Blepharoplasty - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

BLEPHAROPLASTY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AME...

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BLEPHAROPLASTY A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Blepharoplasty: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00148-9 1. Blepharoplasty-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on blepharoplasty. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BLEPHAROPLASTY..................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Blepharoplasty............................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BLEPHAROPLASTY .................................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 43 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 47 General References ....................................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON BLEPHAROPLASTY ................................................................................. 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Patents on Blepharoplasty............................................................................................................ 49 Patent Applications on Blepharoplasty........................................................................................ 51 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON BLEPHAROPLASTY ..................................................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BLEPHAROPLASTY ....................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 57 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 58 Academic Periodicals covering Blepharoplasty............................................................................ 59 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 63 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 65 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 67 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 69 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 72 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 75 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 75 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 75 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 81 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 82 BLEPHAROPLASTY DICTIONARY ........................................................................................... 85 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 101

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with blepharoplasty is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about blepharoplasty, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to blepharoplasty, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on blepharoplasty. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to blepharoplasty, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on blepharoplasty. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BLEPHAROPLASTY Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on blepharoplasty.

Federally Funded Research on Blepharoplasty The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to blepharoplasty. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to blepharoplasty. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore blepharoplasty.

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text 2

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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with blepharoplasty, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “blepharoplasty” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for blepharoplasty (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A blepharoplasty indicated by consequences off thermomechanical injuries of eyelids. Author(s): Zaikova MV, Koroleva EV. Source: Acta Chir Plast. 1980; 22(4): 232-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6164200

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A choice of the operation technique in respect to indications of the cosmetic blepharoplasty. Author(s): Frishberg IA. Source: Acta Chir Plast. 1980; 22(2): 100-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6158212

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A conservative blepharoplasty may be a means of alleviating dry eye symptoms. Author(s): Floegel I, Horwath-Winter J, Muellner K, Haller-Schober EM. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 2003 June; 81(3): 230-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12780399

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A minor complication of blepharoplasty. Author(s): Bennett JE, Matas JA. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1982 May; 69(5): 856-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7071232

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A new concept in blepharoplasty. Author(s): de la Plaza R, de la Cruz L. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1996 May-June; 20(3): 221-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8670389

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A new technique for the treatment of lacrimal gland prolapse in blepharoplasty. Author(s): Beer GM, Kompatscher P. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1994 Winter; 18(1): 65-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8122579

journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A new upper blepharoplasty clamp. Author(s): Small RG, Lawrence FC. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1985; 1(2): 103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3940111

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A perplexing intra-operative complication case study: retrobulbar hemorrhage during blepharoplasty. Author(s): Anderson LG. Source: Plastic Surgical Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Nurses. 2001 Spring; 21(1): 35-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12025662

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A simple approach to blepharoplasty using the Angres II blepharopigmentation lid clamp. Author(s): Angres GG. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1988 September; 20(9): 349-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3190117

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A simple postoperative blepharoplasty dressing. Author(s): Gum RA, Shively RE, Northington JW, Williamson GB. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1981 February; 67(2): 234-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7465675

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Acquired ptosis in patients undergoing upper eyelid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Patipa M, Wilkins RB. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1984 March; 16(3): 266, 268-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6712069

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Acquired strabismus following cosmetic blepharoplasty. Author(s): Putterman AM. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2004 March; 113(3): 1069-70; Author Reply 1070-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15108910

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Acquired strabismus following cosmetic blepharoplasty. Author(s): Syniuta LA, Goldberg RA, Thacker NM, Rosenbaum AL. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 May; 111(6): 2053-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12711971

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Adipose compartments of the upper eyelid: anatomy applied to blepharoplasty. Author(s): Persichetti P, Di Lella F, Delfino S, Scuderi N. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2004 January; 113(1): 373-8; Discussion 37980. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14707662

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Advanced upper lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Siegel RJ. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1992 April; 19(2): 319-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1576777

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An update on blepharoplasty. Author(s): Gonzalez-Ulloa M. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1983; 7(1): 1-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6346827

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Anatomic considerations in transconjunctival blepharoplasty. Author(s): Yousif NJ, Sonderman P, Dzwierzynski WW, Larson DL. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1995 November; 96(6): 1271-6; Discussion 1277-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7480223

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Angle closure glaucoma following a combined blepharoplasty and ectropion repair. Author(s): Gayton JL, Ledford JK. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1992; 8(3): 176-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1390424

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Arcus marginalis effacement and support of the lower lid by malar skin-fat flap blepharoplasty. Author(s): Mogelvang C. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1996 February; 36(2): 167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8919381

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Asian blepharoplasty with a short-pulsed contact Nd-Yag laser: limited-incision resectable laser double fold with internal medial and lateral functional epicanthoplasty. Author(s): Kim JW, Lee JO. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1998 November-December; 22(6): 433-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9852177

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Asian blepharoplasty. Author(s): Kikkawa DO, Kim JW. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 1997 Summer; 37(3): 193-204. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9279651

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Asian blepharoplasty. Update on anatomy and techniques. Author(s): Chen WP. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1987; 3(3): 135-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3154592

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Atypical mycobacterial infection following blepharoplasty and full-face skin resurfacing with CO2 laser. Author(s): Rao J, Golden TA, Fitzpatrick RE. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2002 August; 28(8): 768-71; Discussion 771. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12174077

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Atypical mycobacterial wound infection after blepharoplasty. Author(s): Moorthy RS, Rao NA. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1995 January; 79(1): 93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7880802

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Augmentation blepharoplasty. Author(s): Lewis JM. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1988 November; 21(5): 434-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3232932

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Avoidance of complications in lower lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): McCord CD Jr, Shore JW. Source: Ophthalmology. 1983 September; 90(9): 1039-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6646641

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Avoiding injury to the inferior oblique muscle during lower lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Frankel J. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 December; 112(7): 1958-9; Author Reply 1959. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14663257

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Bleeding in cosmetic blepharoplasty: an anatomical approach. Author(s): Sutcliffe T, Baylis HI, Fett D. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1985; 1(2): 107-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3940112

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Blepharoplasty and browlift with surgical variations in non-white patients. Author(s): Chrisman BB. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1986 January; 12(1): 58-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3941192

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Blepharoplasty and periorbital surgery. Author(s): Baylis HI, Goldberg RA, Kerivan KM, Jacobs JL. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1997 October; 15(4): 635-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9348463

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Blepharoplasty and ptosis. Author(s): Hague S, Collin R. Source: Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 1994 October; 5(5): 67-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10150819

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Blepharoplasty for the laser dermatologic surgeon. Author(s): David LM, Goodman G. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 1995 January-February; 13(1): 49-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7704855

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Blepharoplasty in Japan. Author(s): Onizuka T, Iwanami M. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1984; 8(2): 97-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6464843

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Blepharoplasty in the patient with exophthalmos. Author(s): Wolfe SA, Kearney R. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1993 April; 20(2): 275-83; Discussion 283-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8485936

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Blepharoplasty lateral internal suspension suture: BLISS technique. Author(s): Widgerow AD. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1998 March-April; 22(2): 130-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9502846

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Blepharoplasty of the lower eyelids. Author(s): Fahoun K. Source: Acta Chir Plast. 1988; 30(1): 10-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2455399

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Blepharoplasty. Author(s): Alt TH. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 1995 April; 13(2): 389-430. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7600713

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Blepharoplasty. Author(s): Weiner MH, Lisman RD. Source: Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 1993 November; 4(5): 102-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10146489

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Blepharoplasty. Author(s): Leeb D. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1991 November; 80(11): 583-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1779197

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Blepharoplasty. Author(s): Peters C, Williams L. Source: Plastic Surgical Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Nurses. 1989 Spring; 9(1): 28-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2704760

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Blepharoplasty. A refined technique emphasizing accuracy and control. Author(s): Tebbetts JB. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1992 April; 19(2): 329-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1576779

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Blepharoplasty. Avoiding plastic eyelids. Author(s): McCollough EG, English JL. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1988 June; 114(6): 645-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3365337

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Blepharoplasty. Indications and preoperative assessment. Author(s): Holt JE, Holt GR. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1985 June; 111(6): 394-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4004637

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Blepharoplasty. Past, present, and future. Author(s): David LM. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1995 May; 21(5): 404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7743101

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Blepharoplasty: A classification of selected techniques in the treatment and prevention of lower lid margin distortions. Author(s): Botti G. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1998 September-October; 22(5): 341-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9767700

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Blepharoplasty: a personal tactical approach. Author(s): D'Assumpcao EA. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1999 January-February; 23(1): 28-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10022934

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Blepharoplasty: an overview. Author(s): Karesh JW. Source: Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 1998 September; 6(2): 87-109. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11905375

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Blepharoplasty: laser or cold steel? Author(s): Biesman BS. Source: Skin Therapy Letter. 2003 November-December; 8(7): 5-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14610612

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Blepharoplasty: personal experience with 4,564 consecutive cases. Author(s): Pitanguy I, Caldeira A, Alexandrino A. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1985; 1(1): 9-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3940110

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Blepharoplasty--an evaluation of different techniques. Author(s): Fromberg G, Verma N. Source: Indian J Ophthalmol. 1986; 34: 49-52. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3155126

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Blindness after blepharoplasty. Author(s): Goldberg RA, Markowitz B. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1992 November; 90(5): 929-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1290523

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Blindness following cosmetic blepharoplasty. Author(s): Robbe N. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1987 January; 40(1): 107-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3814893

Studies

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Blindness following cosmetic blepharoplasty--a review. Author(s): Mahaffey PJ, Wallace AF. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1986 April; 39(2): 213-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3516289

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Brow lifting and blepharoplasty. Author(s): Carruthers J. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2001 July; 19(3): 531-3, Ix. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11599409

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Browpexy as an adjunct to blepharoplasty. Author(s): Smith GA. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1998 May; 101(6): 1736. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9583514

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Browpexy: lateral orbicularis muscle fixation as an adjunct to upper blepharoplasty. Author(s): Zarem HA, Resnick JI, Carr RM, Wootton DG. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1997 October; 100(5): 1258-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9326790

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Canthopexy as a routine blepharoplasty component. Author(s): Flowers RS. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1993 April; 20(2): 351-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8485945

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Carbon dioxide laser ptosis surgery combined with blepharoplasty. Author(s): Baker SS. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1995 December; 21(12): 1065-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7496677

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Carbon dioxide laser resurfacing combined with endoscopic forehead lift, laser blepharoplasty, and transblepharoplasty corrugator muscle resection. Author(s): Weinstein C. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1998 January; 24(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9464290

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Carbon dioxide laser transconjunctival lower lid blepharoplasty complications. Author(s): Trelles MA, Baker SS, Ting J, Toregard BM. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1996 November; 37(5): 465-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8937597

12

Blepharoplasty

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Cautery of the orbital septum during blepharoplasty. Author(s): Choo PH, Rathbun JE. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 January; 19(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544787

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Caution advised regarding transconjunctival lower lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Gurdin MM. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1992 October; 90(4): 731-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1410024

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Cervicofacial necrotizing fasciitis. A devastating complication of blepharoplasty. Author(s): Ray AM, Bressler K, Davis RE, Gallo JF, Patete ML. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1997 June; 123(6): 633-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9193227

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Chemosis following blepharoplasty. Author(s): Sutcliffe RT. Source: Ophthalmic Surg. 1995 July-August; 26(4): 290-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8532279

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Chemosis following blepharoplasty: an unusual complication. Author(s): Levine MR, Davies R, Ross J. Source: Ophthalmic Surg. 1994 September-October; 25(9): 593-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7831000

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Classification of blepharoplasty. Author(s): Ginsbach G. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1993 Winter; 17(1): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8430535

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CO2 laser blepharoplasty. Author(s): Tobin HA. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1993 May; 19(5): 499. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8496495

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CO2 laser blepharoplasty. Author(s): Morrow DM. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1992 April; 18(4): 340. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1560161

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CO2 laser blepharoplasty. A comparison with cold-steel surgery. Author(s): Morrow DM, Morrow LB. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1992 April; 18(4): 307-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1560155

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CO2 laser blepharoplasty: a comparison to cold steel and electrocautery. Author(s): David LM, Sanders G. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1987 February; 13(2): 110-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3805473

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Combined approach of ptosis and blepharoplasty surgery. Author(s): Thornton WR. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1994 April; 10(2): 177-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7995535

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Complications following blepharoplasty. Author(s): Black J. Source: Plastic Surgical Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Nurses. 1998 Summer; 18(2): 78-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9814344

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Complications in laser transconjunctival lower blepharoplasty. Author(s): Trelles MA, Garcia L. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1997 July; 39(1): 105-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9229105

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Complications of blepharoplasty and their management. Author(s): Popp JC. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1992 December; 18(12): 1122-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1430575

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Complications of blepharoplasty surgery. Author(s): Murakami CS, Plant RL. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1994 April; 10(2): 214-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7995538

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Complications of blepharoplasty. Author(s): Gausas RE. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1999; 15(3): 243-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11816087

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Complications of blepharoplasty. Author(s): Lowry JC, Bartley GB. Source: Survey of Ophthalmology. 1994 January-February; 38(4): 327-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8160107

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Complications of blepharoplasty. Author(s): Lisman RD, Hyde K, Smith B. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1988 April; 15(2): 309-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3349744

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Complications of upper and lower blepharoplasty. Author(s): Seiff SR. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 1992 Fall; 32(4): 67-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1399352

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Concept of triangular, trapezoidal, and rectangular debulking of eyelid tissues: application in Asian blepharoplasty. Author(s): Chen WP. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1996 January; 97(1): 212-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8532781

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Contemporary upper lid blepharoplasty--tissue invagination. Author(s): Siegel RJ. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1993 April; 20(2): 239-44; Discussion 245. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8485932

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Corrugator supercilii muscle resection through blepharoplasty incision. Author(s): Guyuron B, Michelow BJ, Thomas T. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1995 April; 95(4): 691-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7892313

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Cosmetic blepharoplasty. Author(s): Bosniak SL, McDevitt TF. Source: Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 1991 October; 2(5): 601-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10149300

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Cosmetic upper blepharoplasty. Author(s): Gradinger GP. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1988 April; 15(2): 289-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3349741

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Current trends in laser blepharoplasty. Results of a survey. Author(s): Glassberg E, Babapour R, Lask G. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1995 December; 21(12): 1060-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7496676

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Dacryoadenopexy as a recognized factor in upper lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Smith B, Lisman RD. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1983 May; 71(5): 629-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6340139

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Deep-plane cervicofacial "hike": anatomic basis with dog-ear blepharoplasty. Author(s): Longaker MT, Glat PM, Zide BM. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1997 January; 99(1): 16-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8982182

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Delayed retrobulbar hematoma after blepharoplasty. Author(s): Cruz AA, Ando A, Monteiro CA, Elias J Jr. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 March; 17(2): 126-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11281586

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Delineating the cleft in upper blepharoplasty. Author(s): Brennan HG, Joseph BA. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1979 September; 105(9): 515-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=475647

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Determination of the range of reasonable results in cosmetic blepharoplasty. Author(s): Webster RC, Davidson TM, Smith RC. Source: Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1977 July-August; 84(4 Pt 1): Orl-76984. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=898527

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Development of Graves orbitopathy after blepharoplasty. A rare complication. Author(s): Rosenthal EL, Baker SR. Source: Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery : Official Publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies. 1999 April-June; 1(2): 127-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10937091

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Development of reconstructive blepharoplasty: the temporofacial rotation flap. Was it first conceived on the Spree, on the Seine, or on the Manzanares? Author(s): Hinderer UT. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1993 Fall; 17(4): 273-81. Erratum In: Aesthetic Plast Surg 1994 Spring; 18(2): 215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8273527

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Different technical approaches for blepharoplasty in eyelid rejuvenation surgery. Author(s): Mahe E, Harfaoui-Chanaoui T, Banal A, Chappey C, Tran quoc chi. Source: Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1989; 246(5): 353-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2590051

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Diffuse nodular eyelid lipogranuloma following sutureless transconjunctival blepharoplasty dressed with topical ointment. Author(s): Heltzer JM, Ellis DS, Stewart WB, Spencer WH. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1999 November; 15(6): 438-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10588255

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Diplopia following blepharoplasty. Author(s): Hayworth RS, Lisman RD, Muchnick RS, Smith B. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1984 May; 16(5): 448-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6742683

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Diplopia following transconjunctival blepharoplasty. Author(s): Ghabrial R, Lisman RD, Kane MA, Milite J, Richards R. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1998 September; 102(4): 1219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9734448

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Ectropion after blepharoplasty. Experimental and clinical observations. Author(s): Friedman WH. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1979 August; 105(8): 455-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=111656

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Editorial: Early relief of blindness occurring after blepharoplasty. Author(s): McDowell F. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1974 May; 53(5): 581. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4821209

Studies

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Efficacy of octyl-2-cyanoacrylate tissue glue in blepharoplasty. A prospective controlled study of wound-healing characteristics. Author(s): Greene D, Koch RJ, Goode RL. Source: Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery : Official Publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies. 1999 October-December; 1(4): 292-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10937118

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Electrosurgical blepharoplasty: a technique that questions conventional concepts of fat compartmentalization. Author(s): Tobin HA. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1985 January; 14(1): 59-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3977242

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En bloc resection in upper eyelid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Carroll RP, Mahanti RL. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1992; 8(1): 47-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1554653

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Essential anatomy for contemporary upper lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Siegel RJ. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1993 April; 20(2): 209-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8485930

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Esthetic blepharoplasty. Author(s): Matton G. Source: Acta Chir Belg. 1975 July; 74(4): 358-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1146457

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Esthetic blepharoplasty. Author(s): Farrior RT. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1971 June; 81(6): 848-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4933230

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Evaluation of the blepharoplasty patient. Author(s): Wilkins RB. Source: Ophthalmology. 1978 July; 85(7 Pt 1): 703-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=724215

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Expanded applications for transconjunctival lower lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Hester TR Jr, McCord CD, Nahai F, Sassoon EM, Codner MA. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 July; 108(1): 271-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11432398

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Expanded applications for transconjunctival lower lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Zarem HA, Resnick JI. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1999 March; 103(3): 1041-3; Discussion 10445. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10077100

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Expanded applications for transconjunctival lower lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Zarem HA, Resnick JI. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1991 August; 88(2): 215-20; Discussion 221. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1852813

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Experience with tarsal suspension as a factor in lower lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Lisman RD, Rees T, Baker D, Smith B. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1987 June; 79(6): 897-905. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3588728

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Experiences with transconjunctival upper blepharoplasty. Author(s): Kamer FM, Mingrone MD. Source: Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery : Official Publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies. 2000 July-September; 2(3): 213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10938146

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Extended blepharoplasty. Author(s): Adamson PA, Tropper GJ, McGraw BL. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1991 June; 117(6): 606-9; Discussion 610. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2036181

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Extended lower eyelid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Small RG. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1981 August; 99(8): 1402-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7259616

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Extended upper blepharoplasty for lateral hooding of the upper eyelid using a scalpel-shaped excision: a 13-year experience. Author(s): Har-Shai Y, Hirshowitz B. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2004 March; 113(3): 1028-35; Discussion 1036. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15108902

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Eye complications with blepharoplasty or other eyelid surgery. A national survey. Author(s): DeMere M, Wood T, Austin W. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1974 June; 53(6): 634-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4857299

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Eyebrow analysis after blepharoplasty in patients with brow ptosis. Author(s): Fagien S. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1992; 8(3): 210-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1390430

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Eyelid level after lower lid blepharoplasty with skin excision. The relationship of intraoperative and postoperative lid levels. Author(s): Becker BB, Berry FD. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1992 September; 118(9): 959-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1503723

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Face-lift and blepharoplasty. Author(s): Whetzel TP. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1993 April; 158(4): 400-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8317127

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Fat adherence simulating inferior oblique palsy following blepharoplasty. Author(s): Jameson NA, Good WV, Hoyt CS. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1992 October; 110(10): 1369. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1417533

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Fat repositioning in lower eyelid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Goldberg RA, Edelstein C, Balch K, Shorr N. Source: Seminars in Ophthalmology. 1998 September; 13(3): 103-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9787211

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Fat-conserving aesthetic lower blepharoplasty. Author(s): Fante RG, Baker SR. Source: Ophthalmic Surgery and Lasers. 2001 January-February; 32(1): 41-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11195742

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Forehead and brow lifts and their relationship to blepharoplasty. Author(s): Dingman RO, Peled I, Izenberg P. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1979 January; 2(1): 32-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=420484

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Frontalis suspension combined with blepharoplasty as an effective treatment for blepharospasm associated with apraxia of eyelid opening. Author(s): De Groot V, De Wilde F, Smet L, Tassignon MJ. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 January; 16(1): 34-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10674730

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Importance of fat conservation in lower blepharoplasty. Author(s): Eder H. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1997 May-June; 21(3): 168-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9204176

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Incidental diagnosis of orbital lymphoma during blepharoplasty. Author(s): Arat YO, Boniuk M. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 July; 19(4): 316-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12878882

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Indications and contraindications for cosmetic blepharoplasty. Author(s): Obear MF. Source: Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1969 November-December; 73(6): 1150-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5372079

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Infection after blepharoplasty with and without carbon dioxide laser resurfacing. Author(s): Carter SR, Stewart JM, Khan J, Archer KF, Holds JB, Seiff SR, Dailey RA. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 July; 110(7): 1430-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12867404

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Inferior rectus paresis after secondary blepharoplasty. Author(s): Alfonso E, Levada AJ, Flynn JT. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1984 August; 68(8): 535-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6743621

Studies

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Innervation of the lower eyelid in relation to blepharoplasty and midface lift: clinical observation and cadaveric study. Author(s): Hwang K, Lee DK, Lee EJ, Chung IH, Lee SI. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2001 July; 47(1): 1-5; Discussion 5-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11756795

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Intradermal stitch blepharoplasty for orientals: does It disappear? Author(s): Homma K, Mutou Y, Mutou H, Ezoe K, Fujita T. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2000 July-August; 24(4): 289-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10954793

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Investigation of automated perimetry in the evaluation of patients for upper lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Hacker HD, Hollsten DA. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1992; 8(4): 250-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1476973

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Is blindness a realistic complication in blepharoplasty procedures? Author(s): Waller RR. Source: Ophthalmology. 1978 July; 85(7 Pt 1): 730-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=724222

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Keratoconjunctivitis sicca symptoms appearing after blepharoplasty. The "dry eye" syndrome. Author(s): Graham WP 3rd, Messner KH, Miller SH. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1976 January; 57(1): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1244611

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Laser blepharoplasty and laser resurfacing of the periorbital area. Author(s): Roberts TL 3rd. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1998 January; 25(1): 95-108. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9507800

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Laser blepharoplasty and periorbital laser skin resurfacing. Author(s): Munker R. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 2001 August; 17(3): 209-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11673811

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Laser blepharoplasty in Asians. Author(s): Kang DH, Choi JH, Koo SH, Park SH. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2002 March; 48(3): 246-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11862027

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Laser blepharoplasty. Author(s): Lessner AM, Fagien S. Source: Seminars in Ophthalmology. 1998 September; 13(3): 90-102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9787210

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Laser blepharoplasty. Author(s): Gregory R. Source: Plastic Surgical Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Nurses. 1997 Fall; 17(3): 129-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9393038

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Laser blepharoplasty: evaluation and surgery. Author(s): Remington K, Carruthers J. Source: Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 1999 December; 3 Suppl 4: S21-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11749896

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Laser blepharoplasty: is it safe? Author(s): Mele JA 3rd, Kulick MI, Lee D. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1998 January-February; 22(1): 9-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9456347

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Lateral canthal tendon resection with conjunctiva preservation for the treatment of lower eyelid laxity during lower eyelid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Patipa M. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1993 March; 91(3): 456-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8438017

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Lateral septoaponeurotic artery: source of bleeding in blepharoplasty performed in asians. Author(s): Hwang K, Kim BG, Kim YJ, Chung IH. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2003 February; 50(2): 156-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12567052

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Limited incision forehead lift for eyebrow elevation to enhance upper blepharoplasty. Author(s): Knize DM. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 August; 108(2): 564-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11496208

Studies

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Limited-incision forehead lift for eyebrow elevation to enhance upper blepharoplasty. Author(s): Knize DM. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1996 June; 97(7): 1334-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8643715

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Lip augmentation using eyelid tissue from upper blepharoplasty surgery. Author(s): Fezza JP, Cartwright M, Mack W, Flaharty P. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 May; 19(3): 225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12918559

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Local anesthesia in blepharoplasty: a new look? Author(s): Metzinger SE, Rigby PL, Bailey DJ, Brousse RG. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1994 February; 87(2): 225-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8115888

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Lower blepharoplasty using bony anatomical landmarks to identify and avoid injury to the inferior oblique muscle. Author(s): Mowlavi A, Neumeister MW, Wilhelmi BJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 October; 110(5): 1318-22; Discussion 1323-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12360075

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Lower eyelid blepharoplasty and other aesthetic considerations. Author(s): Kopelman JE, Keen MS. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1994 April; 10(2): 129-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7995529

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Lower eyelid blepharoplasty: analysis of indications and the treatment of 100 patients. Author(s): Rizk SS, Matarasso A. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 March; 111(3): 1299-306; Discussion 1307-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12621205

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Lower eyelid cysts following transconjunctival blepharoplasty. Author(s): Kavouni A, Stanek JJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 January; 109(1): 400-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11786854

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Lower lid blepharoplasty-The transconjunctival approach: extended indications. Author(s): Mahe E. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1998 January-February; 22(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9456346

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Lower-eyelid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Kikkawa DO, Kim JW. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 1997 Summer; 37(3): 163-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9279649

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Male face lift in continuity with lower blepharoplasty. Author(s): Straith RE, Botta SA. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1988 February; 12(1): 9-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3376787

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Management of complications of blepharoplasty. Author(s): Lyon DB, Raphtis CS. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 1997 Summer; 37(3): 205-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9279652

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Management of malar folds in blepharoplasty. Author(s): Farrior RT, Kassir RR. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1998 November; 108(11 Pt 1): 1659-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9818822

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Management of the blepharoplasty patient with ptosis. Author(s): Leone CR Jr. Source: Ophthalmic Surg. 1988 July; 19(7): 515-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3045728

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Marginal incision for upper blepharoplasty. Author(s): Cronin TD. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1972 January; 49(1): 14-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5006895

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Marking the upper lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Hawtof DB. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1987 September; 80(3): 469. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3628580

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Maximal excision in lower blepharoplasty. Author(s): Friedman WH, Katsantonis GP, Strelzow VV. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1981 July; 107(7): 443-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7018473

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Measurement method of upper blepharoplasty for Orientals. Author(s): Watanabe K. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1993 Winter; 17(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8430524

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Medical and surgical management of chemosis after blepharoplasty. Author(s): Enzer YR, Shorr N. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1994 March; 10(1): 57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8193076

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Mikamo's double-eyelid blepharoplasty and the westernization of Japan. Author(s): Lam SM. Source: Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery : Official Publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies. 2002 July-September; 4(3): 201-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12167084

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Minimal suture blepharoplasty: closure of incisions with autologous fibrin glue. Author(s): Mandel MA. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1992 Summer; 16(3): 269-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1626467

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Minimally invasive lower eyelid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Doxanas MT. Source: Ophthalmology. 1994 August; 101(8): 1327-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8058276

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Minimizing deformity in lower blepharoplasty. The transconjunctival approach. Author(s): Zarem HA, Resnick JI. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1993 April; 20(2): 317-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8485942

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Modified blepharoplasty for malignant lid tumours. Author(s): Mortada A, el-Shewy TM, Enein GI. Source: Bull Ophthalmol Soc Egypt. 1970; 63(67): 421-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4328871

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Modified blepharoplasty incisions: their use in xanthelasma. Author(s): le Roux P. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1977 January; 30(1): 81-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=836986

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Modified brow lift: an adjunct to blepharoplasty. Author(s): Chisholm BB, Lew D. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1996 March; 54(3): 281-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8600233

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Muscle suspension blepharoplasty. Author(s): Papel ID. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1994 April; 10(2): 147-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7995531

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Musculocutaneous flap technique in blepharoplasty. Author(s): Feldstein M. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1973 March; 97(3): 294-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4572186

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Mycobacterial infection following blepharoplasty. Author(s): Kevitch R, Guyuron B. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1991 Summer; 15(3): 229-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1897416

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Necrotizing fasciitis after cosmetic blepharoplasty. Author(s): Suner IJ, Meldrum ML, Johnson TE, Tse DT. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1999 September; 128(3): 367-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10511038

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Necrotizing fasciitis caused by group A streptococcus infection after laser blepharoplasty. Author(s): Jordan DR, Mawn L, Marshall DH. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1998 February; 125(2): 265-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9467463

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Noninvasive lower eyelid blepharoplasty: a new technique using nonablative radiofrequency on periorbital skin. Author(s): Ruiz-Esparza J. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2004 February; 30(2 Pt 1): 125-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14756637

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Nonsurgical fat removal in cosmetic blepharoplasty: a new technique. Author(s): Sachs ME, Bosniak SL. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1986 June; 16(6): 516-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3273067

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Nonsurgical upper blepharoplasty. Author(s): Clavin HD. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1985 November; 76(5): 784-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4059420

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Nuances of aesthetic blepharoplasty. Author(s): Wolfort FG, Gee J, Pan D, Morris D. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1997 March; 38(3): 257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9088464

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Numbness after blepharoplasty: the relation of the upper orbital fat to sensory nerves. Author(s): Klatsky S, Manson PN. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1981 January; 67(1): 20-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7443854

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Objective evaluation of the eyelids and eyebrows after blepharoplasty. Author(s): Starck WJ, Griffin JE Jr, Epker BN. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1996 March; 54(3): 297-302; Discussion 302-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8600236

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Ocular motility disturbances following cosmetic blepharoplasty. Author(s): Harley RD, Nelson LB, Flanagan JC, Calhoun JH. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1986 April; 104(4): 542-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3954657

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On the occurrence of blindness in association with blepharoplasty. Author(s): Hepler RS, Sugimura GI, Straatsma BR. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1976 February; 57(2): 233-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1250896

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Operative technique for transconjunctival lower blepharoplasty. Author(s): Zarem HA, Resnick JI. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1992 April; 19(2): 351-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1576780

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Ophthalmic evaluation should be a preoperative requirement prior to blepharoplasty. Author(s): Tarbet KJ. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2001 June; 127(6): 723. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11405878

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Ophthalmological aspects of blepharoplasty. Author(s): Beyer CK, Smith B, Buerger GF Jr. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1970 May; 49(5): 242-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5480297

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Optimal procedure in secondary blepharoplasty. Author(s): Flowers RS. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1993 April; 20(2): 225-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8387414

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Orbital abscess following blepharoplasty. Author(s): Rees TD, Craig SM, Fisher Y. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1984 January; 73(1): 126-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6691061

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Orbital cellulitis and blindness following a blepharoplasty. Author(s): Morgan SC. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1979 December; 64(6): 823-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=515236

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Orbital cellulitis secondary to dacryocystitis following blepharoplasty. Author(s): Allen MV, Cohen KL, Grimson BS. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1985 August; 17(8): 498-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3901857

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Orbital decompression for Graves' disease: exposure through a modified blepharoplasty incision. Author(s): Antoszyk JH, Tucker N, Codere F. Source: Ophthalmic Surg. 1992 August; 23(8): 516-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1508481

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Orbital fat preservation in lower-lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Baker SR. Source: Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery : Official Publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies. 1999 January-March; 1(1): 33-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10937073

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Oriental blepharoplasty. Author(s): Hin LC. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1982 September; 9(3): 263. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7137824

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Oriental blepharoplasty. Author(s): Liu D. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1989 October; 84(4): 698-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2675154

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Oriental blepharoplasty: anatomic considerations. Author(s): Dresner SC. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1989 December; 84(6): 1003. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2587636

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Oriental blepharoplasty: nonincisional suture technique versus conventional incisional technique. Author(s): Choi AK. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1994 January; 10(1): 67-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8056357

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Oriental blepharoplasty: single-stitch, nonincision technique. Author(s): Baek SM, Kim SS, Tokunaga S, Bindiger A. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1989 February; 83(2): 236-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2629708

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Oriental blepharoplasty--a critical review of technique and potential hazards. Author(s): Hin LC. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1981 November; 7(5): 362-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7036829

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Ostectomy of superior orbital rim in cosmetic blepharoplasty. Author(s): Lassus C. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1979 April; 63(4): 481-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=424457

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Our experience with transconjunctival, laser-assisted lower blepharoplasty. Author(s): Brychta P, Francu M, Koupil J, Ludikovsky K. Source: Acta Chir Plast. 2000; 42(4): 118-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11191422

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Patient education materials for facelifts and blepharoplasty. Author(s): Spencer KW. Source: Plastic Surgical Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Nurses. 1995 Spring; 15(1): 45-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7777627

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Patterns of oculomotor nerve distribution to the levator palpebrae superioris muscle, and correlation to temporary ptosis after blepharoplasty. Author(s): Hwang K, Lee DK, Chung IH, Lee SI. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2001 October; 47(4): 381-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11601571

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Pinch-technique blepharoplasty for the upper eyelid. Author(s): Thomas JR, Davis WE. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1977 September; 56(9): 367-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=891438

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Planning and evaluating blepharoplasty. Author(s): Berry EP. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1974 September; 54(3): 257-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4853660

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Postoperative infection with group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus after blepharoplasty. Author(s): Goldberg RA, Li TG. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 December; 134(6): 908-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12470763

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Precautions in the use of the laser for blepharoplasty. Author(s): Biesman BS. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1997 January; 99(1): 275-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8982238

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Precision planning in blepharoplasty. The importance of preoperative mapping. Author(s): Flowers RS, Flowers SS. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1993 April; 20(2): 303-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8485940

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Preexcision blepharoplasty. Author(s): Kamer FM, Mikaelian AJ. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1991 September; 117(9): 995-9; Discussion 1000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1910731

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Preoperative evaluation of lower eyelid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Boynton JR. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1988 April 15; 105(4): 430-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3358443

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Preoperative evaluation of the blepharoplasty patient. Bypassing the pitfalls. Author(s): Jelks GW, Jelks EB. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1993 April; 20(2): 213-23; Discussion 224. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8485931

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Prevention of blindness after blepharoplasty. Author(s): Callahan MA. Source: Ophthalmology. 1983 September; 90(9): 1047-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6646642

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Prevention of ectropion by horizontal shortening of the lower lid during blepharoplasty. Author(s): Rees TD. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1983 July; 11(1): 17-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6614752

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Priority regarding transconjunctival blepharoplasty. Author(s): Tipton JB. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1992 April; 89(4): 765. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1622474

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Proceedings: Blindness following blepharoplasty. Author(s): Jafek BW, Kreiger AE, Morledge D. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1973 December; 98(6): 366-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4757267

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Ptosis after blepharoplasty. Author(s): Wolfort FG, Poblete JV. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1995 March; 34(3): 264-6; Discussion 266-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7598382

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Ptosis and pseudoptosis and blepharoplasty. Author(s): Hornblass A. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1981 October; 8(4): 811-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7338011

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Ptosis repair and blepharoplasty in the adult. Author(s): Older JJ. Source: Ophthalmic Surg. 1995 July-August; 26(4): 304-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8532281

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Ptosis repair in aesthetic blepharoplasty. Author(s): Stasior OG, Ballitch HA 2nd. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1993 April; 20(2): 269-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8485935

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Punctal occlusion and blepharoplasty in patients with dry eye syndrome. Author(s): Becker BB. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1991 July; 117(7): 789-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1863447

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Pyogenic granuloma after transconjunctival blepharoplasty: a case report. Author(s): Soll SM, Lisman RD, Charles NC, Palu RN. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1993 December; 9(4): 298-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8305380

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Re: Carbon dioxide laser blepharoplasty. Author(s): Fredricks S. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1990 August; 25(2): 159. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2118748

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Re: Carbon dioxide laser blepharoplasty--advantages and disadvantages. Author(s): Morrow DM. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1992 April; 28(4): 397-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1596080

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Re: Carbon dioxide laser blepharoplasty--advantages and disadvantages. Author(s): Trelles MA, Velez M, Sanchez J, Sala P, Bell G. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1991 August; 27(2): 180-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1952743

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Reconsideration of fat pad management in lower lid blepharoplasty surgery. Author(s): Cook TA, Derebery J, Harrah ER. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1984 August; 110(8): 521-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6743099

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Reconstruction of full-thickness lower eyelid defects using a blepharoplasty technique with a hard palate mucosal graft. Author(s): Hatoko M, Kuwahara M, Shiba A, Tanaka A, Tada H, Okazaki T, Muramatsu T. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1999 June; 42(6): 688-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10382810

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Reduction of lower palpebral bulge by plicating attenuated orbital septa: a technical modification in cosmetic blepharoplasty. Author(s): Huang T. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 June; 105(7): 2552-8; Discussion 255960. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10845312

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Resection of the prominent lateral fat pad during upper lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Ellebbogen R. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1980 July; 66(1): 164. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7394041

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Resection of the prominent lateral fat pad during upper lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Owsley JQ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1980 July; 66(1): 165. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6994149

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Resection of the prominent lateral fat pad during upper lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Owsley JQ Jr. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1980 January; 65(1): 4-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7350577

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Restoring palpebral fissure shape after previous lower blepharoplasty. Author(s): Yaremchuk MJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 January; 111(1): 441-50; Discussion 4512. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12496617

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Retrobulbar hematoma and blepharoplasty. Author(s): Wolfort FG, Vaughan TE, Wolfort SF, Nevarre DR. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1999 December; 104(7): 2154-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11149784

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Retro-orbicularis oculus fat (ROOF) resection in aesthetic blepharoplasty: a 6-year study in 63 patients. Author(s): May JW Jr, Fearon J, Zingarelli P. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1990 October; 86(4): 682-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2217582

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Reverse lower blepharoplasty: a new approach. Author(s): Avelar JM. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1988 February; 12(1): 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3376785

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Review of the lower blepharoplasty incision as a surgical approach to zygomaticorbital fractures. Author(s): Pospisil OA, Fernando TD. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 1984 August; 22(4): 261-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6235840

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Seeking simplicity: golf tips and blepharoplasty. Author(s): Siegel RJ, Fagien S. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 July; 112(1): 343; Author Reply 344-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12832925

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Selection of alternatives in esthetic blepharoplasty. Author(s): Courtiss EH. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1981 October; 8(4): 739-55. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7338006

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Separate skin and muscle flaps in lower-lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Klatsky SA, Manson PN. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1981 February; 67(2): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7465663

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Septal-myocutaneous flap technique for lower lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Millman AL, Williams JD, Romo T 3rd, Taggert N. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1997 June; 13(2): 84-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9185191

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Simultaneous lateral, anterior, and posterior (SLAP) lower-lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Weber PJ, Popp JC, Wulc AE. Source: Ophthalmic Surg. 1992 April; 23(4): 260-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1589196

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Skin-muscle flap lower lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Aston SJ. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1988 April; 15(2): 305-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3349743

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Skin-muscle flap lower lid blepharoplasty: an easier dissection. Author(s): Aston SJ. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1982; 6(4): 217-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6763470

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Subciliary malar augmentation and cheek advancement: a 6-year study in 22 patients undergoing blepharoplasty. Author(s): May JW Jr, Zenn MR, Zingarelli P. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1995 December; 96(7): 1553-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7480275

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Subperiosteal lateral browlift and its relationship to upper blepharoplasty. Author(s): Gasperoni C, Salgarello M, Gargani G. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1993 Summer; 17(3): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8213320

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Successful early relief of blindness occurring after blepharoplasty. Case report. Author(s): Hueston JT, Heinze JB. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1974 May; 53(5): 588-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4821212

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Summary of the 1997 ASAPS/ASPRS Laser Task Force Survey on laser resurfacing and laser blepharoplasty. American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons. Author(s): Apfelberg DB. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1998 February; 101(2): 511-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9462791

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Superior oblique paresis after blepharoplasty. Author(s): Wesley RE, Pollard ZF, McCord CD Jr. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1980 August; 66(2): 283-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7403315

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Supratarsal fixation in upper blepharoplasty. Author(s): Sheen JH. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1974 October; 54(4): 424-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4415989

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Surgical technique: three-step technique for lower eyelid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Mauriello JA Jr. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 November; 19(6): 470-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14625494

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Surgical treatment of complications of cosmetic blepharoplasty. Author(s): Tenzel RR. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1978 October; 5(4): 517-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=729336

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Survey of blepharoplasty. Author(s): Marlowe FI. Source: Trans Pa Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1973 Fall; 26(2): 114-7 D. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4750172

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Suspending sutures in blepharoplasty. Author(s): Webster RC, Davidson TM, Reardon EJ, Smith RC. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1979 October; 105(10): 601-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=384985

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Suture removal after blepharoplasty. Author(s): Baylis HI. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1991 November; 109(11): 1491-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1755717

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Suture removal after blepharoplasty. Author(s): Neigel JM. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1991 February; 109(2): 175. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2036108

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Systematic approach and selective tissue removal in blepharoplasty for young Asians. Author(s): Yoon KC, Park S. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1998 August; 102(2): 502-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9703091

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Technique for combined blepharoplasty and ptosis correction. Author(s): Gausas RE. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1999; 15(3): 193-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11816082

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The bare area of the upper conjunctiva: a closer look at the anatomy of transconjunctival upper blepharoplasty. Author(s): Guerra AB, Berger A 3rd, Black EB 3rd, Nguyen AH, Metzinger RC, Metzinger SE. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 April 15; 111(5): 1717-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12655221

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The effect of blepharoplasty on eyebrow position. Author(s): Frankel AS, Kamer FM. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1997 April; 123(4): 393-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9109786

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To do or not to do the conjunctival approach lower eyelid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Berman WE. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1994 December; 73(12): 932-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7882887

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Transconjunctival blepharoplasty with chemoexfoliation. Author(s): Gilbert SE. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1996 July; 37(1): 24-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8826588

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Transconjunctival blepharoplasty. Author(s): Patel BC, Anderson RL. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1996 June; 97(7): 1514-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8643741

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Transconjunctival blepharoplasty. Author(s): Fedok FG, Perkins SW. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1996 April; 12(2): 185-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9220732

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Transconjunctival blepharoplasty. Author(s): Steinsapir KD, Goldberg RA, Shorr N. Source: Ophthalmology. 1995 February; 102(2): 173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7862401

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Transconjunctival blepharoplasty: further applications and adjuncts. Author(s): Dodenhoff TG. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1995 November-December; 19(6): 511-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8638486

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Transconjunctival laser blepharoplasty of lower eyelids: Asian experience with 1,340 cases. Author(s): Kim SW, Kim WS, Cho MK, Whang KU. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2003 January; 29(1): 74-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12534516

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Transconjunctival lower eyelid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Weinberg DA, Baylis HI. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1995 May; 21(5): 407-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7743102

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Transconjunctival upper blepharoplasty: a safe and effective addition to facial rejuvenation techniques. Author(s): Nahai F. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2002 August; 49(2): 215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12187353

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Transconjunctival upper blepharoplasty: a safe and effective addition to facial rejuvenation techniques. Author(s): Guerra AB, Metzinger SE, Black EB 3rd. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2002 May; 48(5): 528-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11981195

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Transconjunctival versus transcutaneous approach in upper and lower blepharoplasty. Author(s): Jacono AA, Moskowitz B. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 2001 February; 17(1): 21-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11518974

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Transconjunctival versus transcutaneous lower eyelid blepharoplasty: a prospective study. Author(s): Netscher DT, Patrinely JR, Peltier M, Polsen C, Thornby J. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1995 October; 96(5): 1053-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7568479

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Transient impaired vision, external ophthalmoplegia, and internal ophthalmoplegia after blepharoplasty under local anesthesia. Author(s): Oliva MS, Ahmadi AJ, Mudumbai R, Hargiss JL, Sires BS. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 March; 135(3): 410-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12614773

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Treatment of orbicularis oculi muscle hypertrophy in lower lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Bernardi C, Dura S, Amata PL. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1998 September-October; 22(5): 349-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9767701

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Treatment of periorbital edema with human corticotropin-releasing factor after blepharoplasty. Author(s): Schendel, SA, Stephanides M. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 1996 March; 182(3): 226-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8603242

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Treatment of post-blepharoplasty lower lid retraction by free tarsoconjunctival grafting. Author(s): Ferri M, Oestreicher JH. Source: Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2002 December; 21(4): 281-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12610767

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Unilateral mydriasis during blepharoplasty. Author(s): Rayatt S, Khanna A. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 2001 October; 54(7): 648. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11583510

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Updated muscle suspension and lower blepharoplasty. Author(s): Mladick RA. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1993 April; 20(2): 311-5; Discussion 316. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8485941

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Upper blepharoplasty by eyelid invagination. Anchor blepharoplasty. Author(s): Flowers RS. Source: Clin Plast Surg. 1993 April; 20(2): 193-207. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8485929

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Upper blepharoplasty in the Asian patient: the "double eyelid" operation. Author(s): McCurdy JA Jr. Source: Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2002 November; 10(4): 351-68. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15062296

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Upper blepharoplasty with bony anatomical landmarks to avoid injury to trochlea and superior oblique muscle tendon with fat resection. Author(s): Wilhelmi BJ, Mowlavi A, Neumeister MW. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2001 December; 108(7): 2137-40; Discussion 2141-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11743419

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Upper blepharoplasty with lateral segmental orbicularis excision. Author(s): Widgerow AD. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2003 May; 50(5): 471-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12792534

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Upper eyelid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Perman KI. Source: J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1992 December; 18(12): 1096-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1430571

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Upper eyelid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Siegel RJ. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1991 June; 87(6): 1141-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2034738

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Upper eyelid blepharoplasty. A technical comparative analysis. Author(s): Scaccia FJ, Hoffman JA, Stepnick DW. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1994 August; 120(8): 827-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8049043

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Upper eyelid mycobacterial infection following Oriental blepharoplasty in a pulmonary tuberculosis patient. Author(s): Chen SH, Wang CH, Chen HC, Weng GC, Lin PY, Wei FC. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2001 July-August; 25(4): 295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11568836

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Upper eyelid skin grafting: an effective treatment for lagophthalmos following blepharoplasty. Author(s): Shorr N, Goldberg RA, McCann JD, Hoenig JA, Li TG. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 October; 112(5): 1444-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14504530

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Upper lid blepharoplasty and ptosis repair using a transcutaneous approach. Author(s): Older JJ. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1994 June; 10(2): 146-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8086365

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Upper lid blepharoplasty in the Oriental eye. Author(s): McCurdy JA. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1994 January; 10(1): 53-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8056355

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Upper lid blepharoplasty: skin flap vs. pinch. Author(s): Stambaugh KI. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1991 November; 101(11): 1233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1943426

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Upper-eyelid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Stephenson CB. Source: International Ophthalmology Clinics. 1997 Summer; 37(3): 123-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9279646

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Upper-lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Pastorek N. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1996 April; 12(2): 157-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9220730

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Use of an insulated ultrafine-point electrocautery for transconjunctival blepharoplasty of the lower eyelids. Author(s): Eremia S, Newman N. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 2001 December; 27(12): 1052-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11849271

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Use of upper-lid blepharoplasty full-thickness skin for peri-implant keratinized tissue grafting: a report of 2 cases. Author(s): Deeb GR, Le BT, Ueeck BA, Dierks EJ. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 2001 October; 59(10): 1232-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11573190

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YAG laser meloplasty and blepharoplasty. Author(s): Apfelberg DB. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1995 May-June; 19(3): 231-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7668168

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Zigzag blepharoplasty for upper eyelids. Author(s): Flowers RS. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1971 June; 47(6): 557-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4932579

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Zygomaticus major advancement as an adjunct to lower blepharoplasty. Author(s): Fayman MS, Potgieter E. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2002 January-February; 26(1): 26-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11891594

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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE BLEPHAROPLASTY

MEDICINE

AND

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to blepharoplasty. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to blepharoplasty and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “blepharoplasty” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to blepharoplasty: •

Achieving aesthetic balance in the brow, eyelids, and midface. Author(s): Byrd HS, Burt JD. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 September 1; 110(3): 926-33; Discussion 934-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12172161

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Advanced rejuvenative upper blepharoplasty: enhancing aesthetics of the upper periorbita. Author(s): Fagien S. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 July; 110(1): 278-91; Discussion 292. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12087267

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Aesthetic implications of surgical anatomy in blepharoplasty. Author(s): Becker DG, Kim S, Kallman JE. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1999; 15(3): 165-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11816079

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Aesthetics of blepharoplasty. Author(s): Constantinides MS, Adamson PA. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1994 January; 10(1): 6-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8056356

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Alternating ptosis associated with intermittent exotropia. Author(s): Yen KG, Yen MT, Elliot RL, Anderson RL. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 November; 18(6): 467-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12439064

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Blepharoplasty under hypnosis: a personal experience. Author(s): Haskins C. Source: Plastic Surgical Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Nurses. 2001 Fall; 21(3): 143-5, 160. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12025039

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Cosmetic maxillofacial surgery. Author(s): Braly ME. Source: J Okla Dent Assoc. 1998-99 Winter; 89(3): 38-47. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10596637

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Cosmetics for the eye area after cosmetic surgical procedures. Author(s): Ogden-West N. Source: Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology. 1999 May-June; 12(3): 120-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10393519

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Endoscopic facial surgery. Author(s): Rounds MF, Cheney ML, Quatela VC. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1998; 14(3): 217-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11816194

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Endoscopic subperiosteal midface lift: surgical technique with indications and outcomes. Author(s): Sullivan SA, Dailey RA.

Alternative Medicine 45

Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 September; 18(5): 319-30; Discussion 329-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352817 •

Fat repositioning in lower blepharoplasty to maintain infraorbital rim contour. Author(s): Goldberg RA, Edelstein C, Shorr N. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1999; 15(3): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11816085

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Laser resurfacing of the periorbital region. Author(s): Koch RJ. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1999; 15(3): 263-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11816089

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Lower eyelid blepharoplasty: the aging eyelid. Author(s): Triana RJ Jr, Larrabee WF Jr. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1999; 15(3): 203-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11816083

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Midface rejuvenation. Author(s): Patel BC. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1999; 15(3): 231-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11816086

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Midfacial rejuvenation via a minimal-incision brow-lift approach: critical evaluation of a 5-year experience. Author(s): Williams EF 3rd, Vargas H, Dahiya R, Hove CR, Rodgers BJ, Lam SM. Source: Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery : Official Publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies. 2003 November-December; 5(6): 470-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14623683

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Morbihan's disease: treatment with CO2 laser blepharoplasty. Author(s): Bechara FG, Jansen T, Losch R, Altmeyer P, Hoffmann K. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2004 February; 31(2): 113-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15160865

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Orally administered proteases in aesthetic surgery. Author(s): Duskova M, Wald M. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 1999 January-February; 23(1): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10022937

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Periorbital rejuvenation combining fat grafting and blepharoplasties. Author(s): Trepsat F. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2003 July-August; 27(4): 243-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15058544

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Perspective: rejuvenation of the periocular region: a unified approach to the eyebrow, midface, and eyelid complex. Author(s): Lam SM, Chang EW, Rhee JS, Williams EF 3rd. Source: Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2004 January; 20(1): 1-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14752303

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Rejuvenation of the skin surface: chemical peel and dermabrasion. Author(s): Branham GH, Thomas JR. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1996 April; 12(2): 125-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9220727

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The deep plane facelift. Author(s): Alsarraf R, To WC, Johnson CM Jr. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 2003 February; 19(1): 95-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12739185

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The forehead lift. Author(s): Gutek EP, Fowler ME, Heeter C. Source: Plastic Surgical Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Nurses. 1993 Winter; 13(4): 188-93. Erratum In: Plast Surg Nurs 1994 Spring; 14(1): 46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8121949

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The prevention and treatment of lower lid ectropion following blepharoplasty. Author(s): Carraway JH, Mellow CG. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1990 June; 85(6): 971-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2349302

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Transconjunctival blepharoplasty: minimizing the risks of lower lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Waldman SR. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1994 January; 10(1): 27-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8056353

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Transcutaneous lower blepharoplasty. Author(s): Adamson PA, Strecker HD.

Alternative Medicine 47

Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1996 April; 12(2): 171-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9220731 •

Trichophytic incisional approaches to upper facial rejuvenation. Author(s): Holcomb JD, McCollough EG. Source: Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery : Official Publication for the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc. and the International Federation of Facial Plastic Surgery Societies. 2001 January-March; 3(1): 48-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11176720

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Update on botulinum toxin for facial aesthetics. Author(s): Cather JC, Cather JC, Menter A. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2002 October; 20(4): 749-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12380062

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Upper lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Castro E, Foster JA. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1999; 15(3): 173-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11816080

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Upper lid blepharoplasty. Author(s): Millay DJ. Source: Facial Plastic Surgery : Fps. 1994 January; 10(1): 18-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8056352

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON BLEPHAROPLASTY Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.4 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “blepharoplasty” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on blepharoplasty, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Blepharoplasty By performing a patent search focusing on blepharoplasty, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 4Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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Blepharoplasty

example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on blepharoplasty: •

Cosmetic tape and method Inventor(s): Clavin; Harold D. (2001 Santa Monica Blvd., Suite 890-West, Santa Monica, CA 90404) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,432,347 Date filed: November 12, 1982 Abstract: An adhesive tape and method for use thereof in non-surgically taking a tuck in loose skin such as that comprising the upper eyelid. When applied to a drooping upper eyelid by stretching the skin of the eyelid away from the ciliary margin, applying the tape to the eyelid, and then folding the skin of the upper eyelid down to be attached to the other side of the tape and then back upon itself, a pseudo upper blepharoplasty is effected, which can be left in place for extended periods of time, thus avoiding surgery. The adhesive strip has a backing and adhesive such as to make the strip very thin, very soft and pliable, strong, tear resistant, easily conformed to body contours, non-irritating and water resistant. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to tapes and adhesives and, more particularly, to adhesive tape used for cosmetic purposes. Wherefore, it is the object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for providing a non-surgical method for affecting a temporary pseudo upper blepharoplasty. The foregoing objective has been accomplished by the method of the present invention comprising the steps of stretching the skin of the upper eyelid upward away from the ciliary margin thereby unfolding the natural super tarsal fold; while the skin is stretched, attaching one side of a narrow, curved, adhesive strip having adhesive on both sides to the skin of the upper eyelid and extending substantially between the medial and lateral canthi with its bottom edge spaced above the ciliary margin about 8-12 mm and/or with its top edge above the inner fold line of the natural supra tarsal fold, the strip having a backing and adhesive being such as to make the strip very thin, very soft and pliable, strong, tear resistant, easily conformed to body contours, non-irritating, and water resistant; folding the skin of the upper eyelid down over the adhesive strip and attaching it to the exposed adhesive on the other side of the adhesive strip; and, folding the folded skin of the upper eyelid back upon itself with its edge along the bottom edge of the adhesive strip to form an artificial supra tarsal fold which is deeper and higher than the material natural fold. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04432347__

•

Eyelid retractor for electrosurgery Inventor(s): Ellman; Alan G. (1135 Railroad Ave., Hewlett, NY 11557), Garito; Jon C. (1135 Railroad Ave., Hewlett, NY 11557) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,346,078 Date filed: December 4, 2000

Patents 51

Abstract: A lid retractor for use, for example, in transconjuntival blepharoplasty electrosurgery on eyelids which avoids having to move the retractor during the procedure. The lid retractor comprises an elongated handle which at one end, the gripper end, divides into several projections each terminating in a hook that can be placed over the lower lid to enable the lower lid to be retracted to access lid or eye regions under the lid retractor. The gripper is dimensioned so that the whole eyelid can be pulled down such that several fat compartments under the eyelid can be accessed, visualized, and surgically treated without having to move the lid retractor position. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an eyelid retractor for electrosurgery. Electrosurgery is a common procedure for doctors in all fields, including opthalmology, where it has been used in eyelid procedures where cutting or coagulation is required. One common procedure is known as transconjuntival blepharoplasty, which is the removal of fat pads from the lower lid--in layman terms the removal or reduction of the common bags under the eyes. In this procedure, a lid retractor is applied to the lower lid to pull it down and expose the fat pads inside. One known retractor has a single hook end which can be inserted in a portion of the lower lid to pull down that portion to expose a fat pad underneath. Electrosurgical handpieces are commercially available that will accommodate a wide variety of electrodes shapes and sizes, such as needles, blades, scalpels, balls and wire loops which can be used to excise the fat pad. However, several fat pads are present under the lower lid and to remove the other fat pads requires that the retractor may have to be removed and placed in another opposition over the next fat pad to expose it for excision. A limitation of this procedure is the additional time spent in having each time to shut off the electrosurgical instrument, move the retractor to a new location over the next fat pad, and activate the instrument to excise that fat pad, and so on. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06346078__

Patent Applications on Blepharoplasty As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.5 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to blepharoplasty: •

Systems and methods for electrosurgical incisions on external skin surfaces Inventor(s): Brunell, Stephen M.; (Mountain View, CA), Eggers, Andrew R.; (Ostrander, OH), Eggers, Philip E.; (Dublin, OH), Thapliyal, Hira V.; (Los Altos, CA), Underwood, Ronald A.; (Belmont, CA) Correspondence: Arthrocare Corporation; 680 Vaqueros Avenue; Sunnyvale; CA; 940853523; US Patent Application Number: 20030212396 Date filed: March 14, 2003 Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for removing fatty tissue underlying a patient's epidermis (e.g., blepharoplasty, brow lifts, eyelid shortening procedures, and the like). These methods include positioning one or more active electrode(s) and one or

5

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Blepharoplasty

more return electrode(s) in close proximity to a target site on an external body surface of the patient. A high frequency voltage difference is applied between the active and return electrode(s), and the active electrode(s) are translated across the external body surface to create an incision therein. The bipolar configuration controls the flow of current to within and around the distal end of the probe, which minimizes tissue necrosis and the conduction of current through unwanted paths in the patient. The residual heat from the electrical energy also provides simultaneous hemostasis of severed blood vessels, which increases visualization and improves recovery time for the patient. Excerpt(s): The present invention is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/977,845, filed Nov. 25, 1997 (attorney docket no. D-2), which is a continuation-inpart of application Ser. No. 08/562,332, filed Nov. 22, 1995 (attorney docket no. 016238000710), the complete disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. The present invention is related to commonly assigned co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/990,374, filed Dec. 15, 1997 (Attorney Docket No. E-3), which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/485,219, filed on Jun. 7, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,697,281 (Attorney Docket 16238-000600), patent application Ser. Nos. 09/109,219, 09/058,571, 08/874,173 and 09/002,315, filed on Jun. 30, 1998, Apr. 10, 1998, Jun. 13, 1997, and Jan. 2, 1998, respectively (Attorney Docket Nos. CB-1, CB-2, 16238005600 and C-9, respectively) and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/054,323, filed on Apr. 2, 1998 (Attorney Docket No. E-5), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/010,382, filed Jan. 21, 1998 (Attorney Docket A-6), and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/032,375, filed Feb. 27, 1998 (Attorney Docket No. CB-3), U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/977,845, filed on Nov. 25, 1997 (Attorney Docket No. D-2), Ser. No. 08/942,580, filed on Oct. 2, 1997 (Attorney Docket No. 16238-001300), U.S. application Ser. No. 08/753,227, filed on Nov. 22, 1996 (Docket 16238-002200), U.S. application Ser. No. 08/687,792, filed on Jul. 18, 1996 (Docket No. 16238-001600), and PCT International Application, U.S. National Phase Serial No. PCT/US94/05168, filed on May 10, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,697,909 (Attorney Docket 16238-000440), which was a continuationin-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/059,681, filed on May 10, 1993 (Attorney Docket 16238-000420), which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/958,977, filed on Oct. 9, 1992 (Attorney Docket 16238-000410) which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/817,575, filed on Jan. 7, 1992 (Attorney Docket 16238-00040), the complete disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. The present invention is also related to commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,366, filed Nov. 22, 1995 (Attorney Docket 16238-000700), the complete disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. The present invention relates generally to the field of electrosurgery, and more particularly to surgical devices and methods which employ high frequency electrical energy to treat a patient's skin and subcutaneous tissue, including skin resurfacing procedures, the removal of pigmentations, vascular lesions, scars and tattoos, hair removal and/or transplant procedures, treatment of skin cancer, skin rejuvenation (e.g., wrinkle removal), liposuction, blepharoplasty and the like. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with blepharoplasty, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad

Patents 53

options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “blepharoplasty” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on blepharoplasty. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning blepharoplasty. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON BLEPHAROPLASTY Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to blepharoplasty. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on blepharoplasty include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “blepharoplasty” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “blepharoplasty” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “blepharoplasty” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Cosmetic Blepharoplasty and Facial Rejuvenation by Stephen L. Bosniak, et al; ISBN: 0397584695; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0397584695/icongroupinterna

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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS BLEPHAROPLASTY

AND

NEWS

ON

Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover blepharoplasty.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on blepharoplasty is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “blepharoplasty” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to blepharoplasty. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “blepharoplasty” (or synonyms).

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “blepharoplasty” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “blepharoplasty” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to blepharoplasty, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “blepharoplasty” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly

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to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “blepharoplasty” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on blepharoplasty: •

Blepharoplasty: Surgical Eyelid Lift Source: Harvard Women's Health Watch. 9(2): 2-3. October 2001. Contact: Available from Harvard Women's Health Watch. Department SR, P.O. Box 380, Boston, MA 02117. (800) 829-5921. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This newsletter article provides women who are considering cosmetic surgery with information on surgical eyelid lift. Blepharoplasty is the term for the surgical correction of drooping or hooded eyelids. The procedure may be performed on the upper or lower eyelids, or both. Blepharoplasty is a fairly straightforward procedure that can be performed by general surgeons, ophthalmologists, dermatologists, or plastic surgeons. The physician should be certified in a related specialty by the American Board of Medical Specialties and should be trained and experienced in the procedure. Prior to surgery, the patient needs to have a thorough ophthalmic examination to check visual acuity, visual field, and tear flow. During the preoperative examination, the surgeon will take a medical history and discuss the patient's expectations and the specifics of the surgery. The article explains how the procedure is performed, what the patient should expect afterward, and the possible complications that may occur. 5 figures.

Academic Periodicals covering Blepharoplasty Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to blepharoplasty. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering blepharoplasty that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute6: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

6

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.7 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:8 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 8 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html. 7

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The NLM Gateway9

The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.10 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “blepharoplasty” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1160 65 8 0 0 1233

HSTAT11 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.12 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.13 Simply search by “blepharoplasty” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 11 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 12 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 13 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 9

10

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists14 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.15 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.16 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 16 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 14

15

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on blepharoplasty can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to blepharoplasty. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to blepharoplasty. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “blepharoplasty”:

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Eye Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyediseases.html Eye Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyeinjuries.html Facial Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/facialinjuriesanddisorders.html Piercing and Tattoos http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/piercingandtattoos.html Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/plasticandcosmeticsurgery.html Scars http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/scars.html Skin Aging http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/skinaging.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on blepharoplasty. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Cosmetic Maxillofacial Surgery Source: Rosemont, IL: American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1999. [8 p.]. Contact: Available from American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 9700 West Bryn Mawr Avenue, Rosemont, IL 60018-5701. (847) 678-6200. Fax (847) 678-6286. Website: www.aaoms.org. PRICE: $25.00 per 100 brochures, plus shipping and handling. Summary: Cosmetic maxillofacial surgery is used to repair physical malformations resulting from disease, injury, burns, birth defects, or aging. It may also serve to restore normal function and improve individual appearance. Cosmetic maxillofacial surgery can be performed using a variety of techniques, and several different procedures are available to correct specific conditions. This brochure, one in a series of patient education brochures from the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons,

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describes cosmetic maxillofacial surgery. Topics include general preoperative and postoperative considerations, the need to maintain realistic expectations and objectives, coping with the recovery period, and common procedures including facelift (rhytidectomy), nasal reconstruction (rhinoplasty), cosmetic surgery of the eyes (blepharoplasty, forehead or brow lift), chin surgery (mentoplasty), cheek implant (malar augmentation), facial liposuction, treatment of facial wrinkling (chemical peel), and treatment of facial scarring (dermabrasion). The brochure includes the contact information for the Association (www.aaoms.org ). 2 figures. •

Treatment of Aging Eyelids Source: Schaumburg, IL: American Society for Dermatologic Surgery (ASDS). 1998. 2 p. Contact: Available from American Society for Dermatologic Surgery. 930 North Meacham Road, Schaumburg, IL 60173-6016. (800) 441-2737 or (847) 330-9830. Fax (847) 330-0050. Website: www.asds-net.org. PRICE: Call '800' number or access website for single free copy. Summary: This fact sheet uses a question and answer format to provide the general public with information on the treatment of aging eyelids by means of a surgical technique known as blepharoplasty. The fact sheet explains what blepharoplasty is and how it is performed, highlights the postoperative effects, and presents possible complications. Also included are information on the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery and a source for further information. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to blepharoplasty. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to blepharoplasty. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with blepharoplasty. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about blepharoplasty. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “blepharoplasty” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “blepharoplasty”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “blepharoplasty” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “blepharoplasty” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.17

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

17

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)18: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

18

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on blepharoplasty: •

Basic Guidelines for Blepharoplasty Eyelid repair Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002977.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Blepharoplasty Blurred vision Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003029.htm Bruising Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003235.htm Double vision Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003029.htm Drooping eyelids Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003035.htm

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Eyelid drooping Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003035.htm High blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003082.htm Problems breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Sensitivity to light Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003041.htm Sleepy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003208.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Wrinkles Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003252.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Blepharoplasty Blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003398.htm

•

Surgery and Procedures for Blepharoplasty Facelift Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002989.htm

•

Background Topics for Blepharoplasty Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Heart disease Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000147.htm Pain medication Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002123.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

Online Glossaries 83

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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BLEPHAROPLASTY DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] ACE: Angiotensin-coverting enzyme. A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH]

Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Apraxia: Loss of ability to perform purposeful movements, in the absence of paralysis or sensory disturbance, caused by lesions in the cortex. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH]

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Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blepharospasm: Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle. [NIH]

Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU]

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Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Chemosis: Severe edema of the conjunctiva, least marked in the tarsal region. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative

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pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constrict: Tighten; narrow. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due

Dictionary 89

to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dry Eye Syndrome: A common condition that occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears to keep the eye moist and comfortable. Common symptoms of dry eye include pain, stinging, burning, scratchiness, and intermittent blurring of vision. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous

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phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Exophthalmos: Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye. [NIH] Exotropia: A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction. [NIH] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Eye socket: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orangepeel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3) Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH]

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Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped

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mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incisional: The removal of a sample of tissue for examination under a microscope. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis: Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca: Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with xerostomia and polyarthritis, it is called Sjogren's syndrome. [NIH] Lacrimal: Pertaining to the tears. [EU] Lacrimal gland: The small almond-shaped structure that produces tears; located just above the outer corner of the eye. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph

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nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Malar: Paired facial bones that help form the lateral und lower orbita. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]

Mydriasis: Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in Adie syndrome. [NIH]

Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neurosyphilis: A late form of syphilis that affects the brain and may lead to dementia and death. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the

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chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oculi: Globe or ball of the eye. [NIH] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Oculomotor Nerve: The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain. [NIH] Oculus: Globe or ball of the eye. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Ophthalmoplegia: Paralysis of one or more of the ocular muscles due to disorders of the eye muscles, neuromuscular junction, supporting soft tissue, tendons, or innervation to the muscles. [NIH] Orbicularis: A thin layer of fibers that originates at the posterior lacrimal crest and passes outward and forward, dividing into two slips which surround the canaliculi. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Orbital Fractures: Fractures of the bones in the orbit, which include parts of the frontal, ethmoidal, lacrimal, and sphenoid bones and the maxilla and zygoma. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paraparesis: Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; muscular diseases; intracranial hypertension; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Perimetry: Determination of the extent of the visual field for various types and intensities of stimuli. [NIH] Periorbital: Situated around the orbit, or eye socket. [EU] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous

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system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral vision: Side vision; ability to see objects and movement outside of the direct line of vision. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plastic surgeon: A surgeon who specializes in reducing scarring or disfigurement that may occur as a result of accidents, birth defects, or treatment for diseases. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolapse: The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice. [NIH]

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Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Ptosis: 1. Prolapse of an organ or part. 2. Drooping of the upper eyelid from paralysis of the third nerve or from sympathetic innervation. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retraction: 1. The act of drawing back; the condition of being drawn back. 2. Distal movement of teeth, usually accomplished with an orthodontic appliance. [EU] Retractor: An instrument designed for pulling aside tissues to improve exposure at operation; an instrument for drawing back the edge of a wound. [NIH] Retrobulbar: Behind the pons. [EU] Retrobulbar Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage within the orbital cavity, posterior to the eyeball. [NIH]

Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH]

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Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Scalpel: A small pointed knife with a convex edge. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. [NIH] Sharpness: The apparent blurring of the border between two adjacent areas of a radiograph having different optical densities. [NIH] Sicca: Failure of lacrimal secretion, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, failure of secretion of the salivary glands and mucous glands of the upper respiratory tract and polyarthritis. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skin graft: Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and

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forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH]

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Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Wound Infection: Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abscess, 28, 85, 97 ACE, 19, 85 Acute renal, 85, 92 Adhesives, 50, 85 Adverse Effect, 85, 97 Algorithms, 85, 86 Alternative medicine, 58, 85 Ampulla, 85, 90 Anal, 85, 91 Anatomical, 7, 23, 40, 85, 86, 87 Anesthesia, 23, 39, 85 Antibody, 85, 87, 92 Antigen, 85, 87, 92 Apraxia, 20, 85 Arterial, 85, 88, 96 Arteries, 85, 86, 96 Arterioles, 85, 86 Artery, 22, 85, 86 Atrial, 86, 88, 99 Atrioventricular, 86, 88 Atrium, 86, 88, 99 Attenuated, 33, 86 Autologous, 25, 86 B Bacteria, 85, 86, 91, 98 Bacterium, 86, 92 Base, 86, 92 Biotechnology, 3, 58, 65, 86 Blepharospasm, 20, 86 Blood pressure, 82, 86, 96 Blood vessel, 52, 85, 86, 87, 88, 92, 95, 97, 99 C Carbon Dioxide, 20, 86, 91, 96 Cardiac, 86, 88, 89 Case report, 32, 35, 86 Caudal, 86, 95 Cell, 86, 88, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96 Cellulitis, 28, 86 Cerebral, 87, 91 Cerebral Cortex, 87, 91 Chemosis, 12, 25, 87 Chin, 71, 87, 93 Chronic, 87, 92, 97, 98 Ciliary, 50, 87, 94 Clamp, 5, 87 Clinical trial, 3, 65, 87, 88

Clonic, 86, 87 Cloning, 86, 87 Coagulation, 51, 87, 92 Collagen, 85, 87, 91 Complement, 87, 88 Complementary and alternative medicine, 43, 48, 88 Complementary medicine, 43, 88 Computational Biology, 65, 88 Conduction, 52, 88 Conjunctiva, 22, 37, 87, 88, 92 Connective Tissue, 86, 87, 88, 98 Constrict, 88, 93 Constriction, 88, 94 Contraindications, ii, 20, 88 Controlled study, 17, 88 Cor, 39, 88 Corneum, 89, 90 Cortex, 85, 89 Cranial, 89, 94, 95, 97 Curative, 89, 98 D Decompression, 29, 89 Decompression Sickness, 89 Diagnostic procedure, 49, 58, 89 Direct, iii, 89, 95, 96 Discrete, 89, 98 Dissection, 35, 89 Distal, 52, 89, 96 Dorsal, 89, 95 Drug Interactions, 89 Dry Eye Syndrome, 32, 89 Duodenum, 89, 90 E Edema, 39, 87, 89 Electrocoagulation, 87, 89 Electrode, 51, 89 Emulsion, 89, 91 Endoscope, 90 Endoscopic, 11, 44, 90 Environmental Health, 64, 66, 90 Enzyme, 85, 90, 98 Eosinophilia, 90 Epidermis, 51, 89, 90, 92 Exophthalmos, 8, 90 Exotropia, 44, 90 Extravasation, 90, 92 Extremity, 90, 94

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Eye socket, 90, 94 F Facial, 13, 15, 17, 18, 21, 23, 25, 26, 29, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47, 55, 70, 71, 90, 93 Family Planning, 65, 90 Fasciitis, 12, 26, 90 Fat, 6, 17, 19, 20, 27, 29, 33, 34, 40, 45, 46, 51, 88, 90, 97 Fibrin, 25, 90, 98 Fibrinogen, 90, 98 Fibroblasts, 90, 91 Fibrosarcoma, 90, 91 Fissure, 34, 91 Fixation, 11, 36, 91 Fold, 6, 50, 91 Foramen, 87, 91 Forearm, 86, 90, 91 Fovea, 91 G Ganglion, 91, 94 Gas, 86, 89, 91, 93 Gene, 86, 91 Gland, 90, 91, 97, 98 Governing Board, 91, 95 Graft, 33, 91 Grafting, 39, 42, 46, 91 Gram-positive, 91, 98 Granuloma, 32, 92 H Hematoma, 15, 34, 92 Hemolytic, 30, 90, 92 Hemostasis, 52, 92 Horny layer, 90, 92 Hypertrophy, 39, 89, 92, 99 I Incision, 6, 14, 22, 23, 24, 29, 34, 45, 52, 92 Incisional, 29, 47, 92 Infection, 7, 20, 26, 30, 41, 86, 87, 90, 92, 93, 98 Inflammation, 86, 87, 90, 92, 95 Innervation, 21, 92, 94, 96 Intermittent, 44, 89, 92 Intracellular, 92 Invasive, 25, 92 K Kb, 64, 92 Keratoconjunctivitis, 21, 92, 97 Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, 92, 97 L Lacrimal, 4, 92, 94, 97 Lacrimal gland, 4, 92

Lesion, 92, 99 Localized, 85, 91, 92, 95, 97, 99 Lymphatic, 92, 93 Lymphoid, 93 Lymphoma, 20, 93 M Malar, 6, 24, 35, 71, 93 Malignancy, 90, 93 Malignant, 25, 90, 93 Mandible, 87, 93 Medial, 6, 50, 90, 93, 98 MEDLINE, 65, 93 Membrane, 88, 93, 95, 97 Mental, iv, 3, 64, 66, 87, 93, 96 Mitochondrial Swelling, 93 Modification, 33, 93 Molecular, 65, 67, 86, 88, 90, 93, 98 Mononuclear, 90, 92, 93 Motility, 27, 93 Motor nerve, 93, 94 Mydriasis, 39, 93 N Necrosis, 52, 90, 93 Neuromuscular, 93, 94 Neuromuscular Junction, 93, 94 Neurosyphilis, 93, 94 Nitrogen, 89, 91, 93 Nuclear, 91, 93 Nuclei, 94 O Ocular, 27, 90, 94 Oculi, 39, 86, 94 Oculomotor, 30, 93, 94 Oculomotor Nerve, 30, 93, 94 Oculus, 34, 94 Ophthalmic, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 32, 35, 36, 41, 44, 45, 46, 59, 94 Ophthalmology, 7, 8, 9, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 91, 94 Ophthalmoplegia, 39, 94 Orbicularis, 11, 34, 39, 40, 86, 94 Orbit, 39, 90, 94 Orbital, 12, 20, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 94, 96 Orbital Fractures, 34, 94 P Palate, 33, 94 Palliative, 94, 98 Palsy, 19, 94 Paralysis, 85, 90, 94, 96 Paraparesis, 94

103

Paresis, 20, 36, 94 Patient Education, 70, 76, 78, 83, 94 Perimetry, 21, 94 Periorbital, 8, 21, 27, 39, 45, 46, 94 Peripheral Nervous System, 94 Peripheral vision, 95, 99 Phallic, 91, 95 Pharmacologic, 85, 95, 98 Phospholipids, 90, 95 Photocoagulation, 87, 95 Plants, 86, 95, 98 Plasma, 90, 92, 95 Plastic surgeon, 59, 95 Pneumonia, 88, 95 Polyarthritis, 92, 95, 97 Pons, 95, 96 Posterior, 35, 85, 89, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98 Postoperative, 5, 19, 30, 71, 95 Practice Guidelines, 66, 95 Preoperative, 9, 28, 31, 59, 71, 95 Probe, 52, 95 Progressive, 93, 95 Prolapse, 4, 95, 96 Prospective study, 39, 96 Protein S, 86, 96 Proximal, 89, 96, 97 Psychiatry, 91, 96 Ptosis, 5, 8, 11, 13, 19, 24, 30, 32, 37, 41, 44, 96 Public Policy, 65, 96 Pulmonary, 41, 86, 89, 96, 99 Pulmonary Artery, 86, 96, 99 Pulmonary hypertension, 89, 96 R Red blood cells, 92, 96 Refer, 1, 87, 91, 96, 97, 98 Resection, 11, 14, 17, 22, 33, 34, 40, 96 Respiration, 86, 96 Retinal, 96, 99 Retraction, 39, 96 Retractor, 50, 51, 96 Retrobulbar, 5, 15, 34, 96 Retrobulbar Hemorrhage, 5, 96 Risk factor, 96 Rod, 86, 87, 96 S Salivary, 97 Salivary glands, 97 Scalpel, 19, 97 Sclera, 88, 97 Scleroderma, 90, 97 Screening, 87, 97

Secretion, 92, 97 Segmental, 40, 97 Segmentation, 97 Septal, 35, 97 Septum, 12, 97 Septum Pellucidum, 97 Sharpness, 97, 99 Sicca, 21, 97 Side effect, 85, 97, 98 Skeletal, 87, 97 Skin graft, 41, 97 Soft tissue, 90, 91, 94, 97 Sound wave, 88, 97 Spasm, 86, 97 Specialist, 72, 97 Species, 97, 98, 99 Sphenoid, 94, 97 Spinous, 90, 98 Steel, 10, 13, 87, 98 Stimulus, 89, 92, 98 Streptococcus, 26, 30, 90, 98 Subacute, 92, 98 Subclinical, 92, 98 Subcutaneous, 52, 86, 89, 98 Suppurative, 86, 98 Symphysis, 87, 98 Systemic, 86, 92, 97, 98, 99 T Tendon, 22, 40, 91, 98 Therapeutics, 98 Thrombin, 90, 98 Tissue, 14, 17, 23, 37, 42, 51, 52, 85, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98 Tonic, 86, 98 Topical, 16, 98 Toxic, iv, 98 Toxicity, 89, 98 Toxicology, 66, 98 Toxin, 47, 98 Traction, 87, 98 Transcutaneous, 39, 41, 46, 99 Transfection, 86, 99 Trauma, 93, 99 Tricuspid Atresia, 88, 99 Tuberculosis, 41, 99 U Ulcer, 86, 99 V Vascular, 52, 92, 99 Veins, 86, 99 Ventral, 94, 95, 99 Ventricle, 86, 88, 96, 99

104

Blepharoplasty

Ventricular, 88, 99 Venules, 86, 99 Veterinary Medicine, 65, 99 Virulence, 86, 98, 99

Visual Acuity, 59, 99 Visual field, 59, 94, 99 W Wound Infection, 7, 99

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