BACLOFEN A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Baclofen: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84343-0 1. Baclofen-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on baclofen. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BACLOFEN................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Baclofen ......................................................................................... 6 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 21 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 22 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BACLOFEN ....................................................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Finding Nutrition Studies on Baclofen........................................................................................ 65 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 68 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BACLOFEN ................................................................ 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 69 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 75 General References ....................................................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND BACLOFEN ............................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Recent Trials on Baclofen............................................................................................................. 77 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 78 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON BACLOFEN ................................................................................................. 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 81 Chapters on Baclofen.................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BACLOFEN ................................................................... 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 83 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 85 Academic Periodicals covering Baclofen ...................................................................................... 86 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 87 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 88 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 91 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 93 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 95 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 97 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 100 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 103 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 103 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 103 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 109 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 109
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BACLOFEN DICTIONARY ......................................................................................................... 111 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 167
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with baclofen is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about baclofen, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to baclofen, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on baclofen. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to baclofen, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on baclofen. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BACLOFEN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on baclofen.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and baclofen, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “baclofen” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Pharmacologic Therapy for Urinary Incontinence Source: Urologic Nursing. 16(2): 55-58. June 1996. Contact: Available from Urologic Nursing, Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (314) 453-4351. Summary: In this article, the author reviews the present use of pharmacologic therapy for urinary incontinence (UI). The author discusses different classes of drugs, focusing on the major effect of the agent and side effects for each. Drugs include anticholinergics, musculotropic relaxants (antispasmodics), calcium antagonists, tricyclic antidepressants, beta-adrenergic agonists and prostaglandin inhibitors, alpha-adrenergic agonists, estrogen, and intravesical therapy. The author concludes with a discussion of several drugs that are under investigation that potentially influence bladder activity. These
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include the delivery of drugs by the intrathecal route (baclofen), oral JO, prostaglandins, and L-arginine/nitric oxide and potassium channel openers. 2 tables. 6 references. •
Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Dental Diagnosis Challenge Source: Northwest Dentistry. 78(3): 19-24. May-June 2000. Contact: Available from Minnesota Dental Association. 2236 Marshall Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55104. (800) 950-3368 or (651) 646-7454. Fax (651) 646-8246. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: mndental.org/nwdentistry.html. Summary: Perhaps one of the most perplexing diagnostic and treatment challenges facing the dental practitioner today is the situation presented by a patient complaining of toothache or sinusitis without any dental abnormality as its origin. This article reviews trigeminal neuralgia, focusing on its sometimes difficult diagnosis. The author notes that misdiagnosis and incorrect management of the trigeminal neuralgia (TN) patient can result in invasive dental therapies such as extensive endodontic (root canal) procedures, multiple extractions, TMJ (temporomandibular joint) surgery, etc., quite often resulting in no resolution of the patient's pain and, in many cases, making the problem worse. Topics include the onset and early development of TN, management options, dental management of the TN patient, a TN overview for patients and their families, defining TN, diagnostic methods, the causes of TN, epidemiology, and the medical and surgical treatments for TN. Drug that may be used to treat TN include carbamazepine (Tegretol), phenytoin (Dilantin), gabapentin (Neurotonin), and baclofen (Lioresal). Surgical options include radiofrequency rhizotomy (percutaneous needle used to heat the nerve and destroy the pain fibers), glycerol rhizotomy (glycerol injected to damage the pain fibers), balloon compression (used to compress the nerve and damage the pain fibers), microvascular decompression (a surgical procedure done under general anesthesia), and stereotactic radiosurgery. The article concludes with a list of the major goals and purposes of the Trigeminal Neuralgia Association (TNA). 1 figure. 23 references.
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Diagnosis and Management of Sensory Neuropathies in HIV Infection Source: AIDS Clinical Care; Vol. 6, No. 2, Feb. 1994. Contact: Johns Hopkins University, Department of Neurology, Baltimore, MD, 21205. Summary: This article focuses on the two most common HIV-associated neuropathies: predominantly sensory neuropathy (PSN) or distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSPN) and medication-induced toxic neuropathies (TN). The epidemiology, clinical features, history, physical findings, diagnosis and treatment are discussed. No large-scale, controlled-treatment trials have been conducted thus far, and therefore symptomatic treatment with pharmacologic agents is largely empiric. Choice of medication is based on the severity of the patient's symptoms and side-effect profile. When pain or other dysesthetic symptoms begin to limit functional ability, tricyclic antidepressants may be useful. Where tricyclics are not effective, second-line choices include mexiletine, carbamazepine, phenytoin, baclofen, and clonazepam. For patients with more severe neuropathic pain which inhibits walking, narcotic analgesics may be necessary. The authors present an algorithm for the management of sensory neuropathy as well as guidelines for narcotics use in patients with a history of substance abuse.
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Review: Dystonia, Mind and Body. Fifth International Dystonia Patient Symposium Source: Dystonia Dialogue. 19(3): 1-40. September 1996. Contact: Available from Dystonia Medical Research Foundation. One East Wacker Drive, Suite 2430, Chicago, IL 60601-1905. (312) 755-0198. Fax (312) 803-0138. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.dystonia-foundation.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This issue of the Dystonia Medical Research Foundation newsletter reports on the Fifth International Dystonia Patient Symposium, held in May 1996 in New York. Symposium coverage includes: the classification and incidence of dystonia; pharmacotherapy and botulinum toxin; surgery, phenol, and intrathecal baclofen; the impact of dystonia; future directions of the Foundation; understanding the genetics of dystonia and genetic testing; the parent's, children's, and young adult's sessions; relaxation techniques; the session for spouses, siblings, and caregivers; complementary treatments for dystonia; the leadership meetings; and regional news.
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Lou Gehrig's Disease Source: American Family Physician. 59(6): 1489-1496. March 15, 1999. Contact: American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the pathology, epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This progressive neuromuscular disease, commonly called Lou Gehrig's disease in memory of the famous baseball player who died of ALS in 1941, is characterized by weakness, muscle wasting, fasciculations, and increased reflexes. Approximately 30,000 Americans currently have the disease. The annual incidence rate is 1 to 2 cases per 100,000 people. The disease is most commonly diagnosed in middle age and affects more men than women. The etiology of the disease in unknown. Current research is focused on abnormalities of neuronal cell metabolism involving glutamate and the role of potential neurotoxins and neurotrophic factors. ALS usually presents with problems in dexterity or gait resulting from muscle weakness. Difficulty in speaking or swallowing is the initial symptom in the bulbar form of the disease. Over a period of months or years, patients who have ALS develop severe, progressive muscular weakness and other symptoms caused by loss of function in both upper and lower motor neurons. Sphincter control, sensory function, intellectual abilities, and skin integrity are preserved. Patients become completely disabled, often requiring ventilatory support and gastrostomy. Death usually occurs within 5 years of diagnosis and is attributed to respiratory failure or cachexia. Diagnosis of ALS is clinical, and is based on the characteristic signs of progressive weakness, atrophy, fasciculations, and hyperreflexia affecting several regions of the body. The management of ALS is a complex and demanding team effort requiring individualized therapy and continual adaptation of medications and therapies. The only agent currently labeled for the treatment of ALS is riluzole. This drug is believed to decrease glutamate release. Various symptomatic treatments may also be helpful. Spasticity may be relieved by use of baclofen, diazepam, or dantrolene. Physical therapy can help relieve many of the painful symptoms of ALS. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and anticonvulsants may also be helpful. Mechanical suction devices are useful in preventing aspiration of excess saliva. Tricyclic antidepressants are widely used in the treatment of ALS because of their multiple effects. Supportive therapies, including physical, occupational, and
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speech therapy and nutritional support, also have a crucial role in the care of patients who have ALS. The article includes two illustrative cases. 2 tables and 26 references. (AA-M).
Federally Funded Research on Baclofen The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to baclofen. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to baclofen. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore baclofen. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for baclofen: •
Project Title: A PRIMATE MODEL OF DRUG ABUSE: INTERVENTION STRATEGIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Carroll, Marilyn E.; Professor of Psychiatry and Neuroscience; Psychiatry; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1980; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: Goals of the proposed research are to use a rhesus monkey model of drug abuse, to study factors affecting vulnerability to drug abuse and to evaluate behavioral and pharmacological treatment interventions. Routes of administration that have been developed in this laboratory will include oral drug self-administration and smoking. When using the oral route of self-administration, liquid deliveries are contingent upon lip-contact responses. Smoke deliveries are contingent upon inhalation responses. Vulnerability factors to be examined are sex and phase of the menstrual cycle as well as patterns/duration of access to drugs. Initial work indicates that escalation from drug use to abuse is dependent upon the amount and duration of access. The proposed work will extend these findings to monkeys, other drugs, and measures of reinforcing efficacy. In addition, the question of whether differential access to one drug affects acquisition of self-administration of a second drug will be examined. Well-accepted measures of the reinforcing efficacy of drugs, behavioral economic demand curve analyses and PR schedules will be used to determine how these predisposing factors ultimately affect the reinforcing potential of selected drugs. The drugs that will be studied are cocaine, ethanol, heroin, methadone and phencyclidine (PCP). Behavior maintained by food and/or liquid saccharin will be used as a control for drug-selective effects. The behavioral economic measures will also be used quantify the extent to which
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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these drug and nondrug substances substitute for each other. These studies will inform us about the effectiveness of substituting nondrug items for drugs in treatment, as well for predicting polydrug abuse by how well one form of drug abuse substitutes for another. The use of nondrug reinforcers as a behavioral treatment will also be compared in male and female monkeys and during 3 phases of the menstrual cycle. Potential treatment medications will also be examined in male monkeys using a behavioral economic approach. Three different types of drugs that have produced promising preliminary results are proposed: bremazocine, an agonist at the kappa opioid receptor, baclofen, a GABAB agonist, and ketoconazole, an inhibitor of corticosterone synthesis. Finally, the behavioral (alternative reinforcer) and pharmacological treatments will be combined and compared to the effects of each given alone. The results of the proposed 11 experiments will provide valuable information about major vulnerability factors and several behavioral and pharmacological treatment approaches for drug abuse. It is hoped that this information will lead to earlier and more effective prevention and treatment of drug abuse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANORECTIC DRUGS: ABUSE & BEHAVIORAL MECHANISMS OF ACTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Foltin, Richard W.; Professor of Neuroscience; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAR-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: The goal of this continuation is to study the motivational processes involved in eating behavior, and to determine how drugs that affect food consumption alter these processes. Animals will control their own pattern of daily food consumption using a procedure that provides measures of food seeking, food taking, and the motivational or incentive salience of stimuli paired with food. We hypothesize that anorectic drugs may decrease total daily food consumption by decreasing food seeking and/or food taking, which may occur independently of changes in incentive salience. We will first determine the effects of naturalistic manipulations on food-related behavior and test the generalizability of our model by studying behavior related to another reinforcer, candy. Data implicate dopamine (DA) in mediating motivational processes, with increased DA levels associated with increased incentive salience of a stimulus. Less well developed are findings that suggest that serotonin (5- HT) may also play a role in motivational processes that is oppositional to that played by DA. We will determine the effects of drugs that decrease food consumption (amphetamine, dexfenfluramine, sibutramine, acamprosate) and increase food consumption (alprazolam, delta9-THC, baclofen, MK801), via different neurotransmitter systems, on food-related behavior. Finally, because MK-801 has been shown to slow the development of sensitization to stimulants and alter the effects of repeated administration of drugs of abuse, we will also determine whether MK-801 will alter the behavioral effects of repeated doses of amphetamine and sibutramine. This research will provide further information about the behavioral mechanisms of action of anorectic drugs with an emphasis on motivational processes. We hypothesize that drugs of abuse will alter both food seeking and the incentive salience of stimuli paired with food. A better understanding of the neuropharmacological systems that are involved in motivation will be an asset in the development of drugs that affect eating behavior and other appetitive behaviors, including drug abuse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BACLOFEN & METHAMPHETAMINE REINFORCING EFFECTS IN HUMANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cederlind, Tyler M.; Psychiatry & Behav Neuroscis; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 17-MAR-2004; Project End 16-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The primary objectives of this study will be to determine the effects of baclofen on the reinforcing and subjective effects of oral methamphetamine in normal human volunteers. Baclofen, a GABAb agonist, is capable of decreasing a variety of neurotransmitters from being released in the mammalian CNS. It has also been shown that baclofen decreases the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine and methamphetamine in animal models of drug self-administration. In humans, baclofen is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of cocaine dependence. These studies show promising results, with decreased cocaine intake in an outpatient population. Cocaine and methamphetamine work by similar mechanisms to produce similar effects within the mammalian CNS. Methamphetamine use and abuse is a growing problem in the United States and worldwide. Since baclofen has not been used in clinical trials for methamphetamine dependence, the ability to test this theory in a controlled environment would provide a valuable line of evidence for baclofen as a clinical treatment of methamphetamine abuse. Using previously validated subjective measures and choice procedures, we will determine the effects of baclofen on methamphetamine's subjective and reinforcing effects in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF GHB IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Oliveto Beaudoin, Alison; Psychiatry; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 09-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), an agent with sedative/muscle relaxant properties used therapeutically in other countries, has become increasingly popular as a recreational drug among young adults. Yet, despite increasing concern of its availability and potential for abuse in the United States, there is a paucity of research on the behavioral effects of GHB. Thus, of importance is to better characterize the behavioral pharmacology of GHB in humans. To this end, the major aim of this three-year application is to develop a GHB instructed novel-response drug discrimination procedure in humans, in order to examine the discriminative stimulus, self-reported performance and cardiovascular effects of GHB. In the instructed novelresponse drug discrimination procedure, subjects are trained to distinguish between a dose of GHB and placebo. Subsequently, the effects of various agents are examined to determine whether these agents produce effects similar to either training condition or neither condition (e.g., novel). This procedure allows for simultaneous assessment of objective behavioral measures such as discrimination, self-reports and physiological responses, providing a wide behavioral profile of effect. First, however, the training doses of GHB to be employed in the discrimination paradigm will be determined in study 1 by assessing the self-reported, physiological and performance effects of GHB across a wide range of doses. Self-reported, physiological, observer, and performance effects will be assessed prior to and several time points following drug administration. The results of study 1 will be used to determine peak and duration of GHB effects at each dose as well as a higher and lower dose of GHB that have discernable self-reported effects while producing minimal behavioral impairment to test as training drug stimuli
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in the drug discrimination procedure. A second study will then be conducted to examine the effects of GHB, the GABAb agonist baclofen, the benzodiazepine GABAa agonist triazolam, and the methylxanthine stimulant caffeine in humans trained to discriminate either a high or low dose of GHB from placebo under the instructed novelresponse discrimination procedure. The results of this study will shed light on the pharmacological specificity of the GHB stimulus at two different training doses as well as its relationship to self-reported, physiological and performance effects. This study will also potentially establish a standard methodology to characterize systematically the behavioral effects of GHB in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CATALYTIC AND STEREOSELECTIVE C-C BOND FORMING REACTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hoveyda, Amir H.; J. T. & P. Vanderslice Millennium Profes; Chemistry; Boston College 140 Commonwealth Ave Newton, Ma 02467 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1992; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (Applicant's Description) Efficient and selective preparation of organic molecules is critical to the synthesis of therapeutics. Thus development of catalytic and stereoselective addition of alkylmetals to olefins stands as an important objective. Catalytic olefin alkylation offers a practical and inexpensive route for synthesis of C-C bonds; these reactions require readily available substrates and alkylmetals. A catalytic enatioselective version would be most useful especially if it were to afford molecules that are readily amenable to further functionalization. Similar to carbomagnesation, the reactions proposed herein are Zr-catalyzed, but they proceed by an entirely different mechanism and will be significantly more general. In catalytic carbometalations reported to-date, the alkyl group of the alkyl metal is typically incorporated within the final product; here it is the alkyl moiety of an electrophilic reagent that is transferred to the product. Thus, the new Zr-catalyzed reactions are unusual: there is efficient reaction between the alkene substrate and the electrophile, but there is little or no reaction between the alkylmetal and the electrophile. The following specific objectives will be pursued: I. Development of regio- and stereoselective Zr-catalyzed alkylation and carbometalation of olefins with alkyl electrophiles. Mechanistic evidence from our previous studies will be used to develop unique methods for catalytic regio- and diastereoselective synthesis of C-C bonds. These transformations offer a new approach to C-C bond formation, where readily available olefinic substrates, alkylmetals and electrophiles can be used. II. Development of diastereoselective intramolecular Zrcatalyzed electrophilic alkylations and carbometalations. The intramolecular version of the Zr-catalyzed alkylation should allow for an unprecedented and efficient synthesis of various carbo- and heterocycles with high regio- and diastereoselectivity. III.Development of Zr-catalyzed enantioselective electrophilic alkylations and carbometalations. We will develop a catalytic and asymmetric alkylation and carbometalation of olefins with various electrophiles. These transformations offer unique and selective routes to the enantioselective synthesis of easily functionalizable molecules. The utility of the new methods will be demonstrated by synthesis of anticancer LY300502, antispastic baclofen, anti-fungal aflatoxin B2, antidepressant gemfexine and anti-leukemic helianane. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: POPULATIONS
COCAINE
PHARMACOTHERAPIES
FOR
COMORBID
Principal Investigator & Institution: Kosten, Thomas R.; Professor of Psychiatry; Psychiatry; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: This Center for Medications Development (MDU) has a theme of cocaine pharrnacotherapy with eight outpatient randomized clinical trials in four comorbid populations: depressed, opioid dependent (methadone and LAAM), and those with brain perfusion defects. These eight trials are arranged sequentially with four during months 1 to 30 (trials #1,3,5,7) and four during months 31-60 (trials #2,4,6,8). Trials 1 and 2 are "Bupropion & sertraline for depression and cocaine dependence" including 60 patients each in randomized, placebo controlled 12 week trials - bupropion (#1) and sertraline (#2). Trials 3 and 4 are "Disulfiram & GABA agonists with LAAM for cocaine" including 60 patients in randomized, placebo controlled 12 week trials of first disulfiram (#3) and then one of the GABA agents tiagabine or baclofen (#4). Trial 5 in methadone patients will involve tiagabine and baclofen in an 8 week screening study that allocates 60 subjects to five cells including placebo and two doses of each agent during the first 30 months. Trial 6 uses a similar screening design involving glutamate antagonists acamprosate and lamotrigine in months 31-60. Trials 7 and 8 are "Clopidogrel & isradipine for brain perfusion defects" involving blood flow neuroimaging in two different groups of 60 patients with these cocaine-induced defects as an outcome. These 12 week trials of first clopidogrel (#7) and then isradipine (#8) include 4 weeks residential with an 8 week outpatient follow-up. Overall, about 500 patients will be studied in this Center and nine different agents in either screening (trials 5 & 6) or full Phase ll trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COCAINE RAPID EVALUATION STUDIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Shoptaw, Steven; Associate Research Psychologist; Friends Research Institute, Inc. Box 10676, 505 Baltimore Ave Baltimore, Md 21285 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: There is no abstract specifically for this component of the application. This component proposes to study the efficacy of novel medications in the outpatient treatment of cocaine dependence. The methods proposed are described as rapid medication evaluations, and the purpose of the procedure is to determine if the studied medications are more effective than placebo, and if they are well-tolerated and safe. A three group design is employed, and the specific medications for the first proposed study are a combination of amantadine and baclofen, taurine, and placebo. Two clinical trials that will be conducted sequentially are proposed, and 120 subjects will be recruited for each study (35 per active medication group, and 50 for the placebo group, for each study). The final selection of medications will occur after input from NIDA?s MDD, as well as after reviewing current studies being conducted in the field, and consultation with colleagues in the area. These clinical trials will be conducted in the context of a standardized psychosocial treatment-Matrix Model Relapse Prevention. This is a manual-driven treatment that the investigative group established several years ago, and it provides a mechanism for ensuring all patients are exposed to similar nonpharmacologic treatment. In addition, this treatment provides a means for enhancing retention in treatment for patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DRUG-INDUCED MOTOR RECOVERY AFTER SPINAL CORD INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Nantwi, Kwaku D.; Anatomy and Cell Biology; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-1997; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: The long term objective of this proposed research is to elucidate the mechanisms that underlie the unmasking and subsequent pharmacologic activation of latent respiratory motor pathways to restore function to respiratory muscles paralyzed by spinal cord injury. The present application proposes multiple pharmacologic manipulations of the respiratory system to demonstrate that the respiratory output can be enhanced further to improve respiratory function after spinal cord injury (SCI). We will address clinically-relevant issues attendant to the use of theophylline in spinal cord injured patients. First, we will focus in on selective peripherally-mediated mechanisms that can minimize respiratory muscle fatigue that may be attendant to prolonged methylxanthine (theophylline) use. We will also focus in on putative mechanisms that may underlie the clinical observation that some spinal cord injured patients are nonresponsive to theophylline therapy. There are three specific aims to test the following hypotheses: (1) that following pharmacological activation of peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies, theophylline-induced respiratory muscle recovery can be modulated to more closely approximate normal firing frequencies. (2) that the GABA B receptor agonist, baclofen, used frequently in SCI patients as an antispasticity and muscle relaxant medication, does not modify theophylline's ability to restore function to paralyzed respiratory muscle following upper cervical spinal cord hemisection. (3) that the systemic administration of 4-aminopyridine (4AP), a potassium channel blocker, will enhance conduction in partially demyelinated latent respiratory axons and thus improve theophylline's action of restoring function to paralyzed respiratory muscle after cervical spinal cord injury. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DRUGS OF ABUSE AND HUMAN AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Cherek, Don R.; Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1984; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: Aggressive behavior puts individuals at high risk for a variety of antisocial behaviors in addition to substance abuse, and such aggressive behavior is a major component of the diagnostic criteria for childhood conduct disorder. Adolescents and adults with a history of childhood conduct disorder typically continue to engage in antisocial behavior in adulthood, and are at the highest risk for substance abuse and criminal activity. For the past twenty years, the investigator's laboratory has been engaged in the study of human aggressive responding under controlled conditions. They have developed a laboratory procedure, the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP), which is now used in several laboratories in and outside the U.S. Since aggressive behavior is intimately involved in the risk for substance abuse, it is important to investigate some of the basic biological mechanisms that may regulate this behavior. Five GABA related drugs will be studied to determine their effects on aggressive behavior in two different populations of subjects: 1) Subjects with a history childhood conduct disorder (CD) + current antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), probably the highest risk population and; 2) Matched controls. The drugs to be employed are: baclofen a GABA B agonist, tiagabine a selective GABA reuptake
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Baclofen
inhibitor, lorazepam a GABA A agonist, flumazenil a specific GABA A antagonist and gabapentin a GABA releasing agent. The proposed research will provide information about the role of GABA in human aggression. Understanding the different biological factors involved in human aggression may lead to intervention/prevention strategies that will reduce the risk for substance dependence among high-risk populations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECTS OF BACLOFEN ON MUSCLE STRENGTH IN CEREBRAL PALSY Principal Investigator & Institution: Damiano, Diane L.; Associate Professor; Neurology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most prevalent physical disability originating in childhood of which spasticity and weakness are primary clinical signs. Spasticity management in this population has changed dramatically in the past two decades, first with the introduction of selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) and most recently with the introduction of intrathecal baclofen (ITB) pump implantation. ITB is efficacious for persons with spasticity of spinal origin; however, the clinical results in CP, while generally positive, are less well-established, reduction in spasticity is typically less marked, and functional gains are less impressive or even equivocal. Reported positive effects of ITB include a relaxation in spasms and spasticity which may reduce associated discomfort and improve ease of movement. A major unresolved question is whether muscle weakness is a direct effect of ITB or whether only an apparent weakness occurs due to elimination of spasticity, as seen after SDR. Exacerbation of weakness could prove problematic in these patients who are already significantly weak. The Specific Aims of this project are to:(1) quantify the changes in voluntary torque production, spasticity and selective control as a result of ITB; and (2) determine the interplay of these clinical changes on functional motor outcomes so as to improve clinical application of this therapy in CP. The following hypotheses will be tested: a) ITB will have a negative effect on isometric and eccentric peak torque production of eight (8) major lower extremity and two (2) representative upper extremity muscle groups in a dosedependent manner; b) Isolated control of muscles opposing spastic agonists during movement tasks and gait will be conversely improved in a dose-dependent manner; c) Functional gains, including changes in gait temporal-spatial parameters and the Global Function Scale of the PODCI, will not be dose-related. Alternatively, these will depend on the individual's underlying motor capabilities, the amount of change in spasticity and strength produced by ITB, and how these changes interact to alter functional performance. Our long term goal is to improve spasticity management in CP by more precise patient selection and dosage adjustment, and greater consideration of adjunct therapies such as strength training post-operatively. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GABA AGONISTS AS PHARMACOTHERAPIES FOR COCAINE ABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Rush, Craig R.; Associate Professor of Psychiatry; Behavioral Science; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, Ky 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cocaine abuse continues to represent a significant public-health concern, and will likely remain a concern for the foreseeable future.
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Because of the public-health concerns associated with its abuse, identifying an effective pharmacotherapy for the treatment o cocaine abuse has been a priority with the N.I.D.A. for the last decade. Despite the intense efforts of several investigative teams, an effective pharmacotherapy for cocaine abuse has not yet been identified. Cocaine probably exerts its reinforcing effects by increasing synaptic dopamine levels by blocking the dopamine transporter. Gamma-Aminobutyric-acid (GABA) systems inhibit dopamine systems. Increasing GABA activity may result in greater inhibition of dopamine systems and thus attenuate the behavioral effects of cocaine. Preclinical laboratory experiments have demonstrated that GABA agonists attenuate the effects of cocaine under a variety of behavioral arrangements. These findings suggest that GABA systems might be targeted for the development of medications for the treatment of cocaine abuse. The specific aim of the proposed research is to determine if GABA agonists attenuate the acute reinforcing and subjective effects of intranasally administered cocaine in humans. To accomplish this aim, we will conduct 3 laboratory experiments with volunteers with recent histories of cocaine use. These experiments will determine the acute reinforcing and subjective effects of cocaine following pretreatment with tiagabine (a nipecotic acid derivative), baclofen (a GABA analog), and triazolam (a benzodiazepine) (Experiments 1-3, respectively). The reinforcing effects of cocaine will be assessed with a progressiveratio schedule similar to those used with nonhuman laboratory animals. Tiagabine is a GABA uptake blocker that increases extracellular GABA levels. Baclofen is a GABA, agonist. Triazolam is an agonist at the GABAA receptor complex that binds nonselectively to BZ, and BZ2 benzodiazepine receptor subtypes. Follow-up experiments will be conducted as needed to determine the effects of the pretreatment agent (i.e., tiagabine, baclofen or triazolam) on responding for a non-drug reinforcer (i.e., money). These studies will provide important information concerning the specificity of the effects of the pretreatment agents. The proposed research will provide important clinical information regarding the potential usefulness of GABA agonists as putative pharmacotherapies for the treatment of cocaine abuse. The proposed research will also provide important basic-science information. First, the inclusion of drug-reinforcement and subjective-effect measures will provide information concerning the relationship between the reinforcing and subjective effects of cocaine. Second, albeit indirectly, the proposed research will determine the extent to which preclinical findings generalize to humans. Finally, the proposed research will allow us to conduct retrospective analyses to determine the influence of individual differences (e.g., gender, other drug use) on the reinforcing and subjective effects of cocaine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GABA B AGONISTS IN HUMAN COCAINE DEPENDENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Childress, Anna R.; Research Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: After more than a decade of intensive efforts, researchers have yet to find a medication effective in human cocaine craving and dependence. Though brain dopamine (DA) systems have regularly been implicated both in cocaine reward and cocaine craving, direct manipulation of these systems with available agonists or antagonists has provided underwhelming clinical results: dopamimetics often seem to worsen craving (perhaps by acting as an internal cue reminiscent of cocaine), and neuroleptics have side-effects which make them unappealing as treatment agents. Recently, Roberts et al. discovered that GABA B agonists have, by far, the most selective effect on cocaine reward and incentive motivation of any compound (among dozens)
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Baclofen
systematically tested by their laboratory. Other evidence suggests GABA B agonists can inhibit DA release, offering a possible mechanism for their potential to blunt both the direct, and conditioned, effects of cocaine. Inspired by Dr. Roberts' preclinical findings, our clinical site initiated pilot work with baclofen, a prototypic GABA B agonist used safely in humans for decades as an anti-spastic. This research determined a dose-range of baclofen well-tolerated by cocaine patients, and additionally suggested that it may block cue-induced cocaine craving and "high". The long-term objective of the application is to provide coordinated and cost-effective development and testing of the GABA B agonist baclofen in cocaine dependence, making use of the considerable clinical expertise of Dr. Childress' team in cocaine treatment, cocaine cue reactivity, medication trials, and safety trials employing cocaine administration. As any candidate medication for cocaine treatment will eventually be used in conjunction with cocaine, examining the interaction of the agent with cocaine under protected, controlled conditions is an important safety step in medication development. In drug development, medications are usually first tested for safety, then for efficacy (effect under optimal, controlled conditions), and finally for "real-world" effectiveness. This sequence often entails several independent experiments over a very extended period of time. In contrast, Study 1 in the current application offers an innovative inpatient safety trial which will obtain several distinct efficacy measures, all within the same experiment. Specifically, Study 1 will determine 1) the safety of baclofen in combination with cocaine, 2) the efficacy of baclofen in blocking cocaine's subjective (particularly rewarding) effects, 3) the efficacy of baclofen in reducing the craving and arousal induced by cocaine-related cues, and 4) the efficacy of baclofen in blocking cocaine-triggered craving. Though this information could be collected in several independent experiments, the proposed design results in considerable savings in the total number of patients to be studied, and greatly increases the speed with which findings in these critical domains can be acquired. Three groups of cocaine inpatients (n=20 per group) will be studied in a double-blind, between-groups 10mg b.i.d., 10mg b.i.d., 20mg b.i.d.), random-assignment design. An additional placebo group will examine the effect of expecting cocaine on cue reactivity, an issue of direct relevance for use of cue methodologies in medications development. Study 2 will subsequently examine the effectiveness of baclofen vs. placebo (n=30 per group) in the treatment of cocaine outpatients, using a double-blind, random-assignment, controlled 12-week trial with subsequent medication and treatment taper. Dependent variables in Study 2 will include drug use as measured by frequent urine toxicologies, ambient and cue-elicited craving. treatment retention, and standard measures of clinical function. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GABA ADMINISTRATION
MODULATION
OF
COCAINE
&
HEROIN
SELF-
Principal Investigator & Institution: Roberts, David C.; Chairman, Section of Neurosurgery; Physiology and Pharmacology; Wake Forest University Health Sciences Winston-Salem, Nc 27157 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Cocaine addiction continues to be a medical problem with profound social and financial cost. Those seeking treatment for their addiction find it extremely difficult to abstain from psychostimulant use and relapse to drug taking behavior is the norm. Our long term objective is to understand the neurobiology of cocaine abuse and define the neurotransmitter interactions that influence drug taking and relapse. We expect that a clearer understanding of these basic brain mechanisms will be useful in the development of a medication that could effectively suppress cravings for cocaine. Our
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working hypothesis is that drugs which act specifically at GABA synapses produce behaviorally specific effects on cocaine reinforcement. Several models will be used to assess the efficacy and specificity of the anti-cocaine effects of baclofen. We have previously shown that baclofen and other GABAB agonists have powerful and apparently specific effects on cocaine self-administration in rats. Preliminary clinical data (reported by others) have also been encouraging. In an effort to characterize the pharmacological specificity of this effect, we will investigate whether the GABAB antagonist CGP56433 attenuates baclofen-induced suppression of cocaine intake. A further aim is to identify the site(s) of action of the GABA modulation of cocaine reinforcement. The effects of microinjections of baclofen into defined brain areas on cocaine self-administration behavior and other measures of performance will be assessed. A progressive ratio schedule and other procedures designed to assess changes in the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine will be used. We have recently developed a procedure that produces binge-type patterns of cocaine self-administration in the rat. Experiments will examine the effect of various treatment regimens of baclofen in this model of late stage addiction. The degree to which either IP or intracerebral injections of baclofen affect heroin self-administration will also be assessed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GABAERGIC & GLUTAMATERGIC AGENTS--COCAINE USE IN METHADONE MAINTENANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: George, Tony P.; Assistant Professor of Psychiatry; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: This section of this Medications Development Unit (MDU) outlines phase ll screening studies for armacotherapy of cocaine use in methadone- maintained subjects with agents that act through GABAergic or lutamatergic mechanisms. These studies would be carried out in two parts, with GABAergic agents being tested in Years l-2, and glutamatergic agents in Years 3-5. Our group has a long history of completing pharmacotherapy trials in cocaine-using methadone subjects, and examples have included desipramine, mazindol, amantadine, bromocriptine and bupropion. Preclinical evidence indicates that GABA and glutamate systems can modulate dopamine reward pathways which are thought to underlie the addictive properties of cocaine, and agents which modulate GABA and glutamate systems can reduce the reinforcing properties of cocaine in animal models. The GABAergic agents chosen for these pilot studies are: l) the GABAB agonist baclofen; and 2) the selective GABA reuptake inhibitor tiagabine. The glutamatergic agents chosen for phase I studies are: l) the NMDA receptor antagonist acamprosate and 2) the pre~synaptic glutamate release inhibitor lamotrigine. A total of 60 subjects will be recruited into each study for a total of 120 subjects over the entire five year period. Subjects will be randomized to one of five cells: placebo or two different doses of either baclofen or tiagabine (Study 1) or acamprosate or lamotrigine (Study 2) for a total of 8 or 12 weeks of active treatment for GABAergic and glutamatergic agents respectively. At the end of the active trials, medications would be tapered over a two week period. Primary outcomes will be selfreported cocaine use, three times weekly urine toxicology for the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine and treatment retention. It is hoped that we will demonstrate the efficacy and safety one or more of these agents for cocaine use in opiate-maintained subjects, and if encouraging results are obtained, phase ll controlled studies would be planned with promising candidates identified from these phase ll screening trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GHB TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Kuhn, Cynthia M.; Professor; Pharmacology and Cancer Biology; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 20-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of this proposal is to investigate mechanisms of Gamma hydroxy butyrate (GHB) tolerance and dependence after chronic administration of low and high doses of GHB to rats. GHB is a novel sedative-hypnotic that is an emerging drug of abuse. GHB activates GHB, GABA-B and possibly GABA-A receptors, with a unique dose response relationship for each. When recreational users escalate use, tolerance develops and a withdrawal syndrome can occur that is characterized by insomnia, anxiety, and hallucinations. Tolerance and dependence to GHB are poorly characterized in animal models. We hypothesize that tolerance is related to dose and duration of exposure. We also hypothesize that the different receptor populations adapt at varying rates. We postulate that chronic treatment with lower doses or shorter regimens will cause tolerance at GHB and perhaps GABA-B receptors, while higher doses and longer treatments will lead to marked tolerance to GHB, GABA-A and GABA-B receptors. We will assess tolerance to GHB effects on sleep time, tilt plane and plus maze performance after chronic treatment with low or high doses for 7, 14 or 21 days. We will assess spontaneous and GHB (NCS-382) and GABA-B (CGP46381) antagonist-precipitated withdrawal by measuring sleep-wake cycle, locomotion as well as blood pressure and heart rate. Cross-tolerance to GABA-B (baclofen) and GABA-A (pentobarbital, diazepam) agonists will be assessed with the same behavioral measures. We will characterize inhibitory GHB mechanisms using electrophysiologic techniques in frontal cortex. GHB effects on spontaneous, evoked and mini GABA-A IPSCs and on postsynaptic potassium conductance will be determined. The effects of low and high GHB concentrations will be contrasted, and blockade by NCS-382 and CGP46381 on all parameters will be determined. Tolerance to specific GHB and GABA-B mechanisms will be studied by evaluating the same parameters in frontal cortex slices from animals treated chronically with low or high dose GHB. Finally, we will assess GHB effects on GABA-A receptors in naive and tolerant animals by measuring effects on GABA-mediated C1 uptake into synaptoneurosomes and its modulation by benzodiazepines, barbiturates and neurosteroids. These experiments should ultimately lead to the development of more effective pharmacotherapies for GHB dependence, which is an emerging drug abuse problem. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GLUTAMATERGIC AND GABAERGIC EFFECTS IN COCAINE TREATMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Ward, Amie S.; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Cocaine abuse is a persistent public health problem, but the search for medications effective for the treatment of cocaine dependence has been largely unsuccessful. Promising open trials with various therapeutic agents have led to negative findings in larger, double-blind, placebo controlled trials. This proposal describes a method to test novel compounds rapidly, using small double-blind placebo controlled "early Phase II" trials. Such small trials can screen out candidate medications that are not promising either because they ineffective or because they have side effects that would make clinically inappropriate. In keeping with the overall direction of this MDRU, we
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have selected four agents that modulate the dopaminergic system indirectly via their actions on excitatory or inhibitory amino acid systems. In 2 three-arm blind placebo controlled trials, we will first test GV 196771A, a selective antagonist at the glycine binding site on the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor, and baclofen, a GABA-B agonist. We will then test acamprosate, a ligand at the polyamine binding site on the NMDA receptor and abecarnil, a partial agonist at the GABA-A receptor. Sixty treatment-seeking cocaine- dependent volunteers will complete each trial (20 on each medication and 20 on placebo), and each trial will be completed in two and one half years. The trials will be conducted at STARS, where we have demonstrated a steady record on successfully recruiting and retaining research volunteers. This proposal is particularly innovative because of how unique methodology for screening promising medications, our expertise in the field of cocaine abuse research, and the theoretical rationale for the agents we plan to test. In addition, the project is a necessary bridge between Project 1, in which medications that are more clinically advanced will be tested in late Phase II trials, and Project 3, in which less clinically advanced medications will be tested in late Phase I trials. We believe the this unique approach to screening candidate medications is a necessary step in the search for pharmacotherapy for cocaine abuse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TREATMENT
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
OF
SPINAL
CORD
INJURY
AND
Principal Investigator & Institution: Thompson, Floyd J.; Associate Professor; Neuroscience; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-MAR-2004; Project End 28-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Spasticity is a secondary neurological condition associated with brain and spinal cord injury that is often one of the most difficult problems that encumbers the care and lifestyle of individuals following nervous system injury. Although progress has been made in the therapeutic treatment of spasticity, many unknowns remain regarding fundamental mechanisms that underlie the pathophysiology of spasticity, how treatments specifically address fundamental mechanisms, and ultimately, how chronic treatments impact these fundamental processes. The experiments proposed in this application address these issues and have come out of our studies aimed at understanding fundamental neurophysiological processes that underlie normal reflex excitability, how these change following contusion spinal cord injury, and how these changes correlate with the development of spasticity. Use of the experimental midthoracic contusion injury revealed significant neurophysiological, locomotor, neuromuscular, and histological changes that confirm the feasibility of reproducing significant features of human spasticity in a laboratory model. Two particularly sensitive quantitative tools that were developed during these studies (neurophysiological analysis of rate-depression and analysis of velocitydependent ankle torque) can now be used in conjunction with behavioral and histological study as a multidisciplinary assay to further quantitate changes produced by injury and experimental treatments. Therefore, the objectives of this proposal are to obtain a better understanding of the long term functional disability imposed by spasticity, and the potential for early intervention therapy using locomotor exercise and antispastic medication (intrathecal baclofen) (initiated before spastic patterns are firmly established) to influence long term outcome measures of spasticity and voluntary motor activity. An additional objective is to evaluate the reversibility of plasticity induced by chronic intrathecal baclofen treatment. Approach. These studies will compare neurophysiological and behavioral outcome measures in treated and untreated animals
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Baclofen
following midthoracic spinal cord contusion injuries. Treatments will consist of selfpaced activity wheel running and constant infusion intrathcal baclofen, administered independently and as combined therapies utilizing both acute and subchronic injury-totreatment intervals to initiate an understanding of safety, feasibility, and therapeutic window for these treatments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NOVEL PHARMACOTHERAPIES FOR COCAINE DEPENDENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Levin, Frances R.; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: This MDRU proposal is aimed at 1) testing novel pharmacotherapies for cocaine dependence, and 2) developing a systematic approach to implementing clinical trials for such testing. A substantial among of evidence has been collected indicating that dopamine mediates the actions of cocaine that are assumed to be related to its abuse liability. To date, targeting the dopamine systems has not been clinically fruitful, probably because of the complexity of cocaine's actions. We hypothesized that agents that module the dopamine system, such as the excitatory and inhibitory amino acids, may be more likely to be successful therapeutic agents for cocaine dependence. Theoretically, either increasing the inhibitory influence of GABA or decreasing the excitatory influence of the glutamate system on cocaine-induced increases in dopamine should reduce the reinforcing effects of cocaine. Therefore, we will test a series of glutamatergic antagonists and GABAergic agonists. To perturb the glutamate system, we will use memantine, a non-competitive NMDA antagonist GV-196771A, a glycine site antagonist; acamprosate, a partial agonist at the polyamine site; ACEA-1021, a glycine site antagonist; and LY-293558, an AMPA antagonist. To perturb the glutamate system, we will use a memantine, a non-competitive NMDA antagonist; GV- 196771A, a glycine site antagonist; and LY-293558, an AMPA antagonist. To perturb the GABA system, we will use gabapentin, a GABA analog; baclofen, a GABAB agonist; and abecarnil, a GABAA partial agonist. We are proposing a hierarchical series of clinical trials, studying medications at "late Phase II" (Project 1), "early Phase II" (Project 2), and "late Phase I" levels (Project 3). Project 1 will tet memantine and gabapentin, in sequential double-blind placebo-controlled trials (N=40/arm), each lasting 2.5 years. Project 2 will test GV 196771A and baclofen against placebo in a 3-arm double-blind placebo-controlled trial (N=20/arm), followed by a similar trial of acamprosate, abecarnil and placebo. Each trial will last 2.5 years. Project 3 will test, in successive years, in placebo-controlled double blind laboratory trials (N=20/study), acamprosate, abecarnil, ACEA 1021, and LY 293558. Projects 1 and 2 will begin in year 1, Project 3 will begin in year 2. This MDRU will have the capability to move among three models and compare data across them: 1) a placebo-controlled design in a classic trial; 2) an innovative outpatient 3-arm placebo-controlled design; and 3) the human laboratory. The believe this to be a rational and cost effective approach to testing potentially useful medications. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PERFUSION FMRI OF CUE-INDUCED NICOTINE CRAVING Principal Investigator & Institution: Franklin, Teresa R.; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 10-SEP-2003; Project End 30-APR-2006
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Summary: (provided by applicant): This five year training program is the path that Teresa R. Franklin, Ph.D., a Post-doctoral Fellow at the TRC, University of Pennsylvania, will travel to become an independent investigator with expertise in brain imaging and substance abuse research. The foundation underlying this proposal is her behavioral neuroscience background in which she studied conditioned responses to drug-related environmental cues. The proposal outlines the training and research experience necessary for her to develop and launch a fully independent career using a novel imaging technique, perfusion fMRI, to characterize the CNS structures underlying cueinduced nicotine craving. An extensive training program is required to prepare Dr. Franklin to fill the role of an independent investigator, as several research areas new to her are involved. Dr. Franklin will participate in ongoing structured didactics in human ethics, biostatistics and fMRI. She will attend and present at international- nationaluniversity- and center-wide seminars, forums and meetings; and will receive hands-on mentored training in collection and analysis of perfusion fMRI data. The candidate will be supported by a Mentoring team and Advisory board with expertise in areas critical to her proposal; clinical substance abuse research (Childress, O'Brien), neurobiology of nicotine dependence (Lerman), cue-induced drug craving (Childress, O'Brien), biostatistics, fMRI imaging and analysis techniques (Listerud) and perfusion fMRI (Listerud). Dr. Franklin will focus on the phenomenon of cue-induced nicotine craving during her training using arterial spin labeled (ASL) perfusion fMRI. This technique will be used to determine regional brain activation (Study 1, Aim 1) and possible sex differences (Study 1, Aim 2) in response to smoking cues. ASL perfusion fMRI is ideally suited for imaging low frequency changes observed in behavioral states, such as craving, that recruit over time. ASL perfusion fMRI will diminish susceptibility artifact in brain regions that are important in drug dependence but difficult to elucidate with BOLD fMRI (e.g., ventromedial prefrontal cortex). In Study 2, Dr. Franklin will assess the impact of a promising anticraving medication, the GABA B agonist, baclofen, on subjective and brain responses to nicotine cues. Tobacco use is a monumental health concern as it is the number one cause of preventable death in our nation. Despite current interventions, smoking relapse rates remain high: 80-95% at one year post cessation. Thus, research into its neurological underpinnings is critical in guiding the development of behavioral and pharmacological therapies to battle nicotine addiction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RAPID PHARMACOTHERAPIES
SCREENING
OF
METHAMPHETAMINE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Huber, Alice; Investigator; Friends Research Institute, Inc. Box 10676, 505 Baltimore Ave Baltimore, Md 21285 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: There is no abstract specifically for this component of the application. The main abstract of the project partially describes this component and the other two components of the project. In summary, the purpose of this component of the project is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of two medication groups for treatment of methamphetamine dependence. The first medication group is oral and transdermal selegiline (MAO-B inhibitor), The second medication group includes: 1) oxazepam (GABA-A agonist) plus baclofen (GABA-B agonist), or vigabatrin (GABA-A and GABAB effects but not currently available in the United Sates) and 2) gabapentin; for treatment of methamphetamine dependence. Medications will be compared versus placebo, in an 18-week double-blind outpatient trial at the Los Angeles Addiction Research Consortium. All subjects will receive standard psychotherapy. According to the abstract
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provided by the authors, this study will recruit 120 subjects, randomized to three groups (35 subjects to each medication group and 50 subjects in the placebo group). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SOLID-PHASE APPROACH TO THE SYNTHESIS OF CII PET TRACERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lepore, Salvatore D.; Chemistry and Biochemistry; Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Fl 33431 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful tool that utilizes radioisotope-labeled molecules (PET tracers) to study the biochemistry and distribution of these molecules in the human brain. A considerable fraction of PET studies involve the use of 11C-labeled PET tracers. Due to the short half-life of the 11Cisotope (20 minutes), the synthesis of 11C-PET tracers must be preformed in an extremely short timeframe if the tracer is to retain sufficient radio-emitting properties to be useful as an imaging agent. Thus the growth of the 11C-PET technique has been closely tied to the development of new rapid synthesis and purification methods. In this proposal, we outline the development of a novel solid-phase technique that should significantly expedite the synthesis of 11C-PET tracers that should find application in a wide variety of therapeutic areas (including brain imaging). In our proposed approach, a PET tracer precursor is covalently attached to a designed polymer resin followed by the addition of cyclotron-derived hydrogen cyanide. This reaction sequence should result in the formation of the desired 11C-PET tracer as the only product. Thus, this resin-based strategy has been designed to avoid the traditional reaction purification step, leaving more time for the synthesis of PET tracers with potentially higher specific radioactivities and greater molecular complexity than previously possible. Based on various hypotheses on the mechanism of the cyanide addition reaction, a series of resins have been designed to maximize the rate of 11C-PET-tracer production. We also propose to employ this new methodology in the first 11C-synthesis of two gammabutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonists 11C-GABOB and 11C-baclofen. CABOB has been prescribed for the treatment of epilepsy and baclofen is widely-used for the management of spasticity exhibited in multiple sclorosis, Tourette Syndrome, and dystonia. The creation of radioisotope-labeled analogs of CABOB and baclofen for PET studies should significantly further our understanding of these drugs and potentially lead to the development of new therapies for treating central nervous system diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: SYNAPTIC MECHANISMS IN RETINA Principal Investigator & Institution: Slaughter, Malcolm M.; Professor; Physiology and Biophysics; State University of New York at Buffalo Suite 211 Ub Commons Amherst, Ny 14228 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1984; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): The goal of this study is to define the function of metabotropic glutamate and GABA receptors in the communication link between bipolar and ganglion cells. Recent studies have described and identified several types of metabotropic glutamate and GABA receptors on retinal ganglion cells. The investigator has found that these receptors also modulate bipolar cell transmitter release. The proposed research addresses the mechanisms and the ramifications of their actions on the light response properties of the IPL. One aim will be to determine if
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bipolar cell transmitter release is controlled by two metabotropic GABA receptor subtypes, one activated by baclofen and the other by cis-aminocrotonic acid. These receptors may regulate different aspects of bipolar cell transmitter release and act under different states of retinal adaptation. Metabotropic glutamate receptors may function as negative-feedback autoreceptors that monitor bipolar cell transmitter release. Subtypes of metabotropic glutamate receptors, localized to each side of the bipolar cell dyad synapse, may differentially modulate transmitter output to amacrine and ganglion cells. Amacrine cells possess both metabotropic GABA and glutamate receptors. The function of these receptors, both as presynaptic autoreceptors and postsynaptic receptors, will be investigated, which will extend our knowledge of synaptic signaling and information processing in the retina. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “baclofen” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for baclofen in the PubMed Central database: •
(-)-Baclofen and [gamma]-Aminobutyric Acid Inhibit Calcium Currents in Isolated Retinal Ganglion Cells. by Bindokas VP, Ishida AT.; 1991 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=53010
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Baclofen for maintenance treatment of opioid dependence: A randomized doubleblind placebo-controlled clinical trial [ISRCTN32121581]. by Assadi SM, Radgoodarzi R, Ahmadi-Abhari SA.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=293465
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Bladder stones -- red herring for resurgence of spasticity in a spinal cord injury patient with implantation of Medtronic Synchromed pump for intrathecal delivery of baclofen -- a case report. by Vaidyanathan S, Soni BM, Oo T, Hughes PL, Singh G, Watt JW, Sett P.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155678
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How should an infected perinephric haematoma be drained in a tetraplegic patient with baclofen pump implanted in the abdominal wall? -- A case report. by Vaidyanathan S, Soni BM, Hughes PL, Singh G, Watt JW, Oo T, Sett P.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128809
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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Neonatal convulsions after withdrawal of baclofen. by Ratnayaka BD, Dhaliwal H, Watkin S.; 2001 Jul 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34543
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with baclofen, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “baclofen” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for baclofen (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of baclofen-induced psychotic depression. Author(s): Sommer BR, Petrides G. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1992 June; 53(6): 211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1607352&dopt=Abstract
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A case of mania associated with high-dose baclofen therapy. Author(s): Stewart JT. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1992 June; 12(3): 215-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1629392&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of clonidine, cyproheptadine and baclofen in spastic spinal cord injured patients. Author(s): Nance PW. Source: J Am Paraplegia Soc. 1994 July; 17(3): 150-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7964712&dopt=Abstract
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A controlled clinical trial of baclofen as protective therapy in early Huntington's disease. Author(s): Shoulson I, Odoroff C, Oakes D, Behr J, Goldblatt D, Caine E, Kennedy J, Miller C, Bamford K, Rubin A, et al. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1989 March; 25(3): 252-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2524992&dopt=Abstract
6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A controlled pharmacokinetic evaluation of tizanidine and baclofen at steady state. Author(s): Shellenberger MK, Groves L, Shah J, Novack GD. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 1999 February; 27(2): 201-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9929503&dopt=Abstract
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A double-blind controlled study of gabapentin and baclofen as treatment for acquired nystagmus. Author(s): Averbuch-Heller L, Tusa RJ, Fuhry L, Rottach KG, Ganser GL, Heide W, Buttner U, Leigh RJ. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1997 June; 41(6): 818-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9189045&dopt=Abstract
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A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of baclofen in the treatment of tinnitus. Author(s): Moller AR. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1997 March; 18(2): 268-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9093691&dopt=Abstract
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A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of baclofen in the treatment of tinnitus. Author(s): Westerberg BD, Roberson JB Jr, Stach BA. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1996 November; 17(6): 896-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8915419&dopt=Abstract
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A new approach to control central deafferentation pain: spinal intrathecal baclofen. Author(s): Taira T, Kawamura H, Tanikawa T, Iseki H, Kawabatake H, Takakura K. Source: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. 1995; 65(1-4): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8916336&dopt=Abstract
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A new approach to the control of central deafferentation pain--spinal intrathecal baclofen. Author(s): Taira T, Kawamura H, Tanikawa T, Kawabatake H, Iseki H, Ueda A, Takakura K. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1995; 64: 136-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8748602&dopt=Abstract
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A possible baclofen-induced neurotoxicity in a CAPD patient who recovered with long-duration hemodialysis. Author(s): Wu CC, Lin SH. Source: Perit Dial Int. 2002 March-April; 22(2): 279-80. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11990422&dopt=Abstract
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A possible pharmacological treatment of baclofen overdose. Author(s): Broggi G, Dones I, Servello D, Ferrazza C. Source: Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1996 April; 17(2): 179-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8797077&dopt=Abstract
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A preliminary study of baclofen-induced growth hormone release in generalised social phobia. Author(s): Condren RM, Lucey JV, Thakore JH. Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2003 March; 18(2): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590406&dopt=Abstract
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A review of intrathecal baclofen in the management of spasticity. Author(s): Porter B. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1997 March 13-26; 6(5): 25360, 262. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9155275&dopt=Abstract
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A self-report of quality of life of patients receiving intrathecal baclofen therapy. Author(s): Staal C, Arends A, Ho S. Source: Rehabilitation Nursing : the Official Journal of the Association of Rehabilitation Nurses. 2003 September-October; 28(5): 159-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14521005&dopt=Abstract
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Abdominal tissue expansion aids in placement of the baclofen pump and other implantation devices. Author(s): Netscher D, Davino N, Armenta AH. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 November; 106(6): 1437-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11083591&dopt=Abstract
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Ability of baclofen in reducing alcohol craving and intake: II--Preliminary clinical evidence. Author(s): Addolorato G, Caputo F, Capristo E, Colombo G, Gessa GL, Gasbarrini G. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2000 January; 24(1): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10656195&dopt=Abstract
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About intrathecal baclofen in tetanus. Author(s): Engrand N, Benhamou D. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2001 June; 29(3): 306-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11439811&dopt=Abstract
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Abrupt withdrawal from intrathecal baclofen: recognition and management of a potentially life-threatening syndrome. Author(s): Coffey RJ, Edgar TS, Francisco GE, Graziani V, Meythaler JM, Ridgely PM, Sadiq SA, Turner MS. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002 June; 83(6): 735-41. Review. Erratum In: Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002 October; 83(10): 1479. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12048649&dopt=Abstract
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Acute effects of baclofen, a gamma-aminobutyric acid-B agonist, on laboratory measures of aggressive and escape responses of adult male parolees with and without a history of conduct disorder. Author(s): Cherek DR, Lane SD, Pietras CJ, Sharon J, Steinberg JL. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2002 November; 164(2): 160-7. Epub 2002 September 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12404078&dopt=Abstract
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Acute overdose of intrathecal baclofen. Author(s): Dressnandt J, Weinzierl FX, Tolle TR, Konstanzer A, Conrad B. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1996 June; 243(6): 482-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8803823&dopt=Abstract
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Acute transient cerebral intoxication induced by low doses of baclofen. Author(s): Lazzarino LG, Nicolai A, Valassi F. Source: Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1991 June; 12(3): 323-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1874611&dopt=Abstract
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Akinetic mutism after baclofen. Author(s): Parmar MS. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1991 September 15; 115(6): 499-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1872506&dopt=Abstract
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An approach to switching patients from baclofen to tizanidine. Author(s): Brenner R, Hyman N, Knobler R, O'Brien M, Stephan T. Source: Hosp Med. 1998 October; 59(10): 778-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9850294&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of baclofen by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Author(s): Chiang MT, Chang SY, Whang CW. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2000 April 28; 877(1-2): 233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10845802&dopt=Abstract
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Antitussive effect of the GABA-agonist baclofen. Author(s): Dicpinigaitis PV, Dobkin JB. Source: Chest. 1997 April; 111(4): 996-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9106580&dopt=Abstract
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Aperiodic alternating nystagmus: report of two cases and treatment by baclofen. Author(s): Nuti D, Ciacci G, Giannini F, Rossi A, Federico A. Source: Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1986 August; 7(4): 453-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3759419&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine in the treatment of baclofen overdose. Author(s): Cohen MB, Gailey RA, McCoy GC. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1986 November; 4(6): 552-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3778604&dopt=Abstract
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Attenuation of cerebellar tremor with implantation of an intrathecal baclofen pump: the role of gamma-aminobutyric acidergic pathways. Case report. Author(s): Weiss N, North RB, Ohara S, Lenz FA. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 October; 99(4): 768-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14567614&dopt=Abstract
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Atypical facial pain, ectasia of the basilar artery, and baclofen: a case report. Author(s): Martins IP, Ferro JM. Source: Headache. 1989 October; 29(9): 581-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2583997&dopt=Abstract
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Baclofen decreases acid and non-acid post-prandial gastro-oesophageal reflux measured by combined multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH. Author(s): Vela MF, Tutuian R, Katz PO, Castell DO. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 January; 17(2): 243-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534409&dopt=Abstract
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Baclofen effects on esophageal function: a possible therapy for GERD? Author(s): Hasler WL. Source: Gastroenterology. 2002 November; 123(5): 1736-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12404249&dopt=Abstract
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Baclofen efficacy in reducing alcohol craving and intake: a preliminary double-blind randomized controlled study. Author(s): Addolorato G, Caputo F, Capristo E, Domenicali M, Bernardi M, Janiri L, Agabio R, Colombo G, Gessa GL, Gasbarrini G. Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 2002 September-October; 37(5): 504-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12217947&dopt=Abstract
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Baclofen for hiccups. Author(s): Twycross R. Source: Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2003 July-August; 20(4): 262; Author Reply 262. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12911069&dopt=Abstract
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Baclofen in cluster headache. Author(s): Hering-Hanit R, Gadoth N. Source: Headache. 2000 January; 40(1): 48-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10759904&dopt=Abstract
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Baclofen in the treatment of intractable hiccups. Author(s): Sanjay S, Manoharan B, Arun KN, Sundar S. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2003 March; 51: 324-5; Author Reply 325. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839369&dopt=Abstract
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Baclofen in the treatment of intractable hiccups. Author(s): Patial RK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 October; 50: 1312-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12568219&dopt=Abstract
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Baclofen increases the soleus stretch reflex threshold in the early swing phase during walking in spastic multiple sclerosis patients. Author(s): Nielsen JF, Anderson JB, Sinkjaer T. Source: Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England). 2000 April; 6(2): 105-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10773856&dopt=Abstract
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Baclofen infusion for spastic cerebral palsy. Author(s): Steinbok P, O'Donnnell M. Source: Clin Neurosurg. 2000; 47: 440-57. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11197716&dopt=Abstract
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Baclofen is effective in intractable hiccups induced by brainstem lesions. Author(s): Boz C, Velioglu S, Bulbul I, Ozmenoglu M. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2001 October; 22(5): 409. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11917982&dopt=Abstract
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Baclofen neurotoxicity in uremic patients: is continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis less effective than intermittent hemodialysis? Author(s): Chen YC, Chang CT, Fang JT, Huang CC. Source: Renal Failure. 2003 March; 25(2): 297-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12739836&dopt=Abstract
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Baclofen overdose in two siblings. Author(s): Chapple D, Johnson D, Connors R. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 2001 April; 17(2): 110-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11334090&dopt=Abstract
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Baclofen therapy for intractable hiccups induced by ultraflex esophageal endoprosthesis. Author(s): Katsinelos P, Pilpilidis J, Xiarchos P, Christodoulou K, Papagianis A, Amperiadis P, Eugenidis N. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 October; 95(10): 2986-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11051387&dopt=Abstract
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Baclofen treatment for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Drake RG, Davis LL, Cates ME, Jewell ME, Ambrose SM, Lowe JS. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 September; 37(9): 1177-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12921495&dopt=Abstract
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Baclofen treatment in Tourette syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Author(s): Singer HS, Wendlandt J, Krieger M, Giuliano J. Source: Neurology. 2001 March 13; 56(5): 599-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11245709&dopt=Abstract
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Baclofen versus clonidine in the treatment of opiates withdrawal, side-effects aspect: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Ahmadi-Abhari SA, Akhondzadeh S, Assadi SM, Shabestari OL, Farzanehgan ZM, Kamlipour A. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2001 February; 26(1): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11286609&dopt=Abstract
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Baclofen withdrawal following removal of an intrathecal baclofen pump despite oral baclofen replacement. Author(s): Greenberg MI, Hendrickson RG. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2003; 41(1): 83-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12645974&dopt=Abstract
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Baclofen, hemodynamic instability and delayed emergence: our perspective. Author(s): Martin TW, Mayhew JF. Source: Anesthesiology. 2003 September; 99(3): 758; Author Reply 759. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12960570&dopt=Abstract
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Baclofen-induced cough suppression in cervical spinal cord injury. Author(s): Dicpinigaitis PV, Grimm DR, Lesser M. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2000 July; 81(7): 921-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10896005&dopt=Abstract
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Baclofen-mediated gastro-oesophageal acid reflux control in patients with established reflux disease. Author(s): Cange L, Johnsson E, Rydholm H, Lehmann A, Finizia C, Lundell L, Ruth M. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 May; 16(5): 869-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966493&dopt=Abstract
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Bladder stones - red herring for resurgence of spasticity in a spinal cord injury patient with implantation of Medtronic Synchromed pump for intrathecal delivery of baclofen - a case report. Author(s): Vaidyanathan S, Soni BM, Oo T, Hughes PL, Singh G, Watt JW, Sett P. Source: Bmc Urology [electronic Resource]. 2003 March 25; 3(1): 3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12659647&dopt=Abstract
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Chiral analysis of baclofen by alpha-cyclodextrin-modified capillary electrophoresis and laser-induced fluorescence detection. Author(s): Chiang MT, Chang SY, Whang CW. Source: Electrophoresis. 2001 January; 22(1): 123-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11197160&dopt=Abstract
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Chiral separation and determination of R-(-)- and S-(+)-baclofen in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Zhu Z, Neirinck L. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2003 March 5; 785(2): 277-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12554140&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical application of drug pump for spasticity, pain, and restorative neurosurgery: other clinical applications of intrathecal baclofen. Author(s): Taira T, Hori T. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2003; 87: 37-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14518520&dopt=Abstract
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Coma mimicking brain death following baclofen overdose. Author(s): Ostermann ME, Young B, Sibbald WJ, Nicolle MW. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2000 August; 26(8): 1144-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11030173&dopt=Abstract
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Combined intrathecal baclofen and morphine infusion for the treatment of spasticity related pain and central deafferentiation pain. Author(s): Gatscher S, Becker R, Uhle E, Bertalanffy H. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2002; 79: 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11974992&dopt=Abstract
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Comment on “Baclofen withdrawal following removal of an intrathecal baclofen pump despite oral baclofen replacement”. Author(s): Coffey RJ, Ridgely PM. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2003; 41(7): 1043. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14705858&dopt=Abstract
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Complications of intrathecal baclofen pumps in children. Author(s): Gooch JL, Oberg WA, Grams B, Ward LA, Walker ML. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 July; 39(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12784068&dopt=Abstract
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Congenital periodic alternating nystagmus: response to baclofen. Author(s): Solomon D, Shepard N, Mishra A. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 April; 956: 611-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11960882&dopt=Abstract
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Continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion alleviates autonomic dysfunction in patients with severe supraspinal spasticity. Author(s): Becker R, Sure U, Petermeyer M, Bertalanffy H. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1999 January; 66(1): 114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9886470&dopt=Abstract
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Continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion for children with cerebral palsy: a pilot study. Author(s): Scheinberg A, O'Flaherty S, Chaseling R, Dexter M. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2001 June; 37(3): 283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11468046&dopt=Abstract
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Continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion in the management of central deafferentation pain. Author(s): Becker R, Uhle EI, Alberti O, Bertalanffy H. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2000 November; 20(5): 313-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11185457&dopt=Abstract
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Continuous intrathecal baclofen infusions. An introduction and overview. Author(s): Kamensek J. Source: Axone. 1999 June; 20(4): 93-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10703293&dopt=Abstract
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Continuous intrathecal baclofen infusions. An introduction and overview. Author(s): Kamensek J. Source: Axone. 1999 March; 20(3): 67-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401268&dopt=Abstract
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Continuous intrathecal infusion of baclofen in patients with spasticity caused by spinal cord injuries. Author(s): Korenkov AI, Niendorf WR, Darwish N, Glaeser E, Gaab MR. Source: Neurosurgical Review. 2002 August; 25(4): 228-30. Epub 2002 April 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12172730&dopt=Abstract
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Continuous intrathecal pump infusion of baclofen with antibiotic drugs for treatment of pump-associated meningitis. Case report. Author(s): Zed PJ, Stiver HG, Devonshire V, Jewesson PJ, Marra F. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2000 February; 92(2): 347-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10659025&dopt=Abstract
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Continuously infused intrathecal baclofen over 12 months for spastic hypertonia in adolescents and adults with cerebral palsy. Author(s): Meythaler JM, Guin-Renfroe S, Law C, Grabb P, Hadley MN. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001 February; 82(2): 155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11239304&dopt=Abstract
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Control of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations and reflux by the GABA(B) agonist baclofen in normal subjects. Author(s): Lidums I, Lehmann A, Checklin H, Dent J, Holloway RH. Source: Gastroenterology. 2000 January; 118(1): 7-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10611148&dopt=Abstract
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Control of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations and reflux by the GABA(B) agonist baclofen in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Author(s): Zhang Q, Lehmann A, Rigda R, Dent J, Holloway RH. Source: Gut. 2002 January; 50(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11772961&dopt=Abstract
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Cost-effectiveness comparison of tizanidine and baclofen in the management of spasticity. Author(s): Rushton DN, Lloyd AC, Anderson PM. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 2002; 20(12): 827-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12236804&dopt=Abstract
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Cyproheptadine for intrathecal baclofen withdrawal. Author(s): Meythaler JM, Roper JF, Brunner RC. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2003 May; 84(5): 638-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12736874&dopt=Abstract
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Dantrolene treatment for abrupt intrathecal baclofen withdrawal. Author(s): Khorasani A, Peruzzi WT. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1995 May; 80(5): 1054-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7726408&dopt=Abstract
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Death after acute withdrawal of intrathecal baclofen: case report and literature review. Author(s): Green LB, Nelson VS. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1999 December; 80(12): 16004. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10597813&dopt=Abstract
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Death due to baclofen and dipyrone ingestion. Author(s): De Giovanni N, d'Aloja E. Source: Forensic Science International. 2001 November 15; 123(1): 26-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11731193&dopt=Abstract
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Deep venous thrombosis as a result of hypotonia secondary to intrathecal baclofen therapy: a case report. Author(s): Murphy NA. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002 September; 83(9): 1311-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12235615&dopt=Abstract
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Delayed arousal after general anesthesia associated with baclofen. Author(s): Gomar C, Carrero EJ. Source: Anesthesiology. 1994 November; 81(5): 1306-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7978496&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of 4-amino-3-(p-chlorophenyl)butyric acid (baclofen) in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Harrison PM, Tonkin AM, McLean AJ. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1985 May 3; 339(2): 424-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4008583&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of baclofen and alpha-baclofen in rat liver homogenate and human urine using solid-phase extraction, o-phthalaldehyde-tert.-butyl thiol derivatization and high-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric detection. Author(s): Wall GM, Baker JK. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1989 June 30; 491(1): 151-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2793970&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of baclofen in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Author(s): Tosunoglu S, Ersoy L. Source: The Analyst. 1995 February; 120(2): 373-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7710128&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of the S(+)- and R(-)-enantiomers of baclofen in plasma and urine by gas chromatography using a chiral fused-silica capillary column and an electroncapture detector. Author(s): Sioufi A, Kaiser G, Leroux F, Dubois JP. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1988 October 21; 450(2): 221-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3235590&dopt=Abstract
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Development of an acute withdrawal syndrome following the cessation of intrathecal baclofen in a patient with spasticity. Author(s): Siegfried RN, Jacobson L, Chabal C. Source: Anesthesiology. 1992 November; 77(5): 1048-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1443727&dopt=Abstract
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Different effects of baclofen on LH and cortisol responses to naloxone in normal men. Author(s): Coiro V, Volpi R, Marcato A, Bertoni P, Cavazzini U, Caffarri G, Capretti L, Rossi G, Chiodera P. Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1992 November; 17(6): 667-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1337607&dopt=Abstract
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Differential effects of baclofen on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure and proximal gastric motility in humans. Author(s): Lee KJ, Vos R, Janssens J, Tack J. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 July 15; 18(2): 199-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12869080&dopt=Abstract
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Divalproex sodium attenuates growth hormone response to baclofen in healthy human males. Author(s): Shiah IS, Yatham LN, Lam RW, Zis AP. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1998 May; 18(5): 370-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9536450&dopt=Abstract
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Does flumazenil antagonize baclofen? Author(s): Sicignano A, Lorini FL. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1994 August; 20(7): 533. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7995878&dopt=Abstract
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Dorsal horn neuropharmacology: baclofen and morphine. Author(s): Zieglgansberger W. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1988; 531: 150-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2837975&dopt=Abstract
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Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of baclofen, alone and in combination, in patients undergoing voluntary abortion. Author(s): Corli O, Roma G, Bacchini M, Battagliarin G, Di Piazza D, Brambilla C, Grossi E. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1984; 6(6): 800-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6391666&dopt=Abstract
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Double-blind randomized controlled trial of baclofen vs. clonidine in the treatment of opiates withdrawal. Author(s): Akhondzadeh S, Ahmadi-Abhari SA, Assadi SM, Shabestari OL, Kashani AR, Farzanehgan ZM. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2000 October; 25(5): 347-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11123486&dopt=Abstract
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Drug points: Neonatal convulsions after withdrawal of baclofen. Author(s): Ratnayaka BD, Dhaliwal H, Watkin S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 July 14; 323(7304): 85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11451783&dopt=Abstract
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Dysautonomia syndrome in the acute recovery phase after traumatic brain injury: relief with intrathecal Baclofen therapy. Author(s): Cuny E, Richer E, Castel JP. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 2001 October; 15(10): 917-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11595088&dopt=Abstract
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Dyskinesia and psychosis in a patient following baclofen withdrawal. Author(s): Kirubakaran V, Mayfield D, Rengachary S. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1984 May; 141(5): 692-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6711693&dopt=Abstract
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Early use of intrathecal baclofen in brain injury in pediatric patients. Author(s): Turner MS. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2003; 87: 81-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14518529&dopt=Abstract
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EEG changes in intrathecal baclofen overdose: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Fakhoury T, Abou-Khalil B, Blumenkopf B. Source: Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1998 November; 107(5): 339-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9872436&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of acute and chronic administration of the GABA B agonist baclofen on 24 hour pH metry and symptoms in control subjects and in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Author(s): Ciccaglione AF, Marzio L. Source: Gut. 2003 April; 52(4): 464-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12631652&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of baclofen on gait in spastic MS patients. Author(s): Orsnes GB, Sorensen PS, Larsen TK, Ravnborg M. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2000 April; 101(4): 244-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10770520&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of intrathecal baclofen delivered by an implanted programmable pump on health related quality of life in patients with severe spasticity. Author(s): Middel B, Kuipers-Upmeijer H, Bouma J, Staal M, Oenema D, Postma T, Terpstra S, Stewart R. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1997 August; 63(2): 204-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9285459&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of intrathecal baclofen on gait control in human hereditary spastic paraparesis. Author(s): Dan B, Bouillot E, Bengoetxea A, Cheron G. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2000 February 25; 280(3): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10675789&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of long term baclofen treatment on recognition memory and novelty detection. Author(s): Tang AC, Hasselmo ME. Source: Behavioural Brain Research. 1996 January; 74(1-2): 145-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8851923&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of the GABA(B) agonist baclofen in patients with symptoms and duodenogastro-oesophageal reflux refractory to proton pump inhibitors. Author(s): Koek GH, Sifrim D, Lerut T, Janssens J, Tack J. Source: Gut. 2003 October; 52(10): 1397-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12970129&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of the GABA-agonist baclofen on bronchial responsiveness in asthmatics. Author(s): Dicpinigaitis PV. Source: Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1999; 12(4): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10500005&dopt=Abstract
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Effect on ambulation of continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion. Author(s): Gerszten PC, Albright AL, Barry MJ. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1997 July; 27(1): 40-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9486835&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of a single dose of baclofen on self-reported subjective effects and tobacco smoking. Author(s): Cousins MS, Stamat HM, de Wit H. Source: Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2001 May; 3(2): 123-9. Erratum In: Nicotine Tob Res 2001 November; 3(4): 409. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11403726&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of bicuculline and baclofen on paired-pulse depression in the dentate gyrus of epileptic patients. Author(s): Uruno K, O'Connor MJ, Masukawa LM. Source: Brain Research. 1995 October 16; 695(2): 163-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8556327&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of diazepam, baclofen and thiopental on the silent period evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in humans. Author(s): Inghilleri M, Berardelli A, Marchetti P, Manfredi M. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 1996 June; 109(3): 467-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8817277&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of GABA-B agonist baclofen on bronchial hyperreactivity to inhaled histamine in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury. Author(s): Grimm DR, DeLuca RV, Lesser M, Bauman WA, Almenoff PL. Source: Lung. 1997; 175(5): 333-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9270990&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of intrathecal baclofen on chronic spinal cord injury pain. Author(s): Loubser PG, Akman NM. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1996 October; 12(4): 241-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8898508&dopt=Abstract
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Electrophysiological assessment of the effect of intrathecal baclofen in spastic children. Author(s): Dachy B, Dan B. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2002 March; 113(3): 336-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11897533&dopt=Abstract
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Enhancement of morphine analgesia by the GABAB agonist baclofen. Author(s): Gordon NC, Gear RW, Heller PH, Paul S, Miaskowski C, Levine JD. Source: Neuroscience. 1995 November; 69(2): 345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8552232&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence of the effects of intrathecal baclofen for spastic and dystonic cerebral palsy. AACPDM Treatment Outcomes Committee Review Panel. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(4):CD001332 Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2000 September; 42(9): 634-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11687107
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Evidence of tolerance to baclofen in treatment of severe spasticity with intrathecal baclofen. Author(s): Nielsen JF, Hansen HJ, Sunde N, Christensen JJ. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2002 May; 104(2): 142-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11932045&dopt=Abstract
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Extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy of calculi located in lower calyx of left kidney in a spinal cord injury patient who has implantation of baclofen pump in the ipsilateral loin. Author(s): Vaidyanathan S, Johnson H, Singh G, Soni BM, Parsons KF. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2002 February; 40(2): 94-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11926423&dopt=Abstract
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Failure of absorption of baclofen after rectal administration. Author(s): Kriel RL, Krach LE, Hoff DS, Gormley M, Jones-Saete C. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1997 May; 16(4): 351-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9258974&dopt=Abstract
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Failure of physostigmine in treatment of acute severe intrathecal baclofen intoxication. Author(s): Saltuari L, Baumgartner H, Kofler M, Schmutzhard E, Russegger L, Aichner F, Gerstenbrand F. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1990 May 24; 322(21): 1533-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2336084&dopt=Abstract
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Failure of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative, baclofen, to stimulate growth hormone secretion in heroin addicts. Author(s): Volpi R, Gerra G, Vourna S, Vescovi PP, Maestri D, Chiodera P, Coiro V. Source: Life Sciences. 1992; 51(4): 247-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1625515&dopt=Abstract
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Failure of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative, baclofen, to stimulate growth hormone secretion in Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Volpi R, Scaglioni A, Marcato A, Caffarra P, Rossi G, Caffarri G, Delsignore R, Chiodera P, Coiro V. Source: J Neural Transm Park Dis Dement Sect. 1991; 3(4): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1772578&dopt=Abstract
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Familial intractable hiccup relieved by baclofen. Author(s): Lance JW, Bassil GT. Source: Lancet. 1989 July 29; 2(8657): 276-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2569080&dopt=Abstract
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Febrile reaction to subarachnoid baclofen administration. Author(s): Wu SS, Dolan KA, Michael Ferrante F. Source: Anesthesiology. 2002 May; 96(5): 1270-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11981174&dopt=Abstract
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First-order elimination kinetics following baclofen overdose. Author(s): Gerkin R, Curry SC, Vance MV, Sankowski PW, Meinhart RD. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1986 July; 15(7): 843-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3729110&dopt=Abstract
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Flumazenil counteracts intrathecal baclofen-induced central nervous system depression in tetanus. Author(s): Saissy JM, Vitris M, Demaziere J, Seck M, Marcoux L, Gaye M. Source: Anesthesiology. 1992 June; 76(6): 1051-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1599091&dopt=Abstract
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Flumazenil: an unreliable antagonist in baclofen overdose. Author(s): Byrnes SM, Watson GW, Hardy PA. Source: Anaesthesia. 1996 May; 51(5): 481-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8694164&dopt=Abstract
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Flumazenil-induced seizure accompanying benzodiazepine and baclofen intoxication. Author(s): Chern TL, Kwan A. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1996 March; 14(2): 231-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8924153&dopt=Abstract
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Fluorodensitometric determination of baclofen. Author(s): Ersoy L. Source: The Analyst. 1990 December; 115(12): 1559-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2080807&dopt=Abstract
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Food does not affect the bioavailability of baclofen. Author(s): Peterson GM, McLean S, Millingen KS. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1985 June 24; 142(13): 689-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4010592&dopt=Abstract
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Functional assessment following intrathecal baclofen therapy in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Author(s): Awaad Y, Tayem H, Munoz S, Ham S, Michon AM, Awaad R. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2003 January; 18(1): 26-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661935&dopt=Abstract
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Functional benefits and cost/benefit analysis of continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion for the management of severe spasticity. Author(s): Sampson FC, Hayward A, Evans G, Morton R, Collett B. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 June; 96(6): 1052-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12066906&dopt=Abstract
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Functional improvement in patients with severe spinal spasticity treated with chronic intrathecal baclofen infusion. Author(s): Dario A, Scamoni C, Bono G, Ghezzi A, Zaffaroni M. Source: Funct Neurol. 2001 October-December; 16(4): 311-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11853321&dopt=Abstract
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Functional outcome after delivery of intrathecal baclofen. Author(s): Parke B, Penn RD, Savoy SM, Corcos D. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1989 January; 70(1): 30-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2916915&dopt=Abstract
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GABA-ergic and dopaminergic mechanisms in gonadotrophin secretion in males-effects of baclofen and metoclopramide. Author(s): Elias AN, Szekeres AV, Stone S, Valenta LJ, Haw T, Ascher MS. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1983 August; 103(4): 451-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6310919&dopt=Abstract
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Gaba-ergic and dopaminergic regulation of thyroid stimulating hormone. Effects of baclofen and metoclopramide. Author(s): Elias AN, Szekeres AV, Stone S, Weathersbee P, Valenta LJ, Haw T. Source: Hormone Research. 1984; 19(3): 171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6425188&dopt=Abstract
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Glossopharyngeal neuralgia: successful treatment with baclofen. Author(s): Ringel RA, Roy EP 3rd. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1987 May; 21(5): 514-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3592645&dopt=Abstract
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Growth hormone response to baclofen in patients with mania: a pilot study. Author(s): Shiah IS, Yatham LN, Lam RW, Tam EM, Zis AP. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1999 December; 147(3): 280-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10639686&dopt=Abstract
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Growth hormone response to baclofen in patients with seasonal affective disorder: effects of light therapy. Author(s): Shiah IS, Robertson HA, Lam RW, Yatham LN, Tam EM, Zis AP. Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1999 February; 24(2): 143-53. Erratum In: Psychoneuroendocrinology 2000 April; 25(3): 315. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10101723&dopt=Abstract
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Growth hormone response to baclofen: a comparison of 10-mg and 20-mg doses in healthy men. Author(s): Davis LL, Trivedi M, Kramer GL, Rush AJ, Orsulak PJ, Akers L, Petty F. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1996 February 28; 60(1): 41-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8852867&dopt=Abstract
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Growth hormone response to the GABAB agonist baclofen in major depressive disorder. Author(s): Davis LL, Trivedi M, Choate A, Kramer GL, Petty F. Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1997 April; 22(3): 129-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9203224&dopt=Abstract
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Growth hormone secretion after baclofen administration in different phases of the menstrual cycle in healthy women. Author(s): Orio F Jr, Palomba S, Colao A, Tenuta M, Dentico C, Petretta M, Lombardi G, Nappi C, Orio F. Source: Hormone Research. 2001; 55(3): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11549874&dopt=Abstract
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Hallucinations after preoperative baclofen discontinuation in spinal cord injury patients. Author(s): Harrison SA, Wood CA Jr. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1985 October; 19(10): 747-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4053980&dopt=Abstract
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Hallucinations after withdrawal of baclofen. Author(s): Lees AJ, Clarke CR, Harrison MJ. Source: Lancet. 1977 April 16; 1(8016): 858. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=67364&dopt=Abstract
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Hallucinations and baclofen. Author(s): Skausig OB, Korsgaard S. Source: Lancet. 1977 June 11; 1(8024): 1258. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=68352&dopt=Abstract
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Hemidystonia improved by baclofen and PET scan findings in a patient with glutaric aciduria type I. Author(s): Awaad Y, Shamato H, Chugani H. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 1996 March; 11(2): 167-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8881997&dopt=Abstract
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Hemifacial spasm--successful treatment with baclofen. Author(s): Sandyk R, Gillman MA. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1984 March 31; 65(13): 502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6710252&dopt=Abstract
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Hemodynamic instability and delayed emergence from general anesthesia associated with inadvertent intrathecal baclofen overdose. Author(s): Lyew MA, Mondy C, Eagle S, Chernich SE. Source: Anesthesiology. 2003 January; 98(1): 265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503007&dopt=Abstract
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Hepatic enzyme elevations associated with baclofen. Author(s): Chui LK, Pelot D. Source: Clin Pharm. 1984 March-April; 3(2): 196-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6723229&dopt=Abstract
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High-dose oral baclofen: experience in patients with multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Smith CR, LaRocca NG, Giesser BS, Scheinberg LC. Source: Neurology. 1991 November; 41(11): 1829-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1944915&dopt=Abstract
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High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of baclofen in plasma and urine of man after precolumn extraction and derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde. Author(s): Wuis EW, Dirks RJ, Vree TB, van der Kleyn E. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1985 February 8; 337(2): 341-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3988864&dopt=Abstract
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High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of baclofen in human plasma. Author(s): Millerioux L, Brault M, Gualano V, Mignot A. Source: J Chromatogr A. 1996 April 5; 729(1-2): 309-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9004955&dopt=Abstract
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How should an infected perinephric haematoma be drained in a tetraplegic patient with baclofen pump implanted in the abdominal wall? - A case report. Author(s): Vaidyanathan S, Soni BM, Hughes PL, Singh G, Watt JW, Oo T, Sett P. Source: Bmc Urology [electronic Resource]. 2002 September 10; 2(1): 9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12220481&dopt=Abstract
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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy: implications for spinal cord injury patients with intrathecal baclofen infusion pumps. Case report. Author(s): Akman MN, Loubser PG, Fife CE, Donovan WH. Source: Paraplegia. 1994 April; 32(4): 281-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8022638&dopt=Abstract
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Hyperthermia associated with baclofen withdrawal and increased spasticity. Author(s): Mandac BR, Hurvitz EA, Nelson VS. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1993 January; 74(1): 96-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8420527&dopt=Abstract
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Hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with baclofen pump catheter failure. Author(s): Reeves RK, Stolp-Smith KA, Christopherson MW. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1998 March; 79(3): 353-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9523793&dopt=Abstract
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Hypotension following a trial intrathecal dose of baclofen. Author(s): Brodkey JA, Feler CA. Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1993 July; 86(7): 297-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8371562&dopt=Abstract
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Hypothesis that tiagabine-induced NCSE is associated with GABAergic hyperfunction, with GABA(B) receptors playing a critical role, is supported by a case of generalized NCSE induced by baclofen. Author(s): Solomon GE, Labar D. Source: Epilepsia. 1998 December; 39(12): 1383. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9860080&dopt=Abstract
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Improvement in walking speed in poststroke spastic hemiplegia after intrathecal baclofen therapy: a preliminary study. Author(s): Francisco GE, Boake C. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2003 August; 84(8): 1194-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917859&dopt=Abstract
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Intrathecal baclofen for dystonia. Author(s): Hou JG, Ondo W, Jankovic J. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2001 November; 16(6): 1201-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748766&dopt=Abstract
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Intrathecal baclofen for generalized dystonia. Author(s): Albright AL, Barry MJ, Shafton DH, Ferson SS. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2001 October; 43(10): 652-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11665821&dopt=Abstract
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Intrathecal baclofen for generalized dystonia: a case report. Author(s): Jaffe MS, Nienstedt LJ. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001 June; 82(6): 853-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11387595&dopt=Abstract
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Intrathecal baclofen for severe tetanus in a pregnant woman. Author(s): Engrand N, Van De Perre P, Vilain G, Benhamou D. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2001 April; 18(4): 261-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11350465&dopt=Abstract
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Intrathecal baclofen for spastic hypertonia from stroke. Author(s): Meythaler JM, Guin-Renfroe S, Brunner RC, Hadley MN. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2001 September; 32(9): 2099-109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11546903&dopt=Abstract
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Intrathecal baclofen for spasticity caused by thrombotic stroke. Author(s): Gwartz BL. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 2001 May; 80(5): 383-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11327562&dopt=Abstract
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Intrathecal baclofen for spasticity management in Rett syndrome. Author(s): Kadyan V, Clairmont AC, George RJ, Johnson EW. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 2003 July; 82(7): 560-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12819544&dopt=Abstract
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Intrathecal baclofen for the treatment of spasticity of cerebral origin. Author(s): Disabato J, Ritchie A. Source: Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing : Jspn. 2003 January-March; 8(1): 314. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12715404&dopt=Abstract
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Intrathecal baclofen for the treatment of tetanus. Author(s): Santos ML, Mota-Miranda A, Alves-Pereira A, Gomes A, Correia J, Marcal N. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2004 February 1; 38(3): 321-8. Epub 2004 January 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14727200&dopt=Abstract
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Intrathecal baclofen in subjects with spastic hemiplegia: assessment of the antispastic effect during gait. Author(s): Remy-Neris O, Tiffreau V, Bouilland S, Bussel B. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2003 May; 84(5): 643-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12736875&dopt=Abstract
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Intrathecal baclofen in tetraplegia of spinal origin: efficacy for upper extremity hypertonia. Author(s): Burns AS, Meythaler JM. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2001 August; 39(8): 413-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11512071&dopt=Abstract
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Intrathecal baclofen in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Author(s): Chu ML, Sala DA, Weiner HL. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2001 February; 24(2): 156-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11275468&dopt=Abstract
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Intrathecal baclofen therapy for spastic hypertonia. Author(s): Ivanhoe CB, Tilton AH, Francisco GE. Source: Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2001 November; 12(4): 923-38, Viii-Ix. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11727722&dopt=Abstract
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Intrathecal baclofen therapy in children with cerebral palsy. Author(s): Brown TR. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2003 April; 84(4): 624; Author Reply 624. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690609&dopt=Abstract
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Intrathecal baclofen therapy in children with cerebral palsy: efficacy and complications. Author(s): Murphy NA, Irwin MC, Hoff C. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002 December; 83(12): 17215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12474176&dopt=Abstract
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Intrathecal baclofen therapy; patient selection & team approach. Author(s): Nemoto A. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2003; 87: 39-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14518521&dopt=Abstract
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Intrathecal baclofen withdrawal mimicking sepsis. Author(s): Kao LW, Amin Y, Kirk MA, Turner MS. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2003 May; 24(4): 423-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12745045&dopt=Abstract
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Intrathecal baclofen withdrawal: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Alden TD, Lytle RA, Park TS, Noetzel MJ, Ojemann JG. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2002 October; 18(9-10): 522-5. Epub 2002 July 23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12382179&dopt=Abstract
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Intrathecal baclofen: a useful agent in the treatment of well-established complex regional pain syndrome. Author(s): Zuniga RE, Perera S, Abram SE. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2002 January-February; 27(1): 90-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11799510&dopt=Abstract
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Jamais vu episodes in relationship to baclofen treatment: a case report. Author(s): Struck TH. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002 June; 83(6): 846-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12048665&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of beneficial effects of l-baclofen in affective disorder. Author(s): Post RM, Ketter TA, Joffe RT, Kramlinger KL. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1991 Winter; 6(4): 197-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1816278&dopt=Abstract
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Lasting reduction of severe spasticity after ending chronic treatment with intrathecal baclofen. Author(s): Dressnandt J, Conrad B. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1996 February; 60(2): 16873. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8708647&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Baclofen in schizophrenia. Author(s): Simpson GM, Branchey MH, Shrivastava RK. Source: Lancet. 1976 May 1; 1(7966): 966-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=57370&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Baclofen in the treatment of schizophrenia. Author(s): Frederiksen PK. Source: Lancet. 1975 March 22; 1(7908): 702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=47138&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Baclofen. Author(s): Pedersen E. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1974 November; 55(11): 526-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4441269&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Effect of baclofen on myotonia. Author(s): Karli P, Bergstrom L. Source: Lancet. 1974 June 22; 1(7869): 1285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4134963&dopt=Abstract
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Lioresal (baclofen) treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Basmajian JV. Source: Am J Phys Med. 1975 August; 54(4): 175-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1098477&dopt=Abstract
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Lipophilicities of baclofen ester prodrugs correlate with affinities to the ATPdependent efflux pump P-glycoprotein: relevance for their permeation across the blood-brain barrier? Author(s): Leisen C, Langguth P, Herbert B, Dressler C, Koggel A, Spahn-Langguth H. Source: Pharmaceutical Research. 2003 May; 20(5): 772-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751633&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term clinical, electrophysiological and urodynamic effects of chronic intrathecal baclofen infusion for treatment of spinal spasticity. Author(s): Mertens P, Parise M, Garcia-Larrea L, Benneton C, Millet MF, Sindou M. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1995; 64: 17-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8748577&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term continuously infused intrathecal baclofen for spastic-dystonic hypertonia in traumatic brain injury: 1-year experience. Author(s): Meythaler JM, Guin-Renfroe S, Grabb P, Hadley MN. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1999 January; 80(1): 13-9. Erratum In: Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999 April; 80(4): 474. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9915366&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term intrathecal baclofen infusion for treatment of spasticity. Author(s): Penn RD, Kroin JS. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1987 February; 66(2): 181-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3806200&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term intrathecal Baclofen infusion in supraspinal spasticity of adulthood. Author(s): Dario A, Di Stefano MG, Grossi A, Casagrande F, Bono G. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2002 February; 105(2): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903116&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term intrathecal baclofen therapy for severe spasticity of cerebral origin. Author(s): Albright AL, Gilmartin R, Swift D, Krach LE, Ivanhoe CB, McLaughlin JF. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 February; 98(2): 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12593613&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term intrathecal baclofen therapy in patients with intractable spasticity. Author(s): Becker WJ, Harris CJ, Long ML, Ablett DP, Klein GM, DeForge DA. Source: The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques. 1995 August; 22(3): 208-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8529173&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term intrathecal baclofen treatment in supraspinal spasticity. Author(s): Saltuari L, Kronenberg M, Marosi MJ, Kofler M, Russegger L, Rifici C, Bramanti P, Gerstenbrand F. Source: Acta Neurol (Napoli). 1992 June; 14(3): 195-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1442218&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term safety and efficacy of continuous intrathecal baclofen. Author(s): Campbell WM, Ferrel A, McLaughlin JF, Grant GA, Loeser JD, Graubert C, Bjornson K. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2002 October; 44(10): 660-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12418790&dopt=Abstract
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Management of intractable spasticity of supraspinal origin by chronic cervical intrathecal infusion of baclofen. Author(s): Concalves J, Garcia-March G, Sanchez-Ledesma MJ, Onzain I, Broseta J. Source: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. 1994; 62(1-4): 108-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7631054&dopt=Abstract
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Management of intra-thecal baclofen overdose. Author(s): Rushman S, McLaren I. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1999 February; 25(2): 239. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10193560&dopt=Abstract
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Management of severe spasticity with intrathecal baclofen delivered by a manually operated pump. Author(s): Patterson V, Watt M, Byrnes D, Crowe D, Lee A. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1994 May; 57(5): 582-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8201328&dopt=Abstract
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Management of spasticity in children: part 2: oral medications and intrathecal baclofen. Author(s): Gormley ME Jr. Source: The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 1999 April; 14(2): 207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10191378&dopt=Abstract
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Managing spasticity in spinal cord injury: safe administration of bridge boluses during intrathecal baclofen pump refills. Author(s): Elovic E, Kirshblum SC. Source: J Spinal Cord Med. 2003 Spring; 26(1): 2-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12830961&dopt=Abstract
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Mania associated with the use of baclofen. Author(s): Wolf ME, Almy G, Toll M, Mosnaim AD. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1982 June; 17(6): 757-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6809063&dopt=Abstract
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Manic psychosis following rapid withdrawal from baclofen. Author(s): Arnold ES, Rudd SM, Kirshner H. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1980 November; 137(11): 1466-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7435695&dopt=Abstract
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Mass fragmentographic determination of 4-amino-3-p-chlorophenylbutyric acid (baclofen) in cerebrospinal fluid and serum. Author(s): Swahn CG, Beving H, Sedvall G. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1979 March 1; 162(3): 433-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=528610&dopt=Abstract
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Measurement of the effect of a bolus dose of intrathecal baclofen by a repetitive movement test. Author(s): Becher JG, Lankhorst GJ, van Bennekom CA, Vogelaar TW. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1999 November; 246(11): 1080-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10631642&dopt=Abstract
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Measurement of the effect of a bolus dose of intrathecal baclofen by continuous measurement of force under fibreglass casts. Author(s): Pohl M, Rockstroh G, Ruckriem S, Mehrholz J, Mrass G, Pause M. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2002 September; 249(9): 1254-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12242550&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanical measurements of the effects of intrathecal baclofen dosage adjustments in cerebral palsy: a pilot study. Author(s): Schmit BD, Gaebler-Spira D. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 2004 January; 83(1): 33-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14709973&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanisms of baclofen action on spasticity. Author(s): Milanov IG. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1992 May; 85(5): 305-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1621492&dopt=Abstract
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Meningitis after injection of intrathecal baclofen. Author(s): Naveira FA, Speight KL, Rauck RL, Carpenter RL. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1996 June; 82(6): 1297-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8638810&dopt=Abstract
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Methodology for assessing agents that suppress methadone withdrawal: a study of baclofen. Author(s): Jaffe JH, Kanzler M, Brady R, Friedman L. Source: Nida Res Monogr. 1982 April; 41: 269-75. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6811918&dopt=Abstract
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Microfracture of a baclofen pump catheter with intermittent under- and overdose. Author(s): Dawes WJ, Drake JM, Fehlings D. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 September; 39(3): 144-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12876394&dopt=Abstract
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Midthoracic catheter tip placement for intrathecal baclofen administration in children with quadriparetic spasticity. Author(s): Grabb PA, Guin-Renfroe S, Meythaler JM. Source: Neurosurgery. 1999 October; 45(4): 833-6; Discussion 836-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10515478&dopt=Abstract
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Monitoring of creatinine kinase during weaning of intrathecal baclofen and with symptoms of early withdrawal. Author(s): Colachis SC, Rea GL. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 2003 June; 82(6): 489-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12820794&dopt=Abstract
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Morbilliform rash secondary to baclofen ingestion. Author(s): Lynde CW, McLean DI, Bachand R, Paty D. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1983 February; 13(2): 216. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6219613&dopt=Abstract
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Motor function improvement following intrathecal baclofen pump placement in a patient with locked-in syndrome. Author(s): Cairns K, Stein J. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 2002 April; 81(4): 307-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11953549&dopt=Abstract
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Multidimensional assessment of motor function in a child with cerebral palsy following intrathecal administration of baclofen. Author(s): Almeida GL, Campbell SK, Girolami GL, Penn RD, Corcos DM. Source: Physical Therapy. 1997 July; 77(7): 751-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9225847&dopt=Abstract
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Naloxone does not alter the effect of gamma aminobutyric acid derivative, baclofen, on GH release in man. Author(s): Chiodera P, Volpi R, Coiro V, Barilli L, Rossi G, Roti E. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1983 October; 6(5): 381-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6319478&dopt=Abstract
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Neuroleptic malignant-like syndrome after abrupt withdrawal of baclofen. Author(s): Turner MR, Gainsborough N. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 2001 March; 15(1): 61-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11277611&dopt=Abstract
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Neuroleptic-induced “painful legs and moving toes” syndrome: successful treatment with clonazepam and baclofen. Author(s): Sandyk R. Source: Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 1990 December; 11(6): 573-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2081681&dopt=Abstract
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Neurological manifestations of baclofen withdrawal. Author(s): Rivas DA, Chancellor MB, Hill K, Freedman MK. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1993 December; 150(6): 1903-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8230532&dopt=Abstract
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Neurosurgical treatment of spasticity: selective posterior rhizotomy and intrathecal baclofen. Author(s): Albright AL. Source: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. 1992; 58(1-4): 3-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1439344&dopt=Abstract
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Olivopontocerebellar atrophy with dementia, blindness, and chorea. Response to baclofen. Author(s): Trauner DA. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1985 August; 42(8): 757-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4026607&dopt=Abstract
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Oral baclofen in cerebral palsy: possible seizure potentiation? Author(s): Hansel DE, Hansel CR, Shindle MK, Reinhardt EM, Madden L, Levey EB, Johnston MV, Hoon AH Jr. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2003 September; 29(3): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14629901&dopt=Abstract
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Oral baclofen may be effective in patients with spasticity due to spinal cord injury or disease. Author(s): Mery JP, Kenouch S. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1987 October; 10(4): 326. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3661557&dopt=Abstract
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Oral motor, communication, and nutritional status of children during intrathecal baclofen therapy: a descriptive pilot study. Author(s): Bjornson KF, McLaughlin JF, Loeser JD, Nowak-Cooperman KM, Russel M, Bader KA, Desmond SA. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2003 April; 84(4): 500-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690587&dopt=Abstract
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Orofacial dyskinesia induced by baclofen in a patient with hypothyroidism. Author(s): Sandyk R. Source: Clin Pharm. 1986 February; 5(2): 109. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3956121&dopt=Abstract
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Overdose of Lioresal. Author(s): Lance JW. Source: Neurology. 1977 July; 27(7): 697. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=559981&dopt=Abstract
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Overdose with baclofen. Author(s): Burris AS. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1986 January; 79(1): 81-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3945841&dopt=Abstract
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Pain relief from baclofen analgesia in a neuropathic pain patient who failed opioid and pharmacotherapy: case report. Author(s): Harmer JP, Larson BS. Source: Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy. 2002; 16(3): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14640356&dopt=Abstract
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Patient management of cerebral origin spasticity with intrathecal baclofen. Author(s): Rawlins P. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing : Journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses. 1998 February; 30(1): 32-5, 40-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9604821&dopt=Abstract
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Periodic alternating oscillopsia: a symptom of alternating nystagmus abolished by baclofen. Author(s): Troost BT, Janton F, Weaver R. Source: J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1990 December; 10(4): 273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2150847&dopt=Abstract
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Peripheral and central effect of baclofen on ankle joint stiffness in multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Nielsen JF, Sinkjaer T. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2000 January; 23(1): 98-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10590412&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of baclofen in pediatric patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Author(s): Wiersma HE, van Boxtel CJ, Butter JJ, van Aalderen WM, Omari T, Benninga MA. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 2003 February; 25(1): 93-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12548151&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetics of baclofen in spastic patients receiving multiple oral doses. Author(s): Wuis EW, Dirks MJ, Vree TB, Van der Kleijn E. Source: Pharm Weekbl Sci. 1990 April 27; 12(2): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2336342&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacological characterization of homobaclofen on wild type and mutant GABA(B)1b receptors coexpressed with the GABA(B)2 receptor. Author(s): Jensen AA, Madsen BE, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Brauner-Osborne H. Source: European Journal of Pharmacology. 2001 April 13; 417(3): 177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11334848&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacotherapy of spasticity: oral medications and intrathecal baclofen. Author(s): Krach LE. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2001 January; 16(1): 31-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11225954&dopt=Abstract
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Physostigmine in the treatment of intrathecal baclofen overdose. Report of three cases. Author(s): Muller-Schwefe G, Penn RD. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1989 August; 71(2): 273-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2746350&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma baclofen levels in children receiving continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion. Author(s): Albright AL, Shultz BL. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 1999 June; 14(6): 408-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10385850&dopt=Abstract
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Pregnancy in a quadriplegic patient treated with continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion to manage her severe spasticity. Case report. Author(s): Delhaas EM, Verhagen J. Source: Paraplegia. 1992 July; 30(7): 527-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1508570&dopt=Abstract
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Pregnancy outcome in a woman exposed to continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion. Author(s): Munoz FC, Marco DG, Perez AV, Camacho MM. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000 July-August; 34(7-8): 956. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10928413&dopt=Abstract
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Progressive dystonia in a child with chromosome 18p deletion, treated with intrathecal baclofen. Author(s): Awaad Y, Munoz S, Nigro M. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 1999 February; 14(2): 75-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10073426&dopt=Abstract
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Prolonged seizure activity after baclofen withdrawal. Author(s): Kofler M, Arturo Leis A. Source: Neurology. 1992 March; 42(3 Pt 1): 697-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1549245&dopt=Abstract
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Prolonged severe withdrawal symptoms after acute-on-chronic baclofen overdose. Author(s): Peng CT, Ger J, Yang CC, Tsai WJ, Deng JF, Bullard MJ. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1998; 36(4): 359-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9711203&dopt=Abstract
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Prospective assessment of continuous intrathecal infusion of baclofen for spasticity caused by acquired brain injury: a preliminary report. Author(s): Meythaler JM, McCary A, Hadley MN. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1997 September; 87(3): 415-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9285608&dopt=Abstract
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Prospective study on the use of bolus intrathecal baclofen for spastic hypertonia due to acquired brain injury. Author(s): Meythaler JM, DeVivo MJ, Hadley M. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1996 May; 77(5): 461-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8629922&dopt=Abstract
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in an intrathecal baclofen pump: successful treatment with adjunct intra-reservoir gentamicin. Author(s): Galloway A, Falope FZ. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2000 February; 38(2): 126-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10762189&dopt=Abstract
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Psychological and emotional effects of the use of oral baclofen: a preliminary study. Author(s): Jamous A, Kennedy P, Psychol C, Grey N. Source: Paraplegia. 1994 May; 32(5): 349-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8058353&dopt=Abstract
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Pump implantation for intrathecal baclofen infusion after laparotomy for necrotizing enterocolitis. Author(s): Piatt JH Jr. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 September; 39(3): 166-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12876397&dopt=Abstract
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Quality of life: effect of reduced spasticity from intrathecal baclofen. Author(s): Gianino JM, York MM, Paice JA, Shott S. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing : Journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses. 1998 February; 30(1): 47-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9604822&dopt=Abstract
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Quantification of baclofen and its fluoro analogue in plasma and urine after fluorescent derivatisation with benoxaprofen chloride and thin-layer chromatographic separation. Author(s): Krauss D, Spahn H, Mutschler E. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1988 October; 38(10): 1533-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3196398&dopt=Abstract
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Quantitative assessment of intrathecally administered baclofen in spasticity. Author(s): Detrembleur C, Plaghki L. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2000 March; 81(3): 279-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10724070&dopt=Abstract
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Radioisotopic control for baclofen pump catheter failure. Author(s): Le Breton F, Daviet JC, Monteil J, Vidal J, Munoz M, Dudognon P, Salle JY. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2001 May; 39(5): 283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11438846&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized placebo-controlled trial of baclofen for cocaine dependence: preliminary effects for individuals with chronic patterns of cocaine use. Author(s): Shoptaw S, Yang X, Rotheram-Fuller EJ, Hsieh YC, Kintaudi PC, Charuvastra VC, Ling W. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 December; 64(12): 1440-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14728105&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid simultaneous determination of baclofen and its gamma-hydroxy metabolite in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Author(s): Wuis EW, van Beijsterveldt LE, Dirks RJ, Vree TB, van der Kleyn E. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1987 September 4; 420(1): 212-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3667824&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid suppression of alcohol withdrawal syndrome by baclofen. Author(s): Addolorato G, Caputo F, Capristo E, Janiri L, Bernardi M, Agabio R, Colombo G, Gessa GL, Gasbarrini G. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2002 February 15; 112(3): 226-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11893350&dopt=Abstract
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Recurrent intrathecal baclofen pump catheter leakage: A surgical observation with recommendations. Author(s): Dickerman RD, Schneider SJ. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2002 June; 37(6): E17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12037778&dopt=Abstract
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Reduction of baclofen-, but not sodium valproate-induced growth hormone release in type I diabetic men. Author(s): Coiro V, Capretti L, Bianconi L, Castelli A, Cerri L, Roberti G, Marcato A, Volpi R, Chiodera P. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1991 December; 23(12): 600-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1663914&dopt=Abstract
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Reduction of GH response to the GABA-B agonist baclofen in patients with major depression. Author(s): Marchesi C, Chiodera P, De Ferri A, De Risio C, Dasso L, Menozzi P, Volpi R, Coiro V. Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1991; 16(6): 475-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1667334&dopt=Abstract
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Regression of vasomotor disorders under intrathecal baclofen in a case of spastic paraplegia. Author(s): Rode G, Mertens P, Beneton C, Schmitt M, Boisson D. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 1999 May; 37(5): 370-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10369175&dopt=Abstract
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Reversible akinetic mutism possibly induced by baclofen. Author(s): Rubin DI, So EL. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1999 April; 19(4): 468-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10212020&dopt=Abstract
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Reversible coma due to intrathecal baclofen. Author(s): Romijn JA, van Lieshout JJ, Velis DN. Source: Lancet. 1986 September 20; 2(8508): 696. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2876176&dopt=Abstract
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Reversible coma in children after improper baclofen pump insertion. Author(s): Anderson KJ, Farmer JP, Brown K. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2002 June; 12(5): 454-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12060335&dopt=Abstract
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Reversible electroencephalogram changes associated with administration of baclofen in a quadriplegic patient: case report. Author(s): Wainapel SF, Lee L, Riley TL. Source: Paraplegia. 1986 April; 24(2): 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3714292&dopt=Abstract
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Selective posterior rhizotomy and intrathecal baclofen for the treatment of spasticity. Author(s): Mooney JF 3rd. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2002 April; 36(4): 223. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12006760&dopt=Abstract
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Selective posterior rhizotomy and intrathecal baclofen for the treatment of spasticity. Author(s): von Koch CS, Park TS, Steinbok P, Smyth M, Peacock WJ. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2001 August; 35(2): 57-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11549915&dopt=Abstract
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Severe respiratory depression by low-dose baclofen in the treatment of chronic hiccups in a patient undergoing CAPD. Author(s): Choo YM, Kim GB, Choi JY, Park JH, Park JH, Yang CW, Kim YS, Bang BK. Source: Nephron. 2000 December; 86(4): 546-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11124626&dopt=Abstract
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Severe tardive dystonia: treatment with continuous intrathecal baclofen administration. Author(s): Dressler D, Oeljeschlager RO, Ruther E. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1997 July; 12(4): 585-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9251078&dopt=Abstract
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Side effects of chronic intrathecal baclofen on erection and ejaculation in patients with spinal cord lesions. Author(s): Denys P, Mane M, Azouvi P, Chartier-Kastler E, Thiebaut JB, Bussel B. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1998 May; 79(5): 494-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9596387&dopt=Abstract
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Spasticity in a child with myelomeningocele treated with continuous intrathecal baclofen. Author(s): Bergenheim AT, Wendelius M, Shahidi S, Larsson E. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2003 October; 39(4): 218-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12944705&dopt=Abstract
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Spasticity in children with cerebral palsy: a retrospective review of the effects of intrathecal baclofen. Author(s): Wiens HD. Source: Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing. 1998 January-March; 21(1): 49-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10188425&dopt=Abstract
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Spasticity in spinal cord injured persons: quantitative effects of baclofen and placebo treatments. Author(s): Hinderer SR, Lehmann JF, Price R, White O, deLateur BJ, Deitz J. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 1990 December; 69(6): 311-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2264951&dopt=Abstract
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Spinal intrathecal baclofen suppresses central pain after a stroke. Author(s): Taira T, Tanikawa T, Kawamura H, Iseki H, Takakura K. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1994 March; 57(3): 381-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8158194&dopt=Abstract
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Stability of an extemporaneously compounded baclofen oral liquid. Author(s): Johnson CE, Hart SM. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1993 November; 50(11): 2353-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8266961&dopt=Abstract
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Status epilepticus complicating intrathecal baclofen overdose. Author(s): Saltuari L, Marosi MJ, Kofler M, Bauer G. Source: Lancet. 1992 February 8; 339(8789): 373-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1346454&dopt=Abstract
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Status of baclofen pump. Author(s): Herz DA, Looman JE. Source: Orthopedics. 1993 November; 16(11): 1212. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8290392&dopt=Abstract
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Stiff-man syndrome treated with intrathecal baclofen. Author(s): Penn RD, Mangieri EA. Source: Neurology. 1993 November; 43(11): 2412. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8232971&dopt=Abstract
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Stiff-person syndrome with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies: complete remission of symptoms after intrathecal baclofen administration. Author(s): Seitz RJ, Blank B, Kiwit JC, Benecke R. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1995 October; 242(10): 618-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8568521&dopt=Abstract
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Subdural catheter migration may lead to baclofen pump dysfunction. Author(s): Pasquier Y, Cahana A, Schnider A. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2003 December; 41(12): 700-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14639451&dopt=Abstract
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Subfascial implantation of intrathecal baclofen pumps in children: technical note. Author(s): Kopell BH, Sala D, Doyle WK, Feldman DS, Wisoff JH, Weiner HL. Source: Neurosurgery. 2001 September; 49(3): 753-6; Discussion 756-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11523691&dopt=Abstract
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Suppression of alcohol delirium tremens by baclofen administration: a case report. Author(s): Addolorato G, Leggio L, Abenavoli L, DeLorenzi G, Parente A, Caputo F, Janiri L, Capristo E, Rapaccini GL, Gasbarrini G. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 2003 September-October; 26(5): 258-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14520166&dopt=Abstract
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Supraventricular tachyarrhythmia associated with baclofen overdose. Author(s): Roberge RJ, Martin TG, Hodgman M, Benitez JG, Brunswick JE. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1994; 32(3): 291-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8007036&dopt=Abstract
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Sustained effect of high-dose intrathecal baclofen in primary generalized dystonia: a 2-year follow-up study. Author(s): Diederich NJ, Comella CL, Matge G, Becker G, Schiltz F, Metz H. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1997 November; 12(6): 1100-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9399251&dopt=Abstract
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Symptoms of recurrent intrathecal baclofen withdrawal resulting from drug delivery failure: a case report. Author(s): Al-Khodairy AT, Vuagnat H, Uebelhart D. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 1999 May-June; 78(3): 272-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10340425&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of baclofen on gastro-oesophageal reflux, lower oesophageal sphincter function and reflux symptoms in patients with reflux disease. Author(s): van Herwaarden MA, Samsom M, Rydholm H, Smout AJ. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 September; 16(9): 1655-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197845&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of baclofen on the transmission in spinal pathways in spastic multiple sclerosis patients. Author(s): Orsnes G, Crone C, Krarup C, Petersen N, Nielsen J. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2000 August; 111(8): 1372-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10904217&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of intrathecal baclofen on functional intelligibility of speech. Author(s): Mason C, Gilpin P, McGowan S, Rossiter D. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 1998; 33 Suppl: 24-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10343658&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of intrathecal baclofen on muscle co-contraction in children with spasticity of cerebral origin. Author(s): Sgouros S, Seri S. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2002 November; 37(5): 225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12411712&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of baclofen on periodic alternating nystagmus and experimentally induced nystagmus. Author(s): Uemura T, Inoue H, Hirano T. Source: Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 1988; 42: 254-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3213737&dopt=Abstract
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The efficacy of intrathecal baclofen in severe tetanus. Author(s): Engrand N, Guerot E, Rouamba A, Vilain G. Source: Anesthesiology. 1999 June; 90(6): 1773-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10360878&dopt=Abstract
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The impact of intrathecal baclofen on gastrointestinal function. Author(s): Kofler M, Matzak H, Saltuari L. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 2002 September; 16(9): 825-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12217208&dopt=Abstract
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The treatment of tetanus with intrathecal baclofen. Author(s): Boots RJ, Lipman J, O'Callaghan J, Scott P, Fraser J. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2000 August; 28(4): 438-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10969374&dopt=Abstract
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The use of baclofen for treatment of chronic hiccups. Author(s): Oneschuk D. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1999 July; 18(1): 4-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10439566&dopt=Abstract
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The use of baclofen in cluster headache. Author(s): Hering-Hanit R, Gadoth N. Source: Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2001 February; 5(1): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252142&dopt=Abstract
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Time course of the effect of a bolus dose of intrathecal baclofen on severe cerebral spasticity. Author(s): Pohl M, Rockstroh G, Ruckriem S, Mehrholz J, Pause M, Koch R, Strik H. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2003 October; 250(10): 1195-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14586601&dopt=Abstract
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Tizanidine treatment of spasticity: a meta-analysis of controlled, double-blind, comparative studies with baclofen and diazepam. Author(s): Groves L, Shellenberger MK, Davis CS. Source: Adv Ther. 1998 July-August; 15(4): 241-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10186943&dopt=Abstract
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Transient paralysis after intrathecal bolus of baclofen for the treatment of postselective dorsal rhizotomy pain in children. Author(s): Soliman IE, Park TS, Berkelhamer MC. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1999 November; 89(5): 1233-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10553840&dopt=Abstract
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Transverse myelitis associated with restless legs syndrome and periodic movements of sleep responsive to an oral dopaminergic agent but not to intrathecal baclofen. Author(s): Brown LK, Heffner JE, Obbens EA. Source: Sleep. 2000 August 1; 23(5): 591-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10947026&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of cerebral origin spasticity with continuous intrathecal baclofen delivered via an implantable pump: long-term follow-up review of 18 patients. Author(s): Rawicki B. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1999 November; 91(5): 733-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10541228&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of chronic, refractory cough with baclofen. Author(s): Dicpinigaitis PV, Rauf K. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 1998; 65(1): 86-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9523374&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of intractable hiccup in haemodialysis patients with baclofen. Author(s): Hadjiyannacos D, Vlassopoulos D, Hadjiconstantinou V. Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 2001 September-October; 21(5): 427-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11684810&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of recurrent idiopathic priapism with oral baclofen. Author(s): Rourke KF, Fischler AH, Jordan GH. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 December; 168(6): 2552; Discussion 2552-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12441973&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of severe tetanus by continuous intrathecal infusion of baclofen. Author(s): Brock H, Moosbauer W, Gabriel C, Necek S, Bidal D. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1995 August; 59(2): 193-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7629542&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of spasticity in a spinal cord-injured patient with intrathecal morphine due to intrathecal baclofen tolerance--a case report and review of literature. Author(s): Soni BM, Mani RM, Oo T, Vaidyanathan S. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2003 October; 41(10): 586-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14504619&dopt=Abstract
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Use of baclofen for intractable hiccups in uremia. Author(s): Krahn A, Penner SB. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1994 April; 96(4): 391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8166162&dopt=Abstract
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Use of baclofen to suppress cough induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Author(s): Dicpinigaitis PV. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1996 November; 30(11): 1242-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8913404&dopt=Abstract
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Use of intrathecal baclofen administered by programmable infusion pumps in resistent spasticity. Author(s): Broseta J, Morales F, Garcia-March G, Sanchez-Ledesma MJ, Anaya J, Gonzalez-Darder J, Barbera J. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1989; 46: 39-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2773686&dopt=Abstract
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Use of intrathecal baclofen for treatment of spasticity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Author(s): Marquardt G, Seifert V. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002 February; 72(2): 2756. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11796788&dopt=Abstract
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Use of intrathecal baclofen in the treatment of patients with dystonia. Author(s): Ford B, Greene P, Louis ED, Petzinger G, Bressman SB, Goodman R, Brin MF, Sadiq S, Fahn S. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1996 December; 53(12): 1241-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8970452&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BACLOFEN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and baclofen.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Baclofen The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “baclofen” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “baclofen” (or a synonym): •
Baclofen analgesia in mice: a GABAB-mediated response. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Source: Aley, K O Kulkarni, S K Methods-Find-Exp-Clin-Pharmacol. 1991 December; 13(10): 681-6 0379-0355
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Baclofen antagonises intravenous self-administration of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in mice. Author(s): Department of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari and Centre for Neuropharmacology, CNR, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy. Source: Fattore, L Cossu, G Martellotta, M C Deiana, S Fratta, W Neuroreport. 2001 July 20; 12(10): 2243-6 0959-4965
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Baclofen in cluster headache. Author(s): Department of Neurology, Meir General Hospital, Kfar Saba, and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel. Source: Hering Hanit, R Gadoth, N Headache. 2000 January; 40(1): 48-51 0017-8748
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Baclofen prevents morphine withdrawal irrespective of seasonal variation. Author(s): Catedra de Farmacologia, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Source: Kemmling, A K Rubio, M C Balerio, G N Behav-Pharmacol. 2002 February; 13(1): 87-92 0955-8810
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Combined intrathecal baclofen and morphine infusion for the treatment of spasticity related pain and central deafferentiation pain. Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps-University Hospital, Marburg, Germany. Source: Gatscher, S Becker, R Uhle, E Bertalanffy, H Acta-Neurochir-Suppl. 2002; 79: 756 0065-1419
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Differential modulation by baclofen on antinociception induced by morphine and beta-endorphin administered intracerebroventricularly in the formalin test. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, Kangwon Do, South Korea. Source: Chung, K M Kim, Y H Song, D K Huh, S O Suh, H W Neuropeptides. 1999 December; 33(6): 534-41 0143-4179
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Enhanced GABA(B) receptor in neoplastic rat liver: induction of DNA synthesis by baclofen in hepatocyte cultures. Author(s): Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Neurobiology and Cell Biology Unit, Centre for Neuroscience, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682 022, India. Source: Biju, M P Pyroja, S RajeshkuMarch, N V Paulose, C S J-Biochem-Mol-BiolBiophys. 2002 June; 6(3): 209-14 1025-8140
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Monoclonal antibodies for ultrastructural visualization of L-baclofen-sensitive GABAB receptor sites. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029. Source: Martinelli, G P Holstein, G R Pasik, P Cohen, B Neuroscience. 1992; 46(1): 23-33 0306-4522
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Nitric oxide modulates spinal antinociceptive effect of clonidine but not that of baclofen in the formalin test in rats. Author(s): Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University School, Lublin, Poland. Source: Przesmycki, K Dzieciuch, J A Czuczwar, S J Kleinrok, Z EurNeuropsychopharmacol. 1999 January; 9(1-2): 115-21 0924-977X
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Partially competitive inhibition of intestinal baclofen absorption by beta-alanine, a nonessential dietary aminoacid. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Valencia, Spain. Source: Polache, A Pla Delfina, J M Merino, M Biopharm-Drug-Dispos. 1991 December; 12(9): 647-60 0142-2782
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Pertussis-toxin-sensitive inhibition by (-) baclofen of Ca signals in bovine chromaffin cells. Author(s): Max-Planck-Institut fur biophysikalische Chemie, Gottingen, Federal Republic of Germany. Source: Doroshenko, P Neher, E Pflugers-Arch. 1991 November; 419(5): 444-9 0031-6768
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Reduction of baclofen-, but not sodium valproate-induced growth hormone release in type I diabetic men. Author(s): Cattedra di Clinica Medica Generale, Universita di Parma, Italy. Source: Coiro, V Capretti, L Bianconi, L Castelli, A Cerri, L Roberti, G Marcato, A Volpi, R Chiodera, P Horm-Metab-Res. 1991 December; 23(12): 600-4 0018-5043
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Reversible coma in children after improper baclofen pump insertion. Author(s): Department of Pediatric Anaesthesia, Neurosurgery and Oncology Montreal Childrens' Hospital, McGill University Healthcare Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
[email protected] Source: Anderson, K J Farmer, J P Brown, K Paediatr-Anaesth. 2002 June; 12(5): 454-60 1155-5645
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Sex differences in the effects of baclofen on the acquisition of intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats. Author(s): Merck Research Laboratories, San Diego, 505 Coast Boulevard South, Suite 300, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Source: Campbell, Una C Morgan, Andrew D Carroll, Marilyn E Drug-Alcohol-Depend. 2002 Mar 1; 66(1): 61-9 0376-8716
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The effect of baclofen on spontaneous and evoked behavioural expression of experimental neuropathic chronic pain. Author(s): Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara (UFC), Brazil. Source: Santos, T de J de Castro Costa, C M Giffoni, S D Santos, F J Ramos, R S Gifoni, M A Arq-Neuropsiquiatr. 1999 September; 57(3B): 753-60 0004-282X
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The GABAB agonist baclofen modifies cocaine self-administration in rats. Author(s): Preclinical Pharmacology Laboratory, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Source: Shoaib, M Swanner, L S Beyer, C E Goldberg, S R Schindler, C W BehavPharmacol. 1998 May; 9(3): 195-206 0955-8810
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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BACLOFEN Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to baclofen. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to baclofen and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “baclofen” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to baclofen: •
A review of nonvalidated and complementary therapies for cluster headache. Author(s): Bilchik TR. Source: Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2004 April; 8(2): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14980151&dopt=Abstract
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An aggressive approach to limb dystonia: a case report. Author(s): Moberg-Wolff EA. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1998 May; 79(5): 589-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9596405&dopt=Abstract
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Antinociceptive effect of smilaxin B administered intracerebroventricularly in the mouse. Author(s): Suh HW, Song DK, Son KH, Woo MH, Do JC, Choi YS, Lee KH, Kim YH.
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Source: Planta Medica. 1996 April; 62(2): 141-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8657747&dopt=Abstract •
Antinociceptive mechanisms of dipsacus saponin C administered intracerebroventricularly in the mouse. Author(s): Suh HW, Song DK, Son KH, Wie MB, Lee KH, Jung KY, Do JC, Kim YH. Source: General Pharmacology. 1996 October; 27(7): 1167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8981063&dopt=Abstract
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Antinociceptive mechanisms of platycodin D administered intracerebroventricularly in the mouse. Author(s): Choi SS, Han EJ, Lee TH, Lee JK, Han KJ, Lee HK, Suh HW. Source: Planta Medica. 2002 September; 68(9): 794-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12357389&dopt=Abstract
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Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and acute toxicity effects of Zhumeria majdae extracts in mice and rats. Author(s): Hosseinzadeh H, Ramezani M, Fadishei M, Mahmoudi M. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2002 March; 9(2): 135-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11995946&dopt=Abstract
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Baclofen and the brain stem auditory evoked potential. Author(s): Martin MR. Source: Experimental Neurology. 1982 June; 76(3): 675-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7084382&dopt=Abstract
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Baclofen as an anticonvulsant in experimental models of convulsions. Author(s): Benedito MA, Leite JR. Source: Experimental Neurology. 1981 May; 72(2): 346-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7238695&dopt=Abstract
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Baclofen reduces tone-evoked activity of cochlear nucleus neurons. Author(s): Caspary DM, Rybak LP, Faingold CL. Source: Hearing Research. 1984 February; 13(2): 113-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6325378&dopt=Abstract
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Blockade of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors does not modify the inhibiton of ethanol intake induced by Hypericum perforatum in rats. Author(s): Perfumi M, Santoni M, Ciccocioppo R, Massi M.
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Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 2002 November-December; 37(6): 540-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12414544&dopt=Abstract •
Central nervous system supersensitivity and withdrawal from long-term treatment with barbital. Author(s): Sandoval MR, Palermo-Neto J. Source: Neuropharmacology. 1985 December; 24(12): 1247-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4094660&dopt=Abstract
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Central pain: an overview. Author(s): Devulder J, Crombez E, Mortier E. Source: Acta Neurol Belg. 2002 September; 102(3): 97-103. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12400247&dopt=Abstract
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Cerebellar ataxia. Author(s): Perlman SL. Source: Current Treatment Options in Neurology. 2000 May; 2(3): 215-224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11096749&dopt=Abstract
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Coexistence of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A and type B receptors in testicular interstitial cells. Author(s): Ritta MN, Campos MB, Calandra RS. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 1991 April; 56(4): 1236-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1848275&dopt=Abstract
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Co-localized neuropeptide Y and GABA have complementary presynaptic effects on sensory synaptic transmission. Author(s): Parker D, Soderberg C, Zotova E, Shupliakov O, Langel U, Bartfai T, Larhammar D, Brodin L, Grillner S. Source: The European Journal of Neuroscience. 1998 September; 10(9): 2856-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9758155&dopt=Abstract
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Convulsions induced by hyperbaric oxygen: inhibition by phenobarbital, diazepam and baclofen. Author(s): Lembeck F, Beubler E. Source: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 1977 March 14; 297(1): 4751. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=870832&dopt=Abstract
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Desensitization of GABAB receptors and antagonism by CGP 35348, prevent bicuculline- and picrotoxin-induced antinociception. Author(s): Malcangio M, Malmberg-Aiello P, Giotti A, Ghelardini C, Bartolini A.
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Source: Neuropharmacology. 1992 August; 31(8): 783-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1326728&dopt=Abstract •
DM235 (sunifiram): a novel nootropic with potential as a cognitive enhancer. Author(s): Ghelardini C, Galeotti N, Gualtieri F, Romanelli MN, Bucherelli C, Baldi E, Bartolini A. Source: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 2002 June; 365(6): 419-26. Epub 2002 May 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12070754&dopt=Abstract
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Dopamine selectively reduces GABA(B) transmission onto dopaminergic neurones by an unconventional presynaptic action. Author(s): Federici M, Natoli S, Bernardi G, Mercuri NB. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2002 April 1; 540(Pt 1): 119-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11927674&dopt=Abstract
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Dystonia. Author(s): Bressman SB, Greene PE. Source: Current Treatment Options in Neurology. 2000 May; 2(3): 275-285. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11096754&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of (-)-baclofen, clonazepam, and diazepam on tone exposure-induced hyperexcitability of the inferior colliculus in the rat: possible therapeutic implications for pharmacological management of tinnitus and hyperacusis. Author(s): Szczepaniak WS, Moller AR. Source: Hearing Research. 1996 August; 97(1-2): 46-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8844185&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of inhibitors for intracellular signal transduction systems on the inward current produced by GABA in a snail neuron. Author(s): Zhang W, Han XY, Wong SM, Takeuchi H. Source: General Pharmacology. 1998 February; 30(2): 221-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9502177&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of muscle relaxants on EEG, ABR and EMG in rabbits. Author(s): Saito T, Yamamoto I, Huang XL, Yukawa N, Osawa M, Takeichi S. Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 1999 December; 18(12): 718-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10627658&dopt=Abstract
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Electrophysiological assessment of the effect of intrathecal baclofen in spastic children. Author(s): Dachy B, Dan B.
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Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2002 March; 113(3): 336-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11897533&dopt=Abstract •
Energy requirements of spasticity. Author(s): Hemingway C, McGrogan J, Freeman JM. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2001 April; 43(4): 277-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11305407&dopt=Abstract
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Excitatory acoustic responses in the inferior colliculus of the rat are increased by GABAB receptor blockade. Author(s): Vaughn MD, Pozza MF, Lingenhohl K. Source: Neuropharmacology. 1996; 35(12): 1761-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9076755&dopt=Abstract
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Flexor reflex for assessment of common interneurone activity in spasticity. Author(s): Milanov IG. Source: Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1992 December; 32(12): 621-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1493777&dopt=Abstract
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Further evidence for possible analgesic mechanism of electroacupuncture: effects on neuropeptides and serotonergic neurons in rat spinal cord. Author(s): Tsai HY, Lin JG, Inoki R. Source: Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 1989 February; 49(2): 181-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2471859&dopt=Abstract
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GABA in the inferior colliculus plays a critical role in control of audiogenic seizures. Author(s): Faingold CL, Marcinczyk MJ, Casebeer DJ, Randall ME, Arneric SP, Browning RA. Source: Brain Research. 1994 March 21; 640(1-2): 40-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8004465&dopt=Abstract
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GABA(B) receptors contribute to vestibular compensation after unilateral labyrinthectomy in pigmented rats. Author(s): Magnusson AK, Lindstrom S, Tham R. Source: Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale. 2000 September; 134(1): 32-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11026723&dopt=Abstract
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GABAA receptor stimulation promotes survival of embryonic rat striatal neurons in culture. Author(s): Ikeda Y, Nishiyama N, Saito H, Katsuki H.
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Source: Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research. 1997 February 20; 98(2): 253-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9051267&dopt=Abstract •
GABAergic modulation of inferior colliculus excitability: role in the ethanol withdrawal audiogenic seizures. Author(s): Frye GD, McCown TJ, Breese GR, Peterson SL. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1986 May; 237(2): 478-85. Erratum In: J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1986 September; 238(3): 1143. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3009788&dopt=Abstract
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Hiccup in adults: an overview. Author(s): Launois S, Bizec JL, Whitelaw WA, Cabane J, Derenne JP. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1993 April; 6(4): 563-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8491309&dopt=Abstract
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Hiccups: a treatment review. Author(s): Friedman NL. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1996 November-December; 16(6): 986-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8947969&dopt=Abstract
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Interactions of acoustic and somatosensory evoked responses in a polysensory cortex of the cat. Author(s): Toldi J, Feher O. Source: Acta Biol Hung. 1987; 38(3-4): 333-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3503441&dopt=Abstract
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Interactions of ginsenosides with ligand-bindings of GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors. Author(s): Kimura T, Saunders PA, Kim HS, Rheu HM, Oh KW, Ho IK. Source: General Pharmacology. 1994 January; 25(1): 193-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8026706&dopt=Abstract
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Intermittent tremor-bursts induced by chlorpromazine and pentobarbitone in guinea pigs: a new tremor model. Author(s): Tan U, Gepdiremen A, Banoglu N, Kutlu N. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 1991 December; 61(3-4): 221-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1824383&dopt=Abstract
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Intrathecal baclofen and homeopathy for the treatment of painful muscle spasms associated with malignant spinal cord compression. Author(s): Thompson E, Hicks F.
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Source: Palliative Medicine. 1998 March; 12(2): 119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9616449&dopt=Abstract •
Involvement of GABAergic systems in manifestation of pharmacological activity of desipramine. Author(s): Asahi Y, Yonehara N. Source: Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 2001 July; 86(3): 316-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11488432&dopt=Abstract
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Involvement of the medial geniculate body in prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle. Author(s): Zhang J, Engel JA, Ericson M, Svensson L. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1999 January; 141(2): 189-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9952044&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
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The following is a specific Web list relating to baclofen; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Herbs and Supplements Baclofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phenylalanine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND BACLOFEN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning baclofen.
Recent Trials on Baclofen The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to baclofen.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Randomized Study of L-Baclofen in Patients with Refractory Trigeminal Neuralgia Condition(s): Trigeminal Neuralgia Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): FDA Office of Orphan Products Development; University of Pittsburgh Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Evaluate the efficacy of L-baclofen in patients with refractory trigeminal neuralgia. II. Evaluate the safety and tolerance of L-baclofen in these patients. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004431
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Rapid Evaluation of Cocaine Pharmacotherapies (Baclofen) - 6 Condition(s): Cocaine-Related Disorders Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Purpose - Excerpt: Empirically test a series of medications to: 1) determine each medication's efficacy in treatment of cocaine abuse/dependence; 2) find most efficacious dose range for each medication. In this study, baclofen is tested.
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000303 •
Pilot Study of the Effect of Baclofen and Bromocriptine on Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in Pubertal Children Condition(s): Growth Disorders Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); University of Michigan Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Evaluate the effect of bromocriptine on luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion by suppression of prolactin and stimulation of dopaminergic receptors in early pubertal boys and girls. II. Evaluate the effect of baclofen on LH secretion by stimulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors in early pubertal boys and girls. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004793
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “baclofen” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON BACLOFEN Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to baclofen. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on baclofen include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “baclofen” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:9 •
Baclofen; proceedings of a conference held at Brighton, March 17, 1972. Editorial committee: M. K. Flood [and] A. A. G. Lewis. Author: Gianino, Janet M; Year: 1972
Chapters on Baclofen In order to find chapters that specifically relate to baclofen, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and baclofen using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the 9
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “baclofen” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on baclofen: •
Treatment of the Sphincter: Medical Therapy Source: in Corcos, J.; Schick, E., eds. Urinary Sphincter. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 2001. p. 483-496. Contact: Available from Marcel Dekker, Inc. Cimarron Road, P.O. Box 5005, Monticello, NY 12701. (800) 228-1160 or (845) 796-1919. Fax (845) 796-1772. E-mail:
[email protected]. International E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.dekker.com. PRICE: $225.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0824704770. Summary: Medical treatment for sphincteric (the controlling muscles of the bladder opening) pathology is often pursued as a first line approach for the patient with either incontinence (involuntary loss of urine) or obstructive voiding. The decision to pursue medical therapy may be patient or physician driven and based on the desire to avoid more aggressive invasive procedures. This chapter on medical therapy for treatment of the sphincter is from a textbook that presents a detailed and systematic account of the current knowledge on the anatomy, physiology, functional relationships, and range of dysfunctions that affect the urinary sphincter. The medical approach to the treatment of the dysfunctional sphincter may be divided practically into medications that are used to either enhance sphincteric function (as in stress incontinence) or weaken sphincteric function (as in dyssynergia or voiding dysfunction) and promote bladder emptying. The author reviews medical therapy for the hyperactive sphincter, including the use of alpha adrenergic blockers, benzodiazepines, beta adrenergic agents, dantrolene sodium, botulinum toxin, phenol block, and baclofen; and medical therapy for the incompetent sphincter, including the use of alpha adrenergic agonists, imipramine, and estrogen therapy. The author concludes that for the smooth sphincter, alpha adrenergic agonists and antagonists represent an effective way to modulate sphincteric function. Although many different drugs have been tried to target striated sphincteric dysfunction, few have been selective enough to warrant widespread clinical use. Too commonly, adverse systemic side effects limit their clinical effectiveness. For a select group of patients, however, these drugs allow them to overcome striated sphincteric dysfunction, without resorting to surgery. 2 tables. 107 references.
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BACLOFEN Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover baclofen.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on baclofen is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “baclofen” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to baclofen. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “baclofen” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for baclofen: •
Intrathecal baclofen a "good option" for severe tetanus Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 16, 2004
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FDA reports shortage of generic baclofen Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 13, 2002
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Intrathecal baclofen for severe spasticity receives boxed warning Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 24, 2002
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Baclofen may ease alcohol withdrawal symptoms Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 21, 2002
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Baclofen cuts gastroesophageal reflux Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 16, 2002
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Post-stroke ambulation improves with baclofen therapy Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 20, 2001
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Intrathecal baclofen used successfully in ambulatory patients with spasticity Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 09, 2001
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Electrical stimulation and baclofen may benefit patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 31, 2000
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Intrathecal baclofen reduces spasticity in cerebral palsy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 07, 2000
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Baclofen shows promise for the treatment of alcoholism Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 25, 2000
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Baclofen may be useful in preventing migraines Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 09, 1999 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.
Periodicals and News
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Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “baclofen” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “baclofen” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to baclofen, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “baclofen” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “baclofen” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on baclofen: •
TN's Jolting Symptoms and the Drugs That Help Source: TN Alert. p. 1, 6. Spring 1995. Contact: Available from Trigeminal Neuralgia Association. P.O. Box 340, Barnegat Light, NJ 08006. (609) 361-1014. Summary: This newsletter article describes the symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and the drugs that may be helpful in its treatment. Topics covered include the typical symptoms of pain associated with TN; factors that may produce TN; diagnostic tests used to confirm the condition; drug therapy, including that with carbamazepine; drug
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side effects; and other pharmaceutical options, including phenytoin, baclofen, pimozide, capsaicin, and oxcarbazepine.
Academic Periodicals covering Baclofen Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to baclofen. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering baclofen that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for baclofen. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with baclofen. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to baclofen: Baclofen •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lioresal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202080.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
10
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “baclofen” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 4295 17 16 0 5 4333
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “baclofen” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
13
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
14
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
18 Adapted 19
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on baclofen can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to baclofen. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to baclofen. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “baclofen”:
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•
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Other guides Cerebral Palsy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cerebralpalsy.html Multiple Sclerosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/multiplesclerosis.html Neuromuscular Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neuromusculardisorders.html Spinal Cord Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalcordinjuries.html Trigeminal Neuralgia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/trigeminalneuralgia.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on baclofen. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Motor Neuron Disease Source: Danbury, CT: National Organization for Rare Disorders. 2000. 7 p. Contact: National Organization for Rare Disorders. P.O. Box 1968, Danbury, CT 068131968. (800) 999-NORD; (203) 744- 0100; TDD (203) 797-9590. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.rarediseases.org. PRICE: Free for 1st request, $7.50 per copy thereafter. Summary: This fact sheet summarizes information on motor neuron diseases (MND' s), including a brief definition and synonyms for the disease, symptom progression, possible causes, the population affected, standard and investigational therapies, and related disorders. MND is a group of serious disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons (neurons combined to form nerves that control the behavior of muscles). Symptoms are characterized by muscle weakness, atrophy, and normal intellectual functioning. There are several forms of MND, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease), primary lateral sclerosis, WerdnigHoffmann disease, and Kugelberg- Welander syndrome. The exact etiology of MND is unknown. In general, all forms of the disease are rare, affecting different populations. Standard therapies include the use of drugs symptoms such as baclofen, quinine, and diazepam to control muscle, and pyridostigmine for nerve- to-muscle transmission;
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various respiratory aids; devices to help the patient continue daily living activities; and genetic counseling for patients and families with a hereditary form of MND. This fact sheet includes a list of resources on MND. •
Trigeminal Neuralgia: An Overview for Patients and Their Families Source: Barnegat Light, NJ: Trigeminal Neuralgia Association. 1998. 4 p. Contact: Available from Trigeminal Neuralgia Association. P.O. Box 340, Barnegat Light, NJ 08006. (609) 361-6250. Fax (609) 361-0982. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.tna-support.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a chronic disorder that usually affects people in middle or late life and is characterized by excruciating pain around the eyes, nose, lips, jaw, forehead, or scalp. This fact sheet provides an overview of the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, medical treatments, and surgical options for trigeminal neuralgia. TN is believed to be caused when a blood vessel presses on the trigeminal nerve (vascular compression) and causes the covering (myelin sheath) to deteriorate. This deterioration causes the nerve to send abnormal signals to the brain which can cause a soft touch or simple facial movement to feel painful. TN can be easily diagnosed by a dentist or physician familiar with its pain and symptoms. There is no specific test to confirm TN. Many patients find that TN can be effectively managed with medication, usually on an ongoing basis (at least four to six weeks on medications, then a gradual tapering off if the pain stays in remission). The most commonly prescribed medications for TN are anticonvulsants, which work by suppressing the abnormal signaling activity of the trigeminal nerve. Drugs prescribed for TN include carbamazepine (Tegretol), phenytoin (Dilantin), gabapentin (Neurontin), and baclofen (Lioresal, a muscle relaxant). Surgical options can include radiofrequency rhizotomy (or electrocoagulation), glycerol rhizotomy, balloon compression, microvascular decompression, and stereotactic (or gamma knife or LINAC) radiosurgery. The fact sheet concludes with information about the non profit Trigeminal Neuralgia Association (TNA), a group that sponsors support groups, a national patient network, and educational outreach (www.tna-support.org). 1 figure. The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to baclofen. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.
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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to baclofen. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with baclofen. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about baclofen. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “baclofen” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received
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your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “baclofen”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “baclofen” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “baclofen” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
21
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
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Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
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Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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BACLOFEN DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 4-Aminopyridine: A potassium channel blocker. It is used primarily as a research tool and is helpful in characterizing subtypes of potassium channels. It has been used clinically in Lambert-Eaton syndrome and multiple sclerosis because by blocking potassium channels it prolongs action potentials thereby increasing transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction (and elsewhere). [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Ablate: In surgery, is to remove. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Action Potentials: The electric response of a nerve or muscle to its stimulation. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with
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similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic Agents: Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters. [NIH]
Adrenergic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors. [NIH] Adrenoleukodystrophy: A chromosome X-linked disease. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Akinetic Mutism: Lack of the faculty of speech. [NIH] Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. EC 1.2.1.3. Before 1978, it was classified as EC 1.1.1.70. [NIH]
Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkylation: The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and
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herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amantadine: An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of Influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH]
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Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Ankle Joint: The joint that is formed by the inferior articular and malleolar articular surfaces of the tibia, the malleolar articular surface of the fibula, and the medial malleolar, lateral malleolar, and superior surfaces of the talus. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]
Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU]
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Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]
Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antispasmodics: Medicines that help reduce or stop muscle spasms in the intestines. Examples are dicyclomine (dy-SY-klo-meen) (Bentyl) and atropine (AH-tro-peen) (Donnatal). [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Appetitive Behavior: Animal searching behavior. The variable introductory phase of an instinctive behavior pattern or sequence, e.g., looking for food, or sequential courtship patterns prior to mating. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the
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biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Auditory Cortex: Area of the temporal lobe concerned with hearing. [NIH] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autoreceptors: Transmitter receptors on or near presynaptic terminals (or varicosities) which are sensitive to the transmitter(s) released by the terminal itself. Receptors for the hormones released by hormone-releasing cells are also included. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Babesiosis: A group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including zoonoses in humans. They are caused by protozoans of the genus babesia, which parasitize erythrocytes, producing hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism's natural host is mice and transmission is by the deer tick ixodes scapularis. [NIH] Baclofen: A GABA derivative that is a specific agonist at GABA-B receptors. It is used in the treatment of spasticity, especially that due to spinal cord damage. Its therapeutic effects result from actions at spinal and supraspinal sites, generally the reduction of excitatory transmission. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Barbital: A long-acting barbiturate that depresses most metabolic processes at high doses. It is used as a hypnotic and sedative and may induce dependence. Barbital is also used in veterinary practice for central nervous system depression. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with
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epilepsy. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basilar Artery: The artery formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries; it runs from the lower to the upper border of the pons, where it bifurcates into the two posterior cerebral arteries. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Beta-Alanine: Beta-Alanine. An amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. Since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, the compound may be a false transmitter replacing GABA. A rare genetic disorder, hyper-beta-alaninemia, has been reported. [NIH] Beta-Endorphin: A peptide consisting of amino acid sequence 61-91 of the endogenous pituitary hormone beta-lipotropin. The first four amino acids show a common tetrapeptide sequence with methionine- and leucine enkephalin. The compound shows opiate-like activity. Injection of beta-endorphin induces a profound analgesia of the whole body for several hours. This action is reversed after administration of naloxone. [NIH] Bicuculline: Isoquinoline alkaloid from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants that is a competitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus causes convulsions. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU]
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Biological Factors: Compounds made by living organisms that contribute to or influence a phenomenon or process. They have biological or physiological activities. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH]
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Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion and is used to treat amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and female infertility, and has been proposed for Parkinson disease. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchial Hyperreactivity: Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory. [NIH] Bulbar: Pertaining to a bulb; pertaining to or involving the medulla oblongata, as bulbar paralysis. [EU] Bupropion: A unicyclic, aminoketone antidepressant. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not well understood, but it does appear to block dopamine uptake. The hydrochloride is available as an aid to smoking cessation treatment. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester. [NIH] Cachexia: General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their
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three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU]
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Cerebral Arteries: The arteries supplying the cerebral cortex. [NIH] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemoreceptors: Cells specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptors may monitor external stimuli, as in taste and olfaction, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. [NIH] Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Choreatic Disorders: Acquired and hereditary conditions which feature chorea as a primary manifestation of the disease process. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromaffin Cells: Cells that store epinephrine secretory vesicles. During times of stress, the nervous system signals the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. Characteristically, they are located in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia (paraganglia, chromaffin) of the sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Chromic: Catgut sterilized and impregnated with chromium trioxide. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all
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human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Cinchona: A genus of rubiaceous South American trees that yields the toxic cinchona alkaloids from their bark; quinine, quinidine, chinconine, cinchonidine and others are used to treat malaria and cardiac arrhythmias. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of gaba receptor responses. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]
Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Cochlear Nerve: The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). The
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cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus) of the brain stem. They mediate the sense of hearing. [NIH] Cochlear Nucleus: The brain stem nucleus that receives the central input from the cochlear nerve. The cochlear nucleus is located lateral and dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and is functionally divided into dorsal and ventral parts. It is tonotopically organized, performs the first stage of central auditory processing, and projects (directly or indirectly) to higher auditory areas including the superior olivary nuclei, the medial geniculi, the inferior colliculi, and the auditory cortex. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Complete response: The disappearance of all signs of cancer in response to treatment. This does not always mean the cancer has been cured. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up
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secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concretion: Minute, hard, yellow masses found in the palpebral conjunctivae of elderly people or following chronic conjunctivitis, composed of the products of cellular degeneration retained in the depressions and tubular recesses in the conjunctiva. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congenita: Displacement, subluxation, or malposition of the crystalline lens. [NIH] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Contusion: A bruise; an injury of a part without a break in the skin. [EU] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or
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groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Courtship: The mutual attraction between individuals of the opposite sex. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Curare: Plant extracts from several species, including Strychnos toxifera, S. castelnaei, S. crevauxii, and Chondodendron tomentosum, that produce paralysis of skeletal muscle and are used adjunctively with general anesthesia. These extracts are toxic and must be used with the administration of artificial respiration. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH]
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Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Demyelinating Diseases: Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor
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anticholingeric activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of fenfluramine. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity. [NIH] Dexterity: Ability to move the hands easily and skillfully. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU]
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Disulfiram: A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vasodilation, respiratory difficulties, nausea, hypotension, and other symptoms (acetaldehyde syndrome). It acts by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase. [NIH] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dumping Syndrome: Gastrointestinal nonfunctioning pylorus. [NIH]
symptoms
resulting
from
an
absent
or
Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH]
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Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electroacupuncture: A form of acupuncture using low frequency electrically stimulated needles to produce analgesia and anesthesia and to treat disease. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Empiric: Empirical; depending upon experience or observation alone, without using scientific method or theory. [EU] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enkephalin: A natural opiate painkiller, in the hypothalamus. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epilepticus: Repeated and prolonged epileptic seizures without recovery of consciousness between attacks. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH]
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Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Facial Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. Pontine disorders may affect the facial nuclei or nerve fascicle. The nerve may be involved intracranially, along its course through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, or along its extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include facial muscle weakness, loss of taste from the anterior tongue, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation. [NIH] Facial Pain: Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain.
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Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as facial pain syndromes. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fibula: The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluid Therapy: Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to water-electrolyte balance. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by hypodermoclysis. [NIH] Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion,
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stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] GABA: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma knife: Radiation therapy in which high-energy rays are aimed at a tumor from many angles in a single treatment session. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastrectomy: An operation to remove all or part of the stomach. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Flow of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus. Happens when the muscle between the esophagus and the stomach (the lower esophageal sphincter) is weak or relaxes when it shouldn't. May cause esophagitis. Also called esophageal reflux or reflux esophagitis. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrostomy: Creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes
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are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Genetic Counseling: Advising families of the risks involved pertaining to birth defects, in order that they may make an informed decision on current or future pregnancies. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]
Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue,
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due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Hallucinogen: A hallucination-producing drug, a category of drugs producing this effect. The user of a hallucinogenic drug is almost invariably aware that what he is seeing are hallucinations. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemiparesis: The weakness or paralysis affecting one side of the body. [NIH] Hemiplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see paresis) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hiccup: A spasm of the diaphragm that causes a sudden inhalation followed by rapid closure of the glottis which produces a sound. [NIH] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the
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entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Homogenate: A suspension of animal tissue that is ground in the all-glass "homogenizer" described by Potter and Elvehjem in 1936. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Cyanide: HCN. A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hyperacusis: An abnormally disproportionate increase in the sensation of loudness in response to auditory stimuli of normal volume. Cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; facial nerve diseases; stapes surgery; and other disorders may be associated with this condition. [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertonia: Or hypertony n, pl. hypertonias or hypertonies : hypertonicity. n. Pathology: increased rigidity, tension and spasticity of the muscles. [EU] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and
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is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Hypotonia: A condition of diminished tone of the skeletal muscles; diminished resistance of muscles to passive stretching. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileostomy: Surgical creation of an external opening into the ileum for fecal diversion or drainage. Loop or tube procedures are most often employed. [NIH] Imaging procedures: Methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]
Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantable pump: A small device installed under the skin to administer a steady dose of drugs. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU]
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Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infuse: To pour (a liquid) into something. [EU] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Infusion Pumps: Fluid propulsion systems driven mechanically, electrically, or osmotically that are used to inject (or infuse) over time agents into a patient or experimental animal; used routinely in hospitals to maintain a patent intravenous line, to administer antineoplastic agents and other drugs in thromboembolism, heart disease, diabetes mellitus (insulin infusion systems is also available), and other disorders. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin Infusion Systems: Portable or implantable devices for infusion of insulin. Includes open-loop systems which may be patient-operated or controlled by a pre-set program and are designed for constant delivery of small quantities of insulin, increased during food ingestion, and closed-loop systems which deliver quantities of insulin automatically based on an electronic glucose sensor. [NIH] Intercostal: Situated between the ribs. [EU]
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Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intrathecal: Describes the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Drugs can be injected into the fluid or a sample of the fluid can be removed for testing. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intravesical: Within the bladder. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ipsilateral: Having to do with the same side of the body. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isradipine: 4-(4-Benzofurazanyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid methyl 1-methyl ethyl ester. A potent calcium channel antagonist that is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Ketoconazole: Broad spectrum antifungal agent used for long periods at high doses, especially in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU]
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Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Laparotomy: A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lithotripsy: The destruction of a calculus of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces, including crushing with a lithotriptor through a catheter. Focused percutaneous ultrasound and focused hydraulic shock waves may be used without surgery. Lithotripsy does not include the dissolving of stones by acids or litholysis. Lithotripsy by laser is laser lithotripsy. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to
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humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Lorazepam: An anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]
Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Nerve: The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura. [NIH]
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than amphetamine, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical
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substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Memantine: Amantadine derivative that has some dopaminergic effects. It has been proposed as an antiparkinson agent. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metabotropic: A glutamate receptor which triggers an increase in production of 2 intracellular messengers: diacylglycerol and inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate. [NIH] Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to dextroamphetamine. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [NIH] Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to lidocaine. It may have some anticonvulsant properties. [NIH]
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MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]
Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate muscle cells. [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness,
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numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Fatigue: A state arrived at through prolonged and strong contraction of a muscle. Studies in athletes during prolonged submaximal exercise have shown that muscle fatigue increases in almost direct proportion to the rate of muscle glycogen depletion. Muscle fatigue in short-term maximal exercise is associated with oxygen lack and an increased level of blood and muscle lactic acid, and an accompanying increase in hydrogen-ion concentration in the exercised muscle. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Muscle tension: A force in a material tending to produce extension; the state of being stretched. [NIH] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mutism: Inability or refusal to speak. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelin Sheath: The lipid-rich sheath investing many axons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. The myelin sheath is an electrical insulator and allows faster and more energetically efficient conduction of impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of glial cells (Schwann cells in the peripheral and oligodendroglia in the central nervous system). Deterioration of the sheath in demyelinating diseases is a serious clinical problem. [NIH] Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord. Relatively common etiologies include infections; autoimmune diseases; spinal cord; and ischemia (see also spinal cord vascular diseases). Clinical features generally include weakness, sensory loss, localized pain, incontinence, and other signs of autonomic dysfunction. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonia: Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of myotonic disorders. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH]
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Narcosis: A general and nonspecific reversible depression of neuronal excitability, produced by a number of physical and chemical aspects, usually resulting in stupor. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has
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morphine-like actions. [EU] Natriuresis: The excretion of abnormal amounts of sodium in the urine. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A condition in which part of the tissue in the intestines is destroyed. Occurs mainly in under-weight newborn babies. A temporary ileostomy may be necessary. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neuropharmacology: The branch of pharmacology dealing especially with the action of drugs upon various parts of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH]
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Neurosurgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]
Neurotoxins: Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Nutritional Support: The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include fluid therapy which normalizes body fluids to restore water-electrolyte balance. [NIH]
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Nystagmus: Rhythmical oscillation of the eyeballs, either pendular or jerky. [NIH] Olfaction: Function of the olfactory apparatus to perceive and discriminate between the molecules that reach it, in gas form from an external environment, directly or indirectly via the nose. [NIH] Oligodendroglia: A class of neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Oligodendroglia may be called interfascicular, perivascular, or perineuronal satellite cells according to their location. The most important recognized function of these cells is the formation of the insulating myelin sheaths of axons in the central nervous system. [NIH] O-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH]
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Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Paraganglia, Chromaffin: Small bodies containing chromaffin cells occurring outside of the adrenal medulla, most commonly near the sympathetic ganglia and in organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]
Paraplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with spinal cord diseases, although brain diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; neuromuscular diseases; and muscular diseases may also cause bilateral leg weakness. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Patient Selection: Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH]
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Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to ketamine in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust. [NIH] Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It promotes binding to inhibitory GABA subtype receptors, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations. [NIH] Phobia: A persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used
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as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the stem to which it is affixed. [EU] Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity. [NIH] Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GABA-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together
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can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postherpetic Neuralgia: Variety of neuralgia associated with migraine in which pain is felt in or behind the eye. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH]
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Priapism: Persistent abnormal erection of the penis, usually without sexual desire, and accompanied by pain and tenderness. It is seen in diseases and injuries of the spinal cord, and may be caused by vesical calculus and certain injuries to the penis. [EU] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH]
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Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proton Pump: Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane against a concentration gradient. This transport is driven by hydrolysis of ATP by H(+)transporting ATP synthase. [NIH] Proton Pump Inhibitors: Medicines that stop the stomach's acid pump. Examples are omeprazole (oh-MEH-prah-zol) (Prilosec) and lansoprazole (lan-SOH-prah-zol) (Prevacid). [NIH]
Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pyramidal Cells: Projection neurons in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region. [NIH]
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Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quinine: An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large
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intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Relaxation Techniques: The use of muscular relaxation techniques in treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Respiratory Muscles: These include the muscles of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. [NIH]
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Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Restless legs: Legs characterized by or showing inability to remain at rest. [EU] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Ganglion Cells: Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner plexiform layer. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rhabdomyolysis: Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist that has reported anticonvulsant activity. It has been shown to prolong the survival of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and has been approved in the United States to treat patients with ALS. [NIH] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponin: A substance found in soybeans and many other plants. Saponins may help lower cholesterol and may have anticancer effects. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate
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affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seasonal Affective Disorder: A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (phototherapy), during the season of recurrence. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Secretory Vesicles: Vesicles derived from the golgi apparatus containing material to be released at the cell surface. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sedatives, Barbiturate: Those derivatives of barbituric or thiobarbituric acid that are used as hypnotics or sedatives. The structural class of all such derivatives, regardless of use, is barbiturates. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase. It is used in newly diagnosed patients with Parkinson's disease. It may slow progression of the clinical disease and delay the requirement for levodopa therapy. It also may be given with levodopa upon onset of disability. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p385) The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH]
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Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. [NIH]
Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Sibutramine: A drug used for the management of obesity that helps reduce food intake and is indicated for weight loss and maintenance of weight loss when used in conjunction with a reduced-calorie diet. It works to suppress the appetite primarily by inhibiting the reuptake of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin. Side effects include dry mouth, headache, constipation, insomnia, and a slight increase in average blood pressure. In some patients it causes a higher blood pressure increase. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the
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brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural
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orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Compression: Acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the spinal cord due to extramedullary neoplasm; epidural abscess; spinal fractures; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinal Cord Injuries: Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., wounds, gunshot; whiplash injuries; etc.). [NIH] Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases: Hypoxic-ischemic and hemorrhagic disorders of the spinal cord. Arteriosclerosis, emboli, and vascular malformations are potential causes of these conditions. [NIH] Spinal Fractures: Broken bones in the vertebral column. [NIH] Stapes: One of the three ossicles of the middle ear. It transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the internal ear. [NIH] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Stereotactic: Radiotherapy that treats brain tumors by using a special frame affixed directly to the patient's cranium. By aiming the X-ray source with respect to the rigid frame, technicians can position the beam extremely precisely during each treatment. [NIH] Stereotactic radiosurgery: A radiation therapy technique involving a rigid head frame that is attached to the skull; high-dose radiation is administered through openings in the head frame to the tumor while decreasing the amount of radiation given to normal brain tissue. This procedure does not involve surgery. Also called stereotaxic radiosurgery and stereotactic radiation therapy. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress incontinence: An involuntary loss of urine that occurs at the same time that internal abdominal pressure is increased, such as with laughing, sneezing, coughing, or physical
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activity. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Supraspinal: Above the spinal column or any spine. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH]
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Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic Vesicles: Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tachyarrhythmia: Tachycardia associated with an irregularity in the normal heart rhythm. [EU]
Talus: The second largest of the tarsal bones and occupies the middle and upper part of the tarsus. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Taurine: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid. A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH]
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Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]
Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thromboembolism: Obstruction of a vessel by a blood clot that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Expansion: Process whereby tissue adjacent to a soft tissue defect is expanded by means of a subcutaneously implanted reservoir. The procedure is used in reconstructive surgery for injuries caused by trauma, burns, or ablative surgery. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH]
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Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Toothache: Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trigeminal Nerve: The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells
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of the trigeminal ganglion and project to the trigeminal nucleus of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urodynamic: Measures of the bladder's ability to hold and release urine. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venoms: Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH]
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Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly
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used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Wounds, Gunshot: Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH]
167
INDEX 4 4-Aminopyridine, 11, 111 A Abdomen, 111, 118, 138, 139, 148, 159 Abdominal, 21, 24, 43, 111, 127, 146, 147, 148, 159 Ablate, 111, 129 Abscess, 111, 159 Acetaldehyde, 111, 128 Acetylcholine, 111, 121, 145 Acoustic, 73, 74, 75, 111, 165 Action Potentials, 111 Adaptation, 5, 21, 111, 121, 149 Adenosine, 111, 119, 149, 162 Adjustment, 12, 111 Adrenal Cortex, 111, 125, 151, 154 Adrenal Medulla, 111, 120, 121, 129, 145, 147 Adrenergic, 3, 82, 111, 112, 115, 128, 129, 160 Adrenergic Agents, 82, 112 Adrenergic Agonists, 3, 82, 112 Adrenoleukodystrophy, 45, 112 Adverse Effect, 112, 157 Afferent, 112, 130, 150 Affinity, 112, 127, 158 Agoraphobia, 112, 136, 147, 148 Airway, 112, 119 Akinetic Mutism, 58, 112 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, 112, 128 Alertness, 112, 119 Algorithms, 112, 118 Alkaline, 112, 119 Alkaloid, 112, 116, 117, 119, 122, 142, 145, 153, 162 Alkylation, 9, 112 Allergen, 112, 156 Alternative medicine, 85, 112 Amantadine, 10, 15, 113, 141 Amenorrhea, 113, 119 Amine, 113, 135 Amino Acid Sequence, 113, 114, 117 Amino Acids, 18, 113, 117, 144, 147, 150, 152, 164 Amphetamine, 7, 113, 127, 140 Anaesthesia, 24, 39, 58, 62, 67, 113, 136 Analgesic, 73, 113, 142, 146, 153 Analog, 13, 18, 113
Anatomical, 113, 136, 156 Anesthesia, 4, 32, 33, 42, 46, 50, 63, 112, 113, 125, 129, 138 Anesthetics, 113, 116, 129 Angina, 113, 138 Angina Pectoris, 113, 138 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, 64, 114 Animal model, 8, 15, 16, 114 Ankle, 17, 54, 114 Ankle Joint, 54, 114 Antagonism, 71, 114, 119, 162 Antiallergic, 114, 125 Antibiotic, 31, 114, 147, 158 Antibodies, 66, 114, 116, 149 Antibody, 112, 114, 123, 135, 137, 141, 153, 156, 158 Anticholinergic, 114, 149 Anticonvulsant, 70, 114, 119, 122, 140, 141, 155 Antidepressant, 9, 114, 119, 136 Antidote, 114, 131, 149 Antiemetic, 114, 115, 121, 141 Antifungal, 114, 138 Antigen, 112, 114, 123, 135, 137, 141, 156 Anti-inflammatory, 5, 70, 114 Antineoplastic, 114, 115, 137 Antineoplastic Agents, 115, 137 Antipruritic, 115, 125 Antipsychotic, 115, 121 Antipyretic, 115, 153 Antispasmodics, 3, 115 Antiviral, 113, 115 Anus, 115, 118, 154 Anxiety, 16, 115, 140, 146, 147, 149, 156 Aponeurosis, 115, 132 Appetitive Behavior, 7, 115 Approximate, 11, 115 Arachidonic Acid, 115, 151 Arginine, 4, 115, 145 Arterial, 19, 115, 135, 151 Arteries, 115, 117, 118, 121, 125, 142 Arterioles, 115, 118, 119 Articular, 114, 115 Aspartate, 115, 138, 148 Aspiration, 5, 115 Assay, 17, 115 Ataxia, 71, 116, 120, 161
168
Baclofen
Atmospheric Pressure, 116, 135 Atrophy, 5, 52, 98, 116 Atropine, 26, 115, 116 Auditory, 70, 116, 123, 135, 150 Auditory Cortex, 116, 123 Autoantibodies, 60, 116 Autoantigens, 116 Autoimmune disease, 116, 143 Autonomic, 30, 111, 115, 116, 133, 143, 145, 148, 160 Autoreceptors, 21, 116 Axons, 11, 116, 126, 143, 146, 150, 152, 155 B Babesiosis, 116, 153 Bacteria, 114, 116, 124, 130, 142, 157, 158, 163 Bacterial Physiology, 111, 116 Bactericidal, 116, 130 Barbital, 71, 116 Barbiturate, 116 Basal Ganglia, 115, 116, 117, 118, 121, 132, 139 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 116, 117, 121 Base, 117, 126, 138, 152, 161 Basilar Artery, 26, 117 Benign, 117, 132, 134, 144 Benzene, 117 Benzodiazepines, 16, 82, 117, 131 Beta-Alanine, 67, 117 Beta-Endorphin, 66, 117 Bicuculline, 37, 71, 117 Bilateral, 117, 147 Bile, 117, 132, 139, 159, 161 Bile Acids, 117, 132, 159, 161 Biliary, 117, 119, 127 Biliary Tract, 117, 119 Bioavailability, 39, 117 Biochemical, 117, 157 Biological Factors, 12, 118 Biopsy, 118, 148 Biotechnology, 21, 22, 66, 81, 85, 93, 118 Bladder, 3, 21, 29, 82, 118, 136, 138, 139, 143, 164 Blood Coagulation, 118, 119 Blood Platelets, 118, 157 Blood pressure, 16, 118, 135, 142, 157, 158 Blood vessel, 99, 118, 120, 129, 134, 138, 148, 149, 158, 160, 162, 164 Blood-Brain Barrier, 47, 118, 139, 149 Body Fluids, 118, 131, 145, 146, 158 Bolus, 50, 56, 62, 63, 118 Bolus infusion, 118
Bowel, 118, 127, 138, 148, 159 Bowel Movement, 118, 127, 159 Bradykinin, 118, 145 Brain Diseases, 118, 147 Brain Stem, 70, 118, 120, 123, 164 Branch, 107, 118, 129, 144, 152, 158, 162 Breakdown, 118, 127, 132, 146 Bromocriptine, 15, 78, 119 Bronchi, 119, 129, 162, 163 Bronchial, 36, 37, 119, 135, 162 Bronchial Hyperreactivity, 37, 119 Bulbar, 5, 119 Bupropion, 10, 15, 119 Burns, 45, 119, 162 Butyric Acid, 20, 33, 119 C Cachexia, 5, 119 Caffeine, 9, 119 Calcium, 3, 21, 119, 123, 138, 157 Calculi, 38, 119 Capillary, 25, 29, 33, 118, 119, 165 Capsaicin, 86, 119 Carbamazepine, 4, 85, 99, 119 Carbohydrate, 120, 133, 156 Cardiac, 119, 120, 122, 129, 130, 138, 139, 143, 159 Cardiovascular, 8, 113, 120, 127, 157 Carotene, 120, 155 Case report, 21, 26, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 43, 44, 46, 53, 55, 58, 61, 64, 69, 120, 122 Catecholamine, 120, 127, 128, 148 Caudal, 120, 127, 150 Cell Differentiation, 120, 157 Cell membrane, 120, 126, 132, 143 Cell proliferation, 120, 157 Central Nervous System Diseases, 20, 120 Central Nervous System Infections, 120, 134 Cerebellar, 26, 71, 116, 120, 123, 154, 163 Cerebellar Diseases, 116, 120, 163 Cerebellum, 118, 120, 150, 154 Cerebral Arteries, 117, 121 Cerebral hemispheres, 117, 118, 120, 121 Cerebral Palsy, 27, 31, 37, 39, 45, 46, 50, 51, 52, 59, 84, 98, 121, 158 Cerebrospinal, 50, 121 Cerebrospinal fluid, 50, 121 Cerebrum, 120, 121 Cervical, 11, 29, 37, 49, 121, 134 Cervix, 121 Chemoreceptors, 11, 121, 133 Chlorpromazine, 74, 121
Index 169
Cholesterol, 117, 121, 155, 159 Cholinergic, 115, 121, 145 Chorea, 52, 115, 121 Choreatic Disorders, 121 Choroid, 121, 155 Chromaffin Cells, 67, 121, 147 Chromic, 121 Chromosome, 55, 112, 121, 124 Chronic Disease, 119, 122 Cinchona, 122, 153 CIS, 21, 122, 155 Clinical Medicine, 122, 150 Clinical study, 122, 124 Clinical trial, 6, 8, 10, 18, 77, 78, 93, 122, 124, 147, 153 Clonazepam, 4, 52, 72, 122 Clonic, 122 Cloning, 118, 122 Coagulation, 43, 118, 122, 134, 162 Coca, 122 Cocaine, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 57, 67, 77, 122, 140 Cochlea, 122 Cochlear, 70, 122, 123, 135, 162, 165 Cochlear Diseases, 122, 162 Cochlear Nerve, 122, 123, 165 Cochlear Nucleus, 70, 123, 165 Cofactor, 123, 151 Colloidal, 123, 129 Complement, 123, 156 Complementary and alternative medicine, 69, 76, 123 Complementary medicine, 69, 123 Complete remission, 60, 123, 154 Complete response, 123 Compress, 4, 123 Computational Biology, 93, 124 Concretion, 119, 124 Conduction, 11, 124, 143 Cones, 124, 155 Confusion, 124, 127, 135, 164 Congenita, 124, 153 Conjugation, 124, 146 Conjunctiva, 124, 149, 163 Consciousness, 113, 124, 126, 129 Constipation, 115, 124, 157 Consultation, 10, 124 Consumption, 7, 124, 145, 154 Contractility, 114, 124 Contraindications, ii, 124 Controlled clinical trial, 21, 22, 124 Controlled study, 23, 27, 124
Contusion, 17, 124 Convulsions, 22, 35, 70, 71, 114, 116, 117, 124, 135 Coordination, 120, 124, 143 Coronary, 113, 125, 142 Coronary Thrombosis, 125, 142 Cortex, 16, 74, 116, 118, 121, 125, 130, 131, 135, 150, 152, 154 Cortical, 125, 130, 150, 152, 156, 161 Cortisol, 34, 125 Courtship, 115, 125 Cranial, 120, 122, 125, 130, 133, 134, 138, 140, 144, 146, 147, 148, 163, 165 Craniocerebral Trauma, 117, 125, 134, 161, 162 Creatinine, 51, 125 Cues, 14, 19, 125 Curare, 125, 143 Curative, 125, 162 Cyanide, 20, 125 Cyclic, 119, 125, 133, 145, 151, 156, 162 Cyproheptadine, 22, 32, 125 Cytotoxic, 119, 125, 157 D Dantrolene, 5, 32, 82, 125 Databases, Bibliographic, 93, 125 Decarboxylation, 125, 135 Decompression, 4, 99, 126 Decompression Sickness, 126 Deletion, 55, 126 Delirium, 61, 115, 126 Delusions, 126, 152 Dementia, 52, 115, 126 Demyelinating Diseases, 126, 143 Dendrites, 126, 144, 152 Dendritic, 126, 155 Dentate Gyrus, 37, 126, 134 Depolarization, 126, 157 Depressive Disorder, 41, 126 Desipramine, 15, 75, 126 Deuterium, 127, 135 Dexfenfluramine, 7, 127 Dexterity, 5, 127 Dextroamphetamine, 113, 127, 141 Diabetes Mellitus, 127, 137 Diagnostic procedure, 85, 127 Dialyzer, 127, 134 Diaphragm, 127, 134, 154 Dicyclomine, 115, 127 Diencephalon, 120, 127, 150, 162 Diffusion, 127, 134 Digestion, 117, 118, 127, 138, 139, 159
170
Baclofen
Digestive system, 79, 127 Dimethyl, 127, 138 Direct, iii, 12, 13, 87, 122, 127, 128, 143, 153, 154, 160 Discrimination, 8, 127 Disinfectant, 127, 130 Disorientation, 124, 126, 127 Distal, 4, 127, 132, 150, 152 Disulfiram, 10, 128 Diuresis, 119, 128, 162 Domesticated, 128, 133 Dopamine, 7, 13, 15, 18, 72, 113, 115, 119, 121, 122, 127, 128, 139, 140, 141, 142 Dorsal, 12, 34, 63, 123, 128, 150 Dorsum, 128, 132 Dose-dependent, 12, 128 Drug Interactions, 88, 128 Drug Tolerance, 128, 162 Dumping Syndrome, 125, 128 Dura mater, 128, 141, 146 Dyskinesia, 35, 53, 115, 128 Dysphoric, 126, 128 Dystonia, 5, 20, 44, 55, 59, 61, 64, 69, 72, 115, 128 Dystrophy, 84, 128 E Effector, 111, 123, 128, 145 Effector cell, 128, 145 Efficacy, 6, 8, 10, 14, 15, 19, 27, 45, 46, 49, 62, 77, 128 Ejaculation, 59, 129, 156 Elective, 58, 59, 129 Electroacupuncture, 73, 129 Electrocoagulation, 99, 122, 129 Electrolyte, 126, 129, 131, 145, 150, 158 Electrophoresis, 25, 29, 129 Electrophysiological, 37, 48, 72, 129 Embryo, 120, 129, 136 Emollient, 129, 133 Empiric, 4, 129 Endometrium, 129, 141 Endothelial cell, 118, 129 Endothelium, 129, 145 Endothelium-derived, 129, 145 Enhancer, 72, 129 Enkephalin, 117, 129 Environmental Health, 92, 94, 129 Enzymatic, 119, 120, 123, 129, 135, 155 Enzyme, 42, 112, 128, 129, 133, 142, 154, 157, 160 Epidural, 129, 159 Epilepticus, 60, 129
Epinephrine, 111, 121, 128, 129, 145, 164 Erectile, 129, 130, 147 Erection, 59, 129, 130, 151 Ergot, 119, 130 Erythrocytes, 116, 130, 156 Escalation, 6, 130 Esophageal, 26, 28, 130, 132 Esophagitis, 130, 132 Esophagus, 127, 130, 132, 140, 148, 154, 159 Estrogen, 3, 82, 130, 151 Ethanol, 6, 70, 74, 130 Evoke, 130, 159 Excitability, 17, 74, 130, 143 Excitation, 125, 130 Excitatory, 17, 18, 73, 116, 130, 133 Exhaustion, 114, 130 Extracellular, 13, 130, 158 Extraction, 33, 42, 130 Extrapyramidal, 113, 115, 128, 130 Extremity, 12, 45, 130, 147 F Facial, 26, 99, 130, 135 Facial Nerve, 130, 135 Facial Nerve Diseases, 130, 135 Facial Pain, 26, 130 Family Planning, 93, 131 Fat, 115, 119, 120, 131, 139, 143, 158 Fatigue, 131, 134, 143 Fatty acids, 131, 151 Fenfluramine, 127, 131 Fibrosis, 131, 156 Fibula, 114, 131 Fissure, 126, 131, 150 Fixation, 131, 156 Flatus, 131, 132 Fluid Therapy, 131, 145 Flumazenil, 12, 34, 39, 131 Fluorescence, 25, 29, 33, 131 Flushing, 128, 131 Forearm, 118, 132 Frontal Lobe, 132, 150 G Gait, 5, 12, 35, 36, 45, 120, 132 Gallbladder, 111, 117, 127, 132, 139 Gamma knife, 99, 132 Ganglia, 111, 117, 132, 144, 147, 148, 160 Ganglion, 20, 123, 132, 155, 164, 165 Gap Junctions, 132, 160, 161 Gas, 33, 126, 127, 131, 132, 135, 145, 146, 152, 154, 155, 160 Gas exchange, 132, 154, 155
Index 171
Gastrectomy, 125, 132 Gastric, 34, 132, 135 Gastrin, 132, 135 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 54, 84, 132 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, 54, 132 Gastrointestinal, 62, 118, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 157, 160 Gastrointestinal tract, 130, 132, 157 Gastrostomy, 5, 132 Gelatin, 132, 133 Gene, 81, 118, 132, 149 Genetic Counseling, 99, 133 Genetic testing, 5, 133 Genetics, 5, 124, 133 Gland, 111, 133, 140, 146, 156, 159, 162 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 131, 133 Glottis, 133, 134 Glutamate, 5, 10, 15, 17, 18, 20, 133, 141, 148, 155 Glutamic Acid, 60, 133 Glycerol, 4, 99, 119, 133 Glycine, 17, 18, 133 Glycogen, 133, 143 Glycoprotein, 47, 133 Governing Board, 133, 150 Grafting, 133, 136 Granule, 126, 133 Granulocytes, 133, 157 Growth, 20, 24, 34, 38, 40, 41, 57, 67, 78, 114, 120, 133, 140, 144, 149, 156, 162, 164 Guanylate Cyclase, 133, 145 Guinea Pigs, 74, 133 H Haematoma, 21, 43, 133 Haemodialysis, 63, 134 Half-Life, 20, 134 Hallucinogen, 134, 148 Headache, 26, 27, 62, 66, 69, 119, 134, 135, 157 Headache Disorders, 134 Heart failure, 114, 134 Hemiparesis, 134 Hemiplegia, 43, 45, 134 Hemodialysis, 23, 28, 127, 134 Hemorrhage, 125, 129, 134, 160 Hemostasis, 134, 157 Hepatic, 42, 126, 134, 142 Hepatocyte, 66, 134 Hereditary, 36, 99, 121, 134 Heredity, 132, 133, 134 Hiccup, 38, 63, 74, 121, 134 Hippocampus, 126, 134, 139, 152
Histamine, 37, 115, 125, 135 Histidine, 135 Homogenate, 33, 135 Homologous, 135, 156, 160, 161 Hormonal, 116, 121, 135 Hydrogen, 20, 113, 117, 120, 127, 135, 142, 143, 152 Hydrogen Cyanide, 20, 135 Hydrolysis, 135, 149, 150, 152 Hyperacusis, 72, 130, 135 Hyperbaric, 43, 71, 135 Hyperbaric oxygen, 43, 71, 135 Hypersensitivity, 112, 135, 156 Hypertension, 114, 135, 138 Hypertonia, 31, 44, 45, 48, 56, 135 Hypnotic, 16, 116, 135, 140 Hypoglycaemia, 126, 135 Hypotension, 43, 115, 124, 128, 135 Hypothyroidism, 53, 135 Hypotonia, 33, 120, 121, 136 Hypoxia, 126, 136, 161 I Id, 68, 75, 100, 106, 108, 136 Idiopathic, 63, 136 Ileostomy, 136, 144 Imaging procedures, 136, 163 Imipramine, 82, 136 Immune response, 114, 116, 136, 156, 160, 165 Immune system, 128, 136, 143 Immunization, 136, 156 Impairment, 8, 116, 126, 128, 136, 141, 152 Implantable pump, 63, 136 Implantation, 12, 21, 24, 26, 29, 38, 56, 60, 136 Impotence, 129, 136, 159 In vivo, 117, 136 Incision, 136, 138, 139 Incompetence, 132, 136 Incontinence, 3, 82, 127, 136, 143, 159 Indicative, 136, 164 Induction, 66, 115, 136, 138, 151 Infarction, 125, 137, 142 Infection, 4, 56, 126, 137, 140, 144, 147, 160 Infertility, 119, 137 Inflammation, 114, 130, 131, 137, 141, 143, 146 Infuse, 137 Infusion, 18, 27, 30, 31, 36, 40, 43, 48, 49, 55, 56, 64, 66, 137 Infusion Pumps, 43, 64, 137 Ingestion, 32, 51, 137, 150
172
Baclofen
Inhalation, 6, 134, 137, 150 Inositol, 137, 141, 156 Inotropic, 128, 137 Inpatients, 14, 137 Insomnia, 16, 137, 146, 157, 163 Insulator, 137, 143 Insulin, 137 Insulin Infusion Systems, 137 Intercostal, 137, 154 Intermittent, 28, 51, 74, 131, 138, 148 Interstitial, 71, 138, 154 Intestinal, 67, 120, 138 Intestine, 118, 138, 139 Intoxication, 25, 38, 39, 126, 138, 166 Intracellular, 72, 119, 137, 138, 141, 145, 150, 151, 153, 156, 157 Intracranial Hypertension, 134, 138, 162 Intrathecal, 4, 5, 12, 17, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 72, 74, 83, 84, 138 Intravascular, 43, 138 Intravenous, 66, 67, 137, 138 Intravesical, 3, 138 Invasive, 4, 82, 138 Involuntary, 82, 117, 121, 138, 143, 154, 158, 159 Ion Channels, 138, 145, 161 Ions, 117, 129, 135, 138, 142 Ipsilateral, 38, 138, 154 Ischemia, 113, 116, 138, 143 Isradipine, 10, 138 J Joint, 4, 114, 115, 126, 138 K Kb, 92, 138 Ketamine, 138, 148 Ketoconazole, 7, 138 Kinetic, 25, 138 L Laceration, 139, 161 Lactation, 139, 151 Laparotomy, 56, 139 Large Intestine, 127, 138, 139, 154, 158 Latent, 11, 139 Lesion, 139, 159, 161 Lethal, 116, 125, 139 Lethargy, 136, 139 Leucine, 117, 139 Levodopa, 139, 156 Library Services, 106, 139
Lidocaine, 139, 141 Life cycle, 112, 139 Limbic, 139, 150 Limbic System, 139, 150 Lip, 6, 139, 140 Lipid, 133, 137, 139, 143 Lithotripsy, 38, 139 Liver, 33, 66, 111, 115, 117, 127, 132, 133, 134, 139, 142, 147, 154, 164 Localized, 21, 71, 111, 131, 133, 134, 137, 139, 142, 143, 149, 159, 161 Locomotion, 16, 139, 140, 149 Locomotor, 17, 140 Lorazepam, 12, 140 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 32, 132, 140 Lutein Cells, 140, 151 Lymph, 121, 129, 140 Lymph node, 121, 140 Lymphatic, 129, 137, 140 Lymphoid, 114, 140 M Malignant, 52, 74, 114, 140, 144 Malnutrition, 116, 119, 140 Mania, 22, 40, 49, 140 Manic, 50, 115, 140, 152 Manic-depressive psychosis, 140, 152 Manifest, 134, 140 Mastication, 140, 163, 164 Maxillary, 140, 147, 163 Maxillary Nerve, 140, 163 Mazindol, 15, 140 Medial, 75, 114, 123, 140 Mediate, 123, 128, 140 Mediator, 140, 157 MEDLINE, 93, 141 Meiosis, 141, 160, 161 Memantine, 18, 141 Membrane, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 127, 130, 134, 138, 141, 142, 152, 153, 155, 157, 160, 161, 165 Membrane Proteins, 141, 152 Memory, 5, 36, 126, 141 Meninges, 120, 125, 128, 141, 159 Meningitis, 31, 50, 141 Menstrual Cycle, 6, 41, 141, 151 Menstruation, 113, 141 Mental Disorders, 79, 141, 152 Mental Health, iv, 6, 79, 92, 94, 141, 152 Meta-Analysis, 63, 141 Metabolite, 15, 57, 127, 141, 151 Metabotropic, 20, 141 Methamphetamine, 8, 19, 141
Index 173
Methionine, 117, 127, 141 Metoclopramide, 40, 141 Mexiletine, 4, 141 MI, 29, 109, 142 Microbe, 142, 163 Microbiology, 111, 142 Migration, 60, 142 Modification, 142, 153 Molecular, 20, 66, 93, 95, 118, 124, 126, 142, 151, 153, 163 Molecular Structure, 142, 163 Molecule, 114, 117, 123, 128, 129, 130, 135, 142, 153, 157 Monitor, 21, 121, 125, 142, 145 Monoamine, 113, 127, 142, 156 Monoamine Oxidase, 113, 127, 142, 156 Morphine, 30, 34, 37, 64, 66, 142, 144, 146 Motility, 34, 142, 157 Motor Activity, 17, 124, 142 Motor nerve, 142, 143, 148 Motor Neurons, 5, 98, 142 Mucinous, 132, 142 Mucins, 142, 155 Mucociliary, 142, 157 Mucosa, 142, 151 Multiple sclerosis, 27, 42, 47, 54, 61, 111, 142 Muscle Fatigue, 11, 143 Muscle relaxant, 8, 11, 72, 99, 125, 143 Muscle Relaxation, 143 Muscle tension, 143 Muscular Diseases, 143, 147 Muscular Dystrophies, 128, 143 Mutism, 25, 143 Myelin, 99, 126, 143, 146, 156 Myelin Sheath, 99, 143, 146 Myelitis, 63, 143 Myocardium, 113, 142, 143 Myotonia, 47, 143, 153 N Naive, 16, 143 Naloxone, 34, 52, 117, 143 Narcosis, 143 Narcotic, 4, 111, 142, 143 Natriuresis, 114, 144 Nausea, 114, 115, 128, 144, 147, 164 NCI, 1, 78, 91, 122, 144 Necrosis, 137, 142, 144, 155 Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 56, 144 Need, 3, 81, 85, 101, 133, 144, 162 Neoplasia, 144 Neoplasm, 144, 159, 164
Neoplastic, 66, 131, 144 Nervous System, 17, 39, 46, 71, 111, 112, 113, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 127, 132, 133, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 157, 160, 161, 162 Neural, 38, 112, 126, 142, 144 Neuralgia, 4, 40, 77, 85, 98, 99, 144, 150 Neuromuscular, 5, 17, 98, 111, 125, 144, 147 Neuromuscular Junction, 111, 144 Neuronal, 5, 117, 143, 144 Neurons, 70, 73, 98, 122, 123, 126, 130, 132, 139, 142, 143, 144, 145, 152, 160, 161, 165 Neuropathy, 4, 144 Neuropeptide, 71, 144 Neuropharmacology, 34, 61, 66, 71, 72, 73, 144 Neurosis, 144, 148 Neurotoxic, 145 Neurotoxicity, 23, 28, 145 Neurotoxins, 5, 145 Neurotransmitters, 8, 144, 145, 150, 157 Nicotine, 19, 36, 145 Nitric Oxide, 4, 145 Nitrogen, 112, 113, 126, 131, 135, 145, 164 Nonverbal Communication, 145, 152 Norepinephrine, 112, 126, 128, 145, 157 Nuclear, 117, 124, 132, 139, 144, 145, 155, 162 Nuclei, 123, 124, 130, 139, 145, 146, 152, 165 Nucleus, 117, 123, 125, 127, 141, 145, 150, 151, 152, 161, 164 Nutritional Status, 53, 145 Nutritional Support, 6, 132, 145 Nystagmus, 23, 26, 30, 54, 62, 146 O Olfaction, 121, 146 Oligodendroglia, 143, 146 O-Phthalaldehyde, 33, 146 Ophthalmic, 146, 163 Opium, 142, 146 Opsin, 146, 155 Optic Nerve, 146, 155 Orgasm, 129, 146 Orofacial, 53, 130, 146 Outpatient, 8, 10, 18, 19, 146 Overdose, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 35, 39, 42, 49, 51, 53, 54, 55, 60, 61, 146 Ovum, 139, 146, 151 Oxazepam, 19, 146
174
Baclofen
P Pachymeningitis, 141, 146 Palliative, 53, 75, 146, 162 Palsy, 12, 146 Pancreas, 111, 127, 137, 146 Pancreatic, 132, 146 Pancreatic Juice, 132, 146 Panic, 136, 147 Panic Disorder, 136, 147 Paraganglia, Chromaffin, 121, 147 Paralysis, 63, 111, 119, 125, 134, 147, 158 Paranasal Sinuses, 147, 157 Paraplegia, 22, 38, 43, 45, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 64, 147 Paresis, 134, 147 Partial remission, 147, 154 Parturition, 147, 151 Patch, 147, 163 Pathophysiology, 17, 147 Patient Education, 98, 104, 106, 109, 147 Patient Selection, 12, 46, 147 Penicillin, 114, 147 Penis, 129, 147, 151 Peptide, 117, 147, 150, 152, 162 Percutaneous, 4, 139, 148 Perfusion, 10, 19, 136, 148 Peripheral Nervous System, 126, 134, 143, 146, 147, 148, 150, 160 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 134, 147, 148 Peritoneal, 28, 148 Peritoneal Cavity, 148 Peritoneal Dialysis, 28, 148 Peritoneum, 148 Pharmacokinetic, 23, 148 Pharmacologic, 3, 4, 10, 11, 113, 134, 148, 163 Pharmacotherapy, 5, 13, 15, 17, 28, 53, 54, 55, 58, 64, 74, 148 Pharynx, 132, 148 Phencyclidine, 6, 148 Phenobarbital, 71, 148 Phobia, 24, 148 Phobic Disorders, 148, 149 Phospholipases, 149, 157 Phosphorus, 119, 149 Photocoagulation, 122, 149 Phototherapy, 149, 156 Physiologic, 112, 134, 141, 149, 151, 153, 163 Physiology, 14, 20, 67, 72, 74, 82, 129, 149 Physostigmine, 38, 54, 149
Picrotoxin, 71, 149 Pigments, 120, 149, 155 Pilot study, 31, 40, 50, 53, 149 Plants, 112, 116, 117, 122, 145, 149, 155, 163 Plasma, 29, 33, 42, 55, 56, 114, 120, 132, 134, 149, 154, 156 Plasma cells, 114, 149 Plasticity, 17, 149 Platelet Activation, 149, 157 Platelet Aggregation, 145, 149 Platelets, 145, 149, 150, 162 Poisoning, 126, 130, 138, 144, 149, 150 Polymorphic, 126, 150 Polypeptide, 113, 150, 151 Pons, 117, 118, 150 Posterior, 52, 58, 59, 116, 117, 120, 121, 128, 133, 146, 150 Postherpetic Neuralgia, 113, 150 Postsynaptic, 16, 21, 150, 157, 160, 161 Potassium, 4, 11, 16, 111, 150 Potentiates, 126, 150 Potentiation, 52, 150, 157 Practice Guidelines, 94, 150 Preclinical, 13, 14, 67, 150 Precursor, 20, 115, 128, 129, 139, 145, 150, 151, 164 Prefrontal Cortex, 19, 150 Presynaptic, 21, 71, 72, 116, 150, 160, 161 Presynaptic Terminals, 116, 150, 161 Priapism, 63, 151 Prodrug, 151 Progesterone, 151, 159 Progression, 98, 114, 151, 156 Progressive, 5, 13, 15, 55, 98, 120, 126, 128, 130, 133, 143, 144, 149, 151, 154, 164 Projection, 145, 146, 150, 151, 152, 154 Prolactin, 78, 119, 151 Prophase, 151, 160, 161 Prostaglandin, 3, 114, 151 Prostaglandins A, 151 Protein S, 81, 118, 151 Proteins, 113, 114, 120, 123, 132, 141, 142, 145, 146, 147, 149, 152, 153, 157, 163 Proton Pump, 36, 152 Proton Pump Inhibitors, 36, 152 Protons, 135, 152, 153 Proximal, 34, 127, 150, 152 Psychic, 144, 152, 156 Psychomotor, 119, 126, 152 Psychosis, 35, 50, 115, 152 Psychotherapy, 19, 152
Index 175
Psychotomimetic, 113, 127, 152 Public Health, 16, 94, 152 Public Policy, 93, 152 Publishing, 21, 24, 152 Pulmonary, 36, 118, 119, 124, 152, 155, 165 Pulmonary Artery, 118, 152, 165 Pulmonary Ventilation, 152, 155 Pulse, 37, 142, 152 Pyramidal Cells, 126, 152 Q Quality of Life, 24, 36, 153 Quinine, 98, 122, 153 R Race, 142, 153 Radiation, 113, 131, 132, 135, 153, 159 Radiation therapy, 132, 135, 153, 159 Radioactive, 134, 135, 136, 145, 153 Radioisotope, 20, 153, 163 Radiological, 148, 153 Randomized, 10, 15, 20, 21, 27, 28, 34, 57, 77, 128, 153 Randomized clinical trial, 10, 153 Reagent, 9, 146, 153 Reality Testing, 152, 153 Receptor, 7, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 54, 66, 73, 111, 114, 117, 122, 128, 131, 141, 148, 153, 157 Receptors, Serotonin, 153, 157 Rectal, 38, 153 Rectum, 115, 118, 127, 131, 132, 136, 139, 153, 154 Recur, 154, 156 Recurrence, 140, 154, 156 Red Nucleus, 116, 154 Refer, 1, 123, 131, 139, 143, 152, 154, 165 Reflex, 17, 27, 73, 84, 154 Reflux, 26, 29, 32, 35, 36, 61, 132, 154 Refractory, 36, 63, 77, 129, 154 Regimen, 128, 148, 154 Regurgitation, 132, 154 Relapse, 10, 14, 19, 154 Relaxant, 154 Relaxation Techniques, 5, 154 Remission, 99, 140, 154 Renal failure, 126, 154 Renin, 114, 154 Renin-Angiotensin System, 114, 154 Respiration, 63, 125, 142, 154 Respiratory failure, 5, 154 Respiratory Muscles, 11, 154 Respiratory System, 11, 142, 155 Restless legs, 63, 155
Retina, 21, 121, 124, 146, 155, 165 Retinal, 20, 21, 146, 155 Retinal Ganglion Cells, 20, 21, 146, 155 Retinol, 155 Retrospective, 13, 59, 155 Rhabdomyolysis, 43, 155 Rigidity, 135, 149, 155 Riluzole, 5, 155 Rods, 155 S Saccharin, 6, 155 Saliva, 5, 155 Salivary, 127, 130, 155 Salivary glands, 127, 130, 155 Saponin, 70, 155 Schizoid, 155, 165 Schizophrenia, 47, 155, 156, 165 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 155, 165 Sclerosis, 5, 27, 64, 98, 143, 155, 156 Screening, 10, 15, 17, 122, 156 Seasonal Affective Disorder, 41, 156 Second Messenger Systems, 145, 156 Secretion, 38, 40, 41, 78, 119, 127, 135, 136, 139, 142, 156 Secretory, 121, 156, 160, 161 Secretory Vesicles, 121, 156 Sedative, 8, 16, 116, 131, 136, 140, 156 Sedatives, Barbiturate, 156 Seizures, 73, 74, 119, 122, 126, 129, 156 Selegiline, 19, 156 Semen, 129, 156 Semisynthetic, 119, 156 Sensitization, 7, 156 Sensory loss, 143, 156, 159, 161 Sepsis, 46, 157 Serotonin, 7, 115, 125, 126, 127, 131, 142, 148, 153, 157, 164 Sertraline, 10, 157 Serum, 50, 123, 157 Shock, 38, 139, 157, 163 Sibutramine, 7, 157 Side effect, 3, 16, 59, 82, 86, 87, 112, 115, 140, 157, 163 Signal Transduction, 72, 137, 157 Signs and Symptoms, 154, 157 Sinusitis, 4, 157 Skeletal, 125, 136, 143, 155, 157, 158 Skeleton, 138, 151, 157 Skull, 125, 157, 159, 161 Small intestine, 135, 138, 158 Smooth muscle, 119, 135, 138, 142, 143, 154, 158, 160
176
Baclofen
Sneezing, 158, 159 Social Environment, 153, 158 Sodium, 34, 57, 67, 82, 144, 153, 158 Soft tissue, 157, 158, 162 Solvent, 117, 130, 133, 158 Somatic, 133, 139, 141, 148, 150, 158 Sound wave, 124, 158 Spasm, 42, 134, 158 Spastic, 12, 14, 17, 22, 27, 31, 35, 36, 37, 39, 43, 44, 45, 48, 54, 56, 58, 61, 72, 158 Specialist, 100, 158 Species, 119, 125, 128, 129, 133, 141, 142, 153, 158, 164, 165, 166 Specificity, 9, 13, 15, 112, 158 Spectrum, 138, 158 Sperm, 121, 158 Sphincter, 5, 32, 34, 61, 82, 158 Spinal Cord Compression, 74, 159 Spinal Cord Diseases, 134, 147, 159 Spinal Cord Injuries, 31, 98, 159 Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases, 143, 159 Spinal Fractures, 159 Stapes, 135, 159 Steady state, 23, 159 Stereotactic, 4, 23, 49, 52, 99, 159 Stereotactic radiosurgery, 4, 159 Steroid, 125, 159 Stimulant, 9, 113, 119, 125, 127, 135, 141, 149, 159 Stimulus, 7, 8, 119, 124, 128, 130, 138, 148, 154, 159, 162 Stomach, 111, 127, 130, 132, 135, 140, 144, 148, 152, 154, 158, 159 Stool, 136, 139, 159 Stress, 28, 82, 120, 121, 125, 132, 144, 159 Stress incontinence, 82, 159 Stroke, 44, 60, 79, 84, 92, 160 Stupor, 139, 143, 160 Subacute, 137, 157, 160 Subarachnoid, 39, 134, 160 Subclinical, 137, 156, 160 Substance P, 141, 156, 160 Substrate, 9, 160 Suction, 5, 160 Support group, 99, 160 Suppression, 15, 29, 57, 61, 78, 160 Supraspinal, 30, 48, 49, 116, 160 Sympathetic Nervous System, 114, 121, 145, 160 Sympathomimetic, 113, 127, 128, 129, 141, 145, 160 Symptomatic, 4, 5, 113, 119, 160
Symptomatic treatment, 4, 5, 113, 160 Synapses, 15, 145, 160, 161 Synapsis, 160, 161 Synaptic, 13, 15, 21, 71, 145, 157, 160, 161 Synaptic Transmission, 71, 145, 161 Synaptic Vesicles, 160, 161 Synergistic, 151, 161 Systemic, 11, 82, 88, 118, 126, 128, 129, 137, 138, 153, 161 T Tachyarrhythmia, 61, 161 Talus, 114, 161 Tardive, 59, 115, 161 Taurine, 10, 161 Temporal, 12, 116, 130, 134, 161 Testicular, 71, 161 Testis, 161 Tetani, 161 Tetanic, 161 Tetanus, 24, 39, 44, 45, 62, 64, 83, 161 Thalamic, 116, 161 Thalamic Diseases, 116, 161 Thalamus, 118, 127, 139, 150, 161, 162 Theophylline, 11, 162 Therapeutics, 9, 26, 28, 29, 34, 36, 61, 74, 88, 142, 162 Threshold, 27, 130, 135, 162 Thromboembolism, 137, 162 Thrombosis, 151, 160, 162 Thrombus, 125, 137, 150, 162, 164 Thyroid, 40, 135, 162, 164 Thyrotropin, 136, 162 Tinnitus, 23, 72, 162, 165 Tissue Expansion, 24, 162 Tolerance, 16, 38, 64, 77, 122, 162 Tomography, 20, 162 Tonic, 122, 162 Tonicity, 128, 162 Tooth Preparation, 111, 163 Toothache, 4, 163 Topical, 130, 163 Toxic, iv, 4, 116, 117, 122, 124, 125, 135, 140, 144, 145, 163 Toxicity, 70, 128, 149, 163 Toxicology, 15, 29, 30, 55, 61, 72, 94, 163 Toxins, 114, 137, 163, 164 Tracer, 20, 163 Trachea, 119, 148, 162, 163 Transdermal, 19, 163 Transduction, 157, 163 Transfection, 118, 163
Index 177
Transmitter, 20, 111, 116, 117, 128, 138, 141, 145, 160, 161, 163 Trauma, 49, 126, 130, 144, 162, 163 Tremor, 26, 74, 163 Triazolam, 9, 13, 163 Tricyclic, 3, 4, 5, 126, 136, 140, 163 Trigeminal, 4, 77, 85, 98, 99, 131, 140, 163 Trigeminal Nerve, 99, 163 Tryptophan, 157, 164 Tuberculosis, 124, 164 Tumour, 132, 164 Tyrosine, 128, 164 U Unconscious, 113, 136, 164 Urea, 164 Uremia, 64, 154, 164 Ureter, 139, 164 Urethra, 147, 164 Urinary, 3, 82, 119, 127, 136, 164 Urine, 14, 15, 33, 42, 56, 57, 82, 118, 125, 128, 136, 144, 159, 164 Urodynamic, 48, 164 Uterus, 121, 129, 141, 151, 164 V Vascular, 99, 121, 129, 134, 137, 138, 145, 159, 162, 164 Vasodilation, 114, 128, 164 Vasodilator, 118, 128, 135, 164
Vasomotor, 58, 164 Vein, 138, 145, 164 Venoms, 145, 164 Venous, 33, 151, 164 Venous Thrombosis, 33, 164 Ventral, 123, 150, 165 Ventricle, 134, 152, 162, 165 Venules, 118, 119, 165 Vertebrae, 159, 165 Vertebral, 117, 159, 165 Vestibular, 73, 165 Vestibule, 122, 165 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 122, 135, 162, 165 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 135, 162, 165 Veterinary Medicine, 93, 165 Virulence, 163, 165 Virus, 120, 129, 163, 165 Vitreous Body, 155, 165 Volition, 138, 165 W Wakefulness, 126, 165 Weight Gain, 156, 165 Windpipe, 148, 162, 165 Wounds, Gunshot, 159, 166 X Xenograft, 114, 166
178
Baclofen
Index 179
180
Baclofen
