BAD
BREATH A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Bad Breath: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83760-0 1. Bad Breath-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on bad breath. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BAD BREATH ............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Bad Breath..................................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BAD BREATH ................................................................................... 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 Finding Nutrition Studies on Bad Breath ................................................................................... 21 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 22 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BAD BREATH ............................................................. 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 25 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 28 General References ....................................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON BAD BREATH ......................................................................................... 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 Patents on Bad Breath.................................................................................................................. 31 Patent Applications on Bad Breath.............................................................................................. 46 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON BAD BREATH ............................................................................................. 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 57 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 58 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 58 Chapters on Bad Breath ............................................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BAD BREATH ............................................................... 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 61 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 63 Academic Periodicals covering Bad Breath .................................................................................. 63 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 67 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 69 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 72 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 73 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 77 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 79 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 79 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 79 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 85 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 85
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BAD BREATH DICTIONARY ...................................................................................................... 87 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 111
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with bad breath is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about bad breath, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to bad breath, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on bad breath. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to bad breath, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on bad breath. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BAD BREATH Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on bad breath.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and bad breath, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “bad breath” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Relationship Between Volatile Sulfur Compounds and Major Halitosis-Inducing Factors Source: Journal of Periodontology. 74(1): 32-37. January 2003. Contact: Available from American Academy of Periodontology. Suite 800, 737 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611-2690. (312) 573-3220. Fax (312) 573-3225. Summary: Although tongue coating and periodontal conditions have been reported to be major factors inducing halitosis (bad breath), the relationship between volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) and these two major factors is not yet fully understood. This article reports on a study undertaken to investigate the relationship of VSC concentrations to tongue coating and periodontal health in 40 subjects (mean age 33.3 years, range 14 to 64 years). Gas chromatography was performed to analyze each VSC component from the
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mouth air sampled prior to tongue scraping, after tongue scraping, and after a subsequent prophylaxis on the interdental spaces. Results showed that the tongue coating was demonstrated to be a primary halitosis-inducing factors. Periodontal health was also shown to contribute to VSC production. 2 figures. 3 tables. 24 references. •
Halitosis: Discussing a Difficult Subject Source: Journal of Practical Hygiene. 8(4): 56. July-August 1999. Summary: Oral malodor (bad breath, or halitosis) is an often devastating problem for many individuals. This brief article for dental hygienists offers strategies for helping patients deal with halitosis. The author discusses the need to rule out any systemic illness that could contribute to halitosis (e.g., diabetes), to include questions about malodor on patient health history forms, to review the responses on the health history form without judgement, to look for hidden messages in questions asked by patients, to design office brochures discussing the causes of malodor and possible treatment methods, and to include tongue cleaning as a part of every recare appointment. The article includes a 10 question oral malodor questionnaire that may help to pinpoint the cause of any halitosis problem. 1 figure. 1 table.
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Examination, Classification, and Treatment of Halitosis: Clinical Perspectives Source: Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. 66(5): 257-261. May 2000. Contact: Available from Canadian Dental Association. 1815 Alta Vista Drive, Ottowa, ON K1G 3Y6. (613) 523-1770. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.cda-adc.ca. Summary: Patients with halitosis (bad breath) may seek treatment from dental clinicians for their perceived oral malodor. In this article, the authors outline an examination protocol, classification system, and treatment needs for such patients. Physiologic halitosis, oral pathologic halitosis, and pseudohalitosis are in the treatment realm of dental practitioners. Management may include periodontal or restorative treatment or both, as well as simple treatment measures such as instruction in oral hygiene, tongue cleaning, and mouth rinsing. Psychosomatic halitosis is more difficult to diagnose and manage, and patients with this condition are often mismanaged in that they receive only treatments for genuine halitosis, even though they do not have oral malodor. A classification system can be used to identify patients with halitophobia (fear of bad breath). Additionally, a questionnaire can be used to assess the psychological condition of patients claiming to have halitosis, which enables the clinician to identify patients with psychosomatic halitosis. The authors stress that the classification and management of halitosis patients is very useful for general practitioners, especially with regard to patients with pseudohalitosis, who may seek treatment from general practitioners. 3 tables. 38 references.
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Halitosis: A Common Oral Problem Source: New York State Dental Journal. 62(10): 36-42. December 1996. Contact: Available from Dental Society of the State of New York. 7 Elk Street, Albany, NY 12207. (518) 465-0044. Fax (518) 427-0461. Summary: This article discusses halitosis (bad breath), a common oral problem that is caused primarily by bacterial putrefaction and the generation of volatile sulfur compounds. In many instances, morning halitosis is a temporary affliction produced by oral bacteria that have accumulated during sleep. Ninety percent halitosis cases have oral causes such as poor oral hygiene, periodontal disease, tongue coat, food impaction,
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unclean dentures, faulty restorations, oral carcinomas, and throat infections. The remaining 10 percent of people with halitosis have systemic causes including renal or hepatic failure, carcinomas, diabetes, or trimethylaminuria. Modern analytical and microbiological techniques permit diagnosis of bad breath. The management of halitosis involves maintaining proper oral hygiene and periodontal treatment, including tongue brushing. References available from the publisher. 2 figures. (AA-M). •
Characteristics of Patients Complaining of Halitosis and the Usefulness of Gas Chromatography for Diagnosing Halitosis Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 91(5): 531-534. May 2001. Contact: Available from Mosby, Inc. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. (800) 654-2452 or (407) 345-4000. Website: www.harcourthealth.com. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to examine the characteristics of patients complaining of halitosis (bad breath, oral malodor) and to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of three methods of measuring halitosis. The actual degree of halitosis was determined through use of an organoleptic test in 155 patients aged 46 years (plus or minus 17 years). The volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) were determined with gas chromatography and with sulfide monitoring. The organoleptic test revealed that 55 percent of the subjects had either no mouth odor or slight mouth odor. There was a significant correlation between the organoleptic score and the total VSC level determined through use of other methods. The amount of tongue coating was significantly greater in the halitosis positive group than in the halitosis negative group, whereas there was no difference in salivary flow rate between the groups. These results indicate that determining VSCs with gas chromatography is a useful means of diagnosing halitosis. 3 tables. 17 references.
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What You Should Know About Bad Breath Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 134(1): 135. January 2003. Contact: Available from American Dental Association. ADA Publishing Co, Inc., 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2867. Website: www.ada.org. Summary: This patient education handout offers basic information about halitosis (bad breath) and how it can be controlled. The fact sheet notes that, in a small percentage of cases, bad breath may have a systemic origin such as a respiratory tract condition or other ailments. However, a major source of bad breath in healthy people is microbial deposits on the tongue, especially the back of the tongue, where a bacterial coating harbors organisms and debris that contribute to bad breath. Also, inadequate or ineffective cleaning of the teeth or dentures, xerostomia (dry mouth), or periodontal disease can all result in unpleasant odors. The fact sheet offers a list of practical strategies for controlling bad breath and encourages readers to consult their dental care provider with any concerns about halitosis.
Federally Funded Research on Bad Breath The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to bad breath. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of
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Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to bad breath. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore bad breath.
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “bad breath” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for bad breath in the PubMed Central database: •
Diversity of Bacterial Populations on the Tongue Dorsa of Patients with Halitosis and Healthy Patients. by Kazor CE, Mitchell PM, Lee AM, Stokes LN, Loesche WJ, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=149706
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to 2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html. 4
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with bad breath, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “bad breath” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for bad breath (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
“Bad breath”: presenting manifestation of anaerobic pulmonary infection. Author(s): Lorber B. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1975 December; 112(6): 875-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1203000&dopt=Abstract
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A new era in halitosis and periodontal treatment. Author(s): Cohen M. Source: Dent Today. 1998 August; 17(8): 88-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10752414&dopt=Abstract
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A new protocol for halitosis treatment. Author(s): Malcmacher LJ. Source: Dent Today. 2000 September; 19(9): 122-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12524732&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized placebo-controlled trial of mebendazole for halitosis. Author(s): Ermis B, Aslan T, Beder L, Unalacak M. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2002 October; 156(10): 995-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12361444&dopt=Abstract
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Although often linked to perio, bad breath can turn sweet when tongue is 'deplaqued'. Author(s): O'hehir TE. Source: Rdh. 1996 June; 16(6): 20, 44. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9442652&dopt=Abstract
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An unexpected cause of halitosis. Author(s): Bennett JD. Source: J R Army Med Corps. 1988 October; 134(3): 151-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3193395&dopt=Abstract
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Bad breath, diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Rosenberg M. Source: Univ Tor Dent J. 1990 Spring; 3(2): 7-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2076696&dopt=Abstract
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Bad breath. Author(s): Levit B. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2003 June; 134(6): 682, 684. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839400&dopt=Abstract
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Bad breath. Author(s): Miller AS, Pullon PA. Source: Gen Dent. 1986 July-August; 34(4): 315-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3462092&dopt=Abstract
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Bad breath: a brief update. Author(s): Rosenberg M. Source: Alpha Omegan. 2002 October; 95(3): 10-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12408090&dopt=Abstract
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Bad breath: etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Tessier JF, Kulkarni GV. Source: Oral Health. 1991 October; 81(10): 19-22, 24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1824429&dopt=Abstract
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Bad breath--a major disability according to the Talmud. Author(s): Shifman A, Orenbuch S, Rosenberg M. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 October; 4(10): 843-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12389360&dopt=Abstract
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Battling bad breath: a new approach to an old problem. Author(s): Hennessy M. Source: Cds Rev. 1997 January-February; 90(1): 46-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9594712&dopt=Abstract
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Characteristics of patients complaining of halitosis and the usefulness of gas chromatography for diagnosing halitosis. Author(s): Oho T, Yoshida Y, Shimazaki Y, Yamashita Y, Koga T. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2001 May; 91(5): 531-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11346730&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic halitosis from tonsilloliths: a common etiology. Author(s): Fletcher SM, Blair PA. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1988 June; 140(6): 7-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3392528&dopt=Abstract
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Classification and examination of halitosis. Author(s): Murata T, Yamaga T, Iida T, Miyazaki H, Yaegaki K. Source: Int Dent J. 2002 June; 52 Suppl 3: 181-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090449&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical application of a questionnaire for diagnosis and treatment of halitosis. Author(s): Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Source: Quintessence Int. 1999 May; 30(5): 302-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10635283&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical assessment of bad breath: current concepts. Author(s): Rosenberg M. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1996 April; 127(4): 475-82. Review. Erratum In: J Am Dent Assoc 1996 May; 127(5): 570. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8655868&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical characteristics of halitosis: differences in two patient groups with primary and secondary complaints of halitosis. Author(s): Iwakura M, Yasuno Y, Shimura M, Sakamoto S. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 1994 September; 73(9): 1568-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7929993&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical dilemmas posed by patients with psychosomatic halitosis. Author(s): Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Source: Quintessence Int. 1999 May; 30(5): 328-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10635288&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical effects of a new mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride and zinc-lactate on oral halitosis. A dual-center, double-blind placebocontrolled study. Author(s): Winkel EG, Roldan S, Van Winkelhoff AJ, Herrera D, Sanz M. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2003 April; 30(4): 300-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12694427&dopt=Abstract
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Correlation between measurements using a new halitosis monitor and organoleptic assessment. Author(s): Shimura M, Watanabe S, Iwakura M, Oshikiri Y, Kusumoto M, Ikawa K, Sakamoto S. Source: J Periodontol. 1997 December; 68(12): 1182-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9444593&dopt=Abstract
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Counseling and treating bad breath patients: a step-by-step approach. Author(s): Lenton P, Majerus G, Bakdash B. Source: The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice [electronic Resource]. 2001 May 15; 2(2): 46-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12167933&dopt=Abstract
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Delusional halitosis. Review of the literature and analysis of 32 cases. Author(s): Iwu CO, Akpata O. Source: British Dental Journal. 1990 April 7; 168(7): 294-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2185809&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosing and treating halitosis. Author(s): McDowell JD, Kassebaum DK. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1993 July; 124(7): 55-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8335800&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis and treatment of halitosis. Author(s): Richter JL. Source: Compend Contin Educ Dent. 1996 April; 17(4): 370-2, 374-6 Passim; Quiz 388. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9051972&dopt=Abstract
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Diversity of bacterial populations on the tongue dorsa of patients with halitosis and healthy patients. Author(s): Kazor CE, Mitchell PM, Lee AM, Stokes LN, Loesche WJ, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 February; 41(2): 558-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12574246&dopt=Abstract
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Dry mouth and halitosis. Author(s): Nally F. Source: The Practitioner. 1990 June 8; 234(1490): 603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2392411&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of a two-phase oil-water mouthwash on halitosis. Author(s): Yaegaki K, Sanada K. Source: Clin Prev Dent. 1992 January-February; 14(1): 5-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1499240&dopt=Abstract
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Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of persistent halitosis after pharyngeal flap surgery. Author(s): Finkelstein Y, Talmi YP, Zohar Y, Ophir D. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1993 November; 92(6): 1176-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8234515&dopt=Abstract
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Ethics of bad breath. Author(s): Bosy A, Celler J. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1997 April; 63(4): 235. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9125838&dopt=Abstract
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Examination, classification, and treatment of halitosis; clinical perspectives. Author(s): Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 2000 May; 66(5): 257-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10833869&dopt=Abstract
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Extraoral etiology of halitosis. Author(s): Tomas Carmona I, Limeres Posse J, Diz Dios P, Fernandez Feijoo J, Vazquez Garcia E. Source: Medicina Oral : Organo Oficial De La Sociedad Espanola De Medicina Oral Y De La Academia Iberoamericana De Patologia Y Medicina Bucal. 2001 January-February; 6(1): 40-7. Review. English, Spanish. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11488130&dopt=Abstract
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Extrinsic duodenal obstruction and halitosis. Author(s): Stephenson BM, Rees BI. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1990 July; 66(777): 568-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2217018&dopt=Abstract
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Gastrointestinal diseases and halitosis: association of gastric Helicobacter pylori infection. Author(s): Hoshi K, Yamano Y, Mitsunaga A, Shimizu S, Kagawa J, Ogiuchi H. Source: Int Dent J. 2002 June; 52 Suppl 3: 207-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090454&dopt=Abstract
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Genuine halitosis, pseudo-halitosis, and halitophobia: classification, diagnosis, and treatment. Author(s): Yaegaki K, Coil JM. Source: Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2000 October; 21(10A): 880-6, 888-9; Quiz 890. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11908365&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis and abuse of antibiotics. Report of a case. Author(s): Ogunwande SA. Source: Ceylon Med J. 1989 September; 34(3): 131-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2620377&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis and gastric outlet obstruction in infants. Author(s): Madarikan BA, Rees BI. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1990 October; 44(10): 419. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2268525&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis and Helicobacter pylori. A possible link? Author(s): Tiomny E, Arber N, Moshkowitz M, Peled Y, Gilat T. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1992 October; 15(3): 236-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1479169&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis and Helicobacter pylori: a possible relationship. Author(s): Ierardi E, Amoruso A, La Notte T, Francavilla R, Castellaneta S, Marrazza E, Monno RA, Francavilla A. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1998 December; 43(12): 2733-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9881507&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis in children. Author(s): Amir E, Shimonov R, Rosenberg M. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 March; 134(3): 338-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10064672&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis in medicine: a review. Author(s): Tangerman A. Source: Int Dent J. 2002 June; 52 Suppl 3: 201-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090453&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis measurement by an industrial sulphide monitor. Author(s): Rosenberg M, Septon I, Eli I, Bar-Ness R, Gelernter I, Brenner S, Gabbay J. Source: J Periodontol. 1991 August; 62(8): 487-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1920015&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis or bad breath. Author(s): Ewart N. Source: Bull N Z Soc Periodontol. 1975 August; (40): 11-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1073981&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis prevention campaign: a report of oral health promotion activities in Japan. Author(s): Saito H, Kawaguchi Y. Source: Int Dent J. 2002 June; 52 Suppl 3: 197-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090452&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis research. Author(s): Read B. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 2000 July-August; 66(7): 355. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10946488&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis, or the meaning of bad breath. Author(s): Johnson BE. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 1992 November-December; 7(6): 64956. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1453251&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis. Author(s): Scully C, Rosenberg M. Source: Dent Update. 2003 May; 30(4): 205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12830698&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis. Author(s): Messadi DV, Younai FS. Source: Dermatologic Clinics. 2003 January; 21(1): 147-55, Viii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622277&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis. Author(s): Hockman M. Source: J Dent Assoc S Afr. 1996 March; 51(3): 130-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9461895&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis. Author(s): Lee NC. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1997 September; 87(9): 1148. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9411813&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis. Author(s): Replogle WH, Beebe DK. Source: American Family Physician. 1996 March; 53(4): 1215-8, 1223. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8629567&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis. A common oral problem. Author(s): Spielman AI, Bivona P, Rifkin BR. Source: The New York State Dental Journal. 1996 December; 62(10): 36-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9002736&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis: a breath of fresh air. Author(s): Nachnani S, Clark GT. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1997 September; 25 Suppl 2: S218-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9310683&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis: a delayed complication of splenectomy. Author(s): Boyce KE, Cobb RA. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 1998 November-December; 52(8): 590. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10622061&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis: a review. Author(s): Young K, Oxtoby A, Field EA. Source: Dent Update. 1993 March; 20(2): 57-9, 61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8593913&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis: an interdisciplinary approach. Author(s): Ben-Aryeh H, Horowitz G, Nir D, Laufer D. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1998 January-February; 19(1): 8-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9470944&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis: causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Author(s): Ayers KM, Colquhoun AN. Source: N Z Dent J. 1998 December; 94(418): 156-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9889536&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis: knowing when 'bad breath' signals systemic disease. Author(s): Durham TM, Malloy T, Hodges ED. Source: Geriatrics. 1993 August; 48(8): 55-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8339942&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis--a call for affirmative action. Author(s): Rosenberg M, Gabbay J. Source: Refuat Hashinayim. 1987 April; 5(2): 13-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3476227&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis--a dental perspective. Author(s): Chemaly A. Source: J Dent Assoc S Afr. 1996 June; 51(6): 331-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9461969&dopt=Abstract
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Halitosis--the need for further research and education. Author(s): Rosenberg M. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 1992 February; 71(2): 424. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1556302&dopt=Abstract
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Halothane or halitosis? Author(s): Scott PV. Source: Anaesthesia. 1997 August; 52(8): 811. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9291795&dopt=Abstract
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Helicobacter halitosis. Author(s): Norfleet RG. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1993 April; 16(3): 274. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8505512&dopt=Abstract
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Imagined halitosis: a social phobia symptom? Author(s): Bohn P. Source: J Calif Dent Assoc. 1997 February; 25(2): 161-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9534446&dopt=Abstract
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Kiss bad breath goodbye. Author(s): Rechter MJ. Source: Dental Economics - Oral Hygiene. 1995 May; 85(5): 105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8612922&dopt=Abstract
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Let's talk about bad breath. Author(s): Marcu A. Source: N Y J Dent. 1979 August-September; 49(7): 231-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=287967&dopt=Abstract
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Managing halitosis. Remember the tongue. Author(s): Parmar SC, Naik PC. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1994 March 5; 308(6929): 652. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8148721&dopt=Abstract
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Microbiology and treatment of halitosis. Author(s): Loesche WJ, Kazor C. Source: Periodontology 2000. 2002; 28: 256-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12013345&dopt=Abstract
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Monitoring ammonia to assess halitosis. Author(s): Amano A, Yoshida Y, Oho T, Koga T. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2002 December; 94(6): 692-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464892&dopt=Abstract
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Operation of bad breath clinics. Author(s): Neiders M, Ramos B. Source: Quintessence Int. 1999 May; 30(5): 295-301. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10635282&dopt=Abstract
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Oral and nonoral sources of halitosis. Author(s): Messadi DV. Source: J Calif Dent Assoc. 1997 February; 25(2): 127-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9534442&dopt=Abstract
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Orofacial disease: update for the dental clinical team: 10. Halitosis and disturbances of taste, orofacial movement or sensation. Author(s): Scully C, Porter S. Source: Dent Update. 1999 December; 26(10): 464-8. Erratum In: Dent Update 2000 May; 27(4): 186. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10765792&dopt=Abstract
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Patient education. Halitosis. Author(s): Murtagh J. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1995 April; 24(4): 649, 690. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7771974&dopt=Abstract
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Practice building with halitosis treatment. Author(s): Miller RA. Source: Dent Today. 1997 October; 16(10): 114-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9560662&dopt=Abstract
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Psychological condition of patients complaining of halitosis. Author(s): Oho T, Yoshida Y, Shimazaki Y, Yamashita Y, Koga T. Source: Journal of Dentistry. 2001 January; 29(1): 31-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11137636&dopt=Abstract
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Real and imaginary halitosis. Author(s): Hawkins C. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1987 January 24; 294(6566): 200-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3101808&dopt=Abstract
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Reduction of bad breath from periodontal patients by dilute hydrogen peroxide solution. Author(s): Kaizu T, Tsunoda M, Sato H, Sato T. Source: Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 1978 November; 19(4): 209-16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=291494&dopt=Abstract
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Schizophrenia and halitosis. Author(s): Diz Dios P, Limeres Posse J, Tomas Carmona I. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2000 June; 89(6): 661. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10846116&dopt=Abstract
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Some thoughts on halitosis. Author(s): van Eck C. Source: J N Z Soc Periodontol. 1988 November; (66): 19-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3272939&dopt=Abstract
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Speech impediment and chronic halitosis due to an extensive palatal fibroma. Author(s): Block PL, Houston GD. Source: Ann Dent. 1987 Summer; 46(1): 20-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3476011&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of a new mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride and zinc lactate on the microflora of oral halitosis patients: a dual-centre, doubleblind placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Roldan S, Winkel EG, Herrera D, Sanz M, Van Winkelhoff AJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2003 May; 30(5): 427-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716335&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of oral rinses on halitosis. Author(s): Nachnani S. Source: J Calif Dent Assoc. 1997 February; 25(2): 145-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9534444&dopt=Abstract
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The ethics of bad breath. Author(s): Dolman B. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1997 February; 63(2): 79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9046726&dopt=Abstract
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The hygienist's role in halitosis treatment. Author(s): Malcmacher L. Source: Rdh. 1999 March; 19(3): 50-2, 72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10825897&dopt=Abstract
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The origins of bad breath (fetor oris) from the oral cavity and its management. Author(s): Kaimenyi JT. Source: East Afr Med J. 1985 May; 62(5): 360-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4042945&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between the presence of periodontopathogenic bacteria in saliva and halitosis. Author(s): Awano S, Gohara K, Kurihara E, Ansai T, Takehara T. Source: Int Dent J. 2002 June; 52 Suppl 3: 212-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090455&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between volatile sulfur compounds and major halitosis-inducing factors. Author(s): Lee CH, Kho HS, Chung SC, Lee SW, Kim YK. Source: J Periodontol. 2003 January; 74(1): 32-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12593593&dopt=Abstract
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The science of bad breath. Author(s): Rosenberg M. Source: Scientific American. 2002 April; 286(4): 72-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11905111&dopt=Abstract
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The use of tongue cleaners in the treatment of halitosis. Author(s): Carlson-Mann L. Source: Probe. 1998 May-June; 32(3): 114-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9852860&dopt=Abstract
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Tongue brushing and mouth rinsing as basic treatment measures for halitosis. Author(s): Yaegaki K, Coil JM, Kamemizu T, Miyazaki H. Source: Int Dent J. 2002 June; 52 Suppl 3: 192-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090451&dopt=Abstract
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Treating halitosis. Author(s): Miller RA. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1997 January; 128(1): 12, 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9002398&dopt=Abstract
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Treating halitosis: a new opportunity. Author(s): Miller RA. Source: Dent Today. 1996 September; 15(9): 118-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9567837&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment needs (TN) and practical remedies for halitosis. Author(s): Coil JM, Yaegaki K, Matsuo T, Miyazaki H. Source: Int Dent J. 2002 June; 52 Suppl 3: 187-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090450&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of halitosis. Author(s): Ingram CS. Source: N Z Dent J. 1999 June; 95(420): 66. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10409052&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of oral and nonoral sources of halitosis in elderly patients. Author(s): McDowell JD, Kassebaum DK. Source: Drugs & Aging. 1995 May; 6(5): 397-408. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7647427&dopt=Abstract
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What to do about halitosis. Author(s): Scully C, Porter S, Greenman J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1994 January 22; 308(6923): 217-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8111254&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BAD BREATH Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and bad breath.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Bad Breath The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “bad breath” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “bad breath” (or a synonym): •
Successful treatment of gut-caused halitosis with a suspension of living nonpathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria--a case report. Author(s): Children's Hospital, Technical University Dresden, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Henker, J Schuster, F Nissler, K Eur-J-Pediatr. 2001 October; 160(10): 592-4 03406199
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
Nutrition
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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The following is a specific Web list relating to bad breath; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Minerals Selenium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Food and Diet Eggplants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,19,00.html Garlic Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,786,00.html Water Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BAD BREATH Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to bad breath. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to bad breath and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “bad breath” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to bad breath: •
Antimicrobial activity of garlic, tea tree oil, and chlorhexidine against oral microorganisms. Author(s): Groppo FC, Ramacciato JC, Simoes RP, Florio FM, Sartoratto A. Source: Int Dent J. 2002 December; 52(6): 433-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12553397&dopt=Abstract
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Choicest “receipts” from “The Complete Servant-maid”, London, 1685. Author(s): Geshwind M. Source: Bull Hist Dent. 1987 October; 35(2): 127-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3325113&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative analysis of some mouthrinses on the production of volatile sulfurcontaining compounds. Author(s): Rosing CK, Jonski G, Rolla G.
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Source: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2002 January; 60(1): 10-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11902607&dopt=Abstract •
Differentiation of mouth versus gut as site of origin of odoriferous breath gases after garlic ingestion. Author(s): Suarez F, Springfield J, Furne J, Levitt M. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1999 February; 276(2 Pt 1): G425-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9950816&dopt=Abstract
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Flatulence and other discomforts associated with consumption of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Author(s): Ndubuaku VO, Uwaegbute AC, Nnanyelugo DO. Source: Appetite. 1989 December; 13(3): 171-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2596840&dopt=Abstract
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Garlic breath explained: why brushing your teeth won't help. Author(s): Hasler WL. Source: Gastroenterology. 1999 November; 117(5): 1248-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10535893&dopt=Abstract
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Garlic breath. Author(s): Nash A, Galbraith D, Mooney C, Austin M. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1995 February 11; 136(6): 155. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7747390&dopt=Abstract
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Garlic breath. Author(s): Chivers AW. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1995 February 4; 136(5): 132. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7740739&dopt=Abstract
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Garlic breath. Author(s): Rohrbach JA. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1995 February 4; 136(5): 132. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7605467&dopt=Abstract
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Garlic powder in the treatment of moderate hyperlipidaemia: a controlled trial and meta-analysis. Author(s): Neil HA, Silagy CA, Lancaster T, Hodgeman J, Vos K, Moore JW, Jones L, Cahill J, Fowler GH.
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Source: Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 1996 July-August; 30(4): 329-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8875379&dopt=Abstract •
Garlic: the panacea with bad breath. Author(s): Aronson SM. Source: Medicine and Health, Rhode Island. 2001 January; 84(1): 2-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11210287&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge of dental health and diseases among dental patients, a multicentre study in Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Almas K, Albaker A, Felembam N. Source: Indian J Dent Res. 2000 October-December; 11(4): 145-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11307638&dopt=Abstract
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Organic solvents and oils as vehicles for triclosan in mouthrinses: a clinical study. Author(s): Kjaerheim V, Waaler SM, Rolla G. Source: Scand J Dent Res. 1994 October; 102(5): 306-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7817156&dopt=Abstract
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Phenolic antibacterials from Piper betle in the prevention of halitosis. Author(s): Ramji N, Ramji N, Iyer R, Chandrasekaran S. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 November; 83(1-2): 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12413722&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention of periodontal disease. Author(s): DuPont GA. Source: The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice. 1998 September; 28(5): 1129-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9779544&dopt=Abstract
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Self-perception of breath odor. Author(s): Eli I, Baht R, Koriat H, Rosenberg M. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2001 May; 132(5): 621-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11367966&dopt=Abstract
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Successful treatment of gut-caused halitosis with a suspension of living nonpathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria--a case report. Author(s): Henker J, Schuster F, Nissler K. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 October; 160(10): 592-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11686501&dopt=Abstract
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The benefits of toothpaste--real or imagined? The effectiveness of toothpaste in the control of plaque, gingivitis, periodontitis, calculus and oral malodour. Author(s): Sheen S, Pontefract H, Moran J. Source: Dent Update. 2001 April; 28(3): 144-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11819975&dopt=Abstract
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The clinical effectiveness of a dentifrice containing triclosan and a copolymer for providing long-term control of breath odor measured chromatographically. Author(s): Niles HP, Vazquez J, Rustogi KN, Williams M, Gaffar A, Proskin HM. Source: J Clin Dent. 1999; 10(4): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10825863&dopt=Abstract
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Using hypnotic phenomena for physiological change. Author(s): Golan HP. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1986 January; 28(3): 157-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3511669&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
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The following is a specific Web list relating to bad breath; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Bulimia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Prevention (reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chronic Candidiasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dysphagia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gingivitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Heartburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinus Congestion Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sinusitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Alternative Therapy Fasting Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,694,00.html
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Herbs and Supplements Acidophilus Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,748,00.html Baking Soda Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,835,00.html
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Bloodroot Alternative names: Sanguinaria canadensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chlorophyll Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coenzyme Q10 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fennel Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,849,00.html Myrrh Alternative names: Commiphora molmol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Parsley Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,869,00.html Peppermint Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,812,00.html Spirulina and Kelp Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10058,00.html Tea Tree Alternative names: Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thyme Alternative names: Thymus vulgaris Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON BAD BREATH Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “bad breath” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on bad breath, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Bad Breath By performing a patent search focusing on bad breath, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on bad breath: •
Alcohol free mouthwash Inventor(s): Chaudhari; Atma (Scarborough, CA), Pan; Pauline (Morris Plains, NJ), Scheurer; Heinrich (Scarborough, CA), Volpe; Frank (Kinnelon, NJ) Assignee(s): Warner-Lambert Company (Morris Plains, NJ) Patent Number: 5,817,295 Date filed: January 28, 1997 Abstract: A pleasant-tasting, substantially alcohol-free oral mouthwash composition is effective in eliminating the bacteria and other oral microflora responsible for the production of plaque, periodontitis, gingivitis, gum disease and bad breath. The composition consists of a unique blend of the essential oils thymol or eucalyptol, methyl salicylate, menthol and tripartite blend of peppermint flavor oils that are dissolved in solution using a non-ionic surfactant blend. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to oral mouthwashes for the prevention and elimination of bad breath as well as the reduction of oral microflora responsible for the development of plaque. Dental plaque can lead to tooth decay, gingivitis and other related gum disease. In particular, the present invention relates to an alcohol free mouthwash that is effective in preventing those problems and is pleasant tasting as well. Oral rinse and mouthwash compositions have been used by people for many years for the prevention of bad breath and for the elimination of bacteria and other oral microorganisms that are responsible not only for bad breath but also tooth decay, plaque and gum disease such as gingivitis and periodontitis. To this end mouthwashes in the past have been designed to clean the oral cavity, provide fresh breath and kill the harmful bacteria. Conventional mouthwashes have always contained fairly high levels of ethyl alcohol with percentages ranging from approximately 10% up to about 30% by volume. Alcohol is used both as a disinfectant and as a solvent in which other additives such as astringents, fluorides, color additives, flavor oils, bactericidal actives and the like can be dissolved and then dispersed into solution. High levels of alcohol are generally used to provide a disinfection function since lower concentrations are sufficient to dissolve and disperse the various components into solution. Alcohol also provides a preservative role for the mouthwash during storage and use as well as enhancement of flavor oil organoleptic cues. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05817295__
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Antimicrobial composition containing a C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 alcohol Inventor(s): Buch; R. Michael (Randolph, NJ), Carlin; Edward (Secaucus, NJ), Martin; Alain (Ringoes, NJ), Pan; Pauline (Morris Plains, NJ), Volpe; Frank (Kinnelon, NJ) Assignee(s): Warner-Lambert Company (Morris Plains, NJ) Patent Number: 5,891,422 Date filed: October 10, 1996 Abstract: An antimicrobial composition containing an alcohol having 3 to 6 carbon atoms which effectively increases antimicrobial activity and particularly a mouthwash composition that is useful in the prevention and reduction of bad breath, plaque and
Patents 33
related gum diseases having an antimicrobially effective amount of one or more active essential oils; from about 0.01% to about 30.0% v/v of an alcohol having 3 to 6 carbon atoms; optionally, ethanol; at least one surfactant; and water. The actives not only provide enhanced efficacy but are completely solubilized, thus providing an aesthetically appealing product. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to antimicrobial compositions containing a C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 alcohol and particularly oral compositions, such as but not limited to liquids, pastes and gels for the prevention and elimination of bad breath as well as for the reduction of oral microorganisms responsible for the development of dental plaque, gingivitis, and tooth decay. A preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to a C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 alcohol-containing, reduced ethanol or ethanol-free mouthwash that is effective in preventing those problems. The effectiveness of an antimicrobial composition is dependent upon the ability of the composition to deliver the antimicrobial agent(s) contained therein to the desired microbial target(s). This is particularly so for antimicrobial oral compositions where the exposure time of the target microbes to the antimicrobial agent is generally of a short duration. Oral compositions, such as mouthwashes, have been used by people for many years for the prevention of bad breath and for the elimination of bacteria and other oral microorganisms that are responsible not only for bad breath but also tooth decay, plaque and gum diseases such as gingivitis and periodontitis. To this end, antiseptic mouthwashes in the past have been designed to clean the oral cavity, provide fresh breath and kill these pathogenic microbes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05891422__ •
Anti-microbial compositions Inventor(s): Chikindas; Michael C. L. (Bromborough, GB3), Joiner; Andrew (Liverpool, GB3), Small; Philip William (Bromborough, GB3) Assignee(s): Chesebrough-Pond's USA Co., Division of Conopco, Inc. (Greenwich, CT) Patent Number: 5,672,351 Date filed: December 11, 1995 Abstract: The present invention relates to anti-microbial cosmetic compositions for the care of the human body or parts thereof, comprising derivatives of histatins or fragments thereof. It has been found that the anti-microbial activity of histatins or their fragments can be significantly enhanced by capping them at the C-terminus or at the Cand N-terminus and/or complexing them with anti-microbially-active metal ions. The thus modified histatins and histatin fragments were found to have a significantly increased activity against a range of microbial strains, and were found to be useful as controlled delivery agents for the metal ions. They are suitable for a whole range of antimicrobial applications, such as anti-plaque, and-caries, anti-bad breath oral applications, deodorant applications, personal hygiene applications and so on, for which they are included in any suitable carrier medium. Preferred are the capped derivatives, which have been complexed with Ag, Cu, Zn or Sn. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates cosmetic compositions for the care of the human body or parts thereof, particularly to oral care compositions which comprise particular biomolecules and derivatives thereof as anti-microbial agents. More particularly, it relates to such compositions which comprise biomolecules derived from histatins as anti-microbial agents. Histatins are a group of small, neutral or cationic
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histidine-rich peptides, present in human parotid and submandibular gland secretions. At present, 12 histatins are known and have been isolated from human saliva. Of these known histatins, the histatins-1, -3 and -5 have received the most attention in the scientific literature. Histatins-1, -3 and -5 have been described by Oppenheim al. in J. Biol. Chem. 1988, 263 (16), p 7472 and Troxler et al. in J. Dent. Res. 1990, 35 (2), p 137. These publications describe the amino acid sequences of the histatins, and mention the ability of histatins -1, -3 and -5 to kill the pathogenic yeast C. albicans. Histatin 5 was the most effective in this respect. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05672351__ •
Breath freshener composition and method Inventor(s): Hussein; Ma'moun M. (Rye, NY) Assignee(s): Life Savers, Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,112,066 Date filed: June 21, 1976 Abstract: A breath freshener composition is provided which may be in the form of a comestible, such as a pill, powder, tablet, pressed candy or mint, boiled candy, mouthwash, dental cream, chewing gum and the like, and which includes as its active ingredient calcium hydroxide alone or combinations of calcium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide or combinations of magnesium hydroxide and/or calcium hydroxide with copper gluconate. In addition, a method is provided for inhibiting bad breath wherein calcium hydroxide alone or any of the above combinations is employed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a breath freshener composition which includes as its active ingredient calcium hydroxide or combinations of calcium hydroxide and/or magnesium hydroxide and/or copper gluconate and to a method for inhibiting bad breath employing such compositions. Bad breath or mouth malodor is generally attributed to stale or putrified saliva. It has also been shown that mouth malodor is associated with sulfur compounds which are generated by decomposition of three amino acids in the saliva, namely, methionine, cystine and cysteine, to produce hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide and sometimes dimethyl disulfide; for example see Tonzetich, "Direct Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Sulphur Compounds in Mouth Air in Man," Arch Oral Biol., Vol. 16, pp. 587-597, 1971; Tonzetich et al, "Evaluation of Volatile Odoriferous Components of Saliva," Arch Oral Biol., Vol. 9 pp. 39-45, 1964; and Tonzetich et al, "Odour Product by Human Salivary Fractions and Plaque," Arch Oral Biol., Vol. 14, pp. 815-827, 1969. U.S. Pat. No. 2,926,121 to Hobbs et al discloses an antacid composition which contains a fully hydrated alumina gel as the primary ingredient and which may contain other antacids, namely, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium trisilicate or calcium carbonate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04112066__
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•
Breath mint with tooth decay and halitosis prevention characteristics Inventor(s): Thistle; Robert (P.O. Box 19296, Johnston, RI 02919) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,083,527 Date filed: November 5, 1998 Abstract: A candy-like confection which contains a natural sweetener is provided. The confection preferably includes XYLITOL as the natural sweetener and calcium hydroxide which increases the pH level of the saliva in the mouth to reduced the presence of bacteria in the mouth. As a result, resultant tooth decay and associated bad breath are prevented. Vitamins may be added to the confection to enable the simultaneous delivery of vitamins, prevention of tooth decay prevention and bad breath while enjoying a candy-like confection. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of oral hygiene. More specifically, this invention relates to the field of tooth decay and halitosis prevention. It is known that plaque is a microbial coating on tooth surfaces, bound together by natural polymers (mucopolysaccharides), formed by microbial action on the cell debris, food remnants, sugars and starches in the mouth. Embedded in this polymer matrix are the bacteria normal to the oral cavity but, when trapped against tooth surfaces and protected by the matrix from easy removal, problems result. Most dental texts implicate plaque in the formation of tooth decay. In addition, these embedded bacteria release toxins that cause gingivitis, bleeding and swelling of the gums. Gingivitis can lead to periodontis in which gums recede, pockets of infection form and teeth loosen. Plaque formation is an ongoing process. Various gel and paste dentrifice preparations, mouth rinse and mouth prerinse preparations made plaque and/or tartar control claims. One disadvantage of these preparations is that only a relatively short time during which the teeth are being cleaned or the mouth is being rinsed is available for the preparations to take effect. These preparations generally have little residual effect on plaque formation. Additionally, some of these preparations such as mouth rinses and prerinses contain various antimicrobial substances which may alter the critically balanced microflora of the mouth. Another disadvantage of these preparations is the general infrequency of use. That is, most are used once or perhaps twice daily and seldom when they are most needed, e.g., after meals, snacks, smoking, drinking, coffeebreaks, etc. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06083527__
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Cardamom seed preparation being effective against bad breath Inventor(s): Stock; Karl-Wilhelm (Buettelborn, DE), Wienecke; Horst G. P. (Gross-Gerau, DE) Assignee(s): Richardson-Vicks Inc. (Wilton, CT) Patent Number: 4,626,427 Date filed: September 16, 1985 Abstract: Preparation being effective against bad breath, particularly caused by strongly smelling food stuffs or cigarettes, alcohol and the like, consisting of cardamom seeds which are individually or jointly coated by a shell mass comprising a sugar mass or the like.
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Excerpt(s): Subject matter of the invention is a preparation being effective against bad breath. There are various reasons for bad breath. Firstly, it can be caused by bacterial or enzymatic degradation of food particles in the oral cavity or by generally bad state of the dentures. Here the reason for development is directly in the oral cavity itself. But it may also occur after the consumption of strong smelling food stuffs, like onions or garlic, or from consumption of alcohol. Here the bad breath originates in the stomach. Against the unpleasant smells developing in the oral cavity numerous measures can be taken, like regular dental care several times a day with tooth brush and tooth paste, mouth rinses, the consumption of chewing gum or the sucking of special products. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04626427__ •
Chewable softgel oral hygiene product Inventor(s): Montes; Rebecca (Los Angeles, CA), Steele; Donald R. (Los Angeles, CA) Assignee(s): Soft Gel Technologies, Inc. (Los Angeles, CA) Patent Number: 5,948,388 Date filed: June 12, 1998 Abstract: A chewable softgel formulation to deliver water soluble vitamins and supplements to improve dissolution time and availability. The formulation contains components design for the elimination and prevention of dental caries, bad breath, gingivitis and also inner ear infections. Excerpt(s): A chewable softgel formulation to deliver water soluble vitamins and supplements to improve dissolution time and availability. The formulation contains components specifically designed for oral hygiene, including breath freshening, dental caries prevention, gingivitis prevention, and also inner ear infection prevention. The formulation includes a powerful active ingredient which exhibits impressive antimutagenic activity. Applephenon, an apple extract an essential component of the encapsulated softgel formulation also functions as a breath neutralizing agent. It is also beneficial in the prevention of dental caries by preventing bacterial cells from adhering to tooth surfaces. Various chewable formulations have been utilized in the past to inhibit plaque, neutralize bad breath and limit sugar quantity. None of the formulations are chewable softgel formulations which encapsulate a powerful ingredient applephenon, to combat various dental maladies. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05948388__
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Collar and clothes for animals Inventor(s): Yasui; Ryuzaburo (11-15, Kourigaoka 8-chome, Hirakata City, Osaka, 573, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,144,913 Date filed: July 31, 1990 Abstract: The present invention provides a collar and clothes for animals having at least one side face which contacts the animal's fur or skin, which comprises an acrylic fiber and/or a nylon fiber having copper sulfide absorbed therein. This invented collar or clothes has a deodorant effect on the animal's body smell, bad breath and otorrhoea
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smell when animals put it on, and the deodorant effect is continuous as long the animals have one on. Further the inventor found that the collar or the clothes is safe for animals. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a collar and clothes for animals, and an object of the invention is to provide a collar and clothes for animals capable of easily, continuously and safely deodorizing body smell, bad breath, otorrhoea smell or the like when animals put on this invented collar and clothes. Heretofore, pets kept in a house have the peculiar body smell of their own, which indirectly makes men avert from animals. Up to today, as a deodorant measure from such body smell of the pet animals, especially well-known dogs, cats, etc., only washing the animal's body has been prevalently practiced. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05144913__ •
Cosmetic breath freshener and palate coolant composition and method of use Inventor(s): Barr; Arthur (2942 Shore Dr., Merrick, NY 11566) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,292,028 Date filed: July 13, 1979 Abstract: A cosmetic breath freshener composition having slow release comprising a multiplicity of microencapsulated liquid droplets of flavoring material contained in a carrier. The microencapsulated droplets are soluble in the saliva in the mouth to release the flavoring material. The composition can be used in conjunction with a dental adhesive particularly for use with dentures to release the flavoring material at a sustained rate for long periods of time in the mouth to mask bad breath. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a breath freshener composition capable of slow release, at a sustained rate, of a microencapsulated liquid flavoring material and to methods of use thereof. The invention is particularly applicable to the use of such a breath freshener composition for full or partial denture wearers but is also applicable to the use of non-denture wearers and hence to the general public. One of the major problems involved in the use of full or partial dentures is the production of offensive denture breath, or "bad breath" due to food and beverage retained between the palate and denture, and the capturing of food in denture adhesive, used by some denture wearers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04292028__
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Deodorant composition Inventor(s): Negishi; Osamu (Saitama, JP), Ozawa; Tetsuo (Ibaraki, JP) Assignee(s): Takasago Koryo Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Takasago International (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,804,170 Date filed: July 30, 1996 Abstract: A deodorant composition comprising a phenolic compound and an enzyme oxidizing said phenolic compound is disclosed. The deodorant composition is useful to remove environmental smells such as bad breath, the smell in refrigerator, smells
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derived from pets and domestic animals, smells in factories, the stench of factory effluent, and other smells that are offensive to people. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a deodorant composition, more particularly, a deodorant composition to remove environmental smells such as bad breath, the smell in refrigerator, smells derived from pets and domestic animals, smells in factories, the stench of factory effluent, and other smells that are offensive to people. There are several kinds of smells surrounding us, for example, smells in refrigerators or the like, bad breath, smells of domestic animals, and so forth. Since these smells are offensive to people, various means for deodorization have been developed. One of well-known means is to remove the source substances of the stenches using an adsorbent. Wellknown examples of such adsorbents are active carbon and teas containing catechins. However, active carbon can neither adsorb a trace of substance nor be used for foods or other products which should be kept in one's mouth. Besides, active carbon has a further drawback that discarding the active carbon which have absorbed a great deal causes a deterioration of the earth environment. Meanwhile, natural substances like catechins are friendly to the earth environment and capable of blended with a chewing gum or the like to prevent bad smell. However, such substances are not sufficient in the deodorizing effect. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05804170__ •
Folic acid dentifrice Inventor(s): Takhtalian; Robert (7141 S. Valley View, Las Vegas, NV 89118), Takhtalian; Yvonne M. (7141 S. Valley View, Las Vegas, NV 89118) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,231,836 Date filed: January 4, 2000 Abstract: A non-alcoholic dentifrice for controlling gum disease and bad breath includes natural constituents such as nutrients which aid in cell reproduction, immunity, and wound healing and herbal supplements having anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. An optional embodiment of the solution includes approximately 10% by mass folic acid, 10% by mass zinc, 25% by mass myrrh oil, 25% by mass clove oil, and 30% by mass water. A single dose of five milliliters includes approximately 0.5 milligrams folic acid, 0.5 milligrams zinc, 1.25 milligrams myrrh oil, 1.25 milligrams clove oil, and 1.5 milligrams water. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to solutions for cleaning the teeth and gums. Specifically, the present invention is a non-alcoholic dentifrice for controlling inflammation and infection of the gums, inhibiting bacterial growth, controlling bad breath, and encouraging wound healing, immunity, and tissue growth of the teeth and gums. Medical studies estimate that as many as 75% of adults in the United States suffer from some form of gum disease. This is a significant medical problem because, in its advance stages, gum disease can cause teeth to loosen and, eventually, fall out. Thus, gum disease is believed to be a leading cause of tooth loss. Among gum diseases, gingivitis is the most common. Gingivitis is caused by a buildup of bacteria on the teeth and gums. In its early stages, gingivitis causes minor symptoms such as bad breath, bleeding, and sensitivity of the gums. However, in its advanced stages, the gingivitiscausing bacteria cause swelling and irritation of the gums and can lead to more severe forms of periodontal disease.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06231836__ •
Halitosis detector device Inventor(s): Nakamura; Katunori (Iwatsuki, JP) Assignee(s): Winners Japan Company Limited (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 4,823,803 Date filed: March 24, 1988 Abstract: A device for testing human exhalation for halitosis, comprising a chamber having an air inlet through which the exhalation to be tested is admitted into the chamber and an air outlet through which the exhalation tested is discharged from the chamber, a sensor element located in the chamber and, when heated to a first temperature, sensitive to malodorant gases of predetermined chemical compositions for producing a signal variable with the detected concentration of the malodorant gases, a heater element which, when electrically activated, is operative to heat the sensor element selectively to the first temperature or a second temperature, the second temperature being higher than the first temperature and being selected to regenerate the sensing means, a control circuit responsive to the signal from the sensor element for determining the degree of malodorousness on the basis of the signal and producing a signal representative of the degree of malodorousness determined, and a display screen or a plurality of indicators responsive to the signal from the control circuit for displaying information relating to the degree of malodorousness represented by the signal from the control circuit. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a halitosis detector device for detecting malodorants in human exhalations and, more particularly, to a halitosis detector device capable of detecting human halitosis and/or quantitatively determining the degree of malodorousness of human exhalation. The present invention further relates to a method of detecting halitosis and/or quantitatively determining the degree of malodorousness of human exhalation and to a method of diagnosing a case suspected of ozostomnia. Only organoleptic tests relying on human olefactory senses are used for the detection of oral malodors and determination of the degree of halitosis or malodorousness of human exhalations. Such organoleptic tests are conducted ordinarily by a panel which is organized by several trained specialists to cooperatively estimate the degrees of halitosis simply by having recourse to the sense of smell. The organoleptic tests by panelling are however ineffectual for the quantitation of the seriousness of halitosis, much less the concentrations of malodorants in the human exhalations. Quantitative analysis of malodorants in human exhalations can be and has actually been conducted by gas chromatography typically using a flame photometer or a hydrogen flame ionization detector device. In the flame photometric gas chromatographic measurement of malodorants, the air breathed out by a subject or examined suspected of ozostomnia is directed toward an adsorbent material so that the chemical components of the breath are applied to the adsorbent material. The adsorbent material to which the malodorant gases which may be contained in the subject's exhalation has thus been exposed is combusted for the detection, identification and quantitation of the malodorant gases through measurement of the intensity of the illumination from the combustion of the gases. Such quantitative measurement of malodorants in human exhalations requires the use of a large-scaled, elaborate and accordingly expensive testing equipment which is not adapted for home or personal use or for use at a private dental clinic. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04823803__
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International non-stick chewing material Inventor(s): Heim; Moses L. (Casablanca Hotel 6345 Collins Ave., Miami Beach, FL 33141) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,891,209 Date filed: September 21, 1988 Abstract: A chewing material or items constructed of latex material. In one embodiment of the invention, the latex chewing material is constructed to simulate the size and shape of a stick of conventional chewing gum. The latex material will not deteriorate when being chewed and while not intended to be ingested, it is constructed of non-toxic material and is not harmful if swallowed. The latex chewing material will not stick to any surface or any other item. The material is not water soluble and is sugar free and salt free. Use of the latex chewing material or item will assist in keeping the teeth clean, promote healthy conditions of the teeth and gum by massaging the gums and providing exercise normally associated with mastication. In addition, the use of the latex chewing material will enhance the overall health and hygiene of the oral cavity by stimulating saliva secretions thereby decreasing the potential for bad breath. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to an international chewable material or item and more specifically to chewing material or items constructed of non-stick material such as latex rubber or the like. In one embodiment of the invention, the latex rubber chewing material is constructed to simulate the size and shape of a stick of conventional chewing gum. The latex material will not deteriorate when being chewed and while not intended to be ingested, it is constructed of non-toxic material and is not harmful if swallowed. The latex chewing material will not stick to any surface or any other item. The material is not water soluble and is sugar free and salt free. Use of the latex chewing material or item will assist in keeping the teeth clean, promote healthy conditions of the teeth and gum by massaging the gums and providing exercise normally associated with mastication. In addition, the use of the latex chewing material will enhance the overall health and hygiene of the oral cavity by stimulating saliva secretions thereby decreasing the potential for bad breath. Various types of chewing gums have been developed and have received considerable commercial success. Chewing gums are provided with various flavoring agents, sugar in some instances, and other additives to enhance the taste and other characteristics. However, the basic ingredients of chewing gum include chicle and other insoluble materials which, after being chewed, are quite sticky which causes a disposal problem. Chewing gum that has been chewed is frequently disposed of by placement under ledges and other downwardly exposed surfaces which creates an unsightly and unhealthy condition. If previously chewed gum is disposed of on a sidewalk, street or similar surface, it frequently will stick to the shoesoles of a person walking in that area and thus can be tracked onto floor surfaces, carpets and the like. Also, the natural material forming the basic ingredients of chewing gum and the additives incorporated therein are, in some instances, believed to be the cause of increased incidences of dental caries. An object of the present invention is to provide a chewing material or item constructed of pure latex rubber that is cured in a conventional manner and does not include any additives and is constructed generally in the shape of a stick of conventional chewing gum in which the item is a thin, generally rectangular stick capable of being distributed in a wrapper to maintain sanitary conditions and easily placed in the mouth for chewing or mastication without the chewing item emitting flavoring agents or other additive materials into the oral cavity.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04891209__ •
Method for diagnosing the presence and extent of halitosis activity Inventor(s): Diamond; Howard (Ann Arbor, MI), Musinski; Donald L. (Saline, MI) Assignee(s): Diamond General Development Corporation (Ann Arbor, MI) Patent Number: 6,264,615 Date filed: January 19, 2000 Abstract: A method and apparatus for diagnosing the presence and extent of halitosis activity are disclosed. A method includes assaying for the presence of sulfides on the surface of a subject's tongue in order to determine the concentrations of sulfides in the fluids. Excerpt(s): The subject invention generally relates to the field of detecting halitosis or bad breath and, more particularly, to an improved method for measuring the concentration of sulfides within the mouth of a subject to determine the presence and extent of halitosis activity. Halitosis, commonly known as bad breath, is a common concern for many people. The most common source of halitosis is thought to be the tongue. Gram negative, anaerobic bacteria are prone to proliferate in the papilla structure at the posterior or rear of the tongue. The papilla form a multitude of niches or irregularities which are favored breeding grounds for the anaerobic bacteria as they simulate non-oxygenated micro environments. The anaerobic bacteria break down specific components such as amino acids found in the saliva generating or producing sulfur containing metabolic by-products. These sulfur containing by-products are volatile and have been implicated as the major cause of odor and/or halitosis. It is interesting to note that these same bacteria which are associated with the causation of halitosis are often the same bacteria considered as the etiological agent for periodontal disease. The detection and diagnosis of halitosis has traditionally involved selfmonitoring which is typically accomplished by breathing into one's own hand and then sniffing the trapped contents or a person suspecting that they have halitosis can utilize another person to sample their breath and render a subjective diagnosis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06264615__
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Method to reduce bad breath in a pet by administering raw garlic Inventor(s): Lewandowski; Joan (HC 63 Box 60, Costigan, ME 04223) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,976,549 Date filed: July 17, 1998 Abstract: An oral hygienic compound and method for use in domesticated animals such as cats and dogs. The primary component of the oral hygienic compound is pure, natural garlic. The method involves coating or otherwise adulterating the animal's food with the oral hygienic compound in order to maximize garlic exposure within the oral cavity of the animal. Thus, the oral hygienic compound should promote chewing by the animal so as to evenly distribute the garlic within the animal's mouth. Garlic, in an uncooked state, has been found to substantially eliminate a pet's bad breath, whether by
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substantially reducing odor-causing bacteria within the oral cavity, and/or by other more systemic means when it is administered according to the inventive method. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of pet hygiene. More particularly, the present invention relates to controlling breath odor in pets. More particular yet, the present invention involves both a method and composition for controlling breath odor in pets such as dogs, where the active ingredient is uncooked garlic. Most particularly, the present invention involves the treatment and control of breath odor in pets by dispensing uncooked garlic in powder form to such pets. As all pet owners are aware, the smell of a pet's breath can be rank enough to repulse the pets' owners, as well as the owners' friends and relatives, thereby adversely affecting the emotional bond between dog and human. Just as there are remedies, such as mouthwashes, pastes, and gels, intended for human use in combating what the advertisers once dubbed "halitosis," so too are there "fresheners," i.e., cover-up liquids and solids, that can be administered to pets for what is referred to as "doggy breath." There are also chemical sprays and cleansers to be applied to the animal's oral cavity by the owner or by a veterinarian. In particular, U.S. Pat. No. 4,525,341 issued Jun. 25, 1985, to Deihl discloses a method of administering vitamins to air-breathing animals (including humans) by an aerosol vehicle that, in addition to containing vitamins, also contains a breath freshener. The aerosol of Deihl is sprayed into the nose or mouth opening of the animal from where some of it is carried to the lungs by the animal's respiration. The "breath freshener" of Deihl not being specified, it can be any one of the products on the market bearing that name. As far as is known, none of these "fresheners" does more than temporarily mask the problem of bad breath in pets. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05976549__ •
Multilayered soft capsule for eliminating bad breath and process for producing the same Inventor(s): Kagawa; Masaru (Osaka, JP), Kamaguchi; Ryosei (Osaka, JP), Miura; Yuko (Itami, JP), Nishikawa; Masashi (Osaka, JP), Sunohara; Hideki (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Morishita Jintan Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,426,089 Date filed: April 28, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides a multi-layered soft capsule for effectively eliminating bad breath, and a method for producing the same. The multi-layered soft capsule (10) for eliminating bad breath of the present invention comprises a first soft capsule composed of a first soft capsule layer (1) and a first soft capsule content (3), and a second soft capsule composed of a second soft capsule layer (2) and a second soft capsule content (4), which is contained in the first soft capsule. Both the contents (3) and (4) contain a component having an effect of eliminating bad breath. The multi-layered soft capsule (10) of the present invention is characterized in that the second soft capsule (2) is solved in a stomach. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a multi-layered soft capsule for eliminating bad breath, having capsule-in-capsule structure (that is called a multiple structure) and effectively eliminating bad breath. Hitherto, oral compositions which are (orally) administered to eliminate bad breath in an oral cavity have been studied for a long period of time, as described in for example Japanese Patent Kokai Publication Hei 3(1991)-220117, and some of them are commercially available. Among them, there may
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be one effectively eliminating not only normal foul halitosis such as mercaptan odor, but also odor generated by a certain food, including garlic odor (particularly, diarylsulfide odor) and alcoholic odor, because it contains some components for eliminating bad breath. However, the oral compositions conventionally available do not totally eliminate bad breath originated from the ingested food. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06426089__ •
Oral anti-halitosis preparations Inventor(s): Blasco Canfran; Alejandro (10 Plaza Urquinaona, 08010 Barcelona, ES), Dachs Pujadas; Michel (2 Paseo Manuel Girona, 9th Floor, 08034 Barcelona, ES), Fitzig; Simon (122 Casanova St., 14th Floor, 08036 Barcelona, ES), Wechsler Blecher; Pablo (59 Manila St., 12th Floor, 08034 Barcelona, ES) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,401,496 Date filed: December 29, 1992 Abstract: An oral anti-halitosis preparation adapted to desorb microorganisms and to absorb materials causing halitosis, includes as an active ingredient a synthetic oil, preferably one containing the ester of an alcholol and an aliphatic acid of at least six carbon atoms. Particularly good results were obtained when the synthetic oil is caprylic triglyceride, capric triglyceride, or mixtures thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to preparations of oral (buccal) compositions effective against halitosis. There exist on the market different mouthwashes (mouth rinses), dentifrices, masticables (chewables) and other dental application products which are palliatives for oral hygiene, acting in different manners. A. Some prevent dental caries, and are based on fluorinated compounds, such as sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride or sodium monofluorophosphate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05401496__
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Oral cleaning apparatus Inventor(s): Rimkus; Ronald J. (Flossmoor, IL) Assignee(s): AMTEC Products, Inc. (Flossmoor, IL) Patent Number: 5,967,152 Date filed: April 30, 1998 Abstract: A disposable oral cleaning apparatus for cleaning and removing particles and bacteria from the upper surface of the tongue, including an elongated handle having a solution storage cavity, an attachment utensil partially stored in the cavity, and a head component. The attachment has a brush for applying the solution to a surface of the mouth, and a cap for sealably closing the opening of the cavity. A flexible connector connects the elongated handle and the head component. The head component has multiple cleaning portions including a pre-cleaning portion, a main-cleaning portion and an absorbent portion to provide an initial cleaning of the coating of the tongue, a secondary deep cleansing of the pores of the tongue, and a final absorption and removal of all debris. The oral cleaning apparatus is adapted to promote proper cleansing of the
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tongue and inner mouth so as to eliminate oral bacteria and bad breath, and promote proper oral hygiene. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to an oral cleaning apparatus for cleaning and medicating the surface of the tongue. Generally, brushing, flossing and rinsing with mouthwash have been the standard methods utilized to eliminate oral bacteria and bad breath. According to studies, however, bacteria on the surface of the tongue can cause up to 75% of bad breath odor. As such, numerous devices have been conceived to try to remove bacterial growth on the surface of the tongue. Prior attempts to provide a means for cleaning the tongue generally fall into two categories; scraperstyle cleaners and brush-style cleaners. Scraper-style tongue cleaners are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,438,726, 5,282,814, 5,005,246, 2,218,072 and 1,983,601. Scraper-style tongue cleaners are also disclosed in U.S. Design Patents Nos. Des. 367,707 and Des. 285,342. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05967152__ •
Oral wash brush Inventor(s): Pryor, III; J. R. (540 Florida Ave., Aurora, IL 60506) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,774,925 Date filed: July 10, 1996 Abstract: An oral hygiene device that allows elimination of bad breath through a thorough cleaning of the entire mouth with friction, including the tongue, teeth, gums, lips, cheeks, area under the tongue, and the area between the gums and the cheeks. The device comprises a sterile sponge mounted upon a rigid handle, and may replace or enhance the conventional toothbrush. Excerpt(s): This patent relates to implements used in the practice of oral hygiene and more particularly to an apparatus used for cleaning the entire mouth beyond the use of a normal toothbrush. This invention is intended to complement the use of a toothbrush in the daily routine of oral hygiene, and not to replace it. The practice of oral hygiene is a fixture of the public's daily routine. Most people are aware of the potential for bad breath and how it may effect their daily lives. The leading cause of bad breath is improper brushing and flossing for the teeth and washing of the mouth. People commonly complement their daily brushing routine through the use of mouth wash and the like, but these products are more correctly termed mouth "rinses," as they do little more than rinse the mouth, teeth, and gums and are more likely to mask odors than to remove them. Products such as breath mints and sprays are similar to mouth rinse in that they attempt to cover or mask bad breath, but do not wash the mouth. In order to eliminate the cause of bad breath, it is necessary to eliminate the source of the odor. Some mouth rinses attempt to eliminate the source through removal of the bacteria that cause bad breath, but still only rinse the surface of the mouth and do not actually "wash" it. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05774925__
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Peroxide/essential oils containing mouthwash compositions and two-part mouthwash systems Inventor(s): Leung; Sau-Hung S. (Parsippany, NJ), Pan; Pauline (Morris Plains, NJ), Rubin; Michael (Boonton, NJ) Assignee(s): Warner-Lambert Company (Morris Plains, NJ) Patent Number: 6,348,187 Date filed: August 3, 1998 Abstract: An antimicrobial mouthwash composition that is useful in the prevention and reduction of bad breath, plaque and related gum diseases comprises an antimicrobial effective amount of thymol and one or more other active essential oils; optionally, ethanol in an amount up to about 30% v/v; from about 0.1% to about 8.0% w/v of a peroxide; at least one surfactant in an amount sufficient to solubilize the essential oils; and water. The compositions may be reduced alcohol or alcohol-free compositions. Further a two-part mouthwash system is disclosed, comprising a base composition and a peroxide solution which may be mixed to form an antimicrobial mouthwash composition. The actives not only provide enhanced efficacy but are completely solubilized, thus providing an aesthetically appealing product. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to mouthwashes for the prevention and elimination of bad breath as well as for the reduction of oral microorganisms resonsile for the development of dental plaque and tooth decay. Dental plaque can lead to the formation of calculus, gingivitis and other related gum diseases. In particular, the present invention relates to a mouthwash which is effective in preventing these problems and which contains both hydrogen peroxide and one or more essential oils (hereinaer referred to as "a hydrogen peroxide/essential oils containing mouthwash". The mouthwash may be a high alcohol mouthwash (e.g., containing up to about 25-30% by volume of alcohol), a reduced alcohol mouthwash or an alcohol-free mouthwash with the reduced alcohol mouthwash being particularly preferred. The invention also relates to a two-part mouthwash system for delivering and preparing the mouthwashes of this invention. Oral rinse and mouthwash compositions have been used by people for many years for the prevention of bad breath and for the elimination of bacteria and other oral microorganisms that are responsible not only for bad breath but also tooth decay, plaque and gum diseases such as gingivitis and periodontitis. To this end, antiseptic mouthwashes in the past have been designed to clean the oral cavity, provide fresh breath and kill these pathogenic microbes. Thymol, a well known antiseptic compound also known as an essential oil, is utilized for its antimicrobial activity in a variety of mouthwash preparations. In particular, thymol can be utilized in oral hygiene compositions such as mouth rinses in sufficient quantities to provide desired beneficial therapeutic effects. Listerine.RTM.-brand mouthwash is a well-known antiseptic mouthwash that has been used by millions of people for over one hundred years and has been proven effective in killing microbes in the oral cavity that are responsible for plaque, gingivitis and bad breath. Thymol, together with other essential oils such as methyl salicylate, menthol and eucalyptol, are active ingredients in antiseptic mouth rinses such as Listerine.RTM. These oils achieve their efficacy although present in small amounts. Without being restricted to any specific theory, it is now believed that the efficacy and taste of antiseptic mouthwashes such as Listerine.RTM. may be due to the dissolution of these four active ingredients. Dissolution is also important from an aesthetic point of view since a clear mouthwash solution is certainly preferred by consumers to one that is cloudy, turbid or heterogeneous.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06348187__ •
Systemic insect repellent composition and method Inventor(s): Weisler; Richard (8690 N.W. 56th St., Coral Springs, FL 33065) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,876,090 Date filed: September 21, 1987 Abstract: A systemic insect repellent composition is provided which affords essentially continuous protection of domesticated animals against fleas, ticks and other blood feeding pests. The systemic compositions of the invention comprise two essential ingredients: Vitamin B.sub.1 and allyl sulfide (garlic oil) dissolved in a soybean oil base. The composition is preferably consumed by the animal during its normal feeding. The dosage consumed by the animal is adjusted to provide a prescribed minimal blood level which insures continuous insect repellency. Unlike the more popular preparations, this composition is not inherently toxic, is not offensive to the animal and does not give the animal bad breath. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a composition and to a method. More specifically, this invention is directed to a natural, nutritional composition comprising a synergistic mixture of vitamin B.sub.1 and allyl sulfide (garlic oil) dissolved in a natural vegetable oil vehicle (soybean oil). The synergistic mixture of this composition is ingested at meal time and rapidly absorbed into the blood. The appropriate dosage at meal time results in a discrete odor being continuously released through the surface of the skin, which is repellent of fleas and ticks. This odor is otherwise undetectable. Flea infestation of household pets (cats & dogs) and other domesticated animals has been an apparently insoluble problem for both the pet owner and the veterinary professional. A variety of synthetic chemicals have been developed and prescribed for control of flea and tick infestation. Some of the agents are intended for topical applications while others are ingested. Most of the synthetic preparations are poisons and can thus evoke toxic (adverse) reactions in both the treated animal and in the pet owner. In addition, these chemicals carry environmental hazard warnings. Insects tend to build up mutagenic immunity to these chemicals rendering them useless after several weeks. Because of increasing public awareness of the potential hazard of long term exposure to such toxic agents, natural products for control of flea infestations have received greater consumer acceptance. Natural flea control products include certain consumable preparations which range in composition from complex mixtures, such as Brewer's yeast to vitamin B complex. These preparations are generally combined with other dietary supplements and certain other ingredients to enhance their pet appeal. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04876090__
Patent Applications on Bad Breath As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take
9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to bad breath: •
Composition for the treatment of halitosis Inventor(s): Alvarez Hernandez, Maria; (Madrid, ES) Correspondence: Ladas & Parry; 26 West 61st Street; New York; NY; 10023; US Patent Application Number: 20020054859 Date filed: November 28, 2001 Abstract: The composition comprises a mixture of olive oil (Olea europea L.) and parsley oil (Petroselinum sativum Hoffm., Petroselinum crispum Mill., Carum petroselinum Benth & Hooker), in a ratio of olive oil: parsley oil, by weight, comprised between 1 and 7. Additionally the composition may contain other vegetable oils, mint oil, menthol and chlorophyll. These compositions may be presented in several forms including sweets, chewing-gum, dentifrice paste, mouthwashes and pharmaceutical compositions, especially as soft gelatine capsules, for which purpose they incorporate the suitable additives, vehicles and excipients for its processing in the desired form of presentation. The composition is suitable for the treatment of halitosis. Excerpt(s): This invention refers to a composition suitable for the treatment of halitosis which comprises a mixture of olive and parsley oils, and to presentations thereof. Halitosis, or bad breath, are terms employed to describe unpleasant odours detectable in exhaled air. This is a problem which affects many people, those who suffer it and those surrounding the former which, often, perceive the situation as socially unacceptable. Halitosis is produced by the production and liberation of volatile compounds, mainly volatile derivatives of sulphur, such as hydrogen sulphide and methyl-mercaptane and, according to the localisation of the origin of the unpleasant odour, it can be classified as oral (localised in lips, tongue, teeth, dental prosthetic elements, periodontal tissues, oropharynx) or non-oral [caused by diseases of the respiratory tract, systemic diseases (hepatic dysfunction, cirrhosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, carcinomas and certain metabolic diseases in which an enzymatic anomaly occurs), diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and certain foods, drinks, tobacco and medicaments). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Device and method for reducing halitosis associated with smoking Inventor(s): Gerassi, Ofer; (Ramat Hasharon, IL) Correspondence: DR. MARK FRIEDMAN LTD.; C/o Bill Polkinghorn; Discovery Dispatch; 9003 Florin Way; Upper Marlboro; MD; 20772; US Patent Application Number: 20030211049 Date filed: May 9, 2002 Abstract: A combination device for reduction of smoking related halitosis. The device includes a lighter with a fuel reservoir and means of ignition, and an attachment mechanism, the mechanism designed and constructed to facilitate attachment of a breath freshening aid to the lighter Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a device and method for reducing halitosis associated with smoking and, more particularly, to a combination of a lighter and a
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breath freshening aid into a single compact unit. It is well established that smoking tobacco (cigarettes, pipe, cigar) contributes to bad breath and/or unsightly stains on the teeth. As a result, many smokers use breath freshening aids such as gum, candies and sprays to reduce halitosis. However, this requires that the smoker make a conscious effort to carry a breath freshening aid as well as tobacco and a source of ignition. Often, these smokers find that they have "forgotten" the breath freshening aid, although they rarely forget their tobacco or source of ignition. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Fast dissolving orally consumable films Inventor(s): Kulkarni, Neema; (Randolph, NJ), Kumar, Lori D.; (Skillman, NJ), Leone, Robert S.; (Fanwood, NJ), Leung, Sau-Hung S.; (Parsippany, NJ), Sorg, Albert F.; (Columbia, NJ) Correspondence: FITZPATRICK CELLA HARPER & SCINTO; 30 ROCKEFELLER PLAZA; NEW YORK; NY; 10112; US Patent Application Number: 20010022964 Date filed: April 18, 2001 Abstract: Physiologically acceptable films, including edible films, are disclosed. The films include a water soluble film-forming polymer such as pullulan. Edible films are disclosed that include pullulan and antimicrobially effective amounts of the essential oils thymol, methyl salicylate, eucalyptol and menthol. The edible films are effective at killing the plaque-producing germs that cause dental plaque, gingivitis and bad breath. The film can also contain pharmaceutically active agents. Methods for producing the films are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to fast dissolving orally consumable films. The films are used to deliver breath deodorizing agents, antimicrobial agents and salivary stimulants to the oral cavity. The films can also be used to deliver pharmaceutically active agents. In a more perfect world, people would thoroughly cleanse their mouths after each meal as part of their routine oral hygienic practices. Unfortunately, several factors conspire to prevent widespread compliance with this basic requirement of a good oral cleaning regimen. Oral cleansing can be difficult or inconvenient at times, depending on the nature of the cleansing and the situation in which the cleansing must occur. Brushing, flossing, cleaning your tongue and gargling using a variety of devices and compositions well-suited for the privacy of one's home are common oral care practices. However, the devices and compositions used in oral cleansing practices are less convenient to use away from home, where bathroom facilities might be scarce, unavailable or unsanitary. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method and kit for indicating the level of bad breath Inventor(s): Rosenberg, Melvyn Nevo; (Ramat-Gan, IL), Sterer, Nir; (Hod HaSharon, IL) Correspondence: BAKER & BOTTS; 30 ROCKEFELLER PLAZA; NEW YORK; NY; 10112 Patent Application Number: 20030100842 Date filed: October 25, 2001 Abstract: The invention provides a method for the rapid assessment of the degree of halitosis comprising the steps of a) obtaining a sample of fluid and/or tissue from the oral cavity of a subject, b) assessing the amount of.beta.-galactosidase in said sample, c) determining the degree of halitosis in said subject, by comparing the result obtained in step b) with appropriate reference values. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of International Publication Number WO 00/65033, published in English on Nov. 2, 2000, filed as International Application Number PCT/IL00/00240 on Apr. 24, 2000, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/130,970 filed on Apr. 26, 1999. The present invention is concerned with a method for gauging the presence and degree of bad breath. More specifically, a method for the measurement of bad breath based on the estimation of.beta.-galactosidase activity is disclosed, together with a diagnostic kit that employs this method. Oral malodor, (halitosis, fetor ex ore) is a common human condition dating back to ancient times. Bad breath usually originates within the oral cavity itself, due to the production of putrid smelling gases by deposits of microorganisms, generally under anaerobic conditions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Methods and products for bad breath Inventor(s): Zielinski, Jan; (Vista, CA) Correspondence: ROBERT D. FISH; RUTAN & TUCKER, LLP; P.O. BOX 1950; 611 ANTON BLVD., 14TH FLOOR; COSTA MESA; CA; 92628-1950; US Patent Application Number: 20030124230 Date filed: December 4, 2002 Abstract: A food product includes at least silymarin, betaine, or a combination thereof, and one of an antioxidant, glutathione, a methyl group donor, a sulfur group donor, acetyl CoA, or glucuronic acid in an amount effective to significantly reduce bad breath. Especially preferred food products include significant quantities of silymarin and betaine. The food product is advantageously advertised as reducing bad breath, improving liver function, digestion, and/or periodontal health. Contemplated food products include animal treats, and especially dog biscuits or other treats. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of International application PCT/US01/17863, which was filed Jun. 1, 2001 and of U.S. provisional application 60/366378, which was filed on Mar. 20, 2002, which is incorporated by reference herein. The field of the invention is food products and related methods. Bad breath is unfortunately relatively common among humans and animals, and may be caused by various factors including certain types of food, inability to properly digest, and periodontal diseases.
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Mouth Hygienic Composition For The Treatment of Halitosis Inventor(s): Pedersen, Ejvind Jersie; (Stege, DK) Correspondence: JACOBSON HOLMAN PLLC; 400 SEVENTH STREET N.W.; SUITE 600; WASHINGTON; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20030012744 Date filed: December 30, 1999 Abstract: A mouth hygienic composition effective in treating halitosis. The composition comprises a chelate comprising a metal ion, preferably a zinc ion, and an amino acid, preferably glycine. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a mouth hygienic composition, which is useful in preventing or reducing bad breath, in particular for the treatment of halitosis, in the prevention of plaque formation, gingivitis and calculus and thus suitably facilitate the development of a healthy mouth hygiene. It also relates to the use of a particular metal chelate in the composition and a method for using the composition. It is widely accepted that for many people the affliction of halitosis (bad breath) may constitute a serious problem, particularly in social encounters. The breath malodour may be very severe and it may occur e.g. occasionally, regularly, or chronically and at specific times of the day or month. For the purposes of this application, the terms "bad breath", "halitosis" and "breath malodour" all mean an unpleasant breath odour that is objectionable to others. Public awareness and concern for this phenomenon are evidenced e.g. by the support of an estimated $850 million mouth wash industry in the United States of America, despite reports that commercially available products have no significant effect on breath malodour. Recent public opinion polls (taken between 1994 and 1995) have for example revealed that about 55 to 75 million Americans consider bad breath a principle concern in social encounters (J. L. Richter: Diagnosis and Treatment of Halitosis; Compendium 17 (1996); p. 370-386, and references quoted therein). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Operatory water disinfection system Inventor(s): Burris, William A.; (Pittsford, NY), Prinsen, Phillip M.; (Ontario, NY) Correspondence: Steven R. Scott; Eugene S. Stephens & Associates; 56 Windsor Street; Rochester; NY; 14605; US Patent Application Number: 20020134736 Date filed: February 13, 2002 Abstract: This ozone appliance for the professional dental office and other medical applications introduces dissolved ozone into dental and surgical operatory water lines. This dissolved ozone can not only disinfect water and water lines; it can also reduce gum bleeding, gingivitis, bad breath, teeth stains and oral bacteria. Additionally, it can aid in wound disinfection in surgery and attack microbial contamination of water from dental and surgical operatory water lines and attached hand pieces and dispensing devices by automatically killing waterborne germs and destroying biofilms where germs can hide and grow. It can, therefore, be used to disinfect water lines in dental
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operations and for other medical applications such as providing liquid containing ozone for cleaning and disinfecting skin prior to surgery (and tissue exposed during surgery). Further, a unit connected to operatory water lines can give an audible or other alarm if the water becomes unsafe. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/269,403, filed on Feb. 16, 2001, which provisional application is incorporated by reference herein. Ozone disinfection of operatory water lines, in particular dental operatory unit water lines. There has been serious concern that microbial contamination of dental office water systems puts dental patients at risk of diseases. The problem of water contamination, especially when due to cross contamination from other patients, is greatest for patients with weak immune systems. Additionally, dental water can become contaminated from the water supply. More commonly, contamination results from growth of microbial biofilms on the inner surface of water lines. Such biofilms can include germs introduced from patients. Germs can slough off from biofilms as water passes through water lines. Thus, it is not uncommon for water coming out of dental hand pieces to have more than one million bacteria per milliliter while the water entering the dental lines has less than 100 bacteria per milliliter. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Oral hygiene preparation for inhibiting halitosis Inventor(s): Rolla, Gunnar; (Oslo, NO) Correspondence: WENDEROTH, LIND & PONACK, L.L.P.; 2033 K STREET N. W.; SUITE 800; WASHINGTON; DC; 20006-1021; US Patent Application Number: 20020114767 Date filed: November 20, 2001 Abstract: An oral hygiene preparation for inhibiting halitosis, in the form of a tablet or a powder forming a mouthwash upon dissolution in water, which contains copper(ll)gluconate and a disintegrating agent selected from sodium and calcium bicarbonate. Excerpt(s): It is well established that oral malodour is caused by volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) produced by bacterial catabolization of proteins in the oral cavity, in particular in the crypts at the back of the tongue and in periodontal pockets. The VSC are mainly hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan, which have a very unpleasant odour, even in low concentrations. The VSC are also known to be able to penetrate oral epithelium and damage cells in the underlying connective tissue and bone, a process which is believed to be an important aspect of the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. It is furthermore known that water-soluble salts of certain metals, such as divalent cations of zinc, copper and tin, can inhibit oral malodour. The metals mentioned above have high affinity for sulfur and eliminate the VSC by forming insoluble sulfides with precursors of the volatile sulfur compounds, a reaction which inhibits further formation of the odiferous gases in the oral cavity. It is also well known that water soluble, cationic, antibacterial agents such as the bis-biguanides and the quaternary ammonium compounds are able to inhibit oral malodour when used as mouth rinses. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Ozone irrigator Inventor(s): Burris, W. Alan; (Pittsford, NY), Prinsen, Phillip M.; (Ontario, NY) Correspondence: Steven R. Scott; Eugene S. Stephens & Associates; 56 Windsor Street; Rochester; NY; 14605; US Patent Application Number: 20020094309 Date filed: January 9, 2002 Abstract: This portable appliance can be used to clean teeth by liquid (water or solution) containing dissolved ozone, which is a potent oxidizer and germ killer. Preferably, its cleaning action is enhanced by pulsations of the liquid stream. The dissolved ozone can reduce or eliminate gingivitis, gum bleeding, bad breath, teeth stains, and harmful oral bacteria. This appliance can also be used for nasal irrigation for sinusitis treatment and for ear irrigation, eye care, and general cleaning. Additionally, since its output pump is independent of the ozone dissolving system, the ozone dissolving system can be configured as an add on device for an oral irrigator such as a Water Pik.TM. manufactured by WaterPik Technologies, Inc. In this configuration, the ozonated liquid is delivered by either gravity or pumped flow, to the original reservoir connection with the irrigator serving as the delivery portion of this invention. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/261,415, filed on Jan. 12, 2001, which provisional application is incorporated by reference herein. Our invention pertains generally to ozone generators used for the creation of ozonated fluids. It can be used for a variety of purposes, including oral irrigation devices primarily for home use. By this invention, we have improved upon the portable oral irrigation device. WaterPik.TM. is a well-known trade name belonging to WaterPik Technologies, Inc. The WaterPik.TM. is an example of the type of consumer appliance we are improving. By dissolving ozone in the liquid and removing the undissolved gas from the dispensed liquid, we are able to deliver a potent oxidizing liquid to the oral cavity. The benefits of oxidation are known and will be detailed in the summary of the invention. We believe the addition of dissolved ozone to an oral irrigant to be a significant and beneficial improvement to oral irrigators without dissolved ozone. We also believe dissolved ozone to be much more effective at oxidizing oral bacteria than undissolved ozone gas transported to a point of desired disinfection. It also should be noted that an ozone-containing gas potent enough to cause disinfection is known to be offensive to the sense of smell. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Sweet with a rough texture intended for the treatment of halitosis Inventor(s): Ribadeau-Dumas, Guillaume; (Verlinghem, FR), Saniez, Marie-Helene; (Saint-Andre Lez Lille, FR), Taillez, Celine; (Thumeries, FR) Correspondence: HENDERSON & STURM LLP; 1213 MIDLAND BUILDING; 206 SIXTH AVENUE; DES MOINES; IA; 50309-4076; US Patent Application Number: 20020132000 Date filed: January 11, 2002 Abstract: A subject-matter of the invention is a sweet of boiled sugar type, characterized in that it exhibits a rough texture intended for the treatment of halitosis.Another
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subject-matter of the invention is a process for the preparation of such a sweet and its use for the treatment of halitosis. Excerpt(s): A subject-matter of the invention is a sweet of "boiled sugar" type with a rough texture which can be used for treating problems of halitosis by reducing the lingual bacterial load. The expression "boiled sugar" denotes, in the field of confectionery, hard sweets which are well known to the consumer and which exhibit a brittle consistency and a glassy appearance. Bad breath, also known as halitosis, generally arises in the buccal cavity. Hydrogen sulphide and methyl mercaptan are the main malodorous components which are formed from bacterial decomposition of protein substrates comprising thiol groups and disulphides, which are primary derivatives of the cellular components in the saliva. The content of volatile sulphur compounds in the breath is particularly high in the case of an inflammatory condition or after long periods of reduction in salivary flow during sleep and after buccal cleaning processes have ceased. This content of volatile sulphur compounds in the breath can be significantly reduced in the majority of cases by means of careful brushing of the buccal cavity, including the dorsal-posterior surface of the tongue, or by rinsing with a mouthwash comprising zinc salts. The tongue is very often the cause of halitosis. This is because it comprises numerous villi which retain the bacteria responsible for bad breath and form a lingual deposit. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Tongue cleaner Inventor(s): Jousson, Pierre J.; (Geneva, CH) Correspondence: Pitney, Hardin, Kipp and Szuch; 711 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10017-4014; US Patent Application Number: 20030083680 Date filed: October 31, 2001 Abstract: A tongue cleaner having a housing in which a mechanical scraping blade is attached to a spraying fixture which can draw from a water source possibly with a chemical additive. When the user applies scraping blade of the tongue cleaner to the tongue, the surface of the tongue and the papillac of the tongue are exposed and sprayed with water; engaging and reducing bacteria buildup, which is the cause of Halitosis or bad breath. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a device for cleaning the tongue of the user wherein the device combines mechanical scraping of the tongue with the spray action of a liquid, preferably water and possibly water with a chemical additive. When operated, this tongue cleaning device should reduce the amount of odorous bacteria located at the surface and in the papillac of the tongue. In the prior art, it is well known that halitosis or bad breathe is caused by a buildup of bacteria in the mouth where there is an emission of hydrogen sulfide and sulfide methlmercaptan from these bacteria. These bacteria are needed because they assist the digestion process. However, for some persons, these particular bacteria are found in higher numbers causing noticeable cases of halitosis or bad breath. Instances of these noticeable cases of bad breath are evenly split between men and women. The bacteria of the condition known as Halitosis, are classified as anaerobics meaning that these bacteria grow in an area where oxygen is not present. For the tongue, this area is not exclusively on the surface of the tongue but is mostly between the papillac that make up the body of the human tongue. Various
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devices exist that attempt the elimination of the bacteria which causes Halitosis. In U.S. Pat., Des. 267,508 a tongue cleaning device is disclosed with a depiction of tongue scraper. The tongue scraper has an edge which is run over the surface of the tongue in a scraping motion. This scraping eliminates a minimal amount of bacteria since most bacteria grow beneath the surface in the papillac of the tongue. Since scraping the tongue alone is inadequate, continued scraping for effect without noticeable results could lead to soreness or even bleeding on the tongue. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Visual optical device for the control of halitosis Inventor(s): Lopez-Fernandez, Regina; (Cangas De Onis, ES), Pereiro-Garcia, Rosario; (Oviedo, ES), Rodriguez-Fernandez, Julio; (Oviedo, ES), Sanz-Medel, Alfredo; (Gijon, ES) Correspondence: STEINBERG & RASKIN, P.C.; 1140 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, 15th FLOOR; NEW YORK; NY; 10036-5803; US Patent Application Number: 20010056246 Date filed: January 17, 2001 Abstract: The invention refers to a colorimetric sensor of halitosis, sensitive to volatile sulphur compounds. Said sensor comprises a solid support and a redox calorimetric reagent sensitive to volatile sulphur compounds.The invention also refers to a device for the detection of halitosis, which comprises said sensor located inside a transparent tube. Said device undergoes a visually perceptible colour change when the concentration of volatile sulphur compounds in the analysed gas sample is higher than 200 ppb, preferably higher than 250 ppb. Excerpt(s): The present invention refers to a new visual optical sensing element for the detection of volatile sulphur compounds (CVSs) in gas samples, based on a visually perceptible change of colour. This sensing element consists of a solid support on which a redox reagent sensitive to CVSs is adsorbed. Said sensor is applied mainly to the determination of volatile sulphur compounds in breath and to the indirect determination of halitosis. Likewise, the present invention refers to the development of a visual optical device for the detection of CVSs in breath of possible halitosis patients. Said device consists of a transparent tube of an inert material in which is retained a solid sensing element according to the invention, sensitive to said sulphur compounds. Said sensing element, which consists of a solid support on which a redox reagent sensitive to the CVSs is adsorbed, undergoes a colour change upon passage thereof when the concentration of such CVSs exceeds a critical value. The device is coupled to an instrument that regulates the gas sample volume used by the device or that passes through it, to assure the homogeneity of sampling (preferably a sample of breath). The present invention also refers to a process for halitosis detection (preferably in a patient's breath) by using the device described above. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with bad breath, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “bad breath” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on bad breath. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning bad breath. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON BAD BREATH Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to bad breath. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on bad breath include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “bad breath” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on bad breath: •
Halitosis: Oral Malodor Source: Torrance, CA: Homestead Schools, Inc. 2000. 33 p. Contact: Available from Homestead Schools, Inc. 23844 Hawthorne Boulevard, Suite 200, Torrance, CA 90505. (310) 791-9975. Fax (310) 791-0135. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.homesteadschools.com. PRICE: $24.00 plus shipping and handling. Course No. 6565. Summary: The terms bad breath, halitosis, and oral malodor all refer to an unpleasant breath odor that is objectionable to others. This continuing education program for dentists focuses on halitosis. Topics include major reasons why individuals seek out dental treatment; the difference between transitory and chronic malodor; why the problem of oral malodor has been largely ignored by the dental community; socioeconomic perspectives on the problem of oral malodor; common sources or causes of halitosis; the pathogenesis of halitosis in periodontally healthy patients as well as in
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patients with periodontal disease; psychogenic halitosis and olfactory reference syndrome; strategies to identify oral malodor; mechanical deplaquing and the chemotherapeutic approach to the management of oral malodor; the clinical protocol for oral malodor management and aesthetic assessment; and the use of diagnostic questions to elicit patient medical history items including oral hygiene, diet, medications. The document includes a posttest with which readers can qualify for continuing education credit. The document is illustrated with black and white photographs. 4 figures. 73 references.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “bad breath” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “bad breath” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “bad breath” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Bad Breath: A Multidisciplinary Approach by Mel Rosenberg, Daniel van Steenberghe ed.; ISBN: 9061867797; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9061867797/icongroupinterna
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Beating Bad Breath: Your Complete Guide to Eliminating and Preventing Halitosis by Richard A. Miller; ISBN: 1561672025; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1561672025/icongroupinterna
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Burps, Boogers, and Bad Breath (Spyglass Books) by David Conrad; ISBN: 0756502284; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0756502284/icongroupinterna
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Curing Common Complaints: From Bad Breath to Fatigue, Heartburn and Tooth Stains: The Best Doctor-Tested Tips to Relieve Everyday Health Concerns (The Family Home Remedies Collection) by Prevention Magazine (Editor); ISBN: 0875962629; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875962629/icongroupinterna
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Our Hero Has Bad Breath by Peter Robins (1983); ISBN: 0946189013; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0946189013/icongroupinterna
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The Bad Breath Book by Fred Siemon; ISBN: 0967049709; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0967049709/icongroupinterna
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Violence and Bad Breath by Charles Dundas; ISBN: 1858633958; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1858633958/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “bad breath” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.”
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From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
Dental care and oral health sourcebook: basic consumer health information about dental care, including oral hygiene, dental visits, pain management, cavities, crowns, bridges, dental implants, and fillings, and other oral health concerns, such as gum disease, bad breath, dry mouth, genetic and developmemtal abnormalities, oral cancers, orthodontics, and temporomandibular disorders; along with updates on current research in oral health, a glossary, a directory of dental and oral health organizations, and resources for people with dental and oral health disorders Author: Sutton, Amy L.; Year: 2003; Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, c2003; ISBN: 0780806344 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780806344/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Bad Breath In order to find chapters that specifically relate to bad breath, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and bad breath using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “bad breath” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on bad breath: •
Halitosis Source: in Sataloff, R.T., ed. Professional Voice: The Science and Art of Clinical Care. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1997. p. 331-334. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $325.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565937287. Summary: This chapter, from a book on the clinical care of the professional voice, discusses halitosis, or 'bad breath,' a common, perplexing, and often embarrassing problem. The authors note that, in addition to the social and professional implications, in some cases, halitosis may be a sign of a serious underlying systemic problem that warrants proper medical diagnosis and treatment. The authors discuss the quantitative measurements of odors, the potential sources for the problem of halitosis, normal breath (and its changes based on age, hunger, hydration, and other factors), oral cavity odors, odors arising from the nose and sinuses or the pharynx and trachea, unpleasant odors from the lungs, and special aspects of the history and physical examination. The authors
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In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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conclude that in most cases, halitosis is caused by a minor medical problem that can be identified and eliminated.
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BAD BREATH Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover bad breath.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on bad breath is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “bad breath” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to bad breath. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “bad breath” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for bad breath: •
Tea compounds may fight bad breath Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 20, 2003
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Halitosis could be sign of ulcer bug infection Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 31, 2003
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Halitosis could be marker for Helicobacter pylori infection Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 31, 2003
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Parasites may be cause of child's bad breath Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 24, 2002
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Even in the cleanest mouths, bad breath may persist Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 23, 2000 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “bad breath” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “bad breath” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to bad breath, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.
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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “bad breath” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “bad breath” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on bad breath: •
Halitosis Research Spans the Globe: But Experts Agree More Data is Needed Source: ADA Dental News. 28(11): 1, 16, 18. June 2, 1997. Contact: Available from ADA Publishing Company. 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2867; E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: This newsletter article provides readers with an update on the work of Dr. Joseph Tonzetich, an oral biology professor widely regarded as a pioneer in halitosis research. His findings have helped to elevate the study of bad breath from a blur of conjecture to an area of legitimate scientific scrutiny. But even as basic research has accumulated at a steady pace, its progress is dwarfed by the recent commercialization of bad breath remedies. The author describes recent advances in portable sulfide monitors, the use of chlorhexidine and chlorine dioxide mouthrinses, the development of halitosis clinics to treat patients, and an upcoming conference on this topic. The article also describes the work of Dr. Israel Kleinberg, who has been studying the causes of chronic bad breath; Dr. Glenn Clark, who has been working with the portable sulfide monitor and has some concerns about its reliability; and Dr. Mel Rosenberg, who devised the sulfide instrument's application to dentistry and emphasizes its benefits. The article concludes with a list of central concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of oral malodor and a general call for more research in this area. Contact information and bibliographic information for the researchers and publications noted in the article are provided in a sidebar.
Academic Periodicals covering Bad Breath Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to bad breath. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering bad breath that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.”
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If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “bad breath” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “bad breath” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
Oral Malodor Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 134(2): 209-214. February 2003. Contact: Available from American Dental Association. ADA Publishing Co, Inc., 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2867. Website: www.ada.org. Summary: Oral malodor (bad breath, halitosis) is a common complaint among the general population. This article brings dentists and dental care professionals up to date on the current thinking about the diagnosis and treatment of oral malodor. Topics include prevalence, causes (etiology), diagnosis, patient assessment, and treatment. The role of periodontal disease in bad breath is uncertain, and more studies are needed on the various conditions that affect oral malodor. A thorough medical and dental history is necessary to evaluate oral malodor complaints. The primary reference standard for detection of oral malodor is the human nose (organoleptic assessment) because it provides an overall evaluation of the existing malodor condition. This could be supplemented with an instrumental method, such as evaluation by sulfide monitor or gas chromatographic (GC), for an objective malodor assessment. For the treatment of bad breath, improved oral hygiene, especially tongue cleaning, has been shown to reduce oral malodor significantly. The value of some oral care products in reducing bad breath, however, is less certain. 46 references.
•
Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People: A Report of the Surgeon General. Smokeless Tobacco Source: Atlanta, GA: Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control (CDC), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1994. 59 p. Contact: Available from U.S. Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. (202) 512-1800. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This document on smokeless tobacco (spit tobacco, or ST) presents a reproduction of sections from Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of the full Report of the Surgeon General on preventing tobacco use among young people. Topics include the health consequences of ST use among young people, the epidemiology of tobacco use among
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young people, psychosocial risk factors for initiating ST use, smokeless tobacco advertising and promotional expenditures, and efforts to prevent tobacco use among young people. The most notable health consequences associated with ST use include halitosis (bad breath), discoloration of teeth and fillings, abrasion of teeth, dental caries, gum recession, leukoplakia, nicotine dependence, and various forms of oral cancer, including cancers of the gum, mouth, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus. This document also focuses on practical interventions to help young people avoid ST use or to quit already established ST use. 3 figures. 16 tables. 221 references. (AA-M).
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “bad breath” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 530 4 817 1 0 1352
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “bad breath” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov. 14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
19 Adapted 20
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on bad breath can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to bad breath. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to bad breath. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “bad breath”:
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•
Other guides Asthma in Children http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asthmainchildren.html Child Dental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childdentalhealth.html Dental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dentalhealth.html Mouth Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mouthdisorders.html Nose Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/nosedisorders.html Respiratory Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/respiratorydiseases.html Sinusitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sinusitis.html Smokeless Tobacco http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/smokelesstobacco.html Taste and Smell Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tasteandsmelldisorders.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on bad breath. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Achieving Fresh Breath: Tips for Fighting Halitosis Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell. 1998. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from StayWell. 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 94066-3030. (800) 333-3032. Fax (650) 244-4512. PRICE: $20.00 for 50 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This brochure describes halitosis (bad breath) and its causes. The brochure briefly discusses six common causes of bad breath, including bacteria and food particles, gum disease, dry mouth (xerostomia), certain foods, tobacco use, and other causes,
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including certain diseases. The brochure then explains how the dental care provider can help find a cause for bad breath and help the patient to treat the problem. The patient may be referred to another dental or medical specialist for evaluation and treatment. The brochure then lists and briefly describes strategies that readers can employ to help avoid bad breath: brush the tongue, keep a moist mouth, make dietary changes, stop smoking or chewing tobacco, and ask the dentist about prescription mouth rinses. The brochure is illustrated with simple line drawings. 13 figures. •
Battling Bad Breath Source: Chicago, IL: American Dental Association (ADA). 1999. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from American Dental Association (ADA). Catalog Sales, P.O. Box 776, St. Charles, IL 60174-0776. (800) 947-4746. Fax (888) 476-1880 or (630) 443-9970. Website: www.ada.org. PRICE: $20.00 for 50; nonmembers add 50 percent; bulk rates available. Item number W182. Summary: This brochure from the American Dental Association guides readers in strategies to fight bad breath (halitosis). The brochure reminds readers that dentists can help identify the cause of bad breath and, if it is due to an oral condition, develop a treatment plan to help eliminate it. Food that collects between teeth, around the gums, and on the tongue can leave an unpleasant odor, or attract bacteria that cause bad breath. Therefore, adequate toothbrushing and flossing can prevent bad breath. The brochure also discusses the role of certain foods, the problem of bad breath in people who are dieting, bad breath as a warning sign of periodontal (gum) disease, dry mouth (xerostomia) and related bad breath, the use of tobacco products, and systemic disease or medical disorders that can contribute to bad breath. The back cover of the brochure offers 5 tips for preventing bad breath.
•
What Do these Words Have in Common?: Gum Disease, Nicotine, Stained Teeth, Cancer, Bad Breath Source: Timonium, MD: American Lung Association of Maryland. 1993. 2 p. Contact: Available from American Lung Association of Maryland. 1840 York Road, Timonium, MD 21093. (800) 492-7527 (in Maryland) or (410) 560-2120. Also available from local American Lung Association chapters. PRICE: Single copy free. Stock Number 0606 8/93. Summary: This brochure, aimed at young adolescents, provides facts that encourage readers to avoid the use of smokeless tobacco. The brochure notes the different names used for smokeless tobacco and stresses that tobacco in any form is still tobacco, with the accompanying risks. Topics discussed include nicotine addiction, cancer, problems with bad breath, the impact of tobacco on the taste buds, and cost factors. The brochure includes a section of questions and answers on topics including: why some sports stars chew tobacco; the myth that smokeless tobacco is safer than smoking cigarettes; tobacco company ads; and legislation and warning labels on smokeless tobacco. The brochure concludes with a section of replies that young readers can use when someone offers them a chaw of tobacco. The brochure is illustrated with line drawings of young male adolescents and smokeless tobacco products.
•
Ask Your Dental Hygienist About Understanding and Eliminating Bad Breath Source: Chicago, IL: American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA). 2003. 1 p.
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Contact: Available from American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA). 444 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 3400, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-8900. Fax (312) 467-1806. Email:
[email protected]. Website: www.adha.org. PRICE: 1-24 copies at $0.75 each; bulk pricing available. Summary: This fact sheet from the American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA) reviews the current thinking about understanding and eliminating bad breath (halitosis or oral malodor). The author divides oral malodor into two distinctive categories: transitory and chronic, then discusses three basic causes of bad breath: an unclean mouth, medical problems, and lifestyle habits (such as smoking). Strategies for adequate oral hygiene, including tongue deplaquing, are offered. The fact sheet stresses that just as important to oral health and fresh breath as consistent home care and healthy lifestyle habits is oral health care delivered by a qualified oral health care professional. One sidebar lists ideas for keeping breath fresh, even when a toothbrush is temporarily unavailable. The fact sheet concludes with the contact information for the ADHA (www.adha.org or 800-847-6718). The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to bad breath. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to bad breath. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with bad breath. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about bad breath. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “bad breath” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “bad breath”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “bad breath” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “bad breath” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
23
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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BAD BREATH DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abrasion: 1. The wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. An area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. [EU] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments.
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Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ammonium Compounds: Inorganic and organic compounds that contain the hypothetical radical NH4. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotics: Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage
Dictionary 89
causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Composition: The relative amounts of the purines and pyrimidines in a nucleic acid. [NIH]
Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biofilms: Films of bacteria or other microbial organisms, usually embedded in extracellular polymers such as implanted medical devices, which adhere to surfaces submerged in, or subjected to, aquatic environments (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Biofilms consist of multilayers of microbial cells glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both phagocytes and antibiotics. [NIH]
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Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calcium Hydroxide: Ca(OH)2. A white powder that has many therapeutic uses. Because of its ability to stimulate mineralization, it is found in many dental formulations. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar
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treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorda Tympani Nerve: A branch of the facial (7th cranial) nerve which passes through the middle ear and continues through the petrotympanic fissure. The chorda tympani nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and conveys parasympathetic efferents to the salivary glands. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic
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engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]
Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells,
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adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Crowns: A prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. It may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). It is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]
Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Dental Abutments: Natural teeth or teeth roots used as anchorage for a fixed or removable denture or other prosthesis (such as an implant) serving the same purpose. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]
Dental Hygienists: Persons trained in an accredited school or dental college and licensed by the state in which they reside to provide dental prophylaxis under the direction of a licensed dentist. [NIH] Dental implant: A small metal pin placed inside the jawbone to mimic the root of a tooth. Dental implants can be used to help anchor a false tooth or teeth, or a crown or bridge. [NIH]
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Dental Plaque: A film that attaches to teeth, often causing dental caries and gingivitis. It is composed of mucins, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms. [NIH] Dentifrices: Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Complication of diabetes resulting from severe insulin deficiency coupled with an absolute or relative increase in glucagon concentration. The metabolic acidosis is caused by the breakdown of adipose stores and resulting increased levels of free fatty acids. Glucagon accelerates the oxidation of the free fatty acids producing excess ketone bodies (ketosis). [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Disulphides: A covalent bridge formed by the oxidation of two cysteine residues to a cystine residue. The-S-S-bond is very strong and its presence confers additional stability. [NIH]
Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH]
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Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU]
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Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fibroma: A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue. [NIH] Flame Ionization: Pyrolysis of organic compounds at the temperature of a hydrogen-air flame to produce ionic intermediates which can be collected and the resulting ion current measured by gas chromatography. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Fleas: Parasitic, blood-sucking, wingless insects comprising the order Siphonaptera. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Outlet Obstruction: The hindering of output from the stomach to the small intestine. The source varies: peptic ulcer, foreign bodies, aging, neoplasms, etc. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as
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a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glucuronides: Glycosides of glucuronic acid formed by the reaction of uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid with certain endogenous and exogenous substances. Their formation is important for the detoxification of drugs, steroid excretion and bilirubin metabolism to a more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in the urine and bile. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Halitosis: An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH]
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Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Hormones: Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various endocrine glands and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hyperlipidaemia: A general term for elevated concentrations of any or all of the lipids in the plasma, including hyperlipoproteinaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, etc. [EU] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impaction: The trapping of an object in a body passage. Examples are stones in the bile duct or hardened stool in the colon. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH]
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Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH]
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Ketosis: A condition of having ketone bodies build up in body tissues and fluids. The signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Magnesium Hydroxide: Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects. [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Mebendazole: A nematocide in humans and animals. It acts by interfering with the carbohydrate metabolism and associated energy production of the parasite. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Menthol: An alcohol produced from mint oils or prepared synthetically. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methyl salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of
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the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiological Techniques: Techniques used in microbiology. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milk Thistle: The plant Silybum marianum in the family Asteraceae containing the bioflavonoid complex silymarin. For centuries this has been used traditionally to treat liver disease. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nematocide: A chemical used to kill nematodes. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous
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system. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]
Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Oropharynx: Oral part of the pharynx. [NIH] Orthodontics: A dental specialty concerned with the prevention and correction of dental and oral anomalies (malocclusion). [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Panacea: A cure-all. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]
Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH]
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Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal Pocket: An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption. [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]
Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phobia: A persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the stem to which it is affixed. [EU] Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized
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regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with
Dictionary 105
formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]
Psychosomatic: Pertaining to the mind-body relationship; having bodily symptoms of psychic, emotional, or mental origin; called also psychophysiologic. [EU] Public Opinion: The attitude of a significant portion of a population toward any given proposition, based upon a measurable amount of factual evidence, and involving some degree of reflection, analysis, and reasoning. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH]
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Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reference Values: The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or maintenance of health. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Silymarin: A mixture of flavonoids extracted from seeds of the milk thistle, Silybum
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marianum. It consists primarily of three isomers: silicristin, silidianin, and silybin, its major component. Silymarin displays antioxidant and membrane stabilizing activity. It protects various tissues and organs against chemical injury, and shows potential as an antihepatoxic agent. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Fluoride: A source of inorganic fluoride which is used topically to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenectomy: An operation to remove the spleen. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Stimulants: Any drug or agent which causes stimulation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH]
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Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Submandibular: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Sulfides: Chemical groups containing the covalent sulfur bonds -S-. The sulfur atom can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfur Compounds: Inorganic or organic compounds that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Tartar: A mass of calcium and magnesium salts deposited around the teeth and upon artificial dentures. [NIH] Taste Buds: Small sensory organs which contain gustatory receptor cells, basal cells, and supporting cells. Taste buds in humans are found in the epithelia of the tongue, palate, and pharynx. They are innervated by the chorda tympani nerve (a branch of the facial nerve) and the glossopharyngeal nerve. [NIH] Tea Tree Oil: Essential oil extracted from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree). It is used as a topical antimicrobial due to the presence of terpineol. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a
Dictionary 109
specific function. [NIH] Tooth Loss: The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triclosan: A diphenyl ether derivative used in cosmetics and toilet soaps as an antiseptic. It has some bacteriostatic and fungistatic action. [NIH] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and
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kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xerostomia: Decreased salivary flow. [NIH]
111
INDEX A Abrasion, 71, 87 Acceptor, 87, 102 Acidosis, 87, 94 Acrylonitrile, 87, 106 Adverse Effect, 87, 106 Aerosol, 42, 87 Affinity, 51, 87, 107 Agar, 87, 104 Agonist, 87, 102 Agoraphobia, 87, 103 Algorithms, 87, 90 Alkaline, 87, 88, 90 Alkaloid, 87, 102 Alternative medicine, 62, 87 Amino Acid Sequence, 34, 88 Amino Acids, 34, 41, 88, 103, 104, 108 Ammonia, 16, 88 Ammonium Compounds, 51, 88 Anaerobic, 7, 41, 49, 88 Anaphylatoxins, 88, 92 Anemia, 88, 96 Anions, 88, 99 Anomalies, 88, 102 Antibacterial, 51, 88, 94 Antibiotics, 12, 88, 89 Antibody, 87, 88, 92, 97, 99, 107 Antigen, 87, 88, 92, 99 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 88, 92 Anti-infective, 89, 91, 98, 107 Anti-inflammatory, 38, 89, 100, 106 Antimicrobial, 25, 32, 33, 35, 45, 48, 89, 108 Antioxidant, 49, 89, 107 Antiseptic, 33, 45, 89, 91, 109 Aqueous, 89, 98 Arterial, 89, 104 Arteries, 89, 90, 93, 101 Astringents, 32, 89 B Bactericidal, 32, 89, 91, 95 Bacteriophage, 89, 104 Bacteriostatic, 89, 109 Basal cells, 89, 108 Base, 45, 46, 89, 95, 99 Base Composition, 45, 89 Benign, 89, 96, 101 Benign tumor, 89, 96 Bile, 89, 97, 98, 100
Biofilms, 50, 51, 89 Biotechnology, 6, 59, 62, 69, 90 Blood Coagulation, 90 Blood pressure, 90, 101, 107 Body Fluids, 90, 94, 107 Branch, 83, 90, 91, 97, 103, 107, 108 Breakdown, 90, 94, 96 Breeding, 41, 90 Bronchi, 90, 109 Buccal, 43, 53, 90 C Calcium, 34, 35, 51, 90, 92, 108 Calcium Carbonate, 34, 90 Calcium Hydroxide, 34, 35, 90 Capsules, 47, 90, 97 Carbohydrate, 90, 100 Carbon Dioxide, 90, 106 Carcinogenic, 90, 99 Case report, 22, 27, 90, 91 Case series, 90, 91 Cathode, 91, 95 Cations, 51, 91, 99 Caudal, 91, 104 Cell, 35, 38, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 96, 99, 100, 101, 104, 105, 106, 108 Cell Division, 89, 91, 104 Cell Respiration, 91, 106 Cerebral, 91, 95 Cetylpyridinium, 9, 17, 91 Chemotactic Factors, 91, 92 Chlorhexidine, 9, 17, 25, 63, 91 Chlorine, 63, 91 Chlorophyll, 30, 47, 91 Cholinergic, 91, 102 Chorda Tympani Nerve, 91, 108 Chronic, 8, 17, 29, 57, 63, 76, 91, 99, 107, 108, 110 Clinical study, 27, 91 Clinical trial, 6, 69, 91, 93, 105 Cloning, 90, 91 Cochlea, 92, 99 Cofactor, 92, 104 Complement, 44, 88, 92 Complementary and alternative medicine, 25, 30, 92 Complementary medicine, 25, 92 Computational Biology, 69, 92 Connective Tissue, 51, 92, 96
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Connective Tissue Cells, 92 Consumption, 26, 36, 93, 102 Contamination, 50, 51, 93 Contraindications, ii, 93 Controlled study, 9, 17, 93 Coronary, 93, 101 Coronary Thrombosis, 93, 101 Cortex, 93, 95 Crowns, 59, 93, 94 Cues, 32, 93 Curative, 93, 108 Cysteine, 34, 93, 94, 108 Cystine, 34, 93, 94 D Databases, Bibliographic, 69, 93 Dental Abutments, 93, 94 Dental Care, 5, 36, 59, 70, 75, 93 Dental Caries, 36, 40, 43, 71, 93, 94, 107 Dental Hygienists, 4, 75, 76, 93 Dental implant, 59, 93 Dental Plaque, 33, 45, 48, 94 Dentifrices, 43, 94 Dentists, 57, 70, 75, 94 Dentures, 5, 36, 37, 94, 108 Deuterium, 94, 98 Diabetic Ketoacidosis, 47, 94 Diagnostic procedure, 31, 62, 94 Digestion, 49, 53, 89, 94, 100, 103, 107 Dimethyl, 34, 94 Direct, iii, 34, 94, 106 Disinfectant, 32, 91, 94, 95 Disinfection, 32, 50, 51, 52, 94 Dissociation, 87, 94 Disulphides, 53, 94 Domesticated, 41, 46, 94 Dorsal, 53, 94, 104 Dorsum, 94 Drug Interactions, 94 Duct, 94, 98, 106 Duodenum, 89, 94, 107 E Effector, 92, 95 Efficacy, 33, 45, 95 Electrolysis, 88, 91, 95 Electrolyte, 95, 107 Electrons, 89, 91, 95, 99, 102 Enamel, 93, 95 Encapsulated, 36, 95 Endotoxins, 92, 95 Environmental Health, 68, 70, 95 Enzymatic, 36, 47, 90, 92, 93, 95, 98 Enzyme, 37, 95, 104
Epithelial, 95, 103 Epithelial Cells, 95 Epithelium, 51, 95 Esophagus, 71, 95, 103, 107 Ethanol, 33, 45, 95 Ether, 95, 109 Evoke, 46, 95, 107 Excipients, 47, 95 Expiration, 95, 106 Extracellular, 89, 92, 95, 96, 107 Extracellular Matrix, 92, 96 F Facial, 91, 96, 102, 108 Facial Nerve, 96, 102, 108 Family Planning, 69, 96 Fat, 96, 99, 100, 108, 109 Fatty acids, 94, 96, 107 Fibroma, 17, 96 Flame Ionization, 39, 96 Flatus, 96 Flavoring Agents, 40, 96 Fleas, 46, 96 Folate, 96 Folic Acid, 38, 96 Friction, 44, 96 Fungi, 96, 97, 101 Fungistatic, 96, 109 G Gas, 3, 5, 8, 34, 39, 52, 54, 70, 88, 90, 91, 96, 98 Gastric, 11, 12, 96, 98, 103 Gastric Outlet Obstruction, 12, 96 Gastrointestinal, 11, 47, 95, 96 Gastrointestinal tract, 47, 95, 96 Gelatin, 96, 97 Gels, 33, 42, 97 Gene, 59, 90, 97 General practitioner, 4, 97 Gland, 34, 97, 102, 106, 107, 108 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 97, 108 Glucuronic Acid, 49, 97 Glucuronides, 97 Glutamic Acid, 96, 97 Glycine, 50, 97 Governing Board, 97, 104 Grasses, 96, 97 Growth, 38, 44, 51, 88, 89, 96, 97, 101, 103 H Hair follicles, 97, 110 Haptens, 87, 97 Helminths, 97, 99 Hemodialysis, 90, 98
Index 113
Hepatic, 5, 47, 98 Heredity, 97, 98 Heterogeneity, 87, 98 Histamine, 88, 98 Histidine, 34, 98 Hormones, 97, 98 Hydration, 59, 98 Hydrogen, 17, 34, 39, 45, 47, 51, 53, 87, 89, 90, 94, 96, 98, 101, 102, 105 Hydrogen Peroxide, 17, 45, 98 Hygienic, 41, 48, 50, 98 Hyperlipidaemia, 26, 98 Hypnotic, 28, 98 I Id, 22, 28, 76, 82, 84, 98 Immune system, 51, 98, 109 Immunity, 38, 46, 98 Immunology, 87, 98 Impaction, 4, 98 Indicative, 58, 98, 103, 109 Infarction, 93, 98, 100 Infection, 7, 11, 35, 36, 38, 61, 62, 91, 99, 100, 108 Infestation, 46, 99 Inflammation, 38, 89, 99, 103, 110 Ingestion, 26, 97, 99 Inhalation, 87, 99 Initiation, 51, 99 Inner ear, 36, 99 Inorganic, 88, 99, 100, 107, 108 Insulin, 94, 99 Intestines, 96, 99 Intracellular, 99 Intrinsic, 87, 99 Invasive, 98, 99 Ions, 33, 89, 94, 95, 98, 99 Irrigation, 52, 99 K Kb, 68, 99 Keratolytic, 93, 99 Ketone Bodies, 94, 99, 100 Ketosis, 94, 100 L Labile, 92, 100 Labyrinth, 92, 99, 100, 106, 109 Larynx, 71, 100, 109 Lesion, 100, 109 Lethal, 89, 100 Leukoplakia, 71, 100 Library Services, 82, 100 Lipid, 99, 100, 109 Liver, 49, 89, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101
Localized, 93, 95, 99, 100, 103, 104, 109 Lymph, 100, 108 Lymphatic, 99, 100, 107 M Magnesium Hydroxide, 34, 100 Mastication, 40, 100 Mebendazole, 7, 100 MEDLINE, 69, 100 Megaloblastic, 96, 100 Membrane, 87, 92, 96, 100, 101, 103, 107 Menthol, 32, 45, 47, 48, 100 Meta-Analysis, 26, 100 Metabolite, 94, 100 Methionine, 34, 94, 100, 108 Methyl salicylate, 32, 45, 48, 100 MI, 41, 44, 59, 85, 100 Microbiological, 5, 101 Microbiological Techniques, 5, 101 Microbiology, 10, 16, 89, 101 Micro-organism, 93, 101 Migration, 101, 103 Milk Thistle, 101, 106 Milliliter, 51, 101 Mineralization, 90, 101 Molecular, 69, 72, 88, 89, 90, 92, 101, 106 Molecule, 88, 89, 92, 94, 95, 101, 102, 105, 108 Monitor, 9, 12, 63, 70, 101 Mucins, 94, 101, 106 Mucociliary, 101, 107 Mutagenic, 46, 101 Myocardium, 100, 101 N Necrosis, 98, 100, 101 Need, 3, 4, 15, 57, 59, 63, 70, 77, 101 Nematocide, 100, 101 Neoplasms, 96, 101 Neurons, 101, 102, 108 Neurosis, 102, 103 Nicotine, 71, 75, 102 Nucleic acid, 89, 102, 105 O Odour, 34, 47, 50, 51, 102 Oral Health, 8, 13, 59, 76, 102 Oral Hygiene, 4, 15, 35, 36, 43, 44, 45, 51, 58, 59, 70, 76, 97, 102 Organoleptic, 5, 9, 32, 39, 70, 102 Orofacial, 16, 102 Oropharynx, 47, 102 Orthodontics, 59, 102 Oxidation, 52, 87, 89, 93, 94, 102 Oxygen Consumption, 102, 106
114 Bad Breath
P Palate, 37, 97, 102, 108 Palliative, 102, 108 Panacea, 27, 102 Papilla, 41, 102 Paranasal Sinuses, 102, 107 Parasite, 100, 102 Parasitic, 96, 97, 99, 102 Parotid, 34, 97, 102 Patch, 100, 103 Pathogenesis, 57, 103 Pathologic, 4, 87, 93, 103, 106 Patient Education, 5, 74, 80, 82, 85, 103 Peptic, 96, 103 Peptic Ulcer, 96, 103 Peptide, 103, 104 Perception, 27, 103 Periodontal disease, 4, 5, 27, 38, 41, 49, 51, 58, 70, 103 Periodontal Pocket, 51, 103 Periodontitis, 28, 32, 33, 45, 103 Peroxide, 45, 103 Pharmacologic, 103, 109 Pharynx, 59, 71, 102, 103, 108 Phobia, 15, 103 Phobic Disorders, 103 Phosphorus, 90, 103 Physical Examination, 59, 103 Plants, 87, 90, 103, 109 Plaque, 28, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 45, 48, 50, 91, 104 Plasma, 97, 98, 104 Polymers, 35, 89, 104, 107 Polypeptide, 88, 104 Posterior, 41, 53, 94, 97, 102, 104 Practice Guidelines, 71, 104 Precursor, 95, 104 Prevalence, 70, 104 Progression, 51, 104 Progressive, 97, 101, 104 Prone, 41, 104 Prophylaxis, 4, 93, 104 Protein C, 88, 89, 104 Protein Conformation, 88, 104 Protein S, 53, 59, 90, 104 Proteins, 51, 88, 92, 101, 103, 104, 106, 109 Proteolytic, 92, 104 Protocol, 4, 7, 58, 105 Protons, 98, 105 Protozoa, 101, 105 Psychic, 102, 105 Psychogenic, 58, 105
Psychosomatic, 4, 9, 105 Public Opinion, 50, 105 Public Policy, 69, 105 Publishing, 5, 6, 59, 63, 70, 105 Pulmonary, 7, 90, 91, 93, 105, 108 Pulmonary Edema, 91, 105 Pulse, 101, 105 Purines, 89, 105 Putrefaction, 4, 105 Q Quaternary, 51, 104, 105 R Radioactive, 98, 105 Randomized, 7, 95, 105 Reagent, 54, 91, 105 Receptor, 88, 105, 108 Rectum, 96, 105 Refer, 1, 57, 90, 92, 96, 106 Reference Values, 49, 106 Regimen, 48, 95, 106 Reliability, 63, 106 Resorption, 103, 106 Respiration, 42, 90, 101, 106 Restoration, 93, 106, 110 Risk factor, 71, 106 Rubber, 40, 87, 106 S Salicylate, 106 Saliva, 18, 34, 35, 37, 40, 41, 53, 106 Salivary, 5, 34, 48, 53, 91, 94, 96, 106, 108, 110 Salivary glands, 91, 94, 96, 106 Sanitary, 40, 106 Screening, 91, 106 Sebaceous, 106, 110 Semicircular canal, 99, 106 Sensor, 39, 54, 106 Serum, 88, 92, 106 Side effect, 87, 106, 109 Silymarin, 49, 101, 106 Sinusitis, 29, 52, 74, 107 Small intestine, 94, 96, 99, 107, 109 Soaps, 107, 109 Sodium, 43, 51, 107 Sodium Fluoride, 43, 107 Solvent, 32, 95, 107 Soybean Oil, 46, 107 Specialist, 75, 77, 107 Specificity, 87, 107 Sphincter, 100, 107 Spleen, 100, 107 Splenectomy, 14, 107
Index 115
Sterile, 44, 107 Stimulants, 48, 107 Stimulus, 103, 107 Stomach, 36, 42, 95, 96, 99, 100, 103, 107 Stool, 98, 107 Stress, 4, 106, 107 Styrene, 106, 107 Subacute, 99, 107, 108 Subclinical, 99, 108 Submandibular, 34, 108 Sulfides, 41, 51, 108 Sulfur, 3, 4, 5, 18, 25, 34, 41, 49, 51, 100, 108 Sulfur Compounds, 3, 4, 5, 18, 34, 51, 108 Surfactant, 32, 33, 45, 91, 108 Synaptic, 102, 108 Synaptic Transmission, 102, 108 Synergistic, 46, 108 Systemic, 4, 5, 14, 42, 46, 47, 59, 75, 90, 99, 108 Systemic disease, 14, 47, 75, 108 T Tartar, 35, 108 Taste Buds, 75, 108 Tea Tree Oil, 25, 108 Therapeutics, 108 Thrombosis, 104, 108 Ticks, 46, 99, 108 Tin, 51, 108 Tissue, 38, 49, 51, 88, 89, 91, 92, 95, 96, 100, 101, 102, 106, 108, 109, 110
Tooth Loss, 38, 109 Topical, 46, 89, 91, 95, 98, 107, 108, 109 Toxic, iv, 40, 46, 97, 98, 102, 107, 109 Toxicity, 94, 109 Toxicology, 70, 109 Toxins, 35, 88, 95, 97, 99, 109 Trace element, 108, 109 Trachea, 59, 90, 100, 103, 109 Transfection, 90, 109 Trees, 106, 109 Triclosan, 27, 28, 109 Triglyceride, 43, 109 Tuberculosis, 93, 109 U Ulcer, 61, 103, 109 Unconscious, 98, 109 V Vaccine, 105, 109 Vascular, 98, 99, 109 Vein, 102, 109 Venous, 104, 109 Vestibule, 92, 99, 106, 109 Veterinary Medicine, 69, 109 Villi, 53, 109 Virus, 89, 104, 109 Vulgaris, 30, 110 W Windpipe, 103, 110 Wound Healing, 38, 110 X Xerostomia, 5, 74, 75, 110
116 Bad Breath
