 Ligands, 279, 283 Linkage, 20, 22, 187, 283 Linkage Disequilibrium, 22, 283 Lipid, 8, 9, 27, 43, 156, 249, 279, 283, 289, 296 Lipid Peroxidation, 27, 283, 296 Lipofuscin, 43, 51, 250, 283 Lipophilic, 41, 283 Lipoprotein, 261, 272, 283, 284 Lithium, 70, 283 Liver, 65, 78, 143, 187, 235, 237, 244, 248, 260, 263, 269, 271, 272, 274, 283, 284, 310 Liver scan, 283, 310 Loa, 283, 284 Lobe, 249, 284 Lobsters, 8, 284 Local Government, 86, 284 Localization, 12, 30, 34, 36, 182, 187, 284 Localized, 28, 259, 263, 268, 278, 281, 284, 300, 320 Locomotion, 251, 284, 300 Loiasis, 79, 122, 284 Longitudinal study, 23, 284 Low Back Pain, 189, 284
Index 335
Low vision, 5, 10, 60, 70, 78, 81, 86, 87, 100, 103, 181, 194, 284 Low-density lipoprotein, 156, 262, 283, 284 Luciferase, 22, 24, 284 Lumbar, 97, 279, 284 Lung Transplantation, 90, 284 Lymph, 40, 239, 250, 251, 261, 264, 284, 285, 290, 304 Lymph node, 40, 250, 261, 284, 285, 290, 304 Lymphatic, 23, 122, 264, 278, 284, 285, 287, 313 Lymphatic system, 284, 285, 313 Lymphoblasts, 236, 285 Lymphocyte, 235, 240, 285, 286 Lymphocyte Count, 235, 285 Lymphocytic, 285 Lymphoid, 40, 240, 285, 318 Lymphoma, 62, 112, 211, 285 Lymphosarcoma, 102, 105, 118, 285 Lytic, 285, 287, 323 M Macrophage, 37, 40, 285 Macula, 8, 47, 50, 136, 170, 250, 269, 285 Macula Lutea, 285 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 54, 285, 310 Malabsorption, 122, 211, 248, 285 Malignancy, 261, 266, 285, 296 Malignant, 37, 117, 211, 235, 241, 256, 261, 270, 285, 290, 306, 309 Malignant tumor, 37, 285 Malnutrition, 237, 243, 285, 289 Mammary, 285, 304 Manic, 283, 285 Manifest, 162, 243, 285, 315 Mastication, 285, 320 Matrix metalloproteinase, 31, 285 Maxillary, 66, 285 Meat, 143, 171, 286, 310 Meat Products, 143, 286 Medial, 8, 66, 265, 266, 286, 294, 309, 313 Mediate, 8, 32, 33, 42, 252, 286 Mediator, 30, 286, 311 Medical Staff, 29, 286 MEDLINE, 207, 210, 212, 286 Meiosis, 48, 286, 316 Melanin, 259, 280, 286 Melanocytes, 286 Melanoma, 117, 211, 286 Membrane Glycoproteins, 286 Membranoproliferative, 88, 286
Memory, 11, 63, 75, 76, 89, 91, 133, 181, 240, 258, 286 Meninges, 249, 256, 261, 286, 314 Meningioma, 86, 286 Meningitis, 71, 122, 286, 299 Mental Disorders, 138, 286, 299, 304 Mental Health, iv, 6, 138, 188, 206, 209, 286, 305 Mental Retardation, 22, 131, 181, 187, 213, 253, 287 Mercury, 151, 180, 287 Mesenchymal, 57, 287 Metabolic disorder, 259, 287 Metastasis, 91, 155, 160, 285, 287 Methanol, 61, 113, 287 Metoprolol, 152, 287 MI, 69, 234, 287 Microbe, 287, 318 Microbiological, 23, 287 Microbiology, 57, 83, 236, 287 Micronutrients, 47, 287 Microorganism, 252, 287, 297, 323 Micro-organism, 259, 287 Microscopy, 27, 33, 244, 287 Microspheres, 169, 170, 287 Microviridae, 10, 287 Migration, 13, 38, 40, 45, 154, 160, 287 Mitochondria, 288, 295, 319 Mitochondrial Swelling, 288, 290 Mitosis, 241, 288 Mitotic, 12, 49, 288, 322 Mobility, 11, 130, 193, 221, 288 Mobilization, 40, 143, 288 Modeling, 55, 288 Modification, 8, 27, 111, 116, 181, 270, 288, 305 Molecular Probes, 38, 288 Molting, 14, 288 Monitor, 29, 135, 288, 292 Monoclonal, 155, 161, 280, 288, 306, 324 Monocular, 62, 64, 71, 86, 87, 91, 93, 94, 97, 98, 100, 103, 115, 288 Monocytes, 282, 288 Morphological, 30, 33, 57, 160, 263, 286, 288 Morphology, 27, 49, 248, 288 Motility, 36, 269, 288, 311 Motion Perception, 46, 55, 289 Motion Sickness, 289, 290 Movement Disorders, 289, 317 Mucinous, 269, 289 Mucosa, 182, 248, 289
336
Blindness
Mucus, 289, 320 Multiple sclerosis, 40, 180, 189, 289, 294 Muscle Fibers, 289 Muscular Atrophy, 211, 289 Muscular Diseases, 267, 289 Muscular Dystrophies, 262, 289 Myasthenia, 180, 289 Mycoplasma, 160, 249, 289 Mycosis, 289 Mycotic, 66, 289 Mydriatic, 260, 289 Myelin, 289, 311 Myocardial infarction, 256, 287, 289, 303, 324 Myocardium, 239, 287, 289, 304 Myopia, 162, 168, 187, 210, 289, 290, 307, 308 Myosin, 36, 246, 289 Myositis, 183, 290 Myotonia, 290, 305 Myotonic Dystrophy, 211, 290 N N-acetyl, 125, 272, 290 Nausea, 170, 261, 290, 320 NCI, 1, 137, 205, 251, 290 Nearsightedness, 168, 289, 290 Neck dissection, 64, 290 Necrosis, 82, 182, 241, 249, 255, 264, 268, 278, 287, 289, 290 Neonatal, 23, 35, 44, 82, 290 Neonatology, 35, 290 Neoplasia, 211, 290 Neoplasm, 261, 290, 309, 320 Neoplastic, 58, 160, 239, 267, 285, 290 Nephropathy, 156, 157, 188, 281, 290 Nerve Fibers, 151, 166, 252, 290, 299, 314, 323 Nerve Growth Factor, 290, 291 Nervous System, 74, 170, 180, 211, 236, 249, 251, 286, 290, 291, 298, 316, 321 Networks, 3, 128, 130, 290 Neural, 11, 13, 30, 38, 54, 57, 82, 166, 167, 180, 236, 263, 290, 291, 308, 313 Neural Crest, 30, 291 Neural tube defects, 180, 291 Neuritis, 84, 291, 294 Neuroanatomy, 55, 291 Neurogenic, 182, 291 Neurologic, 37, 43, 73, 180, 263, 291 Neurologist, 191, 291 Neuromuscular, 235, 267, 291, 307 Neuromuscular Junction, 235, 291, 307
Neuromuscular Junction Diseases, 291, 307 Neuronal, 12, 22, 23, 38, 43, 44, 54, 156, 157, 247, 251, 291, 298 Neuropathy, 29, 66, 102, 105, 156, 157, 180, 186, 188, 291, 298 Neuroretinitis, 291, 308 Neurosis, 291, 299 Neurotoxic, 43, 291 Neurotoxicity, 100, 103, 291 Neurotrophins, 43, 291 Neutrons, 238, 280, 291, 305, 306 Neutrophils, 75, 272, 282, 291 Niacinamide, 292 Nicorandil, 156, 292 Nicotine, 193, 292 Nifedipine, 157, 292 Nimodipine, 157, 292 Nitrendipine, 157, 292 Nitric Oxide, 32, 33, 292 Nitrogen, 237, 242, 257, 266, 268, 281, 292, 320 Nonverbal Communication, 253, 292, 305 Norepinephrine, 236, 292 Normal Distribution, 79, 292 Nuclear, 12, 27, 34, 38, 60, 113, 151, 155, 159, 165, 244, 262, 266, 269, 290, 292, 293, 308, 319 Nuclear Localization Signal, 34, 293 Nuclear Pore, 293 Nuclei, 28, 238, 240, 252, 262, 267, 270, 280, 285, 288, 291, 293, 294, 304, 322 Nucleic acid, 24, 244, 270, 275, 277, 292, 293, 302 Nutritive Value, 268, 293 Nystagmus, 162, 186, 293 O Occipital Lobe, 293, 323 Occult, 16, 293 Ocular Hypertension, 168, 293 Odour, 242, 293 Ointments, 261, 293 Olfactory Bulb, 110, 293, 323 Oliguria, 281, 293 Onchocerciasis, 14, 75, 76, 79, 83, 177, 218, 293 Oncogene, 51, 211, 270, 293 Oncogenic, 279, 282, 293 Oocytes, 33, 293 Opacity, 50, 145, 248, 259, 294 Open Reading Frames, 282, 294
Index 337
Ophthalmic, 49, 79, 86, 87, 92, 95, 96, 117, 136, 200, 294, 308 Ophthalmic Artery, 294, 308 Ophthalmologic, 185, 294 Ophthalmologist, 183, 192, 218, 294 Ophthalmoscope, 294 Opportunistic Infections, 235, 294 Opsin, 38, 42, 51, 56, 84, 294, 308 Optic Chiasm, 5, 276, 294 Optic cup, 239, 294 Optic disc, 294 Optic Disk, 64, 260, 285, 294 Optic nerve head, 26, 261, 291, 294 Optic Neuritis, 183, 294 Optician, 192, 294 Optometrist, 192, 295 Oral Health, 85, 180, 295 Oral Hygiene, 186, 295 Oral Manifestations, 186, 295 Orbit, 85, 294, 295 Orbital, 93, 183, 294, 295 Organ Culture, 35, 295 Organelles, 252, 258, 286, 288, 295 Ornithosis, 295, 304 Orofacial, 267, 295 Osteoarthritis, 143, 295 Osteoporosis, 72, 295 Osteotomy, 66, 295 Outpatient, 146, 295 Overexpress, 32, 161, 295 Ovum, 270, 283, 295, 302 Oxidants, 171, 295 Oxidation, 27, 235, 241, 257, 271, 283, 295, 296 Oxidation-Reduction, 295, 296 Oxidative Stress, 27, 49, 156, 296 P Pachymeningitis, 286, 296 Palliative, 296, 317 Pallor, 183, 296 Palsies, 180, 296 Palsy, 23, 180, 181, 296 Pancreas, 235, 260, 278, 280, 296, 313 Pancreatic, 122, 211, 248, 296 Pancreatic cancer, 211, 296 Papain, 257, 296 Papillomavirus, 161, 296 Parallax, 153, 296 Paralysis, 40, 241, 265, 266, 267, 273, 296, 305 Parasite, 9, 14, 48, 90, 102, 105, 280, 296
Parasitic, 10, 14, 23, 48, 257, 275, 283, 284, 296 Parenteral, 41, 296 Paresis, 267, 291, 296 Paresthesias, 291, 296 Parietal, 11, 46, 53, 84, 116, 240, 297 Parietal Lobe, 240, 297 Paroxysmal, 211, 239, 273, 297 Particle, 270, 297, 313, 319 Patch, 51, 297 Patella, 30, 297 Pathogen, 10, 45, 277, 297 Pathogenesis, 7, 9, 25, 31, 44, 45, 49, 59, 96, 101, 104, 117, 297 Pathologic, 46, 85, 181, 235, 241, 245, 255, 276, 297, 304, 314, 321 Pathologic Processes, 241, 297 Pathophysiology, 46, 297 Patient Advocacy, 223, 297 Patient Care Team, 4, 297 Patient Education, 192, 221, 228, 230, 234, 297 Pediatrics, 12, 35, 61, 87, 290, 297 Pelvic, 264, 297, 303 Peptide, 41, 51, 159, 160, 264, 267, 297, 301, 303, 304 Perception, 11, 13, 46, 53, 63, 67, 75, 79, 89, 96, 97, 115, 130, 191, 254, 273, 297 Perennial, 297, 319 Perforation, 241, 297, 323 Perfusion, 60, 297, 318 Pericytes, 15, 297 Perimetry, 25, 297 Periodontal disease, 186, 193, 297 Peripheral Nerves, 282, 298 Peripheral Nervous System, 261, 296, 298, 313 Peripheral Neuropathy, 193, 298 Peripheral stem cells, 272, 298 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 29, 186, 268, 298 Peripheral vision, 25, 298, 323 Peritonitis, 298, 323 Periventricular Leukomalacia, 23, 298 Peroxide, 27, 298 Phagocyte, 295, 298 Phagocytosis, 36, 50, 298 Phallic, 268, 298 Pharmaceutic Aids, 268, 298 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 261, 298 Pharmacologic, 157, 239, 273, 298, 318 Pharynx, 35, 298, 321
338
Blindness
Phenotype, 7, 15, 28, 31, 33, 38, 42, 48, 51, 54, 58, 160, 299 Phobia, 184, 299 Phobic Disorders, 299 Phosphodiesterase, 299, 319 Phospholipases, 299, 312 Phospholipids, 267, 283, 299 Phosphorus, 247, 299 Phosphorylated, 52, 242, 299 Phosphorylation, 39, 299 Photocoagulation, 135, 185, 252, 299 Photophobia, 183, 299 Photoreceptor, 12, 17, 18, 26, 30, 31, 33, 34, 45, 48, 49, 50, 52, 56, 57, 151, 162, 165, 166, 254, 299 Phototransduction, 33, 45, 48, 52, 242, 299 Phrenic Nerve, 299, 307 Physical Examination, 270, 299 Physiologic, 237, 245, 267, 273, 287, 299, 306, 319 Physiology, 15, 28, 36, 46, 52, 136, 147, 148, 156, 171, 181, 262, 300, 322 Pilot study, 16, 87, 95, 300 Pituitary Gland, 256, 267, 300 Placenta, 300, 302, 320 Plants, 237, 242, 247, 250, 271, 288, 292, 300, 309, 318, 319, 320, 321 Plaque, 8, 155, 239, 300 Plasma, 43, 156, 161, 185, 186, 237, 240, 249, 264, 270, 271, 274, 281, 287, 289, 300, 311, 318 Plasma cells, 240, 300 Plasmids, 27, 300 Plasticity, 13, 53, 114, 133, 136, 300 Platelet Activation, 300, 312 Platelet Aggregation, 239, 292, 300 Platelet Count, 78, 300 Platelets, 292, 300, 311, 317 Platinum, 251, 300 Platyhelminths, 281, 300 Pneumocephalus, 97, 301 Poisoning, 113, 234, 279, 287, 290, 301 Polycystic, 89, 211, 212, 301 Polymers, 169, 301, 304, 315 Polymyalgia Rheumatica, 182, 301 Polypeptide, 238, 253, 275, 301, 303, 313, 324 Polysaccharide, 240, 301, 304 Polyuria, 5, 301 Pons, 267, 301, 308 Pontine, 70, 301 Posterior chamber, 145, 301
Postmenopausal, 295, 301 Postsynaptic, 291, 301, 312, 316 Post-traumatic, 45, 273, 289, 301 Postural, 63, 301 Potassium, 156, 292, 301 Potentiate, 168, 301 Potentiation, 168, 301, 312 Practice Guidelines, 209, 301 Preclinical, 19, 302 Prednisolone, 183, 302 Preeclampsia, 64, 66, 80, 90, 302 Pre-Eclampsia, 62, 302 Pre-eclamptic, 262, 302 Pregnancy Tests, 270, 302 Presynaptic, 33, 302, 316 Prevalence, 17, 50, 60, 61, 71, 86, 87, 93, 95, 96, 184, 186, 187, 302 Prion, 94, 249, 302 Probe, 38, 46, 302 Procaine, 283, 302 Progesterone, 302, 314 Progression, 8, 15, 20, 24, 29, 32, 47, 60, 135, 136, 140, 151, 157, 168, 185, 239, 302 Progressive disease, 19, 302 Projection, 28, 165, 258, 292, 293, 294, 302, 303, 306 Prokaryote, 160, 302 Proliferative Retinopathy, 91, 185, 302 Proline, 253, 275, 302 Promoter, 19, 21, 49, 303 Prone, 97, 303 Propanolol, 152, 303 Prophase, 293, 303, 316 Prophylaxis, 268, 303, 324 Propranolol, 243, 303, 318 Proprioception, 191, 303 Proptosis, 85, 303 Prospective study, 284, 303 Prostate, 211, 303 Prosthesis, 145, 303 Protease, 14, 42, 303 Protease Inhibitors, 42, 303 Protein Binding, 303, 318 Protein C, 40, 237, 238, 243, 252, 283, 303 Protein Conformation, 238, 303 Protein Isoforms, 32, 238, 303 Protein S, 39, 51, 58, 179, 212, 245, 265, 270, 303, 309, 317 Protein Transport, 33, 303 Proteinuria, 286, 302, 304 Proteoglycan, 161, 162, 304 Proteolytic, 13, 31, 253, 296, 304
Index 339
Protocol, 8, 19, 35, 304 Protons, 238, 275, 304, 305 Prototheca, 102, 105, 304 Protozoa, 281, 287, 304 Proximal, 261, 301, 302, 304 Proxy, 70, 304 Pruritus, 293, 304 Psittaci, 10, 295, 304 Psoriasis, 154, 160, 304 Psychiatric, 118, 184, 253, 286, 304 Psychiatry, 11, 53, 60, 67, 70, 71, 113, 114, 268, 304, 322 Psychic, 291, 304, 310 Psychoacoustic, 12, 304 Psychogenic, 114, 304 Psychomotor, 38, 263, 304 Psychophysics, 28, 97, 304 Psychotherapy, 184, 305 Psychotropic, 184, 305 Ptosis, 85, 305 Public Health, 8, 10, 20, 56, 89, 101, 104, 185, 209, 305 Public Policy, 207, 305 Publishing, 4, 58, 175, 183, 185, 186, 187, 305 Pulmonary, 23, 245, 246, 255, 281, 305, 322, 324 Pulmonary Artery, 245, 305, 322 Pulmonary Edema, 281, 305 Pulmonary Embolism, 305, 324 Pulse, 134, 155, 165, 262, 288, 305 Pupil, 140, 141, 164, 168, 255, 260, 289, 294, 305 Purulent, 264, 305 Putrefaction, 269, 305 Q Quality of Life, 11, 24, 25, 134, 168, 221, 305 Quiescent, 305, 323 Quinine, 88, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 251, 305 R Race, 287, 305 Radiation therapy, 266, 275, 279, 280, 306, 324 Radicular, 306 Radiculopathy, 73, 306 Radioactive, 246, 273, 275, 277, 279, 280, 283, 288, 292, 293, 306, 310, 324 Radiography, 256, 270, 306 Radiolabeled, 280, 306, 324 Radiopharmaceutical, 270, 306
Radiotherapy, 246, 280, 306, 314, 324 Randomized, 47, 56, 262, 306 Reactivation, 6, 21, 41, 306 Reagent, 284, 306 Recombinant, 13, 306, 321 Recombination, 270, 306 Rectum, 246, 260, 268, 269, 277, 278, 282, 303, 306 Recurrence, 55, 56, 306 Red blood cells, 265, 274, 306, 309 Red Nucleus, 243, 306 Reductase, 161, 306 Refer, 1, 253, 261, 268, 269, 274, 284, 285, 291, 306 Reflective, 142, 147, 167, 169, 170, 307 Reflex, 186, 267, 307 Refraction, 25, 167, 289, 307, 313 Refractive Errors, 216, 238, 307 Refractive Power, 167, 240, 289, 307 Regeneration, 42, 267, 307 Regimen, 42, 262, 307 Rehabilitative, 13, 307 Remission, 306, 307 Renal failure, 30, 88, 307 Reproductive cells, 270, 307 Research Design, 49, 95, 307 Resolving, 307 Respiration, 247, 288, 307 Respiratory distress syndrome, 246, 307 Respiratory Paralysis, 180, 307 Restoration, 59, 257, 306, 307, 324 Retina, 8, 16, 18, 25, 26, 28, 32, 33, 34, 37, 40, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 50, 56, 57, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 151, 152, 155, 158, 162, 163, 164, 165, 168, 170, 185, 198, 242, 249, 250, 251, 254, 256, 260, 261, 282, 285, 289, 291, 294, 299, 302, 307, 308, 309, 311, 321, 323 Retinae, 285, 307 Retinal Artery, 308 Retinal Artery Occlusion, 308 Retinal Detachment, 30, 144, 260, 308 Retinal Ganglion Cells, 18, 29, 32, 39, 43, 294, 308 Retinal Hemorrhage, 88, 308 Retinal Neovascularization, 44, 308 Retinal pigment epithelium, 7, 16, 42, 50, 54, 159, 165, 308 Retinal Vein, 308 Retinoblastoma, 211, 308 Retinoid, 43, 59, 90, 102, 105, 308 Retinol, 54, 107, 108, 307, 308
340
Blindness
Retrobulbar, 294, 308 Retrovirus, 270, 309 Rheumatism, 309 Rheumatoid, 154, 160, 253, 295, 309 Rheumatoid arthritis, 154, 160, 253, 309 Ribosome, 309, 319 Rickettsia, 160, 161, 309 Rigidity, 279, 300, 309 Risk factor, 16, 20, 22, 24, 32, 44, 47, 50, 56, 57, 135, 185, 186, 303, 309 Rod cells, 48, 309, 319 Rod Outer Segments, 51, 309 Rubber, 142, 235, 309 Rural Health, 69, 309 Rural Population, 309 S Sagittal, 84, 309 Salivary, 260, 296, 309 Salivary glands, 260, 309 Saponins, 309, 314 Sarcoma, 160, 161, 192, 270, 309 Satellite, 155, 309 Saturated fat, 143, 310 Scans, 8, 21, 134, 310 Scatter, 135, 271, 310 Sclera, 26, 46, 144, 251, 254, 265, 310, 321 Scleritis, 183, 310 Sclerosis, 39, 122, 211, 253, 289, 310 Screening, 19, 20, 21, 52, 140, 147, 157, 182, 186, 252, 282, 310 Secondary tumor, 287, 310 Secretion, 235, 256, 275, 279, 281, 289, 310, 311 Secretory, 33, 310, 316 Segregation, 28, 306, 310 Seizures, 12, 38, 43, 80, 113, 297, 310 Semen, 303, 311 Semicircular canal, 278, 311 Seminoma, 261, 311 Semisynthetic, 280, 311 Senile, 152, 295, 311 Sensibility, 238, 311 Sensitization, 118, 311 Sensor, 144, 150, 155, 311 Sensory loss, 180, 306, 311, 317 Sequence Analysis, 10, 311 Serine, 264, 270, 311 Serotonin, 259, 267, 311, 320 Serous, 264, 311 Serrata, 251, 311 Serum, 12, 54, 237, 239, 253, 281, 284, 298, 311
Sex Determination, 48, 212, 311 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 9, 311 Sharpness, 311, 323 Shedding, 259, 288, 311 Shock, 312, 319 Side effect, 17, 113, 170, 184, 199, 236, 245, 312, 318 Signal Transduction, 33, 246, 312 Signs and Symptoms, 4, 307, 312 Silicon, 155, 312 Silicon Dioxide, 312 Skeletal, 252, 289, 312 Skeleton, 235, 281, 312 Skull, 86, 91, 256, 263, 279, 291, 295, 301, 312, 317 Skull Base, 86, 312 Small intestine, 275, 279, 312 Smooth muscle, 239, 247, 255, 275, 289, 297, 312 Social Environment, 305, 312 Social Work, 174, 312 Sodium, 292, 299, 305, 312, 313, 319 Sodium Channels, 299, 305, 313 Soft tissue, 245, 312, 313 Solid tumor, 155, 239, 245, 264, 313 Solvent, 153, 171, 265, 287, 298, 313 Soma, 48, 313 Somatic, 48, 256, 271, 286, 288, 298, 313, 321 Somatic cells, 48, 286, 288, 313 Somatostatin, 41, 313 Sound wave, 307, 313 Specialist, 181, 222, 224, 260, 313 Specificity, 14, 19, 28, 32, 33, 49, 50, 159, 160, 237, 247, 264, 313, 318 Spectrum, 24, 223, 313 Speech Disorders, 181, 313 Sperm, 251, 270, 307, 313, 320 Sphenoid, 248, 313 Spina bifida, 180, 291, 313 Spinal cord, 189, 242, 249, 250, 261, 265, 269, 286, 290, 291, 296, 298, 306, 307, 313, 314, 316 Spinal Cord Diseases, 307, 314 Spinal Cord Injuries, 306, 314 Spinal Nerve Roots, 306, 314 Spiral Lamina, 244, 314 Spirochete, 314, 316 Sporadic, 308, 314 Sprains and Strains, 284, 314 Stabilization, 8, 46, 314 Staging, 310, 314
Index 341
Statistically significant, 39, 184, 314 Steel, 252, 314 Stem Cells, 298, 314, 320 Stereotactic, 110, 314 Sterility, 278, 314 Steroid, 97, 154, 256, 309, 314 Stimulus, 11, 14, 53, 146, 238, 261, 262, 266, 278, 280, 281, 282, 297, 299, 304, 307, 314, 317 Stomach, 235, 260, 265, 269, 270, 275, 290, 298, 312, 314, 323 Stool, 277, 280, 282, 315 Strabismus, 50, 168, 238, 315 Strand, 27, 156, 315 Stress, 21, 26, 49, 51, 129, 184, 193, 248, 256, 269, 280, 290, 296, 309, 315 Striate, 256, 315 Stroke, 22, 29, 133, 136, 138, 143, 149, 180, 188, 193, 206, 218, 248, 315 Stroma, 255, 280, 315 Stromal, 6, 31, 42, 264, 315 Styrene, 309, 315 Subacute, 39, 278, 315 Subarachnoid, 273, 299, 315 Subclinical, 278, 310, 315 Subcutaneous, 236, 262, 283, 293, 296, 315 Subspecies, 313, 315 Substrate, 14, 32, 43, 170, 315 Substrate Specificity, 14, 315 Suction, 46, 315 Superoxide, 27, 156, 315 Superoxide Dismutase, 27, 315 Supplementation, 117, 120, 315 Support group, 193, 223, 315 Suppression, 14, 256, 315 Symphysis, 303, 315 Symptomatic, 87, 112, 183, 316 Synapses, 33, 293, 316 Synapsis, 316 Synaptic, 28, 33, 151, 292, 312, 316 Synaptic Transmission, 28, 33, 292, 316 Synaptic Vesicles, 316 Syncope, 180, 316 Synovial, 316 Synovial Membrane, 316 Synovitis, 154, 316 Syphilis, 180, 316 Syringomyelia, 180, 316 Systemic, 35, 44, 143, 156, 200, 245, 253, 265, 278, 280, 295, 302, 306, 310, 316, 324 Systolic, 276, 316
T Tamponade, 144, 145, 316 Teichoic Acids, 272, 316 Telangiectasia, 212, 316 Telecommunications, 21, 317 Telemedicine, 21, 317 Temporal, 4, 11, 26, 49, 57, 69, 82, 92, 165, 182, 254, 273, 285, 301, 317 Teratogenic, 237, 260, 280, 317 Testimonials, 194, 317 Testis, 261, 317 Testosterone, 306, 317 Tetracycline, 26, 44, 56, 317 Thalamic, 243, 317 Thalamic Diseases, 243, 317 Therapeutics, 102, 105, 123, 144, 156, 201, 317 Thermal, 4, 97, 260, 291, 317 Thoracic, 85, 260, 317, 324 Thorax, 284, 317, 321 Threshold, 163, 184, 276, 317 Thrombin, 267, 300, 303, 317 Thrombomodulin, 303, 317 Thrombosis, 66, 94, 279, 303, 315, 317 Thrombus, 256, 278, 300, 317, 322 Thyroid, 143, 317 Timolol, 152, 200, 318 Tin, 298, 300, 318 Tissue Distribution, 161, 318 Tomography, 13, 113, 254, 318 Tonsillitis, 154, 318 Tonsils, 318 Tooth Preparation, 236, 318 Topical, 55, 56, 151, 168, 183, 242, 265, 275, 280, 296, 318 Torsion, 278, 318 Toxaemia, 302, 318 Toxic, iv, 19, 32, 171, 237, 238, 251, 258, 264, 276, 287, 291, 292, 315, 318 Toxicity, 19, 26, 40, 45, 70, 88, 93, 102, 105, 143, 261, 287, 318 Toxicology, 31, 208, 318 Toxins, 45, 238, 240, 247, 263, 264, 271, 278, 318 Toxoplasmosis, 243, 318 Trabecular Meshwork, 30, 318 Trace element, 312, 318 Trachea, 282, 298, 317, 318 Tracheostomy, 35, 318 Trachoma, 55, 56, 62, 255, 318 Traction, 57, 252, 319 Transcriptase, 161, 309, 319
342
Blindness
Transducin, 52, 319 Transduction, 33, 49, 312, 319 Transfection, 27, 49, 166, 245, 319 Translation, 24, 177, 265, 319 Translational, 24, 35, 319 Translocate, 39, 319 Translocation, 265, 303, 319 Transmitter, 235, 242, 280, 286, 292, 316, 319 Trans-Splicing, 23, 319 Trauma, 21, 66, 84, 290, 319, 324 Treatment Failure, 45, 319 Trees, 251, 309, 319 Tremor, 318, 319 Trigeminal, 180, 267, 320 Tropism, 57, 320 Tryptophan, 253, 311, 320 Tuberculosis, 255, 320 Tuberous Sclerosis, 75, 212, 320 Tubulin, 119, 320 Tumor-derived, 159, 320 Tumour, 269, 320 Type 2 diabetes, 17, 186, 320 U Ulcer, 183, 320 Ulceration, 112, 320 Ulcerative colitis, 183, 278, 320 Ultrasonography, 270, 320 Umbilical Arteries, 320 Umbilical Cord, 23, 320 Umbilical cord blood, 23, 320 Unconscious, 258, 276, 320 Uremia, 281, 307, 320 Urethra, 303, 321 Urinary, 277, 293, 301, 321 Urine, 241, 245, 259, 273, 274, 277, 281, 293, 301, 304, 321 Uterus, 250, 264, 269, 302, 316, 321 Uvea, 164, 264, 321 Uveitis, 183, 242, 321 V Vaccine, 24, 55, 236, 304, 320, 321 Vacuole, 9, 321 Vagal, 180, 321 Vagina, 35, 250, 316, 321 Vagus Nerve, 321 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 31, 44, 321 Vasculitis, 183, 239, 321 Vasoconstriction, 193, 265, 321 Vasodilatation, 292, 321 Vasodilation, 292, 321
Vasodilator, 156, 159, 246, 275, 283, 292, 321 VE, 134, 321 Vector, 19, 57, 284, 319, 321 Vegetative, 38, 321 Vein, 154, 239, 279, 292, 308, 309, 320, 321, 322 Venereal, 316, 321 Venous, 248, 249, 292, 300, 303, 321, 322, 324 Venous blood, 249, 300, 321 Venous Thrombosis, 322, 324 Ventilation, 246, 322 Ventricle, 276, 305, 316, 322 Venules, 245, 247, 264, 322 Verapamil, 157, 322 Vertebrae, 279, 313, 322 Vertebral, 97, 244, 265, 313, 322 Vertigo, 169, 170, 268, 322 Vesicular, 32, 274, 303, 322 Vestibule, 252, 278, 311, 322 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 243, 252, 322 Veterinary Medicine, 207, 322 Villous, 248, 322 Vinblastine, 113, 320, 322 Vinca Alkaloids, 322 Vincristine, 111, 113, 114, 119, 120, 320, 322 Viral, 19, 41, 44, 49, 56, 161, 255, 263, 293, 309, 319, 322 Viral vector, 19, 44, 56, 322 Virulence, 41, 45, 318, 322 Virulent, 45, 323 Viscera, 313, 323 Visceral, 123, 256, 271, 321, 323 Visual Acuity, 8, 15, 25, 41, 152, 159, 162, 164, 168, 255, 282, 310, 323 Visual Cortex, 46, 55, 79, 117, 238, 323 Visual field, 15, 34, 46, 55, 151, 156, 181, 182, 187, 196, 282, 289, 294, 297, 308, 323 Visual Pathways, 29, 323 Visual Perception, 53, 77, 323 Visually Impaired Persons, 4, 173, 323 Vitiligo, 186, 323 Vitreous Body, 166, 251, 307, 323 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 260, 323 Vitreous Humor, 145, 148, 308, 323 Vitro, 7, 13, 37, 274, 323 Vivo, 13, 24, 26, 40, 49, 323 Voltage-gated, 162, 323 Volvulus, 14, 59, 323 Vomeronasal Organ, 293, 323
Index 343
W Warfarin, 80, 324 Weight Gain, 193, 324 White blood cell, 236, 240, 282, 285, 289, 300, 324 Windpipe, 298, 317, 324 Wound Healing, 13, 31, 154, 267, 279, 285, 324 X Xenograft, 239, 324
Xenon, 135, 324 Xerophthalmia, 119, 177, 324 X-ray, 27, 43, 254, 280, 292, 306, 310, 314, 324 X-ray therapy, 280, 324 Y Yeasts, 269, 299, 324 Z Zonules, 251, 324 Zymogen, 303, 324
344
Blindness
