Biaxin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

IAXIN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P AR...

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IAXIN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Biaxin: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83784-8 1. Biaxin-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Biaxin. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BIAXIN ....................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Biaxin............................................................................................ 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 18 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BIAXIN ............................................................................................. 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Finding Nutrition Studies on Biaxin........................................................................................... 35 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 40 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BIAXIN ....................................................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 43 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 46 General References ....................................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND BIAXIN ................................................................................... 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Recent Trials on Biaxin................................................................................................................ 49 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 54 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON BIAXIN ................................................................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Patents on Biaxin......................................................................................................................... 57 Patent Applications on Biaxin ..................................................................................................... 59 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON BIAXIN ....................................................................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 65 Chapters on Biaxin....................................................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BIAXIN ......................................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 67 Academic Periodicals covering Biaxin ......................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 71 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 72 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 77 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 79 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 81 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 83 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 85 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 87 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 87

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Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 87 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 93 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 93 BIAXIN DICTIONARY................................................................................................................... 95 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 129

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Biaxin is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Biaxin, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Biaxin, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Biaxin. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Biaxin, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Biaxin. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BIAXIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Biaxin.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and Biaxin, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “Biaxin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Antibiotic Misuse Resulting in Drug Resistance Source: Advance for Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists. 5(1): 6. January 9, 1995. Contact: Available from Merion Publications, Inc. 650 Park Avenue West, King of Prussia, PA 19406. (800) 355-1088. Summary: This brief article addresses the problem of antibiotic misuse resulting in drug resistance. The author interviews several prominent researcher-physicians, gathering and providing information about the areas in which antibiotics are being misused; the natural process of resistance; how beta-lactam antibiotics kill an infectious bacteria; problems with bacteria that are completely unaffected by available antibiotics, including the Enterococcus species, or hospital bacterium; infection control issues; bacteria that are

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responsible for otitis media; a new antibiotic used to treat otitis media, Biaxin; the use of antibiotics in plants or animals to increase size or to kill infection; and steps that patients and physicians can take to avoid the increase and spread of resistant bacteria. The telephone numbers and addresses of the three physicians interviewed are included.

Federally Funded Research on Biaxin The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Biaxin. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Biaxin. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Biaxin. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for Biaxin: •

Project Title: ANTIBIOTIC GENE CLUSTERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Weber, J Mark.; President; Fermalogic, Inc. Chicago Technology Park Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 16-JUL-2001; Project End 15-JUL-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): The global health problem of microbial antibiotic resistance continues unabated. One practical aspect of this problem is that when new more effective antibiotics are found they must be produced in large enough quantities and at reasonable prices. Most antibiotics are made through Actinomycete fermentations. Despite the wide use of these organisms, very little is known about the genes that control the level, and therefore the cost, of antibiotic production. One of the best-studied Actinomycetes is the mycelial, grampositive, Saccharopolyspora erythraea, which has been used to make erythromycin since the mid-1950's. Erythromycin is the starting material for two widely prescribed semi-synthetic derivatives, Biaxin and Zithromax. It is little known that over 30 years ago another Actinomycete, Aeromicrobium erythreum, was also discovered to produce erythromycin. A. erythreum, however, is unicellular and faster growing than Sac. erythraea and has other features that make it a favorable fermentation organism. The gene cluster for erythromycin biosynthesis in this organism is uncharacterized. We propose to revisit A. erythreum and begin by cloning and sequencing the ery gene cluster from it as a prelude to further work that will lead to commercial opportunities for strain improvement and new drug discovery. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Commercial strains for the production of the bulk pharmaceutical erythromycin are responsible for the production or material with a market value of greater than $600

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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million per year, world-wide (1995 figure). Any strain that is significantly superior to existing strains would therefore be of great economic value. The development of new generation erythromycin derivatives means the market for erythromycin as a chemical intermediate will continue to grow. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “Biaxin” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for Biaxin in the PubMed Central database: •

A PCR-oligonucleotide ligation assay to determine the prevalence of 23S rRNA gene mutations in clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori. by Stone GG, Shortridge D, Versalovic J, Beyer J, Flamm RK, Graham DY, Ghoneim AT, Tanaka SK.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163779

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Activities of a New Fluoroketolide, HMR 3787, and Its (Des)-Fluor Derivative RU 64399 Compared to Those of Telithromycin, Erythromycin A, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, and Clindamycin against Macrolide-Susceptible or -Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and S. pyogenes. by Nagai K, Davies TA, Ednie LM, Bryskier A, Palavecino E, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=90817

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Activities of HMR 3004 (RU 64004) and HMR 3647 (RU 66647) Compared to Those of Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Roxithromycin, and Eight Other Antimicrobial Agents against Unusual Aerobic and Anaerobic Human and Animal Bite Pathogens Isolated from Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Humans. by Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Gerardo SH, Hudspeth M, Merriam CV.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105757

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Activities of rifabutin, clarithromycin, and ethambutol against two virulent strains of Mycobacterium avium in a mouse model. by Furney SK, Skinner PS, Farrer J, Orme IM.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162628

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Activities of Telithromycin (HMR 3647, RU 66647) Compared to Those of Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Roxithromycin, and Other

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Antimicrobial Agents against Unusual Anaerobes. by Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Merriam CV, Warren Y, Tyrrell K.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89565 •

Activity of KRM-1648 alone or in combination with both ethambutol and kanamycin or clarithromycin against Mycobacterium intracellulare infections in beige mice. by Yamamoto T, Amitani R, Suzuki K, Tanaka E, Murayama T, Kuze F.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163128

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Antimicrobial Activities and Postantibiotic Effects of Clarithromycin, 14-HydroxyClarithromycin, and Azithromycin in Epithelial Cell Lining Fluid against Clinical Isolates ofHaemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. by Bergman KL, Olsen KM, Peddicord TE, Fey PD, Rupp ME.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89263

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Antimicrobial and Immunologic Activities of Clarithromycin in a Murine Model of Mycoplasma pneumoniae-Induced Pneumonia. by Hardy RD, Rios AM, ChavezBueno S, Jafri HS, Hatfield J, Rogers BB, McCracken GH, Ramilo O.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=153317

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Antipneumococcal Activities of Levofloxacin and Clarithromycin as Determined by Agar Dilution, Microdilution, E-Test, and Disk Diffusion Methodologies. by Clark CL, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105243

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Antituberculosis activity of clarithromycin. by Luna-Herrera J, Reddy VM, Daneluzzi D, Gangadharam PR.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163014

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Assessment of Clarithromycin-Resistant Helicobacter pylori among Patients in Shanghai and Guangzhou, China, by Primer-Mismatch PCR. by Pan ZJ, Su WW, Tytgat GN, Dankert J, van der Ende A.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120094

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Bactericidal activity of single dose of clarithromycin plus minocycline, with or without ofloxacin, against Mycobacterium leprae in patients. by Ji B, Jamet P, Perani EG, Sow S, Lienhardt C, Petinon C, Grosset JH.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163487

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Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal In Vitro Activities of Clarithromycin and Erythromycin against Periodontopathic Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. by Piccolomini R, Catamo G, Di Bonaventura G.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105980

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Bronchopulmonary Pharmacokinetics of Clarithromycin and Azithromycin. by Kashuba AD, Amsden GW.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105444

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Clarithromycin Attenuates Mastectomy-Induced Acute Inflammatory Response. by Chow LW, Yuen KY, Woo PC, Wei WI.; 2000 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=95987

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Clarithromycin does not affect phosphorylation of zidovudine in vitro. by Rana KZ, Darnowski JW, Strayer AH, Dudley MN.; 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163447

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Clarithromycin in treatment of early Lyme disease: a pilot study. by Dattwyler RJ, Grunwaldt E, Luft BJ.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163136

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Clarithromycin Inhibits NF-[kappa]B Activation in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Pulmonary Epithelial Cells. by Ichiyama T, Nishikawa M, Yoshitomi T, Hasegawa S, Matsubara T, Hayashi T, Furukawa S.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=90237

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Clarithromycin is inactive against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. by Truffot-Pernot C, Lounis N, Grosset JH, Ji B.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163042

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Clarithromycin lowers plasma zidovudine levels in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection. by Polis MA, Piscitelli SC, Vogel S, Witebsky FG, Conville PS, Petty B, Kovacs JA, Davey RT Jr, Walker RE, Falloon J, Metcalf JA, Craft C, Lane HC, Masur H.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163990

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Clarithromycin Resistance among Helicobacter pylori Strains Isolated from Children: Prevalence and Study of Mechanism of Resistance by PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis. by Alarcon T, Vega AE, Domingo D, Martinez MJ, Lopez-Brea M.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=149579

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Clarithromycin Resistance and Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Children. by Kalach N, Benhamou PH, Campeotto F, Bergeret M, Dupont C, Raymond J.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=90614

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Clarithromycin Resistance in Mycobacterium abscessus. by Brown-Elliott BA, Wallace RJ Jr.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88229

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Clarithromycin-minocycline combination as salvage therapy for toxoplasmosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. by Lacassin F, Schaffo D, Perronne C, Longuet P, Leport C, Vilde JL.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162527

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Clarithromycin-Resistant Mycobacterium avium Is Still Susceptible to Treatment with Clarithromycin and Is Virulent in Mice. by Bermudez LE, Nash K, Petrofsky M, Young LS, Inderlied CB.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=90125

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Clarithromycin-Susceptible and -Resistant Helicobacter pylori Isolates with Identical Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA-PCR Genotypes Cultured from Single Gastric Biopsy Specimens Prior to Antibiotic Therapy. by van der Ende A, van Doorn LJ, Rooijakkers S, Feller M, Tytgat GN, Dankert J.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88202

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Cloning and sequence analysis of two copies of a 23S rRNA gene from Helicobacter pylori and association of clarithromycin resistance with 23S rRNA mutations. by Taylor DE, Ge Z, Purych D, Lo T, Hiratsuka K.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=164180

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Comparative activities of clarithromycin, erythromycin, and azithromycin against penicillin-susceptible and penicillin-resistant pneumococci. by Ednie LM, Visalli MA, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC.; 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163449

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Comparative Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Q-T Interval Prolongation Induced by the Macrolides Clarithromycin, Roxithromycin, and Azithromycin in Rats. by Ohtani H, Taninaka C, Hanada E, Kotaki H, Sato H, Sawada Y, Iga T.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=90127

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Comparison of bronchopulmonary pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin and azithromycin. by Patel KB, Xuan D, Tessier PR, Russomanno JH, Quintiliani R, Nightingale CH.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163537

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Detection of Clarithromycin-Resistant Helicobacter pylori Strains by a Preferential Homoduplex Formation Assay. by Maeda S, Yoshida H, Matsunaga H, Ogura K, Kawamata O, Shiratori Y, Omata M.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88697

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Detection of Point Mutations Associated with Resistance of Helicobacter pylori to Clarithromycin by Hybridization in Liquid Phase. by Pina M, Occhialini A, Monteiro L, Doermann HP, Megraud F.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105316

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Differential Modulatory Effects of Clarithromycin on the Production of Cytokines by a Tumor. by Sassa K, Mizushima Y, Kobayashi M.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89561

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Direct evidence for antipseudomonal activity of macrolides: exposure-dependent bactericidal activity and inhibition of protein synthesis by erythromycin,

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clarithromycin, and azithromycin. by Tateda K, Ishii Y, Matsumoto T, Furuya N, Nagashima M, Matsunaga T, Ohno A, Miyazaki S, Yamaguchi K.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163517 •

Dynamics of Clarithromycin and Azithromycin Efficacies against Experimental Haemophilus influenzae Pulmonary Infection. by Alder JD, Ewing PJ, Nilius AM, Mitten M, Tovcimak A, Oleksijew A, Jarvis K, Paige L, Tanaka SK.; 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105838

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Effect of clarithromycin on sputum production and its rheological properties in chronic respiratory tract infections. by Tamaoki J, Takeyama K, Tagaya E, Konno K.; 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162808

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Effect of combination therapy with ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin on theophylline pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. by Gillum JG, Israel DS, Scott RB, Climo MW, Polk RE.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163401

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Effect of Grapefruit Juice on Clarithromycin Pharmacokinetics. by Cheng KL, Nafziger AN, Peloquin CA, Amsden GW.; 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105569

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Effect of omeprazole on concentrations of clarithromycin in plasma and gastric tissue at steady state. by Gustavson LE, Kaiser JF, Edmonds AL, Locke CS, DeBartolo ML, Schneck DW.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162884

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Effect of Prolonged Treatment with Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, or Levofloxacin on Chlamydia pneumoniae in a Continuous-Infection Model. by Kutlin A, Roblin PM, Hammerschlag MR.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127037

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Effect of single oral dose of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and roxithromycin on polymorphonuclear leukocyte function assessed ex vivo by flow cytometry. by Wenisch C, Parschalk B, Zedtwitz-Liebenstein K, Weihs A, el Menyawi I, Graninger W.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163469

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Effects of Clarithromycin and Amoxicillin on Gastric Emptying in Rats. by Endo H, Yoshida H, Kohno Y, Suga T.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128799

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Effects of Fluconazole and Clarithromycin on Rifabutin and 25-O-Desacetylrifabutin Pharmacokinetics. by Jordan MK, Polis MA, Kelly G, Narang PK, Masur H, Piscitelli SC.; 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=90031

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Effects of Lansoprazole and Amoxicillin on Uptake of [14C]Clarithromycin into Gastric Tissue in Rats. by Endo H, Yoshida H, Ohmi N, Higuchi S.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=90852

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Efficacies of Clarithromycin Regimens against Mycobacterium xenopi in Mice. by Lounis N, Truffot-Pernot C, Bentoucha A, Robert J, Ji B, Grosset J.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=90813

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Efficacy of azithromycin or clarithromycin for prophylaxis of viridans group streptococcus experimental endocarditis. by Rouse MS, Steckelberg JM, Brandt CM, Patel R, Miro JM, Wilson WR.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163983

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Efficacy of clarithromycin treatment of acute otitis media caused by infection with penicillin-susceptible, -intermediate, and -resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the chinchilla. by Alper CM, Doyle WJ, Seroky JT, Bluestone CD.; 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163435

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Efficacy of clarithromycin versus that of clindamycin for single-dose prophylaxis of experimental streptococcal endocarditis. by Vermot D, Entenza JM, Vouillamoz J, Glauser MP, Moreillon P.; 1996 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163207

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Evaluation of Clarithromycin Resistance and cagA and vacA Genotyping of Helicobacter pylori Strains from the West of Ireland Using Line Probe Assays. by Ryan KA, van Doorn LJ, Moran AP, Glennon M, Smith T, Maher M.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88063

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Evaluation of in vitro spectra of activity of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin tested against strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by reference agar dilution, disk diffusion, and Etest methods. by Mehaffey PC, Putnam SD, Barrett MS, Jones RN.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228828

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Explaining the Bias in the 23S rRNA Gene Mutations Associated with Clarithromycin Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Helicobacter pylori. by Debets-Ossenkopp YJ, Brinkman AB, Kuipers EJ, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Kusters JG.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105932

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Genetic basis for clarithromycin resistance among isolates of Mycobacterium chelonae and Mycobacterium abscessus. by Wallace RJ Jr, Meier A, Brown BA, Zhang Y, Sander P, Onyi GO, Bottger EC.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163394

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Genotypic Characterization of Clarithromycin-Resistant and -Susceptible Helicobacter pylori Strains from the Same Patient Demonstrates Existence of Two Unrelated Isolates. by Wang G, Jiang Q, Taylor DE.; 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105193

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Helicobacter pylori Primary Resistance to Metronidazole and Clarithromycin in Brazil. by Prazeres Magalhaes P, de Magalhaes Queiroz DM, Campos Barbosa DV, Aguiar Rocha G, Nogueira Mendes E, Santos A, Valle Correa PR, Camargos Rocha AM, Martins Teixeira L, Affonso de Oliveira C.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127243

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High Levels of Resistance to Metronidazole and Clarithromycin in Helicobacter pylori Strains in Children. by Kalach N, Bergeret M, Benhamou PH, Dupont C, Raymond J.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87742

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In vitro activities of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and other antibiotics against Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Kuo CC, Jackson LA, Lee A, Grayston JT.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163599

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In vitro activities of azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline against 13 strains of Chlamydia pneumoniae. by Welsh L, Gaydos C, Quinn TC.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163084

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In Vitro Activities of Clarithromycin and Azithromycin against Clinical Isolates of Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare. by Steele-Moore L, Stark K, Holloway WJ.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89317

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In Vitro Activities of Linezolid Alone and in Combination with Amoxicillin, Clarithromycin, and Metronidazole against Helicobacter pylori. by Hirschl AM, Apfalter P, Makristathis A, Rotter ML, Wimmer M.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89996

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In Vitro Activities of the Ketolides Telithromycin (HMR 3647) and HMR 3004 Compared to Those of Clarithromycin against Slowly Growing Mycobacteria at pHs 6.8 and 7.4. by Rastogi N, Goh KS, Berchel M, Bryskier A.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=90161

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In Vitro Activity of Clarithromycin against Intracellular Helicobacter pylori. by Piccolomini R, Di Bonaventura G, Picciani C, Laterza F, Vecchiet J, Neri M.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=90509

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In vitro and ex vivo activities of antimicrobial agents used in combination with clarithromycin, with or without amikacin, against Mycobacterium avium. by Fattorini L, Li B, Piersimoni C, Tortoli E, Xiao Y, Santoro C, Ricci ML, Orefici G.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162605

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In Vitro Selection of Resistance in Haemophilus influenzae by AmoxicillinClavulanate, Cefpodoxime, Cefprozil, Azithromycin, and Clarithromycin. by Clark C, Bozdogan B, Peric M, Dewasse B, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127454

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In Vitro Susceptibilities of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis to Two Ketolides (HMR 3004 and HMR 3647), Four Macrolides (Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin A, and Roxithromycin), and Two Ansamycins (Rifampin and Rifapentine). by Hoppe JE, Bryskier A.; 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105582

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In Vitro Susceptibilities of Rhodococcus equi and Other Common Equine Pathogens to Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, and 20 Other Antimicrobials. by Jacks SS, Giguere S, Nguyen A.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=153307

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In Vitro Susceptibility of Coxiella burnetii to Linezolid in Comparison with Its Susceptibilities to Quinolones, Doxycycline, and Clarithromycin. by Gikas A, Spyridaki I, Scoulica E, Psaroulaki A, Tselentis Y.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=90826

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In Vitro Susceptibility of Coxiella burnetii to Trovafloxacin in Comparison with Susceptibilities to Pefloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Doxycycline, and Clarithromycin. by Gikas A, Spyridaki I, Psaroulaki A, Kofterithis D, Tselentis Y.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105931

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In Vitro Susceptibility of Mycobacterium ulcerans to Clarithromycin. by Portaels F, Traore H, De Ridder K, Meyers WM.; 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105863

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In vitro synergy testing of clarithromycin and 14-hydroxyclarithromycin with amoxicillin or bismuth subsalicylate against Helicobacter pylori. by Meyer JM, Ryu S, Pendland SL, Danziger LH.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163970

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Influence of Clarithromycin on Early Atherosclerotic Lesions after Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection in a Rabbit Model. by Fong IW, Chiu B, Viira E, Jang D, Mahony JB.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127348

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Influence of Macrolide Susceptibility on Efficacies of Clarithromycin and Azithromycin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in a Murine Lung Infection Model. by Hoffman HL, Klepser ME, Ernst EJ, Petzold CR, Sa'adah LM, Doern GV.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=151733

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Influence of Variations in Test Methods on Susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae to Ampicillin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, and Telithromycin. by Fuchs PC, Barry AL, Brown SD.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87676

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Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin and of erythromycin. by Conte JE Jr, Golden JA, Duncan S, McKenna E, Zurlinden E.; 1995 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162537

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Intrapulmonary steady-state concentrations of clarithromycin and azithromycin in healthy adult volunteers. by Rodvold KA, Gotfried MH, Danziger LH, Servi RJ.; 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163925

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Lack of Effect of Zafirlukast on the Pharmacokinetics of Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, and 14-Hydroxyclarithromycin in Healthy Volunteers. by Garey KW, Peloquin CA, Godo PG, Nafziger AN, Amsden GW.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89125

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Macrolide resistance in Helicobacter pylori: mechanism and stability in strains from clarithromycin-treated patients. by Hulten K, Gibreel A, Skold O, Engstrand L.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=164161

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Metronidazole and clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori determined by measuring MICs of antimicrobial agents in color indicator egg yolk agar in a miniwell format. The Gastrointestinal Physiology Working Group of Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia and the Johns Hopkins University. by Vasquez A, Valdez Y, Gilman RH, McDonald JJ, Westblom TU, Berg D, Mayta H, Gutierrez V.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228988

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MIC and time-kill study of antipneumococcal activities of RPR 106972 (a new oral streptogramin), RP 59500 (quinupristin-dalfopristin), pyostacine (RP 7293), penicillin G, cefotaxime, erythromycin, and clarithromycin against 10 penicillin-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci. by Pankuch GA, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163475

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Molecular Investigation of the Postantibiotic Effects of Clarithromycin and Erythromycin on Staphylococcus aureus Cells. by Champney WS, Tober CL.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89272

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Mononuclear and Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Dispositions of Clarithromycin and Azithromycin in AIDS Patients Requiring Mycobacterium avium Complex Prophylaxis. by Bui KQ, McNabb J, Li C, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89466

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Multiplex Sequence Analysis Demonstrates the Competitive Growth Advantage of the A-to-G Mutants of Clarithromycin-Resistant Helicobacter pylori. by Wang G, Rahman MS, Humayun MZ, Taylor DE.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89182

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Mutations in 23S rRNA are associated with clarithromycin resistance in Helicobacter pylori. by Versalovic J, Shortridge D, Kibler K, Griffy MV, Beyer J, Flamm RK, Tanaka SK, Graham DY, Go MF.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163139

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Mutations in 23S rRNA in Helicobacter pylori Conferring Resistance to Erythromycin Do Not Always Confer Resistance to Clarithromycin. by Garcia-Arata MI, Baquero F, de Rafael L, de Argila CM, Gisbert JP, Bermejo F, Boixeda D, Canton R.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89082

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New Site of Modification of 23S rRNA Associated with Clarithromycin Resistance of Helicobacter pylori Clinical Isolates. by Fontana C, Favaro M, Minelli S, Criscuolo AA, Pietroiusti A, Galante A, Favalli C.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=132752

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Novel Method for Rapid Determination of Clarithromycin Sensitivity in Helicobacter pylori. by Gibson JR, Saunders NA, Burke B, Owen RJ.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=85748

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Oral Cimetidine Prolongs Clarithromycin Absorption. by Amsden GW, Cheng KL, Peloquin CA, Nafziger AN.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105648

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PCR Using 3[prime prime or minute]-Mismatched Primers To Detect A2142C Mutation in 23S rRNA Conferring Resistance to Clarithromycin in Helicobacter pylori Clinical Isolates. by Alarcon T, Domingo D, Prieto N, Lopez-Brea M.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=86249

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PCR-Based Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Real-Time Determination of Clarithromycin Resistance Directly from Human Gastric Biopsy Samples. by Chisholm SA, Owen RJ, Teare EL, Saverymuttu S.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87913

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PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Can Also Detect Point Mutation A2142C in the 23S rRNA Gene, Associated with Helicobacter pylori Resistance to Clarithromycin. by Menard A, Santos A, Megraud F, Oleastro M.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127079

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Pharmacodynamic Assessment of Clarithromycin in a Murine Model of Pneumococcal Pneumonia. by Tessier PR, Kim MK, Zhou W, Xuan D, Li C, Ye M, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127127

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Pharmacodynamic Effects of Nitroimidazoles Alone and in Combination with Clarithromycin on Helicobacter pylori. by Svensson M, Strom M, Nilsson M, Sorberg M, Nilsson LE.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127314

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Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Clarithromycin against Macrolide-Resistant [PCRPositive mef(A) or erm(B)] Streptococcus pneumoniae Simulating Clinically Achievable Serum and Epithelial Lining Fluid Free-Drug Concentrations. by Noreddin AM, Roberts D, Nichol K, Wierzbowski A, Hoban DJ, Zhanel GG.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=132790

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Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Amprenavir and Clarithromycin in Healthy Male Volunteers. by Brophy DF, Israel DS, Pastor A, Gillotin C, Chittick GE, Symonds WT, Lou Y, Sadler BM, Polk RE.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89801

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Pharmacokinetics of a Clarithromycin Suspension Administered via Nasogastric Tube to Seriously Ill Patients. by Fish DN, Abraham E.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89259

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Pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin and zidovudine in patients with AIDS. by Vance E, Watson-Bitar M, Gustavson L, Kazanjian P.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162741

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Postantibiotic Effect and Postantibiotic Sub-MIC Effect of Levofloxacin Compared to Those of Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, Azithromycin, and Clarithromycin against 20 Pneumococci. by Spangler SK, Lin G, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105793

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Postantibiotic effect of clarithromycin alone and combined with ethambutol against Mycobacterium avium complex. by Ellis LC, Benson CA, Koenig GI, Trenholme GM.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163035

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Postantibiotic Effects and Bactericidal Activities of Clarithromycin --14-HydroxyClarithromycin, versus Those of Amoxicillin-Clavulanate, against Anaerobes. by Jung R, Messick CR, Pendland SL, Tesoro EP, Losendahl KJ, Schriever CA, Danziger LH.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89766

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Postantibiotic effects and postantibiotic sub-MIC effects of roxithromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin on respiratory tract pathogens. by OdenholtTornqvist I, Lowdin E, Cars O.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162512

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Pulsed-Exposure and Postantibiotic Leukocyte Enhancement Effects of Amikacin, Clarithromycin, Clofazimine, and Rifampin against Intracellular Mycobacterium avium. by Horgen L, Jerome A, Rastogi N.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105982

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Randomized Controlled Trial of Sequential Intravenous (i.v.) and Oral Moxifloxacin Compared with Sequential i.v. and Oral Co-Amoxiclav with or without Clarithromycin in Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Initial Parenteral Treatment. by Finch R, Schurmann D, Collins O, Kubin R, McGivern J, Bobbaers H, Izquierdo JL, Nikolaides P, Ogundare F, Raz R, Zuck P, Hoeffken G.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127227

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Rapid and Accurate Determination of Genotypic Clarithromycin Resistance in Cultured Helicobacter pylori by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization. by Russmann H, Adler K, Haas R, Gebert B, Koletzko S, Heesemann J.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=88500

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Rapid Detection of Mutations in the 23S rRNA Gene of Helicobacter pylori That Confers Resistance to Clarithromycin Treatment to the Bacterium. by Matsumura M, Hikiba Y, Ogura K, Togo G, Tsukuda I, Ushikawa K, Shiratori Y, Omata M.; 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87798

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Reaction of roxithromycin and clarithromycin with macrolide-inactivating enzymes from highly erythromycin-resistant Escherichia coli. by O'Hara K, Yamamoto K.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163256

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Real-Time PCR Assay for Rapid and Accurate Detection of Point Mutations Conferring Resistance to Clarithromycin in Helicobacter pylori. by Oleastro M, Menard A, Santos A, Lamouliatte H, Monteiro L, Barthelemy P, Megraud F.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=149634

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Regional Differences in Metronidazole Resistance and Increasing Clarithromycin Resistance among Helicobacter pylori Isolates from Japan. by Kato M, Yamaoka Y, Kim JJ, Reddy R, Asaka M, Kashima K, Osato MS, El-Zaatari FA, Graham DY, Kwon DH.; 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=90045

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Risk of Development of In Vitro Resistance to Amoxicillin, Clarithromycin, and Metronidazole in Helicobacter pylori. by Sorberg M, Hanberger H, Nilsson M, Bjorkman A, Nilsson LE.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105783

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Selection of clarithromycin-resistant Mycobacterium avium complex during combined therapy using the beige mouse model. by Lounis N, Ji B, Truffot-Pernot C, Grosset J.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162592

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Single-dose intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of azithromycin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and cefuroxime in volunteer subjects. by Conte JE Jr, Golden J, Duncan S, McKenna E, Lin E, Zurlinden E.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163383

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Standardized BACTEC Method To Measure Clarithromycin Susceptibility of Mycobacterium genavense. by Carlson LD, Wallis CK, Coyle MB.; 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=104619

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Steady-State Pharmacokinetics and Electrocardiographic Pharmacodynamics of Clarithromycin and Loratadine after Individual or Concomitant Administration. by Carr RA, Edmonds A, Shi H, Locke CS, Gustavson LE, Craft JC, Harris SI, Palmer R.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105769

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Susceptibilities of 201 anaerobes to erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and roxithromycin by oxyrase agar dilution and E test methodologies. by Spangler SK, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228167

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Susceptibility of penicillin-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci to dirithromycin compared with susceptibilities to erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and clindamycin. by Visalli MA, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=164026

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Synergistic activities of clarithromycin and antituberculous drugs against multidrugresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. by Cavalieri SJ, Biehle JR, Sanders WE Jr.; 1995 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162778

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Synergistic activities of clarithromycin and pyrazinamide against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human macrophages. by Mor N, Esfandiari A.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=164062

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The phagosomal environment protects virulent Mycobacterium avium from killing and destruction by clarithromycin. by Frehel C, Offredo C, de Chastellier C.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=175394

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Therapeutic Effect of Clarithromycin on a Transplanted Tumor in Rats. by Sassa K, Mizushima Y, Fujishita T, Oosaki R, Kobayashi M.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=89022

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Tolerance and Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Rifabutin and Clarithromycin in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Volunteers. by Hafner R, Bethel J, Power M, Landry B, Banach M, Mole L, Standiford HC, Follansbee S, Kumar P, Raasch R, Cohn D, Mushatt D, Drusano G.; 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=105510

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Treatment of Mycobacterium haemophilum infection in a murine model with clarithromycin, rifabutin, and ciprofloxacin. by Atkinson BA, Bocanegra R, Graybill JR.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162935

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Variability in susceptibilities of Haemophilus influenzae to clarithromycin and azithromycin due to medium pH. by Nilius AM, Beyer JM, Flamm RK, Tanaka SK.; 1997 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229740

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Biaxin, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Biaxin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Biaxin (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

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A comparison of gemifloxacin and clarithromycin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and long-term clinical outcomes. Author(s): Wilson R, Schentag JJ, Ball P, Mandell L; 068 Study Group. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 April; 24(4): 639-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12017408&dopt=Abstract

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A controlled, double-blind, multicenter study comparing clarithromycin extendedrelease tablets and levofloxacin tablets in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Author(s): Gotfried MH, Dattani D, Riffer E, Devcich KJ, Busman TA, Notario GF, Palmer RN. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 May; 24(5): 736-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12075942&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective study of the clarithromycin-digoxin interaction in elderly patients. Author(s): Zapater P, Reus S, Tello A, Torrus D, Perez-Mateo M, Horga JF. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 October; 50(4): 601-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356809&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective, double-blind, multicenter study comparing clarithromycin extendedrelease with trovafloxacin in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Author(s): Sokol WN Jr, Sullivan JG, Acampora MD, Busman TA, Notario GF. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 April; 24(4): 605-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12017405&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective, randomized study of quadruple therapy and high-dose dual therapy for treatment of Helicobacter pylori resistant to both metronidazole and clarithromycin. Author(s): Miehlke S, Kirsch C, Schneider-Brachert W, Haferland C, Neumeyer M, Bastlein E, Papke J, Jacobs E, Vieth M, Stolte M, Lehn N, Bayerdorffer E. Source: Helicobacter. 2003 August; 8(4): 310-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12950604&dopt=Abstract

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Absence of symptomatic benefit of lansoprazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin triple therapy in eradication of Helicobacter pylori positive, functional (nonulcer) dyspepsia. Author(s): Veldhuyzen van Zanten S, Fedorak RN, Lambert J, Cohen L, Vanjaka A. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 September; 98(9): 1963-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14499772&dopt=Abstract

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Acute pancreatitis after a course of clarithromycin. Author(s): Schouwenberg BJ, Deinum J. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 2003 July; 61(7): 266-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14567525&dopt=Abstract

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Amoxycillin, clarithromycin and either sucralfate or pantoprazole for eradication of Helicobacter pylori in duodenal ulcer (a randomized controlled trial). Author(s): Vcev A, Vceva A, Kurbel S, Takac B, Stimac D, Ivandic A, Ostojic R, Barbir A, Hovat D, Mihaljevic S. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2001 December 17; 113(23-24): 939-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11802510&dopt=Abstract

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An economic evaluation of sequential i.v./po moxifloxacin therapy compared to i.v./po co-amoxiclav with or without clarithromycin in the treatment of communityacquired pneumonia. Author(s): Drummond MF, Becker DL, Hux M, Chancellor JV, Duprat-Lomon I, Kubin R, Sagnier PP. Source: Chest. 2003 August; 124(2): 526-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12907538&dopt=Abstract

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An open, comparative pilot study of thiamphenicol glycinate hydrochloride vs clarithromycin in the treatment of acute lower respiratory tract infections due to Chlamydia pneumoniae. Author(s): Todisco T, Eslami A, Baglioni S, Todisco C. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 2002 June; 14(3): 265-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12120881&dopt=Abstract

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An open-label, randomized, multicenter, comparative study of the efficacy and safety of 7 days of treatment with clarithromycin extended-release tablets versus clarithromycin immediate-release tablets for the treatment of patients with acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Author(s): Weiss K, Vanjaka A; Canadian Clarithromycin Study Group on Bronchitis. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 December; 24(12): 2105-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581548&dopt=Abstract

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Antimicrobial activities of clarithromycin, gatifloxacin and sitafloxacin, in combination with various antimycobacterial drugs against extracellular and intramacrophage Mycobacterium avium complex. Author(s): Tomioka H, Sano C, Sato K, Shimizu T. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 February; 19(2): 139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11850167&dopt=Abstract

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Breakthrough pneumococcal bacteraemia in patients treated with clarithromycin or oral beta-lactams. Author(s): Van Kerkhoven D, Peetermans WE, Verbist L, Verhaegen J. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 March; 51(3): 691-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12615872&dopt=Abstract

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Clarithromycin and prednisolone inhibit cytokine production in chronic rhinosinusitis. Author(s): Wallwork B, Coman W, Feron F, Mackay-Sim A, Cervin A. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2002 October; 112(10): 1827-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12368623&dopt=Abstract

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Clarithromycin and pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia. Author(s): Terzano C, Petroianni A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 June 21; 326(7403): 1377-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816827&dopt=Abstract

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Clarithromycin in rheumatoid arthritis patients not responsive to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: an open, uncontrolled pilot study. Author(s): Saviola G, Abdi Ali L, Rossini P, Campostrini L, Coppini A, Gori M, Ianaro A, Bucci M, de Nucci G, Cirino G. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 May-June; 20(3): 373-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12102474&dopt=Abstract

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Clarithromycin increases the release of heat shock protein B from Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Tsuzuki T, Ina K, Ohta M, Hasegawa T, Nagasaka T, Saburi N, Ueda M, Konagaya T, Kaneko H, Imada A, Nishiwaki T, Nobata K, Ando T, Kusugami K. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 April; 16 Suppl 2: 217-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966545&dopt=Abstract

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Clarithromycin inhibits myometrial contractions in isolated human myometrium independent of stimulus. Author(s): Celik H, Ayar A. Source: Physiological Research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca. 2002; 51(3): 239-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12234115&dopt=Abstract

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Clarithromycin mediated the expression of polymorphonuclear granulocyte response against streptococcus pneumoniae strains with different patterns of susceptibility and resistance to penicillin and clarithromycin. Author(s): Cuffini AM, Tullio V, Mandras N, Roana J, Scalas D, Banche G, Carlone NA. Source: Int J Tissue React. 2002; 24(1): 37-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12013153&dopt=Abstract

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Clarithromycin resistance in Iranian H. pylori strains before introduction of clarithromycin. Author(s): Mohammadi M, Doroud D, Massarrat S, Farahvash MJ. Source: Helicobacter. 2003 February; 8(1): 80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12603622&dopt=Abstract

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Clarithromycin suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-8 production by human monocytes through AP-1 and NF-kappa B transcription factors. Author(s): Kikuchi T, Hagiwara K, Honda Y, Gomi K, Kobayashi T, Takahashi H, Tokue Y, Watanabe A, Nukiwa T. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 May; 49(5): 745-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12003967&dopt=Abstract

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Clarithromycin use preceding fulminant hepatic failure. Author(s): Christopher K, Hyatt PA, Horkan C, Yodice PC. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 February; 97(2): 489-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11866297&dopt=Abstract

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Combined effect of clarithromycin and imipenem/cilastatin against urinary biofilm infection after pyeloplasty. Author(s): Furuhata M, Iwamura M, Baba S, Inoue M. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2003 April; 10(4): 228-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12657103&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of azithromycin and clarithromycin in triple therapy regimens for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Sullivan B, Coyle W, Nemec R, Dunteman T. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 October; 97(10): 2536-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12385435&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of once- and twice-daily clarithromycin in the treatment of adults with severe acute lower respiratory tract infections. Author(s): Allin D, James I, Zachariah J, Carr W, Cullen S, Middleton A, Newson P, Lytle T, Coles S. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2001 December; 23(12): 1958-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11813931&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the antibacterial activities of ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, telithromycin and quinupristin/dalfopristin against intracellular non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae. Author(s): Ahren IL, Karlsson E, Forsgren A, Riesbeck K. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 December; 50(6): 903-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12461011&dopt=Abstract

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Contribution of increased oral bioavailability and reduced nonglomerular renal clearance of digoxin to the digoxin-clarithromycin interaction. Author(s): Rengelshausen J, Goggelmann C, Burhenne J, Riedel KD, Ludwig J, Weiss J, Mikus G, Walter-Sack I, Haefeli WE. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 July; 56(1): 32-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12848773&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori in stool samples. Author(s): Fontana C, Favaro M, Pietroiusti A, Pistoia ES, Galante A, Favalli C. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 August; 41(8): 3636-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12904368&dopt=Abstract

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Disposition and functions of clarithromycin in human THP-1 monocytes during stimulated and unstimulated conditions. Author(s): Ives TJ, Schwab UE, Ward ES, Butts JD, Hall IH. Source: Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 2001; 110(3-4): 183-208. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12760488&dopt=Abstract

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Dose-dependent inhibition of CYP3A activity by clarithromycin during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy assessed by changes in plasma lansoprazole levels and partial cortisol clearance to 6beta-hydroxycortisol. Author(s): Ushiama H, Echizen H, Nachi S, Ohnishi A. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2002 July; 72(1): 33-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12152002&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing the effect of azithromycin with clarithromycin on oropharyngeal and bowel microflora in volunteers. Author(s): Matute AJ, Schurink CA, Krijnen RM, Florijn A, Rozenberg-Arska M, Hoepelman IM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 June; 21(6): 427-31. Epub 2002 June 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12111597&dopt=Abstract

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Drug combinations with amoxycillin reduce selection of clarithromycin resistance during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Author(s): Murakami K, Fujioka T, Okimoto T, Sato R, Kodama M, Nasu M. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2002 January; 19(1): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814770&dopt=Abstract

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Drug-induced rhabdomyolysis after concomitant use of clarithromycin, atorvastatin, and lopinavir/ritonavir in a patient with HIV. Author(s): Mah Ming JB, Gill MJ. Source: Aids Patient Care and Stds. 2003 May; 17(5): 207-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816614&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of a short course of clarithromycin therapy on sputum production in patients with chronic airway hypersecretion. Author(s): Tagaya E, Tamaoki J, Kondo M, Nagai A. Source: Chest. 2002 July; 122(1): 213-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12114361&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of clarithromycin on steady-state digoxin concentrations. Author(s): Tanaka H, Matsumoto K, Ueno K, Kodama M, Yoneda K, Katayama Y, Miyatake K. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 February; 37(2): 178-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12549942&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of different proton pump inhibitors, differences in CYP2C19 genotype and antibiotic resistance on the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori infection by a 1week regimen of proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin and clarithromycin. Author(s): Kawabata H, Habu Y, Tomioka H, Kutsumi H, Kobayashi M, Oyasu K, Hayakumo T, Mizuno S, Kiyota K, Nakajima M, Kimoto K, Inokuchi H, Kawai K. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 January; 17(2): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534411&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of two quadruple, tetracycline- or clarithromycin-containing, secondline, Helicobacter pylori eradication therapies. Author(s): Georgopoulos SD, Ladas SD, Karatapanis S, Triantafyllou K, Spiliadi C, Mentis A, Artikis V, Raptis SA. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 March; 16(3): 569-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11876712&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of primary metronidazole and clarithromycin resistance to Helicobacter pylori on omeprazole, metronidazole, and clarithromycin triple-therapy regimen in a region with high rates of metronidazole resistance. Author(s): Wong WM, Gu Q, Wang WH, Fung FM, Berg DE, Lai KC, Xia HH, Hu WH, Chan CK, Chan AO, Yuen MF, Hui CK, Lam SK, Wong BC. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 October 1; 37(7): 882-9. Epub 2003 September 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13130398&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacies of cyclodextrin-complexed and liposome-encapsulated clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium complex infection in human macrophages. Author(s): Salem II, Duzgunes N. Source: International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2003 January 16; 250(2): 403-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12527166&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and tolerability of 5-day, once-daily telithromycin compared with 10-day, twice-daily clarithromycin for the treatment of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal tonsillitis/pharyngitis: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. Author(s): Quinn J, Ruoff GE, Ziter PS. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003 February; 25(2): 422-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12749505&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and tolerability of ranitidine bismuth citrate plus amoxycillin and clarithromycin as first- or second-line therapy to cure Helicobacter pylori infection. Author(s): Tursi A, Brandimarte G, Giorgetti G, Modeo ME, Gigliobianco A. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 July-August; 49(46): 1006-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12143188&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of low-dose clarithromycin triple therapy and tinidazole-containing triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Author(s): Choi IJ, Jung HC, Choi KW, Kim JH, Ahn DS, Yang US, Rew JS, Lee SI, Rhee JC, Chung IS, Chung JM, Hong WS. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 January; 16(1): 145-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11856089&dopt=Abstract

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Emergence of clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori (CRHP) with a high prevalence in children compared with their parents. Author(s): Taneike I, Goshi S, Tamura Y, Wakisaka-Saito N, Matsumori N, Yanase A, Shimizu T, Yamashiro Y, Toyoda S, Yamamoto T. Source: Helicobacter. 2002 October; 7(5): 297-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12390209&dopt=Abstract

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Eradication rates of clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori using either rabeprazole or lansoprazole plus amoxicillin and clarithromycin. Author(s): Murakami K, Sato R, Okimoto T, Nasu M, Fujioka T, Kodama M, Kagawa J, Sato S, Abe H, Arita T. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 November; 16(11): 1933-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12390102&dopt=Abstract

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Five day clarithromycin modified release versus 10 day penicillin V for group A streptococcal pharyngitis: a multi-centre, open-label, randomized study. Author(s): Portier H, Filipecki J, Weber P, Goldfarb G, Lethuaire D, Chauvin JP. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 February; 49(2): 337-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11815577&dopt=Abstract

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Fluorescence in situ hybridization vs. epsilometer test for detection of clarithromycinsusceptible and clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori strains in gastric biopsies from children. Author(s): Feydt-Schmidt A, Russmann H, Lehn N, Fischer A, Antoni I, Stork D, Koletzko S. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 December; 16(12): 2073-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452940&dopt=Abstract

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Fulminant hepatitis and fatal toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell disease) coincident with clarithromycin administration in an alcoholic patient receiving disulfiram therapy. Author(s): Masia M, Gutierrez F, Jimeno A, Navarro A, Borras J, Matarredona J, MartinHidalgo A. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002 February 25; 162(4): 474-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11863483&dopt=Abstract

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Fulminant liver failure associated with clarithromycin. Author(s): Tietz A, Heim MH, Eriksson U, Marsch S, Terracciano L, Krahenbuhl S. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 January; 37(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503933&dopt=Abstract

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Gastric juice, gastric tissue and blood antibiotic concentrations following omeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin triple therapy. Author(s): Nakamura M, Spiller RC, Barrett DA, Wibawa JI, Kumagai N, Tsuchimoto K, Tanaka T. Source: Helicobacter. 2003 August; 8(4): 294-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12950601&dopt=Abstract

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Genotypic characterization of clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori strains. Author(s): Piana A, Are BM, Maida I, Dore MP, Sotgiu G, Realdi G, Mura I. Source: New Microbiol. 2002 April; 25(2): 123-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12019717&dopt=Abstract

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Hallucinations with therapeutic doses of clarithromycin. Author(s): Jimenez-Pulido, Navarro-Ruiz A, Sendra P, Martinez-Ramirez M, GarciaMotos C, Montesinos-Ros A. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002 January; 40(1): 20-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11837378&dopt=Abstract

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Helicobacter pylori in children and adolescents: increase of primary clarithromycin resistance, 1997-2000. Author(s): Crone J, Granditsch G, Huber WD, Binder C, Innerhofer A, Amann G, Hirschl AM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2003 March; 36(3): 368-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604976&dopt=Abstract

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Helicobacter pylori primary resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin in Brazil. Author(s): Prazeres Magalhaes P, De Magalhaes Queiroz DM, Campos Barbosa DV, Aguiar Rocha G, Nogueira Mendes E, Santos A, Valle Correa PR, Camargos Rocha AM, Martins Teixeira L, Affonso de Oliveira C. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 June; 46(6): 2021-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12019131&dopt=Abstract

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Henoch-Schonlein purpura associated with clarithromycin. Case report and review of literature. Author(s): Borras-Blasco J, Enriquez R, Amoros F, Cabezuelo JB, Navarro-Ruiz A, Perez M, Fernandez J. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003 May; 41(5): 213-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12776812&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of clarithromycin resistance and CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism on treatment efficacy of Helicobacter pylori infection with lansoprazole- or rabeprazole-based triple therapy in Japan. Author(s): Miki I, Aoyama N, Sakai T, Shirasaka D, Wambura CM, Maekawa S, Kuroda K, Tamura T, Kita T, Sakaeda T, Okumura K, Kasuga M. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2003 January; 15(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544691&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro transfer of clarithromycin and amoxicillin across the epithelial barrier: effect of Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Matysiak-Budnik T, Heyman M, Candalh C, Lethuaire D, Megraud F. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 December; 50(6): 865-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12461005&dopt=Abstract

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Inefficacy of clarithromycin in advanced multiple myeloma: a definitive report. Author(s): Musto P, Falcone A, Sanpaolo G, Bodenizza C, Carotenuto M, Carella AM. Source: Haematologica. 2002 June; 87(6): 658-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12031924&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of macrolide susceptibility on efficacies of clarithromycin and azithromycin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in a murine lung infection model. Author(s): Hoffman HL, Klepser ME, Ernst EJ, Petzold CR, Sa'adah LM, Doern GV. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 February; 47(2): 739-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12543686&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of response to short-term use of clarithromycin (BIAXIN) in multiple myeloma. Author(s): Stewart AK, Trudel S, Al-Berouti BM, Sutton DM, Meharchand J. Source: Blood. 1999 June 15; 93(12): 4441. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10391696&dopt=Abstract

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Lafutidine, a novel histamine H2-receptor antagonist, vs lansoprazole in combination with amoxicillin and clarithromycin for eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Isomoto H, Inoue K, Furusu H, Nishiyama H, Shikuwa S, Omagari K, Mizuta Y, Murase K, Murata I, Kohno S. Source: Helicobacter. 2003 April; 8(2): 111-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12662378&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term efficacy and safety of clarithromycin treatment in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis. Author(s): Kadota J, Mukae H, Ishii H, Nagata T, Kaida H, Tomono K, Kohno S. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2003 July; 97(7): 844-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12854636&dopt=Abstract

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Low dose, one-week triple therapy (lanzoprazole, amoxycillin, clarithromycin) for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Author(s): Uthaisaengsook W. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 July; 86(7): 599-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948252&dopt=Abstract

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Low-dose lansoprazole and clarithromycin plus metronidazole vs. full-dose lansoprazole and clarithromycin plus amoxicillin for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Author(s): Bazzoli F, Zagari RM, Pozzato P, Fossi S, Ricciardiello L, Nicolini G, De Luca L, Berretti D, Alampi G, Di Pietro C, Morelli P, Roda E. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 January; 16(1): 153-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11856090&dopt=Abstract

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Lower concentrations of clarithromycin suppress urease activity, motility, and binding to gastric epithelial cells in Helicobacter pylori isolates. Author(s): Nobata K, Ina K, Ohta M, Kawamura-Sato K, Tsuzuki T, Ando T, Kusugami K. Source: Dig Liver Dis. 2002 July; 34(7): 489-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12236482&dopt=Abstract

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Mutations in the 23S rRNA gene of Helicobacter pylori associated with clarithromycin resistance. Author(s): Kim KS, Kang JO, Eun CS, Han DS, Choi TY. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2002 October; 17(5): 599-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12378008&dopt=Abstract

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae in asthma: effect of clarithromycin. Author(s): Kraft M, Cassell GH, Pak J, Martin RJ. Source: Chest. 2002 June; 121(6): 1782-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065339&dopt=Abstract

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Neuropsychiatric reaction induced by clarithromycin. Author(s): Colebunders R, Florence E. Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2002 February; 78(1): 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11872875&dopt=Abstract

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New site of modification of 23S rRNA associated with clarithromycin resistance of Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates. Author(s): Fontana C, Favaro M, Minelli S, Criscuolo AA, Pietroiusti A, Galante A, Favalli C. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 December; 46(12): 3765-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12435674&dopt=Abstract

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One-week triple therapy with esomeprazole, clarithromycin and metronidazole provides effective eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Author(s): Veldhuyzen Van Zanten S, Machado S, Lee J. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 June 1; 17(11): 1381-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12786632&dopt=Abstract

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Open-label, randomized comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of clarithromycin, levofloxacin, and cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of adults with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Author(s): Weiss LR. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 September; 24(9): 1414-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12380633&dopt=Abstract

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Panniculitis secondary to extravasation of clarithromycin in a patient with alpha 1antitrypsin deficiency (phenotype PiZ). Author(s): Parr DG, Stewart DG, Hero I, Stockley RA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2003 August; 149(2): 410-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12932253&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetic and bloequivalence studies of generic clarithromycin tablets in healthy male volunteers. Author(s): Lohitnavy M, Lohitnavy O, Chaijittiprasert K, Taytiwat P, Polnok S, Sareekan K. Source: Pharmazie. 2003 January; 58(1): 72-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622260&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin after simultaneous and single administration. Author(s): Mainz D, Borner K, Koeppe P, Kotwas J, Lode H. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 November; 50(5): 699-706. Erratum In: J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003 February; 51(2): 477. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12407126&dopt=Abstract

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Phototoxic reaction due to clarithromycin. Author(s): Parkash P, Gupta SK, Kumar S. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 September; 50: 1192-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12516710&dopt=Abstract

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Placental passage of clarithromycin surpasses other macrolide antibiotics. Author(s): Witt A, Sommer EM, Cichna M, Postlbauer K, Widhalm A, Gregor H, Reisenberger K. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 March; 188(3): 816-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12634663&dopt=Abstract

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Progressive cholestatic liver disease associated with clarithromycin treatment. Author(s): Fox JC, Szyjkowski RS, Sanderson SO, Levine RA. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 June; 42(6): 676-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12043957&dopt=Abstract

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Prophylactic clarithromycin to treat mycobacterium avium in HIV patients receiving zidovudine may significantly increase mortality by suppressing lymphopoiesis and hematopoiesis. Author(s): Freund YR, Dousman L, Mohagheghpour N. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2002 September; 2(10): 1465-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12400876&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized controlled trial of sequential intravenous (i.v.) and oral moxifloxacin compared with sequential i.v. and oral co-amoxiclav with or without clarithromycin in patients with community-acquired pneumonia requiring initial parenteral treatment. Author(s): Finch R, Schurmann D, Collins O, Kubin R, McGivern J, Bobbaers H, Izquierdo JL, Nikolaides P, Ogundare F, Raz R, Zuck P, Hoeffken G. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 June; 46(6): 1746-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12019085&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized, open-label, parallel-group, multicenter study of the efficacy and tolerability of IV gatifloxacin with the option for oral stepdown gatifloxacin versus IV ceftriaxone (with or without erythromycin or clarithromycin) with the option for oral stepdown clarithromycin for treatment of patients with mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Author(s): Correa JC, Badaro R, Bumroongkit C, Mera JR, Dolmann AL, Juarez Martinez LG, Mayrinck LR, Tamez R, Yang JY. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003 May; 25(5): 1453-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12867221&dopt=Abstract

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Real-time PCR assay for rapid and accurate detection of point mutations conferring resistance to clarithromycin in Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Oleastro M, Menard A, Santos A, Lamouliatte H, Monteiro L, Barthelemy P, Megraud F. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 January; 41(1): 397-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12517879&dopt=Abstract

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Resistance of Helicobacter pylori isolated in Israel to metronidazole, clarithromycin, tetracycline, amoxicillin and cefixime. Author(s): Samra Z, Shmuely H, Niv Y, Dinari G, Passaro DJ, Geler A, Gal E, Fishman M, Bachor J, Yahav J. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 June; 49(6): 1023-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12039897&dopt=Abstract

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Rhabdomyolysis causing AV blockade due to possible atorvastatin, esomeprazole, and clarithromycin interaction. Author(s): Sipe BE, Jones RJ, Bokhart GH. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 June; 37(6): 808-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12773066&dopt=Abstract

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Serum bactericidal activity of extended-release clarithromycin against macrolideresistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Author(s): Stein GE, Schooley S. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2002 May; 22(5): 593-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12013358&dopt=Abstract

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Seven-day proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin and clarithromycin triple therapy. factors that influence Helicobacter pylori eradications success. Author(s): Boixeda D, Martin De Argila C, Bermejo F, Lopez Sanroman A, Hernandez Ranz F, Garcia Plaza A. Source: Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2003 March; 95(3): 206-9, 202-5. English, Spanish. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12760710&dopt=Abstract

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Seven-day triple therapy with omeprazole, amoxycillin and clarithromycin for Helicobacter pylori infection in haemodialysis patients. Author(s): Tsukada K, Miyazaki T, Katoh H, Masuda N, Ojima H, Fukai Y, Nakajima M, Manda R, Fukuchi M, Kuwano H, Tsukada O. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 November; 37(11): 1265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12465723&dopt=Abstract

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Severe hypoglycemia from clarithromycin-sulfonylurea drug interaction. Author(s): Bussing R, Gende A. Source: Diabetes Care. 2002 September; 25(9): 1659-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12196446&dopt=Abstract

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Short course of clarithromycin in an immunocompetent patient with BCG-induced regional complications. Author(s): Torres-Rojas JR, Rondon-Lugo A, Vidal R. Source: Dermatology Online Journal [electronic Resource]. 2002 October; 8(2): 6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12546761&dopt=Abstract

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Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of oral moxifloxacin and clarithromycin, and concentrations in serum, saliva and faeces. Author(s): Burkhardt O, Borner K, Stass H, Beyer G, Allewelt M, Nord CE, Lode H. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002; 34(12): 898-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12587622&dopt=Abstract

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Smoking and polymorphisms of fucosyltransferase gene Le affect success of H. pylori eradication with lansoprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin. Author(s): Matsuo K, Hamajima N, Ikehara Y, Suzuki T, Nakamura T, Matsuura A, Tajima K, Tominaga S. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2003 April; 130(2): 227-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12729191&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment with faropenem and clarithromycin of pulmonary Mycobacterium abscessus infection. Author(s): Tanaka E, Kimoto T, Tsuyuguchi K, Suzuki K, Amitani R. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2002 September; 8(3): 252-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12373490&dopt=Abstract

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Surgery for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease in the clarithromycin era. Author(s): Shiraishi Y, Nakajima Y, Takasuna K, Hanaoka T, Katsuragi N, Konno H. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2002 February; 21(2): 314-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11825742&dopt=Abstract

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Tacrolimus-clarithromycin interaction in a patient receiving bone marrow transplantation. Author(s): Ibrahim RB, Abella EM, Chandrasekar PH. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 December; 36(12): 1971-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452763&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of erythromycin and clarithromycin on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous digoxin in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Tsutsumi K, Kotegawa T, Kuranari M, Otani Y, Morimoto T, Matsuki S, Nakano S. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 October; 42(10): 1159-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12362931&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of Helicobacter pylori retreatment with ranitidine bismuth citrate, clarithromycin, and metronidazole depends on the first-line therapy. Author(s): Farup PG, Lange OJ, Tholfsen J, Hoeg V, Wetterhus S. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2002 November-December; 35(5): 379-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12394224&dopt=Abstract

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The pharmacokinetics of sumatriptan when administered with clarithromycin in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Moore KH, Leese PT, McNeal S, Gray P, O'Quinn S, Bye C, Sale M. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2002 April; 24(4): 583-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12017403&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic efficacy of ranitidine bismuth citrate with clarithromycin for seven days in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Brazilian peptic ulcer patients. Author(s): Eisig JN, Silva FM, Hashimoto C, Chehter EZ, Laudanna AA. Source: Sao Paulo Medical Journal = Revista Paulista De Medicina. 2003 January 2; 121(1): 15-8. Epub 2003 July 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751338&dopt=Abstract

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Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a patient treated with clarithromycin. Author(s): Alexopoulou A, Dourakis SP, Kaloterakis A. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 2002 September; 69(3): 191-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12406017&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia with clarithromycin, low-dose thalidomide, and dexamethasone. Author(s): Coleman M, Leonard J, Lyons L, Szelenyi H, Niesvizky R. Source: Seminars in Oncology. 2003 April; 30(2): 270-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720151&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia with single-agent thalidomide or with the combination of clarithromycin, thalidomide and dexamethasone. Author(s): Dimopoulos MA, Tsatalas C, Zomas A, Hamilos G, Panayiotidis P, Margaritis D, Matsouka C, Economopoulos T, Anagnostopoulos N. Source: Seminars in Oncology. 2003 April; 30(2): 265-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720150&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BIAXIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Biaxin.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Biaxin The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Biaxin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Biaxin” (or a synonym): •

A multicenter study of grepafloxacin and clarithromycin in the treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Author(s): University of Natal Medical School, Durban, South Africa. Source: Moola, S Hagberg, L Churchyard, G A Dylewski, J S Sedani, S Staley, H Chest. 1999 October; 116(4): 974-83 0012-3692

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Activities of azithromycin and clarithromycin against nontuberculous mycobacteria in beige mice. Author(s): State University of New York Health Science Center, Syracuse. Source: Klemens, S P Cynamon, M H Antimicrob-Agents-Chemother. 1994 July; 38(7): 1455-9 0066-4804

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Activity of KRM 1648 or rifabutin alone or in combination with clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium complex in human alveolar macrophages. Author(s): Department of Infection and Inflammation, Kyoto University, Japan. [email protected] Source: Suzuki, K Tsuyuguchi, K Matsumoto, H Yamamoto, T Hashimoto, T Tanaka, E Amitani, R Kuze, F Int-J-Tuberc-Lung-Dis. 1997 October; 1(5): 460-7 1027-3719

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Amoxycillin, clarithromycin and either sucralfate or pantoprazole for eradication of Helicobacter pylori in duodenal ulcer (a randomized controlled trial). Author(s): Internal Clinic, Clinical Hospital Osijek. [email protected] Source: Vcev, A Vceva, A Kurbel, S Takac, B Stimac, D Ivandic, A Ostojic, R Barbir, A Hovat, D Mihaljevic, S Wien-Klin-Wochenschr. 2001 December 17; 113(23-24): 939-41 0043-5325

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An unusual case of clarithromycin associated ergotism(1). Author(s): Department of Emergency Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA Source: Ausband, S C Goodman, P E J-Emerg-Med. 2001 December; 21(4): 411-3 07364679

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Antituberculosis activity of clarithromycin. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago 60612, USA. Source: Luna Herrera, J Reddy, V M Daneluzzi, D Gangadharam, P R AntimicrobAgents-Chemother. 1995 December; 39(12): 2692-5 0066-4804

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Bactericidal effect of ecabet sodium on clarithromycin- and metronidazole-resistant clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Pharmaceutical Development Research Laboratory, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan. Source: Shibata, K Kasuga, O Yasoshima, A Matsushita, T Kawakami, Y Jpn-J-Antibiot. 1997 June; 50(6): 525-31 0368-2781

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Clarithromycin versus penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. Author(s): South Africa Academy of Family Practice, Medical House, Pinelands, Capetown. Source: Levenstein, J H J-Antimicrob-Chemother. 1991 February; 27 Suppl A67-74 03057453

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Clarithromycin-resistant mycobacterium avium is still susceptible to treatment with clarithromycin and is virulent in mice. Author(s): Kuzell Institute for Arthritis and Infectious Diseases, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94115, USA. [email protected]

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Source: Bermudez, L E Nash, K Petrofsky, M Young, L S Inderlied, C B AntimicrobAgents-Chemother. 2000 October; 44(10): 2619-22 0066-4804 •

Cloning and sequence analysis of two copies of a 23S rRNA gene from Helicobacter pylori and association of clarithromycin resistance with 23S rRNA mutations. Author(s): Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. [email protected] Source: Taylor, D E Ge, Z Purych, D Lo, T Hiratsuka, K Antimicrob-Agents-Chemother. 1997 December; 41(12): 2621-8 0066-4804

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Comparative activities of azithromycin and clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium infection in beige mice. Author(s): Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Syracuse, New York 13210. Source: Cynamon, M H Klemens, S P Grossi, M A Antimicrob-Agents-Chemother. 1994 July; 38(7): 1452-4 0066-4804

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Comparative pharmacodynamics of clarithromycin and azithromycin against respiratory pathogens. Author(s): Max von Pettenkofer Institut, Universitat Munchen, Germany. Source: Bauernfeind, A Jungwirth, R Eberlein, E Infection. 1995 Sep-October; 23(5): 31621 0300-8126

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Comparison of azithromycin and clarithromycin in triple therapy regimens for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Virginia, USA. Source: Sullivan, B Coyle, W Nemec, R Dunteman, T Am-J-Gastroenterol. 2002 October; 97(10): 2536-9 0002-9270

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Comparison of bronchopulmonary pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin and azithromycin. Author(s): Department of Pharmacy Practice, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA. Source: Patel, K B Xuan, D Tessier, P R Russomanno, J H Quintiliani, R Nightingale, C H Antimicrob-Agents-Chemother. 1996 October; 40(10): 2375-9 0066-4804

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Concomitant digoxin toxicity and warfarin interaction in a patient receiving clarithromycin. Author(s): University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. Source: Gooderham, M J Bolli, P Fernandez, P G Ann-Pharmacother. 1999 Jul-August; 33(7-8): 796-9 1060-0280

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Cure of Helicobacter pylori infection by omeprazole-clarithromycin-based therapy in non-human primates. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA. Source: Dubois, A Berg, D E Fiala, N Heman Ackah, L M Perez Perez, G I Blaser, M J JGastroenterol. 1998 February; 33(1): 18-22 0944-1174

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Dose-related stimulatory effect of clarithromycin on interdigestive gastroduodenal motility. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Italy. [email protected] Source: Bortolotti, M Annese, V Mari, C Lopilato, C Porrazzo, G Miglioli, M Digestion. 2000; 62(1): 31-7 0012-2823

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Effect of clarithromycin on esophageal motility. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Italy. [email protected] Source: Bortolotti, M Pandolfo, N La Rovere, G Giovannini, M Miglioli, M DisEsophagus. 2000; 13(3): 231-3 1120-8694

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Effect of intravenous clarithromycin on interdigestive gastroduodenal motility of patients with functional dyspepsia and Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Bologna, Italy. Source: Bortolotti, M Mari, C Brunelli, F Sarti, P Miglioli, M Dig-Dis-Sci. 1999 December; 44(12): 2439-42 0163-2116

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Effect of levofloxacin on theophylline clearance during theophylline and clarithromycin combination therapy. Author(s): Division of Pharmacy, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan. Source: Nakamura, H Ohtsuka, T Enomoto, H Hasegawa, A Kawana, H Kuriyama, T Ohmori, S Kitada, M Ann-Pharmacother. 2001 June; 35(6): 691-3 1060-0280

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Effectiveness of two quadruple, tetracycline- or clarithromycin-containing, secondline, Helicobacter pylori eradication therapies. Author(s): Gastroenterology Unit, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Athens University, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece. Source: Georgopoulos, S D Ladas, S D Karatapanis, S Triantafyllou, K Spiliadi, C Mentis, A Artikis, V Raptis, S A Aliment-Pharmacol-Ther. 2002 March; 16(3): 569-75 0269-2813

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Efficacy and tolerability of ranitidine bismuth citrate plus amoxycillin and clarithromycin as first- or second-line therapy to cure Helicobacter pylori infection. Author(s): Division of Emergency, L. Bonomo Hospital, Andria, Italy. [email protected] Source: Tursi, A Brandimarte, G Giorgetti, G Modeo, M E Gigliobianco, A Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 Jul-August; 49(46): 1006-9 0172-6390

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Etiology, susceptibility, and treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of complicated chronic bronchitis in the primary care setting: ciprofloxacin 750 mg b.i.d. versus clarithromycin 500 mg b.i.d. Bronchitis Study Group. Author(s): University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284-7885, USA. Source: Anzueto, A Niederman, M S Tillotson, G S Clin-Ther. 1998 Sep-October; 20(5): 885-900 0149-2918

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High efficacy of ranitidine bismuth citrate, amoxicillin, clarithromycin and metronidazole twice daily for only five days in Helicobacter pylori Eradication. Author(s): Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of La Princesa, Madrid, Spain. Source: Gisbert, J P Marcos, S Gisbert, J L Pajares, J M Helicobacter. 2001 June; 6(2): 15762 1083-4389

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In vitro comparative dynamics of modified-release clarithromycin and of azithromycin. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, University of Milan, Italy. Source: Scaglione, F Demartini, G Dugnani, S Fraschini, F Chemotherapy. 2000 SepOctober; 46(5): 342-52 0009-3157

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In vitro synergy between ranitidine bismuth citrate and tetracycline or clarithromycin against resistant strains of Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Microbiology Department, Southern Health Care Network, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Australia. [email protected]

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Source: Midolo, P D Lambert, J R Kerr, T G Tee, W Eur-J-Clin-Microbiol-Infect-Dis. 1999 November; 18(11): 832-4 0934-9723 •

In vivo effect of clarithromycin on multiple cytochrome P450s. Author(s): Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Wishard Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-2879, USA. Source: Bruce, M A Hall, S D Haehner Daniels, B D Gorski, J C Drug-Metab-Dispos. 2001 July; 29(7): 1023-8 0090-9556

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Influence of clarithromycin on early atherosclerotic lesions after Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in a rabbit model. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, St. Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Rm. 4-179C, Toronto, M5B 1W8 Ontario, Canada. [email protected] Source: Fong, I W Chiu, B Viira, E Jang, D Mahony, J B Antimicrob-Agents-Chemother. 2002 August; 46(8): 2321-6 0066-4804

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Macrolide resistance in Helicobacter pylori: mechanism and stability in strains from clarithromycin-treated patients. Author(s): Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University, Sweden. Source: Hulten, K Gibreel, A Skold, O Engstrand, L Antimicrob-Agents-Chemother. 1997 November; 41(11): 2550-3 0066-4804

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Potential interaction between clarithromycin and warfarin. Author(s): Lima Memorial Hospital, OH 45804, USA. Source: Recker, M W Kier, K L Ann-Pharmacother. 1997 September; 31(9): 996-8 10600280

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Ranitidine bismuth citrate can help to overcome Helicobacter pylori resistance to clarithromycin in vivo. Author(s): Laboratoire de Bacteriologie, Hopital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France. [email protected] Source: Megraud, F Roberts, P Williamson, R Helicobacter. 2000 December; 5(4): 222-6 1083-4389

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Requirements for intracellular accumulation and release of clarithromycin and azithromycin by human phagocytes. Author(s): Chair of Chemotherapy, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Italy. Source: Fietta, A Merlini, C Gialdroni Grassi, G J-Chemother. 1997 February; 9(1): 23-31 1120-009X

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Six-day therapy with ranitidine bismuth citrate plus low-dose clarithromycin and tinidazole to cure Helicobacter pylori infection. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Catholic University SC, Rome, Italy. Source: Cammarota, G Cannizzaro, O Cianci, R Gasbarrini, A Pirozzi, G Gasbarrini, G Hepatogastroenterology. 2000 Jul-August; 47(34): 1176-9 0172-6390

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Suprachoroidal haemorrhage after addition of clarithromycin to warfarin. Author(s): St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, UK. [email protected] Source: Dandekar, S S Laidlaw, D A J-R-Soc-Med. 2001 November; 94(11): 583-4 01410768

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The bactericidal effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus, garcinol and Protykin compared to clarithromycin, on Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Creighton University Health Sciences Center, Omaha, NE 68178, USA. [email protected] Source: Chatterjee, A Yasmin, T Bagchi, D Stohs, S J Mol-Cell-Biochem. 2003 January; 243(1-2): 29-35 0300-8177

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The effect of Helicobacter pylori retreatment with ranitidine bismuth citrate, clarithromycin, and metronidazole depends on the first-line therapy. Author(s): Unit for Applied Clinical Research, Norweigian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. [email protected] Source: Farup, P G Lange, O J Tholfsen, J Hoeg, V Wetterhus, S J-Clin-Gastroenterol. 2002 Nov-December; 35(5): 379-82 0192-0790

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Twice-daily versus thrice-daily clarithromycin in combination with ranitidine bismuth citrate in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Miami Research Associates, Florida, USA. Source: Schwartz, H I Perschy, T B McSorley, D J Sorrells, S C Helicobacter. 1999 June; 4(2): 121-7 1083-4389

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to Biaxin; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin K Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BIAXIN Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Biaxin. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Biaxin and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Biaxin” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Biaxin: •

Abscesses due to mycobacterium abscessus linked to injection of unapproved alternative medication. Author(s): Galil K, Miller LA, Yakrus MA, Wallace RJ Jr, Mosley DG, England B, Huitt G, McNeil MM, Perkins BA. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999 September-October; 5(5): 681-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10511524&dopt=Abstract

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Antibacterial activity of a stearic acid derivative from Stemodia foliosa. Author(s): Dantas da Silva LL, Nascimento M, Siqueira Silva DH, Furlan M, da Silva Bolzani V. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 December; 68(12): 1137-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12494347&dopt=Abstract

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Antibacterial effect of Kampo herbal formulation Hochu-ekki-to (Bu-Zhong-Yi-QiTang) on Helicobacter pylori infection in mice.

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Author(s): Yan X, Kita M, Minami M, Yamamoto T, Kuriyama H, Ohno T, Iwakura Y, Imanishi J. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 2002; 46(7): 475-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12222933&dopt=Abstract •

Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Ohno T, Kita M, Yamaoka Y, Imamura S, Yamamoto T, Mitsufuji S, Kodama T, Kashima K, Imanishi J. Source: Helicobacter. 2003 June; 8(3): 207-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12752733&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative analysis of azithromycin and clarithromycin efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Skerk V, Schonwald S, Krhen I, Markovinovic L, Barsic B, Marekovic I, Roglic S, Zeljko Z, Vince A, Cajic V. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 2002 August; 14(4): 384-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420857&dopt=Abstract

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Disseminated cutaneous Mycobacterium chelonae infection after injection of bovine embryonic cells. Author(s): Valencia IC, Weiss E, Sukenik E, Kerdel FA. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1999 October; 38(10): 770-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10561050&dopt=Abstract

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Esberitox N as supportive therapy when providing standard antibiotic treatment in subjects with a severe bacterial infection (acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis). A multicentric, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Hauke W, Kohler G, Henneicke-Von Zepelin HH, Freudenstein J. Source: Chemotherapy. 2002 December; 48(5): 259-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12476043&dopt=Abstract

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Fish oil (Eicosapen) is less effective than metronidazole, in combination with pantoprazole and clarithromycin, for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Author(s): Meier R, Wettstein A, Drewe J, Geiser HR; Swiss Helicobacter-Study Group. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001 June; 15(6): 851-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380323&dopt=Abstract

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From the Food and Drug Administration. Author(s): Nightingale SL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1996 May 22-29; 275(20): 1534. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8622234&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of supplement with Lactobacillus- and Bifidobacterium-containing yogurt on triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Author(s): Sheu BS, Wu JJ, Lo CY, Wu HW, Chen JH, Lin YS, Lin MD. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 September; 16(9): 1669-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197847&dopt=Abstract

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In-vitro activity of rifabutin and albendazole singly and in combination with other clinically used antimicrobial agents against Pneumocystis carinii. Author(s): Cirioni O, Giacometti A, Barchiesi F, Fortuna M, Scalise G. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1999 November; 44(5): 653-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10552982&dopt=Abstract

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Monotherapy with mastic does not eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection from mice. Author(s): Loughlin MF, Ala'Aldeen DA, Jenks PJ. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 February; 51(2): 367-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562704&dopt=Abstract

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Occurrence of sarcoidosis subsequent to chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: report of two cases. Author(s): Kornacker M, Kraemer A, Leo E, Ho AD. Source: Annals of Hematology. 2002 February; 81(2): 103-5. Epub 2002 January 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11907791&dopt=Abstract

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Protagonist. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is a cause of Crohn's disease. Author(s): Hermon-Taylor J. Source: Gut. 2001 December; 49(6): 755-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11709506&dopt=Abstract

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Roxithromycin and clarithromycin, 14-membered ring macrolides, potentiate the antitumor activity of cytotoxic agents against mouse B16 melanoma cells. Author(s): Yatsunami J, Fukuno Y, Nagata M, Tsuruta N, Aoki S, Tominaga M, Kawashima M, Taniguchi S, Hayashi S. Source: Cancer Letters. 1999 December 1; 147(1-2): 17-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10660084&dopt=Abstract

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Sulforaphane inhibits extracellular, intracellular, and antibiotic-resistant strains of Helicobacter pylori and prevents benzo[a]pyrene-induced stomach tumors. Author(s): Fahey JW, Haristoy X, Dolan PM, Kensler TW, Scholtus I, Stephenson KK, Talalay P, Lozniewski A.

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Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002 May 28; 99(11): 7610-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12032331&dopt=Abstract •

The effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus GG on antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal side-effects during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Author(s): Armuzzi A, Cremonini F, Bartolozzi F, Canducci F, Candelli M, Ojetti V, Cammarota G, Anti M, De Lorenzo A, Pola P, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001 February; 15(2): 163-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11148433&dopt=Abstract

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The efficacy of prophylactic outpatient antibiotics for the prevention of neutropenic fever associated with high-dose etoposide (VP-16) for stem cell mobilization. Author(s): Avery RK, Pohlman BL, Mossad SB, Goormastic M, Longworth DL, Kalaycio ME, Sobecks RM, Andresen SW, Kuczkowski E, Bernhard L, Ostendorf H, Wise K, Bolwell BJ. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2002 September; 30(5): 311-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12209353&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of Legionnaires' disease. Current recommendations. Author(s): Roig J, Carreres A, Domingo C. Source: Drugs. 1993 July; 46(1): 63-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7691508&dopt=Abstract

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Vinca alkaloids and macrolides in human immunodeficiency virus-related malignancies: a safe association. Author(s): Torresin A, Cassola G, Penco G, Crisalli MP, Piersantelli N. Source: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 1996; 39(1-2): 176-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8995518&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

Alternative Medicine 47

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to Biaxin; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Gastritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Stomach Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Antibiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Azithromycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brewer's Yeast Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carnosine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clarithromycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macrolides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macrolides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Probiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND BIAXIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning Biaxin.

Recent Trials on Biaxin The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to Biaxin.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

A Comparison of Three Drug Combinations Containing Clarithromycin in the Treatment of Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) Disease in Patients with AIDS Condition(s): Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: To compare the efficacy and safety of clarithromycin combined with rifabutin, ethambutol, or both in the treatment of disseminated Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) disease in persons with AIDS, including individuals who have or have not received prior MAC prophylaxis. It is believed that effective therapy for MAC disease in patients with AIDS requires combinations of two or more antimycobacterial agents in order to overcome drug resistance and the unfavorable influence of the profound immunosuppression associated with AIDS. Data suggest that clarithromycin may have substantial activity in two- or three-drug combination regimens with clofazimine, rifamycin derivatives, ethambutol, or the 4-quinolones. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001058

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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•

A Phase II Safety and Efficacy Study of Clarithromycin in the Treatment of Disseminated M. avium Complex (MAC) Infections in Patients With AIDS Condition(s): Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); Abbott Laboratories Purpose - Excerpt: This study is designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of clarithromycin given orally at 1 of 3 doses to treat disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infections (MAC) in patients with AIDS. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is thought to be the most common disseminated bacterial opportunistic infection in AIDS, with clinical prevalence estimates ranging from 15 to 50 percent of all AIDS patients. Clarithromycin, a new macrolide antimicrobial agent, has demonstrated activity against MAC both in the laboratory and in animals. Clinical experience treating AIDS patients with clarithromycin for disseminated MAC is limited. However, early studies have indicated few adverse effects and some improvement in clinical symptoms scores and Karnofsky performance scores over placebo treated patients. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000644

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A Randomized, Double-Blind, Comparative Study of Azithromycin Versus Clarithromycin in Combination with Ethambutol for the Treatment of Disseminated Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) Infection in AIDs Patients Condition(s): Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Pfizer Purpose - Excerpt: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of two different doses of azithromycin in combination with ethambutol for the treatment of patients with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection, and to determine whether an azithromycin-containing regimen is at least as safe and effective as the same regimen containing clarithromycin. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002140

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A Three-Arm Comparative Trial for the Treatment of MAC Bacteremia in AIDS: A Clarithromycin/Ethambutol Regimen Containing Rifabutin (450 mg) or Rifabutin (300 mg) or Placebo Condition(s): Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Pharmacia

Clinical Trials 51

Purpose - Excerpt: To compare the efficacy of clarithromycin/ethambutol with placebo or with rifabutin at two different doses in reducing colony-forming units (CFUs) by 2 or more logarithms in patients with Mycobacterium avium Complex bacteremia and maintaining this response until 16 weeks post-randomization. To assess survival and comparative tolerability among the three treatment regimens. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002101 •

An Open-Label Study in HIV+ Patients to Determine the Effects of Nevirapine (Viramune) on the Pharmacokinetics of Clarithromycin and Activity of Cytochrome 3A4. Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Purpose - Excerpt: To evaluate the potential pharmacokinetic interaction between nevirapine and clarithromycin, and to determine the effects of nevirapine on cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) activity in vivo. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002194

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Effect of Fluconazole, Clarithromycin, and Rifabutin on the Pharmacokinetics of Sulfamethoxazole and Dapsone and Their Hydroxylamine Metabolites Condition(s): Bacterial Infections; Mycoses; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: To determine the effects of fluconazole and either rifabutin or clarithromycin, alone and in combination, on the pharmacokinetics of first sulfamethoxazole and then dapsone in HIV-infected patients. Although prophylaxis for more than one opportunistic infection is emerging as a common clinical practice in patients with advanced HIV disease, little is known about possible adverse drug interactions. The need exists to define pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic adverse interactions of the many combination prophylactic regimens that may be prescribed. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000826

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The Safety and Effectiveness of Clarithromycin and Rifabutin Used Alone or in Combination to Prevent Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) or Disseminated MAC Disease in HIV-Infected Patients Condition(s): Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: To compare the efficacy and safety of clarithromycin alone versus rifabutin alone versus the two drugs in combination for the prevention or delay of Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) bacteremia or disseminated MAC disease. To compare other parameters such as survival, toxicity, and quality of life among the three treatment arms. To obtain information on the incidence and clinical grade of targeted gynecologic conditions. Persons with advanced stages of HIV are considered to be at particular risk for developing disseminated MAC disease. The development of an effective regimen for the prevention of disseminated MAC disease may be of substantial benefit in altering the morbidity and possibly the mortality associated with this disease and its treatment. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001030

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The Safety and Effectiveness of Clarithromycin in the Prevention of Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) Infection in HIV-Infected Patients Condition(s): Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Abbott Laboratories Purpose - Excerpt: To determine whether clarithromycin is safe and effective in preventing disseminated Mycobacterium avium Complex in HIV-infected patients with CD4 counts <= 100 cells/mm3. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002336

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The Safety and Effectiveness of Clarithromycin Plus Ethambutol Used with or without Clofazimine in the Treatment of MAC in Patients with AIDS Condition(s): Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Abbott Laboratories Purpose - Excerpt: PRIMARY: To assess the tolerability of the combination regimen of clarithromycin plus ethambutol with or without clofazimine in patients with disseminated Mycobacterium avium Complex (dMAC). SECONDARY: To determine the proportion of patients achieving a sterile blood culture along with the time required to achieve it. To determine the duration of bacteriological response, defined as length of time that blood cultures remain sterile.

Clinical Trials 53

Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002331 •

The Safety and Effectiveness of Clarithromycin Plus Zidovudine or Dideoxyinosine in the Treatment of Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) Infections in Children with AIDS Condition(s): Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Abbott Laboratories; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: To evaluate three doses of clarithromycin in children with AIDS and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection who are receiving concurrent antiretroviral therapy. Before more extensive evaluation of this promising drug for treatment of MAC infection in children can be done, it is important to study the pharmacokinetics of this drug in this population, to get information regarding its use in pediatric patients receiving currently available antiretroviral drugs, and to get information on the antimycobacterial activity of this drug. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000971

•

The Safety and Effectiveness of Rifabutin, Combined with Clarithromycin or Azithromycin, in HIV-Infected Patients Condition(s): Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: PER 03/10/94 AMENDMENT: PART B. To determine whether there is an effect on plasma drug levels of azithromycin and rifabutin as measured by changes in the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) when these drugs are taken concomitantly. ORIGINAL PRIMARY: To gain preliminary information about the safety and tolerance of clarithromycin and azithromycin in combination with rifabutin (three potential agents against Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare) in HIV-infected patients with CD4 counts < 200 cells/mm3. ORIGINAL SECONDARY: To determine whether there is an effect on the pharmacokinetics of the macrolide antibiotics or rifabutin when these drugs are taken concomitantly. To monitor the effect of rifabutin therapy on dapsone serum levels in patients taking dapsone for PCP prophylaxis. To monitor the effect of macrolide/rifabutin combination therapies on AZT or ddI serum levels. Two new macrolide antibiotics, clarithromycin and azithromycin, and rifabutin (a rifamycin derivative) have all demonstrated in vitro and in vivo activity against Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, a common systemic bacterial infection complicating AIDS. Further information is needed, however, regarding the clinical and pharmacokinetic interaction of these drugs used in combination. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below

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Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001023

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “Biaxin” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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•

For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON BIAXIN Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “Biaxin” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on Biaxin, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Biaxin By performing a patent search focusing on Biaxin, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on Biaxin: •

Amoxicillin-clarithromycin antibiotic composition Inventor(s): Isbister; James D. (Potomac, MD), Rudnic; Edward M. (N. Potomac, MD), Treacy, Jr.; Donald J. (Arnold, MD), Wassink; Sandra E. (Frederick, MD) Assignee(s): Advancis Pharmaceutical Corp. (Gaithersburg, MD) Patent Number: 6,610,328 Date filed: March 7, 2002 Abstract: An antibiotic product for delivering at least Amoxicillin or Clarithromycin that is comprised of three dosage forms with different release profiles with each of Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin being present in at least one of the dosage forms. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to antibiotic compositions and the use thereof. More particularly, this invention relates to a composition for the delivery of two or more antibiotics, and the use thereof. In many cases, it is desirable to employ two different antibiotics in the treatment of a bacterial infection, in that such antibiotics may have complementary mechanisms of action that facilitate treatment of the bacterial infection. The present invention is directed to a new and improved composition that delivers two or more antibiotics, and the use thereof, with the two antibiotics being Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06610328__

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Processes for preparing clarithromycin polymorphs and novel polymorph IV Inventor(s): Avrutov; Ilya (Bat Hefer, IL), Borochovitz; Ronen (Netanya, IL), Lifshitz; Igor (Petach Tikva, IL), Masarwa; Basem (Taibe, IL), Schwartz; Edi (Rechovot, IL) Assignee(s): Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. (Petah Tiqva, IL) Patent Number: 6,599,884 Date filed: December 15, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for converting clarithromycin Form 0 to clarithromycin Form II, which include slurrying clarithromycin the Form 0 in water. The present invention also relates to processes for the preparation of clarithromycin Form II by converting erythromycin A to clarithromycin and thereafter converting clarithromycin Form 0 to clarithromycin Form II by slurrying. The present invention further relates to the novel clarithromycin polymorph Form IV, a process for its preparation, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compound, and methods of using the compound as a therapeutic agent. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to methods for making polymorphic Form II of clarithromycin via slurrying polymorphic Form 0 of clarithromycin in water. The invention also relates to methods for making polymorphic Form IV of clarithromycin. By slurrying in water, clarithromycin Form 0 can be converted to clarithromycin Form II. Under different conditions, a novel polymorphic form of clarithromycin, designated Form IV can be formed. The invention relates to the use of clarithromycin polymorphs so formed in pharmaceutical compositions; and to methods of using them. 6-O-methyl erythromycin A (clarithromycin) is a semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic related to

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erythromycin A. Clarithromycin exhibits excellent antibacterial activity against grampositive bacteria, some gram-negative bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, Mycoplasma, and Chlamydia. It is stable under acidic conditions and is efficacious when administered orally. Clarithromycin is useful therapy for infections of the upper respiratory tract in children and adults. Clarithromycin is stable under acidic conditions and is efficacious when administered orally. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06599884__

Patent Applications on Biaxin As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to Biaxin: •

Amoxicillin - clarithromycin antibiotic composition Inventor(s): Isbister, James D.; (Potomac, MD), Rudnic, Edward M.; (N. Potomac, MD), Treacy, Donald J. JR.; (Arnold, MD), Wassink, Sandra E.; (Frederick, MD) Correspondence: Carella, Byrne, Bain, Gilfillan,; Cecchi, Stewart & Olstein; 6 Becker Farm Road; Roseland; NJ; 07068; US Patent Application Number: 20030077323 Date filed: March 7, 2002 Abstract: An antibiotic product for delivering at least Amoxicillin or Clarithromycin that is comprised of three dosage forms with different release profiles with each of Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin being present in at least one of the dosage forms. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/791,983, filed Feb. 22, 2000, which claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/184,545 filed on Feb. 24, 2000, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. This invention relates to antibiotic compositions and the use thereof. More particularly, this invention relates to a composition for the delivery of two or more antibiotics, and the use thereof. In many cases, it is desirable to employ two different antibiotics in the treatment of a bacterial infection, in that such antibiotics may have complementary mechanisms of action that facilitate treatment of the bacterial infection. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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•

Derivatives of erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin or azithromycin with antibiotic and mucolytic activity Inventor(s): Hermann, Gesine; (Cork, IE), Nikolopoulos, Aggelos; (Cork, IE), Schickaneder, Helmut; (Cork, IE) Correspondence: JACOBSON HOLMAN PLLC; 400 SEVENTH STREET N.W.; SUITE 600; WASHINGTON; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20010031736 Date filed: April 19, 2001 Abstract: A pharmaceutical with an enhanced pharmaceutical profile comprises a mucolytic and an antibiotic in which the mucolytic is present in an amount of greater than one molar equivalent of the antibiotic. The antibiotic may be selected from Erythromycin, Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, Dirithromycin; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters thereof. The mucolytic is a mucolytically active thiol, especially N-acetylcysteine, mercaptoethanesulfonic acid, tiopronin or methylcysteine. The adducts can be isolated via a simple and efficient process. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a pharmaceutical including a macrolide antibiotic. The invention also relates to a process for manufacturing the pharmaceutical. It is known that the stability and the pharmacological and immunomicrobiological profile of these compounds can be improved by derivatisation and by conversion into various salts. EP-A-0005789 describes salts of Erythromycin and Erythromycin propionate with N-acetylcysteine, carboxymethylcysteine, thiazolidin-carboxylic acid and mercaptosuccinic acid. However these salts are sensitive to sunlight, humidity and heat. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Macrolide intermediates in the preparation of clarithromycin Inventor(s): Centellas, Victor; (Cardedeu-Barcelona, ES), Diago, Jose; (GranollersBarcelona, ES) Correspondence: THOMAS HOXIE; NOVARTIS CORPORATION; PATENT AND TRADEMARK DEPT; 564 MORRIS AVENUE; SUMMIT; NJ; 079011027 Patent Application Number: 20020025938 Date filed: June 8, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the production of clarithromycin from an aqueous medium in anhydrous form and in the form of a hydrate. Excerpt(s): A compound of formula I may be prepared in anhydrous form by known methods which typically require recrystallization of the crude product using various organic solvents or mixtures thereof for purification. A purified compound of formula I may be obtained in anhydrous form, e.g. with a water content of lower than 2%, e.g. clarithromycin crystal form II. It has now surprisingly been found that a compound of formula I in pure form may be obtained from an aqueous medium in anhydrous form and in the form of a hydrate. characterised in that the solvent in step (i) is an aqueous solvent medium which is selected from water or a mixture of water and organic solvent. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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•

Method of preparing form II crystals of clarithromycin Inventor(s): Kim, Gi-Jeong; (Seoul, KR), Kim, Nam-Du; (Osan-si, KR), Lee, Gwan-Sun; (Seoul, KR), Seong, Mi-Ra; (Yongin-si, KR), Suh, Kwee-Hyun; (Icheon-si, KR), Yun, Sang-Min; (Seongnam-si, KR) Correspondence: David A. Einhorn, Esq.; Anderson Kill & Olick, P.C.; 1251 Avenue of the Americas; New York; NY; 10020; US Patent Application Number: 20010039333 Date filed: March 14, 2001 Abstract: High purity Form II crystals of clarithromycin can be easily prepared in a high yield by a process comprising the steps of: protecting the 9-oxime hydroxy group of erythromycin A 9-oxime or a salt thereof with a tropyl group and the 2'- and 4"-hydroxy groups with trimethylsilyl groups; reacting 2',4"-O-bis(trimethylsilyl)erythromycin A 9O-tropyloxime with a methylating agent; removing the protecting groups and the oxime group of 2',4"-O-bis(trimethylsilyl)-6-O-methylerythromycin A 9-O-tropyloxime to obtain crude clarithromycin; treating the crude clarithromycin with methanesulfonic acid in a mixture of a water-miscible organic solvent and water to obtain crystalline clarithromycin mesylate trihydrate; and neutralizing the crystalline clarithromycin mesylate trihydrate with aqueous ammonia in a mixture of a water-miscible organic solvent and water. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of preparing Form II crystals of clarithromycin; and to novel intermediates used in said method. It has been reported that clarithromycin exists in at least three distinct crystalline forms, "Form 0", "Form I" and "Form II" (International Publication Nos. WO 98/04573 and WO 98/31699). The crystal forms can be identified by infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction spectrophotometry. Form II, which is thermodynamically more stable than Form I, is used in the drug formulations currently on the market. Various methods for preparing clarithromycin have been reported, e.g., in EP Patent Nos. 0,147,062, 0,158,467, 195,960 and 260,938; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,990,602, 5,837,829, 5,929,219, 5,892,008, 5,864,023 and 5,852,180. The most widely used methods use an erythromycin A 9-oxime derivative as an intermediate, which are described below. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Process to obtain clarithromycin Inventor(s): Asensio Dominguez, Ramon; (Aranjuez, ES), Borrell Bilbao, Jose Ignacio; (Barcelona, ES), Cruzado Rodriguez, Maria del Carmen; (Aranjuez, ES), Diaz Tejo, Luis Angel; (Aranjuez, ES), Ribe, Rosa Nomen; (Barcelona, ES), Sempere Cebrian, Julia; (Barcelona, ES) Correspondence: SUGHRUE, MION, ZINN, MACPEACK & SEAS PLLC; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20037-3202; US Patent Application Number: 20030023053 Date filed: June 27, 2002 Abstract: This process is intended to obtain clarithromycin. According to the process, it starts from the erythromycin A 9-oxime hydrochloride, which is transformed into clarithromycin by means of a synthetic sequence in which an acetal of the 9-oxime is

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initially formed. The use of the oxime hydrochloride permits that only the use of catalytic amounts of pyridine salts are necessary to favor the reaction. Next, the hydroxyls in positions 2' and 4" are protected with a silylating agent and the hydroxyl in position 6 is methylated; all this without the isolation of any reaction intermediate being necessary. Finally, the acetal and 2' and 4" silanes unprotection, followed by the deoximation yields clarithromycin with a high yield and a form which is easily applicable industrially. Excerpt(s): This compound was first disclosed by Y. Watanabe et al. (Taisho Pharmaceutical Co.) in the patent document EP 41.355 (and in the equivalent document U.S. Pat. No. 4,331,803). The process disclosed in said document starts from N-demethylerythromycin A and protects the 2'-hydroxyl and the de-methylamine group in the form of a benzyloxycarbonyl derivative. Next, the 6-hydroxyl is methylated with methyl iodide and the 2'-hydroxyl and the de-methylamine group becomes unprotected by hydrogenolysis. Finally, the amine group is methylated with formaldehyde in a reductive methylation. Since the publication of said patent document other alternative methods have been developed to obtain clarithromycin starting from erythromycin A. The common characteristic of said methods is to previously obtain the erythromycin A 9-oxime, which is protected together with the 2'-hydroxyl to subsequently proceed with the 6-hydroxyl methylation. These processes end with the unprotection of the oxime and the 2'-hydroxyl followed by the elimination of the oxime group by means of a NaHSO.sub.3 treatment. Said alternative methods differ in the protective group used to block the oxime group and the 2'-hydroxyl. Thus, alkoxy-carbonyl (EP 158.467) and benzyl or substituted benzyl groups (EP 195.960) have been used to protect both groups. A benzyl or substituted benzyl group and the 2'-hydroxyl have also blocked the oxime with a benzyloxycarbonyl group (EP 180.415) or with a trimethylsilyl group (EP 260.938). Subsequently, the use of a mixed acetal to protect the oxime group has been disclosed (U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,602), followed by the protection of the 2'-hydroxyl and 4"hydroxyl groups using trimethylsilylated derivatives and the 6-hydroxyl methylation with methyl iodide. The subsequent unprotection of the silyl groups and the acetal by means of a treatment with formic acid and elimination of the oxime group with Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.5 would permit obtaining the clarithromycin, although said stages are not disclosed in said patent document U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,602. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Processes for preparing clarithromycin and clarithromycin intermediate, essentially oxime-free clarithromycin, and pharmaceutical composition comprising the same Inventor(s): Avrutov, Ilya; (Bat Hefer, IL), Lewiner, Elizabeth; (Tel Aviv Jaffa, IL), Lifshitz, Igor; (Petach Tikva, IL) Correspondence: KENYON & KENYON; 1500 K STREET, N.W., SUITE 700; WASHINGTON; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20010037015 Date filed: December 15, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for preparing protected silylated clarithromycin oxime, preferably 6-O-methyl-2', 4"-bis(trimethylsilyl)-erythromycin A 9-O-(2-methoxyprop-2-yl)oxime ("S-MOP oxime"), and for converting protected silylated clarithromycin oxime, preferably S-MOP oxime, to clarithromycin. Processes for preparing protected silylated clarithromycin oxime according to the present invention, include reacting a silyl oxime derivative with methylating agent in the

Patents 63

presence of at least one solvent and a base, where the solvent comprises methyl tertbutyl ether. Processes for converting protected silylated clarithromycin oxime to clarithromycin according to the present invention, include reacting protected silylated clarithromycin oxime with ethanol and water at an ethanol to water ratio of about 1:1, in the presence of an acid and a deoximating agent and cooling the reaction mixture prior to adding sodium hydroxide, where the process takes place without any additional water addition. Further processes for converting protected silylated clarithromycin oxime to clarithromycin, include heating a mixture of protected silylated clarithromycin oxime, acid, and deoximating agent in an ethanol/water solvent to reflux for more than 4 hours, with a two-fold addition of deoximating agent to produce essentially oxime-free clarithromycin. Excerpt(s): The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/185,888 filed on Feb. 29, 2000, No. 60/189,120 filed on Mar. 14, 2000, and No. 60/213,239 filed on Jun. 22, 2000. The present invention relates to methods for preparing a protected silylated clarithromycin oxime, such as 6-O-methyl-2', 4"-bis(trimethylsilyl)erythromycin A 9-O-(2-methoxyprop-2-yl)oxime (hereinafter "S-MOP oxime"), which include reacting a silyl oxime derivative with methylating agent while stirring in the presence of at least one solvent, where the solvent includes at least methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and a base. The present invention also relates to a method of converting the protected silylated clarithromycin oxime to clarithromycin, which includes reacting the protected silylated clarithromycin oxime with acid and deoximating agent in the presence of ethanol and water at an ethanol to water ratio of about 1:1. The reaction mixture is cooled to about 20.degree. C. and a base, preferably sodium hydroxide, is added. The method does not include any additional water addition to process clarithromycin. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with Biaxin, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “Biaxin” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on Biaxin. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning Biaxin. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON BIAXIN Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to Biaxin. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on Biaxin include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “Biaxin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Clarithromycin: new approaches to the treatment of respiratory tract infection Author: Finch, R. G. (Roger G.); Year: 1992; London; San Diego: Published for the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy by Academic Press, c1991

Chapters on Biaxin In order to find chapters that specifically relate to Biaxin, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and Biaxin using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: 11

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “Biaxin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BIAXIN Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover Biaxin.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on Biaxin is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “Biaxin” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to Biaxin. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “Biaxin” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for Biaxin: •

Abbott's Biaxin XL wins CAP indication Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 06, 2001

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Abbott submits sNDA seeking CAP indication for its Biaxin XL Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 25, 2000

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FDA approves extended-release Biaxin Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 08, 2000

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FDA Clears Abbott's Biaxin As Ulcer Treatment Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 22, 1996

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FDA OKs Astra Merck's Prilosec-Biaxin Combination Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 16, 1996

•

Abbott Gets FDA Okay For Biaxin In AIDS Use Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 28, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “Biaxin” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “Biaxin” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to Biaxin, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the

Periodicals and News

69

company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “Biaxin” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Biaxin Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to Biaxin. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering Biaxin that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

71

CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for Biaxin. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with Biaxin. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to Biaxin: Clarithromycin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Biaxin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202667.html

Lansoprazole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Prevacid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202787.html

Penicillins •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amoxil; Bactocill; Beepen-VK; Betapen-VK; Bicillin L-A; Cloxapen; Crysticillin 300 A.S.; Dycill; Dynapen; Geocillin; Geopen; Ledercillin VK; Mezlin; Nafcil; Nallpen; Omnipen; Omnipen-N; Pathocil; Pen Vee K; Pentids; Permapen; Pfizerpen; Pfizerpen-AS; Pi http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202446.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.

Researching Medications

73

If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

77

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

13

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Biaxin

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Biaxin” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2724 1 985 306 0 4016

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “Biaxin” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

15

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

16

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

20 Adapted 21

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

83

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Biaxin can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Biaxin. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Biaxin. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Biaxin”:

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Biaxin

•

Other guides AIDS and Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aidsandinfections.html Angina http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/angina.html Peptic Ulcer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pepticulcer.html Sinusitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sinusitis.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Biaxin. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Patient Resources

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Biaxin. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Biaxin. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Biaxin. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Biaxin” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Biaxin”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Biaxin” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “Biaxin” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

87

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

23

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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Biaxin

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

24

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

89

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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BIAXIN DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetylcysteine: The N-acetyl derivative of cysteine. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring

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substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. EC 1.2.1.3. Before 1978, it was classified as EC 1.1.1.70. [NIH]

Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha 1-Antitrypsin: Plasma glycoprotein member of the serpin superfamily which inhibits trypsin, neutrophil elastase, and other proteolytic enzymes. Commonly referred to as alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (A1PI), it exists in over 30 different biochemical variant forms known collectively as the PI (protease inhibitor) system. Hereditary A1PI deficiency is associated with pulmonary emphysema. [NIH] Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency: A disease caused by single gene defects. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from kanamycin. It is reno- and ototoxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its

Dictionary 97

resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU]

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Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Bacteraemia: The presence of bacteria in the blood. [EU] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Beta-Lactamases: Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins. EC 3.5.2.6. [NIH] Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH]

Dictionary 99

Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bismuth Subsalicylate: A nonprescription medicine such as Pepto-Bismol. Used to treat diarrhea, heartburn, indigestion, and nausea. It is also part of the treatment for ulcers caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (HELL-uh-koh-BAK-tur py-LOH-ree). [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH]

100 Biaxin

Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchopulmonary: Pertaining to the lungs and their air passages; both bronchial and pulmonary. [EU] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by betalactamases. [NIH] Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin. [NIH] Ceftriaxone: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to usually inaccessible infections, including those involving the meninges, eyes, inner ears, and urinary tract. [NIH] Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, gonorrhea, and haemophilus. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland, developing slowly and lasting a long time. [NIH] Cilastatin: A renal dehydropeptidase-I and leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor. Since the

Dictionary 101

antibiotic, imipenem, is hydrolyzed by dehydropeptidase-I, which resides in the brush border of the renal tubule, cilastatin is administered with imipenem to increase its effectiveness. The drug also inhibits the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukeotriene E4. [NIH]

Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of lincomycin. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments

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that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in

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the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or

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concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disulfiram: A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea, hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde syndrome). It acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase. [NIH] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenal Ulcer: An ulcer in the lining of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). [NIH]

Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is

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based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Egg Yolk: Cytoplasm stored in an egg that contains nutritional reserves for the developing embryo. It is rich in polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum

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lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Ergotism: Poisoning caused by ingesting ergotized grain or by the misdirected or excessive use of ergot as a medicine. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated

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from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Fulminant Hepatic Failure: Liver failure that occurs suddenly in a previously healthy person. The most common causes of FHF are acute hepatitis, acetaminophen overdose, and liver damage from prescription drugs. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several

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different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroduodenal: Pertaining to or communicating with the stomach and duodenum, as a gastroduodenal fistula. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer

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of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. [EU] Haemophilus: A genus of Pasteurellaceae that consists of several species occurring in animals and humans. Its organisms are described as gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, coccobacillus or rod-shaped, and nonmotile. [NIH] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of

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bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hypersecretion: Excessive secretion. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with cilastatin, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of

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neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infection Control: Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a

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positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukopenia: A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is reduced. [NIH] Levofloxacin: A substance used to treat bacterial infections. It belongs to the family of drugs called quinolone antibiotics. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Lincomycin: (2S-trans)-Methyl 6,8-dideoxy-6-(((1-methyl-4-propyl-2pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)-1-thio-D-erythro-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside. An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH]

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Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrolides: A group of organic compounds that contain a macrocyclic lactone ring linked glycosidically to one or more sugar moieties. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be

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absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Minocycline: A semisynthetic staphylococcus infections. [NIH]

antibiotic

effective

against

tetracycline-resistant

Miscible: Susceptible of being mixed. [EU] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU]

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Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Mycobacterium: A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts. [NIH]

Mycobacterium avium: A bacterium causing tuberculosis in domestic fowl and other birds. In pigs, it may cause localized and sometimes disseminated disease. The organism occurs occasionally in sheep and cattle. It should be distinguished from the M. avium complex, which infects primarily humans. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myometrium: The smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrolysis: Separation or exfoliation of tissue due to necrosis. [EU] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV infection and AIDS. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Non-nucleoside: A member of a class of compounds, including delavirdine, loviride and

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nevirapine, that acts to directly combine with and block the action of HIV's reverse transcriptase. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ofloxacin: An orally administered broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial drug active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Ototoxic: Having a deleterious effect upon the eighth nerve, or upon the organs of hearing and balance. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Paratuberculosis: An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.

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Characteristics include chronic debilitation and weight loss. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer

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phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platelet Factor 4: A high-molecular-weight proteoglycan-platelet factor complex which is released from blood platelets by thrombin. It acts as a mediator in the heparin-neutralizing capacity of the blood and plays a role in platelet aggregation. At high ionic strength (I=0.75), the complex dissociates into the active component (molecular weight 29,000) and the proteoglycan carrier (chondroitin 4-sulfate, molecular weight 350,000). The molecule exists in the form of a dimer consisting of 8 moles of platelet factor 4 and 2 moles of proteoglycan. [NIH]

Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the

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drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Proton Pump: Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane against a concentration gradient. This transport is driven by hydrolysis of ATP by H(+)transporting ATP synthase. [NIH] Proton Pump Inhibitors: Medicines that stop the stomach's acid pump. Examples are omeprazole (oh-MEH-prah-zol) (Prilosec) and lansoprazole (lan-SOH-prah-zol) (Prevacid). [NIH]

Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

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Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pyrazinamide: A pyrazine that is used therapeutically as an antitubercular agent. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quinolones: Quinolines which are substituted in any position by one or more oxo groups. These compounds can have any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents, and fused ring systems. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Ranitidine Bismuth Citrate: Drug used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH]

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Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retreatment: The therapy of the same disease in a patient, with the same agent or procedure repeated after initial treatment, or with an additional or alternate measure or follow-up. It does not include therapy which requires more than one administration of a therapeutic agent or regimen. Retreatment is often used with reference to a different modality when the original one was inadequate, harmful, or unsuccessful. [NIH] Rhabdomyolysis: Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rifabutin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic that is being used as prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in HIV-positive patients. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Roxithromycin: Semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is concentrated by human phagocytes and is bioactive intracellularly. While the drug is active against a wide spectrum of pathogens, it is particularly effective in the treatment of respiratory and genital tract infections. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salvage Therapy: A therapeutic approach, involving chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery, after initial regimens have failed to lead to improvement in a patient's condition. Salvage therapy is most often used for neoplastic diseases. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU]

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Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Silanes: Compounds similar to hydrocarbons in which a tetravalent silicon atom replaces the carbon atom. They are very reactive, ignite in air, and form useful derivatives. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Single-agent: The use of a single drug or other therapy. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of

Dictionary 123

dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrophotometry: The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Streptococcus pneumoniae: A gram-positive organism found in the upper respiratory tract, inflammatory exudates, and various body fluids of normal and/or diseased humans and,

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rarely, domestic animals. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Sucralfate: A basic aluminum complex of sulfated sucrose. It is advocated in the therapy of peptic, duodenal, and prepyloric ulcers, gastritis, reflux esophagitis, and other gastrointestinal irritations. It acts primarily at the ulcer site, where it has cytoprotective, pepsinostatic, antacid, and bile acid-binding properties. The drug is only slightly absorbed by the digestive mucosa, which explains the absence of systemic effects and toxicity. [NIH] Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of migraines. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Teichoic Acids: Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Tetravalent: Pertaining to a group of 4 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Thalidomide: A pharmaceutical agent originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market because of its known tetratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor alpha from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. [NIH]

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Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thiamphenicol: A methylsulfonyl analog of chloramphenicol. It is an antibiotic and immunosuppressive agent. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole antitrichomonal agent effective against Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia infections. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Tonsils: Small masses of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is

126 Biaxin

analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Triple-Therapy: A combination of three medicines used to treat Helicobacter pylori infection and ulcers. Drugs that stop the body from making acid are often added to relieve symptoms. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is

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used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIVinduced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia. [NIH]

129

INDEX A Abdominal, 95, 116 Acetaldehyde, 95, 104 Acetaminophen, 95, 107 Acetylcysteine, 60, 95 Acute renal, 95, 109 Adenosine, 95, 118, 125 Adrenal Cortex, 95, 102 Adverse Effect, 50, 95, 122 Aerobic, 5, 95, 110, 115 Affinity, 95, 122 Agar, 6, 10, 13, 17, 95, 103, 110 Agonist, 95, 124 Airway, 24, 96 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, 96, 104 Algorithms, 96, 99 Alimentary, 21, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 44, 45, 46, 96, 117 Alkaline, 96 Allylamine, 96 Alpha 1-Antitrypsin, 30, 96 Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency, 30, 96 Alternative medicine, 68, 96 Aluminum, 96, 124 Amebiasis, 96, 114 Amikacin, 12, 16, 96 Amine, 62, 96, 109 Amino Acids, 96, 106, 117, 119, 126 Ammonia, 61, 96 Amoxicillin, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 17, 19, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 38, 58, 59, 96 Ampicillin, 13, 22, 96, 97 Anaerobic, 5, 59, 97, 109, 110, 123 Analog, 97, 101, 125 Anemia, 97, 115, 127 Anesthesia, 96, 97 Angina, 84, 97 Antagonism, 97, 125 Antibacterial, 22, 43, 59, 97, 101, 110, 116, 123 Antibody, 95, 97, 101, 110, 111, 120 Anticoagulant, 97, 127 Antifungal, 97, 107 Antigen, 95, 97, 101, 108, 110, 111 Anti-inflammatory, 95, 97, 102, 103, 108 Antimicrobial, 5, 6, 12, 13, 19, 20, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 44, 45, 50, 65, 97, 101

Antiviral, 95, 97 Aqueous, 60, 61, 97, 98, 103, 105, 112 Arterial, 96, 97, 119 Arteries, 97, 99, 102, 114, 115 Assay, 5, 8, 16, 31, 97 Asymptomatic, 96, 97, 116 Atrial, 97, 98, 127 Atrial Fibrillation, 98, 127 Attenuated, 98, 104, 126 Autodigestion, 98, 116 Azithromycin, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 28, 36, 37, 38, 39, 44, 47, 50, 53, 60, 98 B Bacteraemia, 20, 98 Bacteremia, 50, 51, 52, 98 Bacteria, 3, 59, 97, 98, 101, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 114, 115, 123, 124, 126 Bacterial Infections, 51, 98, 112 Bactericidal, 6, 8, 15, 31, 36, 40, 98, 106 Bacteriophage, 98, 127 Bacteriostatic, 6, 98, 106 Bacterium, 3, 16, 98, 99, 109, 115, 125 Barbiturate, 98, 124 Base, 63, 98, 103, 112, 118, 126 Beta-Lactamases, 98, 100, 110 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 98, 111 Bile, 98, 107, 112, 123, 124 Biliary, 98, 116 Biliary Tract, 98, 116 Bioavailability, 23, 99 Biochemical, 96, 99, 107, 122 Biological Transport, 99, 104 Biosynthesis, 4, 99 Biotechnology, 5, 18, 65, 68, 79, 99 Bismuth, 12, 39, 99 Bismuth Subsalicylate, 12, 99 Blood pressure, 99, 110, 114, 122 Blood vessel, 99, 105, 109, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127 Body Fluids, 99, 122, 123 Bone Marrow, 33, 46, 99, 113, 114, 115, 127 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 33, 46, 99 Bowel, 23, 99, 104, 111, 112, 123 Bowel Movement, 99, 104, 123 Branch, 91, 99, 123, 125 Broad-spectrum, 96, 97, 99, 100, 116, 121 Bronchi, 99, 100, 125

130 Biaxin

Bronchial, 99, 100, 110, 125 Bronchiseptica, 99, 117 Bronchitis, 18, 20, 29, 38, 44, 100 Bronchopulmonary, 6, 8, 37, 100 C Candidiasis, 100, 107 Capsules, 100, 104 Carbohydrate, 100, 102, 122 Carcinogen, 100, 114 Cardiac, 96, 98, 100, 105, 107, 115, 123 Cefixime, 31, 100 Cefotaxime, 13, 100 Ceftriaxone, 31, 100 Cefuroxime, 17, 29, 100 Cell Cycle, 100, 106 Cell Division, 98, 100, 106, 118 Cell Size, 100, 107 Cellulose, 100, 118 Central Nervous System, 100, 122, 125 Chemotherapy, 19, 20, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 38, 39, 44, 45, 46, 65, 100, 121 Chronic, 9, 18, 20, 21, 24, 29, 38, 44, 96, 100, 106, 111, 116, 117, 122, 124, 125, 126 Chronic prostatitis, 44, 100 Cilastatin, 22, 100, 110 Ciprofloxacin, 9, 12, 15, 17, 18, 22, 38, 101 Clindamycin, 5, 10, 17, 101 Clinical trial, 4, 49, 54, 79, 101, 102, 115, 120 Cloning, 4, 8, 37, 99, 101 Coagulation, 101, 127 Cofactor, 101, 119 Combination Therapy, 9, 38, 101 Complement, 101, 102, 108 Complementary and alternative medicine, 43, 48, 102 Complementary medicine, 43, 102 Computational Biology, 79, 102 Concomitant, 17, 24, 37, 102 Conjugated, 102, 103 Connective Tissue, 99, 102, 107, 113, 121 Contamination, 102, 109 Contraindications, ii, 102 Controlled study, 23, 44, 102 Coronary, 102, 114, 115 Coronary Thrombosis, 102, 114, 115 Corticosteroid, 102, 119 Cortisol, 23, 102 Cortisone, 102, 103 Cryptosporidiosis, 98, 103 Culture Media, 95, 103 Curative, 103, 125

Cutaneous, 44, 100, 103 Cyclic, 103, 125 Cysteine, 95, 103 Cytochrome, 39, 51, 103 Cytokine, 21, 103, 111, 124 Cytoplasm, 103, 105, 114 Cytotoxic, 45, 103 D Databases, Bibliographic, 79, 103 Decarboxylation, 103, 109 Degenerative, 103, 109 Density, 103, 107, 112 Dexamethasone, 34, 103 Diagnostic procedure, 57, 68, 103 Diarrhea, 96, 99, 103 Diffusion, 6, 10, 99, 103, 104, 109, 110, 111 Digestion, 37, 96, 98, 99, 104, 111, 112, 117, 123 Digestive system, 54, 104 Dilution, 6, 10, 17, 104 Diploid, 104, 118 Direct, iii, 8, 71, 104, 108, 120 Disinfectant, 104, 106 Disulfiram, 26, 104 Diuresis, 104, 125 Dosage Forms, 58, 59, 104 Dose-dependent, 23, 104, 127 Drug Interactions, 51, 72, 104 Drug Resistance, 3, 49, 104 Drug Tolerance, 104, 125 Duodenal Ulcer, 20, 36, 104 Duodenum, 98, 104, 108, 123 Dyspepsia, 19, 38, 104, 111 E Efficacy, 10, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31, 34, 38, 44, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 104, 110 Egg Yolk, 13, 105 Electrolyte, 102, 105, 122, 126 Electrons, 98, 105, 111, 116, 120 Emboli, 105, 127 Embolism, 105, 120, 127 Embolization, 105, 127 Embryo, 105 Emphysema, 96, 105 Emulsions, 95, 105 Encapsulated, 25, 105 Endocarditis, 10, 100, 105 Endocardium, 105 Endothelial cell, 105, 111 Environmental Health, 78, 80, 105 Enzymatic, 101, 105, 109 Enzyme, 96, 105, 107, 117, 119, 125, 127

Index 131

Eosinophilia, 21, 105 Eosinophils, 105, 112 Epidermal, 26, 105, 112, 113 Epidermis, 105, 112, 120 Epithelial, 6, 7, 15, 27, 29, 99, 106, 109 Epithelial Cells, 7, 29, 106, 109 Ergot, 106 Ergotism, 36, 106 Erythrocytes, 97, 99, 106, 120 Erythromycin, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 31, 33, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 98, 101, 106, 121 Esophageal, 38, 106 Esophagitis, 106, 124 Esophagus, 38, 104, 106, 109, 120, 123 Ethanol, 63, 106, 107 Ether, 63, 106 Etoposide, 46, 106 Eukaryotic Cells, 106, 111, 116 Evoke, 106, 123 Excitation, 106, 107 Exfoliation, 106, 115 Extracellular, 20, 45, 102, 106, 107, 122 Extravasation, 30, 106 F Family Planning, 79, 106 Fat, 99, 102, 105, 106, 112, 121, 122 Feces, 106, 123 Fermentation, 4, 107 Fibroblasts, 107, 111 Fibrosis, 96, 107, 121 Fistula, 107, 108 Flow Cytometry, 9, 107 Fluconazole, 9, 51, 107 Fluorescence, 26, 107 Fluorescent Dyes, 107 Flushing, 104, 107 Fold, 63, 107 Fulminant Hepatic Failure, 22, 107 G Gallbladder, 95, 98, 104, 107 Gas, 96, 103, 107, 110, 111, 115 Gastric, 8, 9, 10, 14, 26, 29, 97, 98, 104, 107, 109, 117, 120 Gastric Acid, 97, 107 Gastric Juices, 107, 117 Gastric Mucosa, 107, 117 Gastritis, 38, 47, 108, 124 Gastroduodenal, 37, 38, 108 Gastrointestinal, 13, 46, 101, 106, 108, 120, 122, 124 Gastrointestinal tract, 106, 108, 122

Gene, 4, 5, 8, 10, 14, 16, 29, 32, 37, 65, 96, 99, 108 Genetic Engineering, 99, 101, 108 Genital, 101, 108, 121 Genotype, 24, 108, 117 Giant Cells, 108, 121 Giardiasis, 108, 114 Gland, 95, 102, 108, 113, 116, 117, 119, 121, 123 Glottis, 108, 117 Glucocorticoid, 103, 108, 118 Glycoprotein, 96, 108, 114, 126 Gonorrhea, 100, 108 Governing Board, 108, 118 Grade, 52, 108 Gram-negative, 59, 99, 100, 108, 109, 110, 116 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 59, 108 Gram-positive, 59, 100, 108, 110, 115, 116, 123 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 59, 109, 116 Growth, 14, 97, 98, 103, 109, 113, 115, 118, 127 H Habitat, 109, 115 Haematoma, 109 Haemodialysis, 32, 109 Haemophilus, 9, 12, 13, 18, 22, 100, 109 Haemorrhage, 39, 109 Half-Life, 100, 109 Haploid, 109, 118 Heartburn, 99, 109, 111 Hematopoiesis, 30, 109 Heme, 103, 109 Hemolytic, 25, 109 Hemorrhage, 109, 120, 124 Hepatitis, 26, 107, 109 Hepatitis A, 26, 109 Hepatocytes, 109 Hepatovirus, 109 Heredity, 108, 109 Histamine, 28, 109, 110, 120 Histidine, 109, 110 Hormone, 102, 110, 113, 121 Hydrogen, 96, 98, 100, 110, 114, 116, 119 Hydrolysis, 98, 100, 110, 119, 126 Hypersecretion, 24, 110 Hypersensitivity, 110, 121 Hypnotic, 98, 110, 124 Hypoglycemia, 32, 110 Hypotension, 104, 110

132 Biaxin

I Id, 41, 46, 84, 90, 92, 110 Idiopathic, 110, 121 Imidazole, 109, 110, 120 Imipenem, 22, 101, 110 Immune response, 97, 102, 103, 110, 124, 127 Immunodeficiency, 7, 18, 46, 110 Immunodiffusion, 95, 110 Immunoelectrophoresis, 95, 110 Immunologic, 6, 110, 127 Immunosuppressive, 108, 110, 125 Impairment, 110, 113 In situ, 26, 110 In Situ Hybridization, 16, 26, 111 In vitro, 7, 10, 11, 12, 27, 38, 53, 111 In vivo, 39, 51, 53, 111 Incubation, 111, 117 Incubation period, 111, 117 Indigestion, 99, 111 Infarction, 111 Infection Control, 3, 111 Infiltration, 21, 111 Inflammation, 36, 47, 97, 100, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 113, 116, 117, 119, 121, 125, 126 Initiation, 111, 125 Inner ear, 100, 111 Interleukin-8, 22, 111 Intestine, 99, 111, 112 Intracellular, 11, 16, 22, 39, 45, 111, 113 Intramuscular, 111, 117 Intravenous, 16, 31, 33, 38, 111, 117 Ions, 98, 105, 110, 111 J Joint, 101, 112 K Kanamycin, 6, 96, 112 Kb, 78, 112 Keratinocytes, 111, 112 L Large Intestine, 104, 111, 112, 120, 122 Laxative, 95, 112 Lethal, 98, 112 Leukocytes, 99, 105, 112, 114, 126 Leukopenia, 112, 127 Levofloxacin, 6, 9, 15, 19, 29, 38, 112 Library Services, 90, 112 Ligation, 5, 112 Lincomycin, 101, 112 Linkages, 112, 117, 124, 127 Lipid, 105, 112

Lipopolysaccharide, 22, 108, 112 Lipoprotein, 108, 112 Liposome, 25, 112 Liver, 26, 29, 30, 95, 98, 104, 107, 109, 112, 121 Localized, 105, 109, 111, 113, 115, 118, 126 Locomotion, 113, 118 Lymph, 105, 113, 121 Lymph node, 113, 121 Lymphatic, 111, 113, 123 Lymphoid, 113, 125 Lymphoma, 45, 113 Lytic, 113, 127 M Macrolides, 8, 12, 45, 46, 47, 113 Malignant, 113, 115 Malignant tumor, 113, 115 Mediate, 113, 120 MEDLINE, 79, 113 Melanocytes, 113 Melanoma, 45, 113 Membrane, 101, 106, 108, 109, 113, 114, 116, 119 Membrane Proteins, 113, 119 Meninges, 100, 113 Meningitis, 107, 113 Mental Disorders, 55, 113 Mercury, 107, 113 Metronidazole, 11, 13, 16, 17, 19, 24, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 36, 38, 40, 44, 114 MI, 14, 93, 114 Microbe, 114, 125 Microorganism, 101, 114, 127 Minocycline, 6, 7, 114 Miscible, 61, 114, 117 Mitotic, 106, 114 Mobilization, 46, 114 Modification, 14, 29, 108, 114, 120, 127 Molecular, 13, 79, 81, 97, 99, 102, 114, 118, 126 Molecule, 97, 98, 101, 106, 110, 114, 116, 118, 120, 125 Monitor, 53, 114 Monocytes, 22, 23, 111, 112, 114, 124 Mononuclear, 7, 14, 114, 126 Motility, 29, 37, 38, 114, 122 Mucins, 114, 121 Mucociliary, 114, 122 Mucolytic, 60, 95, 114 Mucosa, 107, 114, 124 Mucus, 114, 115 Multicenter study, 19, 31, 36, 115

Index 133

Multiple Myeloma, 28, 115 Myocardial infarction, 98, 102, 114, 115, 127 Myocardium, 114, 115 Myometrium, 21, 115 N Nausea, 99, 104, 111, 115, 126 NCI, 1, 53, 54, 77, 115 Necrolysis, 26, 115 Necrosis, 111, 114, 115, 121 Need, 3, 51, 65, 85, 95, 115, 125 Neoplastic, 113, 115, 121 Nerve, 97, 115, 116, 117, 123, 125 Neutrophil, 96, 115 Nevirapine, 51, 115, 116 Nitrogen, 96, 115 Non-nucleoside, 115 Nucleic acid, 111, 115, 116, 127 Nucleus, 103, 105, 106, 114, 116, 119 O Ofloxacin, 6, 12, 15, 116 Ointments, 104, 116 Organelles, 103, 113, 114, 116 Otitis, 4, 10, 116 Otitis Media, 4, 10, 116 Ototoxic, 96, 116 Outpatient, 46, 116 Overdose, 107, 116 Oxidation, 103, 116 P Palliative, 116, 125 Pancreas, 95, 104, 116, 126 Pancreatic, 116 Pancreatitis, 19, 116 Paranasal Sinuses, 116, 122 Paratuberculosis, 45, 116 Parenteral, 16, 31, 117 Parotid, 117, 121 Paroxysmal, 117, 127 Particle, 112, 117 Penicillin, 8, 10, 13, 17, 21, 26, 36, 97, 117 Pepsin, 117 Pepsin A, 117 Peptic, 34, 47, 84, 117, 124 Peptic Ulcer, 34, 47, 84, 117 Peptide, 101, 117, 119 Peptide Chain Elongation, 101, 117 Pertussis, 12, 117, 127 Petechiae, 109, 117 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 104, 117 Pharmacodynamic, 8, 15, 51, 117 Pharmacokinetic, 15, 18, 30, 51, 53, 117

Pharmacologic, 97, 109, 117, 125 Pharyngitis, 25, 26, 36, 117 Phenotype, 30, 117 Phosphorus, 118 Phosphorylation, 7, 118 Physiologic, 95, 99, 109, 118, 120 Pigment, 113, 118 Pilot study, 7, 20, 21, 118 Plants, 4, 118, 125 Plasma, 7, 9, 23, 53, 96, 98, 115, 118 Plasma cells, 115, 118 Platelet Factor 4, 111, 118 Podophyllotoxin, 106, 118 Point Mutation, 8, 14, 16, 31, 118 Polymorphic, 8, 58, 118 Polymorphism, 7, 14, 27, 118 Potentiate, 45, 118 Practice Guidelines, 80, 118 Prednisolone, 21, 118 Prevalence, 5, 7, 25, 50, 119 Progressive, 30, 104, 109, 115, 119 Prophylaxis, 10, 14, 49, 51, 53, 119, 121, 127 Prospective study, 19, 119 Prostate, 100, 119 Prostate gland, 100, 119 Prostatitis, 119 Protease, 96, 101, 119, 121 Protein S, 8, 65, 99, 101, 106, 119, 124 Proteins, 96, 97, 101, 105, 106, 110, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 122, 125, 126 Proteinuria, 115, 119 Proteolytic, 96, 101, 119 Proton Pump, 24, 32, 119 Proton Pump Inhibitors, 24, 119 Protons, 110, 119, 120 Public Policy, 79, 119 Publishing, 5, 119 Pulmonary, 7, 9, 21, 33, 96, 99, 100, 120, 127 Pulmonary Embolism, 120, 127 Pulse, 114, 120 Purpura, 27, 34, 109, 120 Pyrazinamide, 17, 120 Q Quality of Life, 52, 120 Quinolones, 12, 49, 120 R Radiation, 107, 114, 120, 121 Radiation therapy, 120, 121 Random Allocation, 120 Randomization, 51, 120

134 Biaxin

Randomized, 16, 19, 20, 25, 26, 29, 31, 36, 50, 105, 120 Ranitidine, 25, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 120 Ranitidine Bismuth Citrate, 25, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 120 Receptor, 28, 97, 120, 122 Rectum, 99, 104, 107, 112, 119, 120 Red blood cells, 106, 109, 120 Refer, 1, 101, 113, 120 Reflux, 63, 120, 124 Regimen, 24, 50, 52, 104, 120, 121 Respiration, 114, 121 Retreatment, 33, 40, 121 Rhabdomyolysis, 24, 31, 121 Rheumatism, 121 Rheumatoid, 21, 121 Rheumatoid arthritis, 21, 121 Rifabutin, 5, 9, 18, 36, 45, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 121 Rigidity, 118, 121 Risk factor, 119, 121 Ritonavir, 24, 121 Rod, 98, 109, 121 Roxithromycin, 5, 8, 9, 12, 16, 17, 45, 60, 121 S Saliva, 32, 121 Salivary, 104, 121 Salivary glands, 104, 121 Salvage Therapy, 7, 121 Sarcoidosis, 45, 121 Screening, 101, 121 Secretion, 102, 109, 110, 114, 115, 120, 121 Semisynthetic, 58, 96, 100, 101, 106, 110, 114, 121 Sequence Analysis, 8, 14, 37, 122 Sequencing, 4, 122 Serotonin, 122, 124 Serum, 15, 31, 32, 53, 97, 101, 122, 126 Shock, 21, 122, 126 Side effect, 71, 95, 122, 125 Silanes, 62, 122 Silicon, 122 Single-agent, 34, 122 Sinusitis, 84, 122 Skeletal, 115, 121, 122 Small intestine, 104, 108, 110, 111, 122, 126 Smooth muscle, 96, 110, 115, 122, 124 Sneezing, 117, 122 Social Environment, 120, 122 Sodium, 36, 63, 122 Soft tissue, 99, 122

Solvent, 60, 61, 63, 106, 117, 122 Spasmodic, 117, 123 Specialist, 85, 123 Species, 3, 109, 115, 123, 124, 126, 127 Spectrophotometry, 61, 123 Spectrum, 110, 121, 123 Spleen, 113, 121, 123 Sputum, 9, 24, 123 Staphylococcus, 13, 114, 123 Steady state, 9, 123 Sterile, 52, 123 Steroid, 102, 123 Stimulant, 109, 123 Stimulus, 21, 106, 111, 123 Stomach, 45, 47, 95, 98, 104, 106, 107, 108, 110, 115, 117, 119, 120, 122, 123 Stool, 23, 112, 123 Streptococcal, 10, 25, 26, 36, 112, 123 Streptococcus, 5, 6, 10, 13, 15, 21, 28, 31, 123 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 5, 6, 10, 13, 15, 21, 28, 31, 123 Stress, 102, 107, 115, 121, 124 Stroke, 55, 78, 124 Subacute, 111, 122, 124 Subclinical, 111, 124 Subcutaneous, 117, 124 Subspecies, 45, 123, 124 Substance P, 106, 121, 124 Sucralfate, 20, 36, 124 Sumatriptan, 33, 124 Suppression, 102, 124, 127 Symptomatic, 19, 116, 124 Systemic, 53, 72, 99, 100, 104, 111, 119, 120, 121, 124, 127 T Tachycardia, 98, 124 Tachypnea, 98, 124 Teichoic Acids, 109, 124 Terminator, 124, 127 Tetracycline, 11, 24, 31, 38, 114, 124 Tetravalent, 122, 124 Thalidomide, 34, 124 Theophylline, 9, 38, 125 Therapeutics, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 33, 44, 45, 46, 72, 125 Thiamphenicol, 20, 125 Thrombosis, 98, 119, 124, 125 Tinidazole, 25, 39, 125 Tinnitus, 116, 125 Tolerance, 18, 53, 125 Tonsillitis, 25, 125

Index 135

Tonsils, 125 Topical, 106, 125 Toxic, iv, 26, 118, 125, 127 Toxicity, 37, 52, 104, 114, 124, 125 Toxicology, 80, 125 Toxins, 97, 111, 125 Toxoplasmosis, 7, 98, 125 Transcriptase, 115, 116, 125 Transcription Factors, 22, 125 Transfection, 99, 125 Translation, 106, 126 Translocation, 101, 106, 126 Trauma, 106, 115, 116, 125, 126 Trichomoniasis, 114, 126 Triple-Therapy, 24, 126 Trypsin, 96, 126 Tuberculosis, 7, 17, 115, 126 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 124, 126 U Ulcer, 68, 104, 117, 124, 126 Unconscious, 110, 126 Uraemia, 116, 126 Urinary, 22, 100, 101, 126 Urinary tract, 100, 126 Urine, 104, 119, 126 Uterus, 115, 126

V Vaccines, 126, 127 Vascular, 96, 111, 126 Vasculitis, 116, 126 Vasodilation, 104, 126 Vasodilator, 110, 127 Vein, 111, 117, 127 Venous, 98, 119, 127 Venous Thrombosis, 98, 127 Vertigo, 116, 127 Veterinary Medicine, 79, 127 Viral, 95, 108, 127 Virulence, 98, 125, 127 Virulent, 5, 8, 17, 36, 127 Virus, 7, 18, 46, 98, 108, 127 Viscosity, 95, 127 Vitro, 6, 11, 12, 17, 45, 127 Vivo, 9, 12, 127 W Warfarin, 37, 39, 127 Whooping Cough, 117, 127 Y Yeasts, 118, 127 Z Zidovudine, 7, 15, 30, 53, 127

136 Biaxin

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