ATROPINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Atropine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84342-2 1. Atropine-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on atropine. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ATROPINE ................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Atropine ........................................................................................ 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 20 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 20 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ATROPINE ....................................................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding Nutrition Studies on Atropine....................................................................................... 55 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 58 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ATROPINE ................................................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 61 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 66 General References ....................................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ATROPINE ................................................................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Dissertations on Atropine............................................................................................................ 69 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 70 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ATROPINE .............................................................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Patents on Atropine ..................................................................................................................... 71 Patent Applications on Atropine ................................................................................................. 79 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ATROPINE.................................................................................................. 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 83 Chapters on Atropine................................................................................................................... 84 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ATROPINE .................................................................... 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 87 Academic Periodicals covering Atropine ..................................................................................... 89 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 91 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 92 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 97 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 99 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 101 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 103 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 106 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 109 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 109 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 109 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 109
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Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 109 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 115 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 115 ATROPINE DICTIONARY.......................................................................................................... 117 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 185
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with atropine is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about atropine, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to atropine, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on atropine. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to atropine, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on atropine. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ATROPINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on atropine.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and atropine, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “atropine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Drug-Induced Changes in Eustachian Tube Function Source: ENT. Ear, Nose and Throat Journal. 77(9): 778-782. September 1998. Contact: Available from MEDQUEST Communications LLC. 629 Euclid Avenue, Suite 1200, Cleveland, OH 44114. (216) 522-9700. E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: Acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion (OME) are very common among children, and the costs of treatment and control are very high in some countries. Therefore, there are obvious advantages to be gained from a reduction in the number of transmyringeal drainage and ventilating tube insertion surgeries performed on children. This article reviews research on drug-induced changes in eustachian tube function. Many studies have shown that antihistamines and decongestants are of little use in the treatment of acute otitis media and OME, or in the prophylaxis of these disorders.
4
Atropine
However, because some drugs can improve OME (notably glycocorticosteroids) and some can impair the opening function of the eustachian tube (atropine), the authors conclude that it seems justified to continue studies of eustachian tube function and medication. The authors first review the methods used to test eustachian tube function, including Valsalva's maneuver, Politzer's test, Toynbee's maneuver, and contrast radiologic methods (the latter used to exclude total blockage of the eustachian tube). The authors then discuss the research on decongestants, antihistamines, mucolytics, surfactant-stimulating substances, and corticosteroids. 4 figures. 26 references. (AA-M). •
Growth Hormone Responses to Cholinergically Active Drugs in Patients With Dementia of the Alzheimer Type Source: Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders. 6(1): 44-52. Spring 1992. Summary: Patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) are reported to have reduced concentrations and function of acetylcholine and somatostatin in the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the hypothalamus. This journal article describes a study designed to evaluate the basal and stimulated growth hormone (GH) secretion in a group of patients with DAT and a group of age- and sex-matched controls. The intent of the study was to administer pyridostigmine, which is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, and GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and examine their possible functional activity on GH secretion. Pyridostigmine was administered orally to ten patients with DAT and eight controls and induced an increase in GH levels similar to the increase in the controls. Nine patients with DAT and eight controls received GHRH intravenously. The patients with DAT experienced an increase in plasma GH similar to the controls. Atropine administered to the patients with DAT completely inhibited the GHRHinduced GH increase. The authors assert that these findings indicate that hypothalamic cholinergic and somatostatinergic neurons involved in the control of somatotrophic function are preserved in patients with DAT. 27 references.
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Intravesical Treatment of Overactive Bladder Source: Urology. 55(Supplement 5A): 60-64. May 2000. Contact: Available from Urology. P.O. Box 2126, Marion, OH 43306-8226. (800) 215-4692. Fax (740) 382-5866. Summary: This article considers the use of intravesical (introduced directly into the bladder) agents for overactive bladder, a condition characterized by frequency, urgency, and urge incontinence. These agents have mostly been used in patients with neurogenic bladder disorders. The patients have usually had severe detrusor hyperreflexia (DH, increased reflex reaction of the bladder opening) plus a disorder of bladder emptying, and because of residual urine (urine remaining in the bladder after urination) have been performing intermittent self catheterization. Intravesical medication has therefore been appropriate. Two types of treatment have been used: intravesical medications that block pelvic nerve detrusor smooth muscle cholinergic transmission, or agents that block the afferent arm of the reflex that causes detrusor contraction. Intravesical oxybutynin is thought to have some local anesthetic effect, although its main mode of action is to block cholinergic transmission. Oxybutynin has been demonstrated to be effective in resistant DH. Intravesical atropine has been demonstrated to increase bladder capacity but its usefulness in the clinical management of DH has yet to be demonstrated. Local anesthetics can increase bladder capacity but the effect is short lived. Longer acting agents may have a selective neurotoxic effect on capsaicin sensitive bladder afferents. Many patients worldwide have now been treated with intravesical capsaicin.
Studies
5
Resiniferatoxin (RTX) is an ultrapotent capsaicin analog that has the significant advantage of being a nonirritant. The author concludes that intravesical agents appear to be attractive alternatives to oral medication and hold the exciting possibility of selectively targeting end organs implicated in pathophysiologic responses. 2 figures. 2 tables. 29 references. •
Schizophrenia Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 88(5): 526-528. November 1999. Contact: Available from Mosby, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146-3318. (800) 453-4351 or (314) 453-4351. Website: www.mosby.com. Summary: This article familiarizes oral health care professionals with schizophrenia, a diagnostic category that includes a variety of mental illnesses with the following common features: early onset (usually in one's 20s or 30s), cognitive impairment, disorders of thought, and affective abnormalities. The author reviews the diagnostic features, etiology, and management of schizophrenia, along with considerations for the dental professional. Clinical manifestations of schizophrenia include disordered speech, hallucinations, delusions, disorders of balance and proprioception, and visual disturbances, including disorders of eye movement, prolonged staring, paroxysms of rapid blinking, and deviation of the eyes. Treatment of schizophrenia consists of the use of antipsychotic drugs and psychosocial therapy. The dental professional must be aware of the general diagnostic and treatment issues related to schizophrenia so that proper referral can be facilitated; know the effects of vasoconstrictors when local anesthetics are used; and be aware of and possibly treat the side effects of the drugs used to manage schizophrenia. The hematologic problems may manifest as unusual bleeding during surgical procedures, chronic oral ulcers, and recurrent oral candidiasis. Neuroleptic drugs may interact with epinephrine to cause severe hypertension and the use of atropine may result in an enhanced anticholinergic effect; thus, the use of epinephrine and atropine must be limited. In addition, the neuroleptic drugs often cause xerostomia and may occasionally cause dysphagia. 3 tables. 5 references.
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Monitoring IBD Medications: Part II Source: Foundation Focus. p. 8. July 1993. Contact: Available from Crohns and Colitis Foundation of America. 386 Park Avenue South, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-8804. (800) 343-3637 or (212) 685-3440. Summary: This brief article is the second of a two-part summary of the tests that monitor side effects of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) medications. The author describes immunomodulators (six-mercaptopurine and azathioprine); cyclosporine; methotrexate; metronidazole (Flagyl); and antidiarrheal medications (loperamide and diphenoxylate/atropine).
Federally Funded Research on Atropine The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to atropine. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of
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Atropine
Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to atropine. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore atropine. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for atropine: •
Project Title: AQUEOUS OUTFLOW AND STRUCTURAL CORRELATIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Palkama, Arto K.; Ophthalmology; Louisiana State Univ Hsc New Orleans New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: Glaucoma is a heterogeneous group of diseases and the most common form, primary open-angle glaucoma, is the leading cause of preventable blindness in the United States. The regulation of intraocular pressure is a delicate balance between inflow (the production of aqueous humor) and outflow via the trabecular (conventional) and the uveoscleral (unconventional) pathways. The movement of aqueous fluid through these anatomically small structures is critical but not well understood at present. In the proposed study, a technique has been developed that will allow, for the first time, the direct correlation between aqueous outflow with the structural characteristics of the trabecular pathway. Observations in the living eye with a whitelight, real-time confocal microscope use the movement of microbeads as flow tracers, permitting the direct measurement of the velocity of aqueous outflow. Simultaneously, the confocal microscope can image, in vivo, the structural components of the conventional outflow pathway. The present application has three Specific Aims; 1) To analyze the openings of the trabecular meshwork using the microbead technique and relate flow velocity and fluid volume; 2) To correlate aqueous velocity and volume flow in living rabbit and cat eyes using pilocarpine and atropine to evaluate the effects of the ciliary muscle on outflow. Changes in the unconventional pathway and its contribution will be determined. 3) To analyze total outflow in living rabbit and cat eyes and the effects of latanoprost and atropine on conventional and unconventional outflow. Structural changes in the matrix of the outflow pathways will also be analyzed with antibodies to laminin, type IV collagen, type I collagen, and type III collagen. The studies in this proposal should provide important new information to relate- regulation of intraocular pressure with changes in the structural make-up of the trabecular pathway. In the future, this technique may be used to directly monitor outflow and the structural relationships of outflow in the human eye. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
Studies
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Project Title: BIOMECHANICS OF ESOPHAGEAL WALL AND VISCERAL SENSATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Mittal, Ravinder K.; Professor of Medicine; Veterans Medical Research Fdn/San Diego Foundation of San Diego San Diego, Ca 92161 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The biomechanical properties of the esophagus have relevance to its motor and sensory function. These properties have been studied in the animals and humans by several investigators using various techniques. However, there are limitations with each of these techniques. We have developed a novel system of balloon ultrasonography that measures esophageal pressure, radius and wall thickness simultaneously, in vivo, in humans. Our technique, therefore, allows accurate measurement of the wall stress, strain and elastic modulus (wall rigidity) on a continuous time basis. Our preliminary data show that in normal subjects there is a close temporal correlation between increase in intraluminal pressure and esophageal wall thickness, which allows the esophagus to maintain a low wall stress. Patients with motility disorders of the esophagus have a thicker esophageal muscularis propria compared to normal subjects. We hypothesize that difference in the biomechanical properties of the esophageal wall between normal subjects and patients is the reason for impaired esophageal transport and dysphagia in patients with motility disorders of the esophagus. The current understanding is that hypersensitivity of the esophagus is the cause of esophageal pain. Patients with presumed esophageal pain respond to distension of the esophagus at lower balloon volumes than normal subjects. The site of esophageal hypersensitivity may be at either the peripheral (esophageal wall) or at the central level (CNS). The latter is currently the favored site. The differences in the biomechanical properties of the esophageal wall in patients and normal subjects may result in different wall stress and strain in response to the same volume of distension. We hypothesize that differences in the biomechanical properties of the esophagus may be the reason for a hypersensitive esophagus. The specific aims of our studies are: 1: In vitro validation of the novel technique of balloon-ultrasonography. 2: To determine biomechanical properties of the esophagus in normal human subjects using balloon ultrasonography and to determine the relationship between esophageal pain and its biomechanical properties. 3: To define the abnormalities of muscularis propria thickness in patients with primary motility disorders of the esophagus. 4: To determine the biomechanical properties of the esophageal wall in patients with a normal and thick muscularis propria and its relationship to esophageal hypersensitivity. 5: To study biomechanics of the esophageal wall in patients with esophageal dysphagia. We believe that our observations have important implications in understanding the mechanisms of esophageal motor and sensory function in healthy and diseased states. Furthermore, the principles discussed in the esophagus may be applicable to the understanding of visceral hypersensitivity seen in irritable bowel syndrome and other functional disorders of the GI tract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CARDIAC PARASYMPATHETIC EFFECT IN EXERCISE AND RECOVERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Goldberger, Jeffrey J.; Medicine; Northwestern University 633 Clark Street Evanston, Il 60208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007
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Atropine
Summary: (provided by applicant): Diminished parasympathetic tone is associated with increased mortality. The risk of sudden death is increased during exercise. Exercise is also associated with diminished parasympathetic tone, raising the question whether parasympathetic tone may provide a natural anti-arrhythmic effect. Thus, the aim of the proposed studies is to address the question: What is the role of parasympathetic tone in modulating cardiac electrophysiology during exercise and recovery? Specific hypotheses are: a) recovery of heart rate and ventricular repolarization after exercise is mediated by sympathetic withdrawal, parasympathetic activation, and sympatheticparasympathetic interactions -- this will be assessed by sequential autonomic blockade during serial bicycle exercise tests; b) there is diminished parasympathetic effect on recovery of heart rate and QT interval in subjects with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction -- this will be assessed by serial exercise tests with and without parasympathetic blockade; c) a new index of heart rate variability during recovery correlates with parasympathetic effects on recovery of heart rate and QT interval; d) parasympathetic effects on cardiac electrophysiology persist during exercise and are depressed in subjects with decreased versus normal left ventricular function -- this will be assessed by noninvasive programmed stimulation via implanted devices during sedal exercise testing with and without parasympathetic blockade; e) parasympathetic effects on the QT interval during exercise and recovery correlate with parasympathetic effects on ventricular refractoriness. Validation of these hypotheses will show: 1) parasympathetic tone modulates ventricular repolarization and refractoriness during exercise and recovery; 2) this modulation is suppressed in subjects with left ventricular dysfunction. Understanding the role of parasympathetic tone in modulating cardiac electrophysiology during exercise and recovery will open up a new avenue of research relating autonomic tone and sudden death. If parasympathetic tone does provide an antiarrhythmic effect during exercise and recovery, one could consider developing vagal nerve stimulation during exercise and recovery as a new treatment modality to prevent sudden death. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHOLINERGIC SEPTOHIPPOCAMPAL PATH
&
GABAERGIC
MECHANISM
Principal Investigator & Institution: Alreja, Meenakshi; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: Adapted from applicant's abstract): Cognitive impainnent is a serious health Concern in the United States; it accompanies not only nonmal aging and dementing disorders such as Alzheimer's, but also several mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia. Basic and clinical studies have long recognized the importance of cholinergic mechanisms for the maintenance of cognitive functioning and treatments which increase synaptic acetylcholine (ACh) levels, using acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEls), are currently the most extensively used for the therapy of Alzheimer's disease. In contrast, treatments which oppose cholinergic tone, such as systemic infusions of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonists, atropine and scopolamine (Atr/Scop), produce an amnesic syndrome both in humans and in rats and emphasize the importance of muscarinic mechanisms. Basic studies suggest that muscarinic mechanisms in the medial septum/diagonal band (MSDB), via the septohippocampal pathway, contribute to the cognitive deficits produced by systemic Atr/Scop. Thus, infusions of muscarinic agonists into the MSDB alleviate the amnesic syndrome, whereas local infusions of Atr/Scop mimic the syndrome. In our preliminary shidies, conducted using
Studies
9
electrophysiological recording techniques in rat brain slices, we have found that Atr/Scop, when applied to septal slices, stop spontaneous firing activity in a vast majority of MSDB neurons, including, non-cholinergic (presumably, GABAergic) neurons that project to the hippocampus. In contrast, a wide array of AChEIs, including the clinically used tacrine, produce a profound increase in the firing activity of MSDB neurons, which is blocked by Atr/Scop. Therefore, in the present study, we hypothesize 1) that there is a tonic release of ACh in the MSDB (which carl be unmasked by Atr/Scop and AChEIs) and the released ACh, via muscarinic receptors, provides a major excitatory drive to the septohippocampal GABAergic neurons; 2) the released ACh, via muscarinic receptors, provides a major excitatory drive to the septohippocampal GABA neurons; 3) the tonic release of ACh occurs due to the spontaneous firing activity of septohippocampal cholinergic neurons (which also innervate MSDB GABAergic neurons via axon collaterals); 4) a loss of MSDB cholinergic neurons (as can occur in normal aging and in Alzbeimer's) decreases the activity of septohippocampal GABA neurons. It is speculated that the resultant changes in cholinergic and GABergic transmission to the hippocarnpus will contribute to deficits in learning and memory. The above hypothesis will be tested using state-of-the-art electrophysiological recording methods in antidromically-activated and/or retrogradely labeled septohippocampal neurons visualized using the technique of infrared videomicroscopy. Cholinergic neurons will be selectively lesioned US aboutDig the irnrnunotoxin, 1921gG-saporin. In addition, double and triple-labeling techniques will be employed to identify septohippocampal cholinergic and GABAergic neurons. It is hoped that the proposed research will provide fresh insights into the role of the septohippocampal GABAergic pathway in cognitive functioning. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHOLINERGIC PHENOTYPE IN MURINE MODELS OF SLEEP Principal Investigator & Institution: Lydic, Ralph B.; Bert La Du Professor of Anesthesia; Anesthesiology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This research program was initiated in 1999 in response to RFA HL99001. The goal of the RFA was to stimulate improved molecular, cellular, and systems approaches to investigate sleep in mice. Every human gene has a mouse homologue. This remarkable homology means that the mouse genome may provide unique insights into human disease. Advances in sequencing the mouse genome now require complimentary data regarding normal and abnormal phenotypes. In accord with consensus statements published by The Jackson Laboratory, this application focuses on the C57BL/6J (B6) mouse strain. The long-term objectives are to advance scientific knowledge by providing data not presently available concerning molecules that regulate ACh release and alter electroencephalographic (EEG) excitability, sleep, and breathing. Aim 1 will test the hypothesis that microinjecting neostigmine into the pontine reticular formation of B6 mouse causes a REM sleep-like state and changes in breathing that are concentration-dependent, site-specific within the pons, and blocked by atropine. Aim 2 will use in vivo microdialysis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to test the hypothesis that dialysis delivery of an adenosine A1 receptor agonist into the prefrontal cortex of B6 mouse will decrease cortical ACh release and EEG power, and delay wake-up time from anesthesia. Aim 3 will use combined microdialysis and microinjection to test the hypothesis that ACh release in the pontine reticular formation of B6 mouse is altered by nitric oxide donors
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Atropine
and by inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase. Aim 4 will use a quantitative Western assay to test the hypothesis that brain expression of M2 muscarinic receptor protein varies significantly as a function of mouse strain and brain region. These aims will take this research program in new directions by developing a pharmacological model of rapid eye movement sleep in mouse (Aim 1), quantifying the effects of endogenous neuromodulators on ACh release (Aims 2 and 3), and initiating strain comparisons of muscarinic receptor protein expression (Aim 4). The unifying conceptual scheme of this proposal is that higher level phenotypes such as sleep and breathing (Aim 1) emerge from the expression of lower level phenotypes such as ACh (Aims 2 and 3) and muscarinic cholinergic receptors (Aim 4). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FUNCTION
CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING
FACTOR-ACTION
ON
GI
Principal Investigator & Institution: Tache, Yvette F.; Professor; To Be Determined; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1983; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DYNAMIC REGULATION OF TUNING IN ADULT AUDITORY CORTEX Principal Investigator & Institution: Weinberger, Norman M.; Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California Irvine Irvine, Ca 926977600 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this research project is to determine the involvement of the primary auditory cortex (Al) in auditory associative memory (AAM) and to identify the mechanisms of AAM. In contrast to traditional views that Al is a static acoustic processor, research during the past decade has established that learning modifies information processing to specifically emphasize the frequency of a behaviorally acquired important stimulus. Notably, neuronal tuning shifts toward/to the frequency of a tone that signals reinforcement. This plasticity, like memory, is associative, highly specific, rapidly acquired, retained indefinitely and consolidates over time. These tuning shifts increase the cortical area that represents behaviorally important frequencies. Thus, the auditory cortex may use a memory code that connotes behavioral importance by increasing the number of cells tuned to that stimulus. We will evaluate this hypothesis by differentially training groups of rats in simple and complex acoustic tasks, so that a tone gains different levels of behavioral importance, as indexed by levels of correct performance. Subsequent mapping of Al will determine the relationship between the area of frequency representation, other cellular response properties, and learned stimulus importance. The nucleus basalis (NB) and its cholinergic (ACh) projections to the auditory cortex have been deeply implicated as mechanisms of learning-induced plasticity because pairing a tone with NB stimulation produces the same types of plasticity as does behavioral training and atropine applied to the cortex blocks the plasticity. Recent work from our laboratory has revealed that pairing a tone with stimulation of the NB actually induces predicted behavioral AAM. Therefore, we will fully characterize NB-induced AAM in simple and complex tasks, including its ability to facilitate new discrimination learning, and determine its
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correlated Al plasticity. We will also compare Al plasticity from these two approaches to seek general rules relating behavioral auditory associative memory to representational plasticity in primary auditory cortex. The findings will elucidate cortical mnemonic function and provide a foundation for therapeutic treatments, including recovery of higher auditory function following insult and learning to perceive speech using cochlear implants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECT OF AGING ON MYOCARDIAL REPOLARIZATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kadish, Alan; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Research Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EFFECT OF DAILY EXERCISE ON CARDIAC AUTONOMIC REGULATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Billman, George E.; Professor; Physiology and Cell Biology; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Epidemiological data demonstrate that aerobic exercise training can dramatically reduce cardiac mortality even in patients with preexisting cardiac disease. The mechanisms responsible for this cardio protection remain largely to be determined. It is probable that exercise-induced changes in cardiac autonomic regulation play a major role in the improved cardiac mortality. Cardiac autonomic balance is altered by cardiac disease and the patients with the greatest changes (i.e., decreased parasympathetic and/or increased sympathetic activity) are also at the greatest risk for sudden death presumably due to ventricular fibrillation (VF). Exercise training can increase parasympathetic and decrease sympathetic activity and could thereby reduce mortality. Therefore, the proposed studies will test the central hypothesis that exercise training augments parasympathetic and/or reduces cardiac sympathetic activity and thereby protects against VF. Specific Aim #1 will test the hypothesis that exercise training alters cardiac autonomic balance in animals susceptible and resistant to VF. Specifically, cardiac autonomic balance will be evaluated in animals either resistant or susceptible to VF before, during and after the completion of an exercise conditioning program (8-10 weeks of daily treadmill running). The autonomic response to two different physiological stressors, submaximal exercise and acute myocardial ischemia, will be evaluated. Cardiac autonomic balance will be evaluated by pharmacological tests (agonist dose response, effects of selective antagonists), baroreflex sensitivity, and time series analysis of R-R interval variability. Specific Aim #2 will test the hypothesis that the cardiac autonomic changes induced by exercise training are responsible for the protection noted for this intervention. The effects of parasympathetic activity will be evaluated with a cholinergic antagonist. Thus, if parasympathetic enhancement is responsible for the protection, then atropine should reinstate VF in the susceptible animals. Specific Aim #3 will test the hypothesis that exercise training can reverse the increased Beta-adrenoceptor responsiveness that we have shown to occur in dogs that become susceptible to VF following myocardial infarction. Ventricular contractile responses to Beta1- and Beta2-adrenoceptor stimulation will be examined in
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vivo by echocardiography and in vitro by single cell fluorescence microscopy/video edge detection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECTS OF ACUPUNCTURE ON GASTRIC MOTILITY IN RATS Principal Investigator & Institution: Takahashi, Toku; Associate Professor; Surgery; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Acupuncture has been used to treat gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in China for more than 3,000 years. However, the mechanism of beneficial effects of acupuncture still remains unknown. Our recent studies have shown that acupuncture to the abdomen caused a transient relaxation of the stomach, while the acupuncture to the hind limb caused a transient contraction in thiobutabarbital (Inactin)anesthetized rats. Gastric relaxations induced by acupuncture to the abdomen were abolished by guanethidine, propranolol, hexamethonium, splanchnic ganglenectomy, but not by vagotomy. In contrast, gastric contractions induced by acupuncture to the hind limb were abolished by atropine, hexamethonium and vagotomy, while splanchnic ganglenectomy and guanethidine had no effects. Both of acupuncture-induced gastric relaxations and contractions were abolished by spino-medullary transection, but not by pontomedullary transection, suggesting the mediation via the brain stem. It is suggested that gastric relaxations and contractions induced by acupuncture are mediated via the somato-sympathetic and somato-parasympathetic neural pathway, respectively. We will study whether acupuncture to the hind limb stimulates c-Fos expression at the dorsal motor nucleus of vagi (DMV), neural activity of vagal efferent and ACh release from the gastric wall. Acupuncture of the lower extremity has been used to treat the patients with anorexia and postoperative ileus in China. Our preliminary study demonstrated that acupuncture to the hind limb potentiates gastric contractions and accelerates solid gastric emptying in conscious rats. It has been demonstrated that gastric emptying is delayed in diabetic rats and that the origin of the delayed gastric emptying was implied to be because of impaired vagal tone. We will study whether acupuncture improves impaired gastric emptying in diabetic rats. Although the mechanism of postoperative ileus still remains unclear, the possibility of reduced vagal tone and increased sympathetic tone has been suggested. We will study whether acupuncture shortens the period of postoperative ileus in rats. This study would provide beneficial information for patients with gastroparesis and postoperative ileus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: RESISTANCE
ENDOTHELIAL
ABNORMALITIES
IN
OBESITY/INSULIN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Desouza, Christopher A.; Assistant Professor; Integrative Physiology; University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, Co 80309 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Impairments in vascular endothelial function, particularly endothelium-dependent vasodilation, occurring in insulin resistant prediabetic states are thought to contribute to the accelerated rates of atherosclerotic vascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Endothelial vasodilatory dysfunction presents early in the pathogenesis of vascular disease, and contributes to the manifestation of atherogenic lesions, vasospasm, plaque rupture, intimal growth, and, in turn, coronary and cerebrovascular events. Moreover, forearm endothelial vasodilator dysfunction has
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been shown to be a marker of future cardiovascular events. Thus, a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the loss in endothelial vasodilator function associated with insulin resistance may lead to new targets for therapeutic intervention. Accordingly, the specific aims of the present proposal will be to determine: 1) if the blunted forearm endothelial vasodilator response to acetylcholine observed with obesity/insulin resistance reflects a specific agonist-related defect or rather a more general endothelial vasodilator abnormality; 2) whether the blunted forearm endothelial vasodilator response to acetylcholine observed with obesity/insulin resistance is related to: (a) decreased responsiveness to acetylcholine; (b) increase cholinesterase activity; (c) a selective impairment in stimulated nitric oxide release; (d) reduced muscarinic receptor function and/or number; and 3) if a program of regular endurance exercise improves endothelial vasodilator function, and whether the improvement is associated with increased insulin sensitivity. To address these aims, 180 middle-aged and older obese/insulin resistant and non-obese/insulin sensitive adults will be studied. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation will be assessed by changes in forearm blood flow (FBF: plethysmography) in response to intrabrachial infusions of acetylcholine, substance P, bradykinin, isoproterenol and methacholine. These endothelial agonists stimulate endothelial NO release via different cell surface receptors and intracellular Gprotein-mediated signal transduction pathways. FBF responses to some agonists will also be determined in the presence of either NG.monomethyl arginine (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) or atropine (muscarinic receptor blocker) to address specific aim 2c and 2d. Endothelial vasodilator function will also be assesed after a 3-month aerobic exercise program in a subgroup of obese/insulin resistant adults. The results of the proposed study should provide mechanistic insight into whether forearm endothelial vasodilator dysfunction in obese/insulin resistant adults is related to a specific receptor defect or a more general endothelial abnormality. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON THE VAGAL CONTROL OF AIRWAYS Principal Investigator & Institution: Jacoby, David B.; Chief; Medicine; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-DEC-1996; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Viral infections are a major cause of asthma attacks. Neural control of the airways is markedly abnormal in both humans and experimental animals with viral airway infections. Under normal circumstances, the release of acetylcholine from airway vagal fibers is limited by inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors on the nerve endings. Loss of these receptors during viral infections increases bronchoconstriction. Host cells express interferons (IFNs) in response to viral infection. We have demonstrated that IFN-gamma causes M2 receptor dysfunction in cultured airway parasympathetic neurons. IFN-beta, as well as double-stranded RNA (a potent stimulus to IFN-alpha and beta production during viral infections) cause M2 receptor dysfunction and airway hyperreactivity in the absence of inflammation. We hypothesize that virus induced airway hyperreactivity and loss of M muscarinic receptor function are mediated by the production of IFNs. We propose the following specific aims: SPECIFIC AIM #1: To determine the effects of exogenous IFNs (alpha, beta, and gamma) on neuronal M2 receptors in vivo. SPECIFIC AIM #2: To investigate the role of IFNs in mediating hyperreactivity and loss of neuronal M2 muscarinic receptor function after viral infection and treatment with double-stranded RNA. Animals will be infected with parainfluenza virus or treated with dsRNA, and neutralizing antibodies to various
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IFNs and their receptors will be used to try to prevent hyperreactivity and M2 receptor dysfunction. SPECIFIC AIM #3: To investigate the effects of IFNs on M2 receptor function and gene expression in primary cultures of airway parasympathetic neurons and human neuroblastoma cells. Real time RT-PCR will be used to measure M2 receptor mRNA. Immunofluorescence will be used to measure M2 receptor protein. Stimulated release of acetylcholine and the ability of atropine to potentiate acetylcholine release (by blocking M2 receptors) will be measured to assess M2 receptor function. The neurons' repertoire of interferon regulatory proteins, and the requirement of new protein synthesis will be determined SPECIFIC AIM #4: To use M2 muscarinic receptor promoter reporter constructs to investigate the mechanisms by which IFNs decrease M2 receptor expression. Deletion constructs and site-directed mutagenesis will be used to identify specific promoter elements involved in IFN suppression of M2 receptor gene expression. Particular attention will be paid to IRF-E sites at -43 and -1147 BP, multiple C/EBPbeta sites, and a STAT-1 site at -2754 BP. Etectrophretic mobility shift assays will be used to detect activation of the relevant transcription factors and will allow correlation with functional effects on gene expression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ESTROGENIC EFFECT ON HIPPOCAMPAL THETA RHYTHM AND MEMORY Principal Investigator & Institution: Leranth, Csaba; Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 06-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Recent evidence indicates that estrogen treatment in ovariectomized rats enhances performance on memory tasks. Similarly, human observations suggest a beneficial effect of estrogen treatment on cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease. However, those cellular targets of gonadal hormones that are directly involved in memory processes are ill defined. The only solid observations are that systemic hormonal manipulations result in changes in the density of spines and alterations in the intensity of immunostaining for NMDA receptor of hippocampal CAl pyramidal cells. However, hippocampal principal neurons themselves do not, only a small population of interneurons contains nuclear estrogen receptor. On the other hand, neurons in subcortical areas, including the medial septum diagonal band of Broca (MSDB), supramammillary area (SUM), and median raphe (MR) contain nuclear estrogen receptors, and these structures are associated with the generation/regulation of hippocampal theta activity and long term potentiation. Furthermore, hippocampal theta activity, which is greatly influenced by the changing levels of circulating estrogen, in conjunction with long-term potentiation is believed to be involved in memory processes. Therefore, the hypothesis that estrogen, in addition to influencing the hippocampus directly, regulates mnemonic processes by affecting these subcortical areas will be tested by experiments designed to examine the effects of intraMR, -MSDB, and -SUM administration of estrogen in ovariectomized rats on: 1) changes in dendritic spine density of hippocampal CAl pyramidal cells; 2) mRNA and peptide levels of ionotropic glutamate receptors in the hippocampus; 3) hippocampal theta activity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN MECP2 DEFICIENT MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Bissonnette, John M.; Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Rett syndrome is a progressive neurological disorder and one of the most common causes of mental retardation in females with an incidence of 1:10,000 - 15,000. Included in the phenotype are a low heart rate variability and weak vagal response to hyperventilation and breath holding. This failure of parasympathetic activity to counterbalance sympathetic output has been suggested as a mechanism contributing to the sudden death seen in some cases. Mutations in the methyl-CpG (cytosine-guanine dinucleotide) binding protein 2 (Mecp2) have been observed in almost 80% of Rett syndrome patients. Mecp2 whose gene is on the X chromosome is a nuclear protein, which mediates transcriptional repression. Recently mice have been generated with a null mutation for Mecp2. Heterozygous females (Mecp2 ) develop motor and respiratory symptoms, which resemble those seen in Rett syndrome. The goal of this application is to characterize parasympathetic activity in Mecp2 female mice and to examine synaptic function in neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), which receive afferent input from the aortic depressor nerve. These second order neurons are the first brain stem recipients of baroreceptor afferents and depressed synaptic activity could result in depressed vagal output. Unrestrained mice instrumented with telemetry blood pressure transmitters will be studied for heart rate (from the peak of the systolic pulse) variability before and after administration of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor blocker atropine to remove vagal input. Baroreceptor gain will be determined from changes in heart rate as a function of blood pressure, which will be raised by phenylepherine. Mecp2 +/- females will be compared to wildtype female mice. Horizontal brain stem slices, which contain the tractus and the NTS, will be used for whole cell electrophysiological studies in wild-type and Mecp2 +/females. Under voltage clamp configuration postsynaptic currents will be recorded after stimulation of the tractus. A variety of electrophysiological criteria will be used to determine if the site of depressed excitatory postsynaptic current in slices from Mecp2 +/- mice is pre- or post-synaptic. These studies will contribute to the understanding of depressed parasympathetic activity in Rett syndrome. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: INHIBITION OF PARASYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY--EFFECT ON INSULIN RELEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Teff, Karen L.; Member; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MECHANISMS OF DEPRESSION AND CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Grippo, Angela J.; Psychology; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): This research proposal addresses physiological mechanisms and processes underlying the association between depression and cardiovascular disease. Human studies demonstrate a strong link between depression and coronary artery disease but have not progressed beyond correlational methods. The current proposal will examine the underlying mechanisms in depression and
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cardiovascular pathology by using a rodent model of depression (chronic mild stress) and a combination of behavioral, physiological, and pharmacological techniques. Rats will be exposed to chronic mild stress to induce the depression-associated sign of anhedonia (a reduced capacity to experience pleasure), and tested for cardiovascular impairments (Aim 1). Autonomic nervous system imbalance will be examined as a mechanism for the cardiovascular dysfunction (e.g., elevated heart rate and reduced heart rate variability) associated with the chronic mild stress model (Aim 2). In addition, central serotonin activity will be examined as a common pathophysiological factor underlying both depression and cardiovascular/autonomic dysfunction (Aim 3). This research will extend our knowledge of the interactions between psychological and physiological conditions, and possibly prompt the development of new treatments for patients with depression and/or cardiovascular disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE IN CFS Principal Investigator & Institution: Freeman, Roy; Associate Professor of Neurology; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a common disorder of unknown cause that incapacitates young individuals in their most productive years. There is evidence that orthostatic intolerance may play a role in the fatigue of patients with CFS. The broad long-term objectives of the project are to delineate the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of orthostatic intolerance in the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS); to investigate the role of orthostatic intolerance in producing the symptoms of CFS; to use this information to institute physiologically appropriate therapeutic interventions; and thereby decrease the symptoms of fatigue. The Specific Aims of the application are to enhance cardiovagal outflow with low dose atropine and Iosartan and examine the cardiovascular response to orthostatic stress; to characterizing sympathetic nervous transduction to vascular resistance in the lower limbs and characterize the sympathetic responses in the lower limbs to orthostatic stress; to measure transcapillary interstitial fluid filtration during orthostatic stress determine the relationship between capillary filtration and plasma volume; and characterize cerebral blood flow, systemic pressure maintenance, postural tachycardia and parasympathetic outflow. We will assess arterial baroreflex gain by measuring the heart rate and muscle sympathetic nerve activity response to pharmacological provocations; sympathetic transduction by relating muscle sympathetic nerve activity to peripheral resistance; plasma volume using the Evans Blue dye method; venous compliance using venous occlusion plethysmography; and cerebral blood flow velocity with transcranial Doppler. These measures, which comprise the elements of orthostatic tolerance, will be compared with healthy controls selected to match the gender, age and level of physical activity of the subjects. The relationships between these variables and role of covariates such as the level of physical activity and psychiatric state, determined with standardized instruments, will be analyzed using multivariate statistics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PERFUSION OF ACTIVE MUSCLES--METABOLITES AND NERVES Principal Investigator & Institution: Joyner, Michael J.; Professor; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002
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Summary: These are continuing studies to investigate how neural and local factors interact to regulate blood flow to human skeletal muscles. The investigators will explore the mechanisms of NO release by exploring the following specific aims: 1) Is NOmediated forearm vasodilation observed during conlateral ischemic handgrip exercises after local anesthetic block of the satellite ganglion? 2) Is the forearm vasodilation seen during mental stress after stellate stress after stellate ganglion block NO-mediated and atropine sensitive? 3) is there evidence for vasodilation nerve traffic when mental stress is performed during systemic phenylephrine infusions that raise arterial pressure? 4) Can sympathoexcitatory maneuvers cause NO-dependent vasodilation in the leg? The proposed studies will help determine the mechanisms responsible for NO-mediated vasodilation during sympathoexcitatory maneuvers and explore their potential wholebody hemodynamic significance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHARMACOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF FALLS AND SWAY IN ELDERLY Principal Investigator & Institution: Pepper, Ginette A.; Professor, Colby Endowed Chair; None; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant) Drugs are one of the presumed causes of falls in the elderly. Research has not addressed the pharmacologic mechanisms whereby drugs cause falls. Most medicines associated with falls have anticholinergic activity, but other possible mechanisms are sedation and postural hypotension. This is a pilot study t ascertain plausibility of the hypothesis that anticholinergic activity is a pharmacologic mechanism of drug-induced falls. This study also examines the relationship of postural sway (a measure of static balance), dynamic balance, and fear of falling with pharmacologic properties of drugs. The aims of this project are to describe falls associated with medications; estimate the fall risk associated with anticholinergic drugs; ascertain the amount of variance in the dependent variables (postural sway, dynamic balance, and fear of falling) explained by selected predictor variables (anticholinergic dose, sedation, and postural sway); and compare postural sway at peak and trough of anticholinergic activity. The study is a longitudinal descriptive correlational design. After a preliminary study of 10 subjects to refine study procedures, 110 elderly taking drugs associated with fall with be recruited from community locations. Subjects will be assessed on the predictor variables of anticholinergic dosage (in atropine equivalents computed across all drugs), postural hypotension, and sedation (measured by the Mood Rating Scale and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test), as well as on the dependent variables of postural sway (area of the ellipse, sway velocity, and lateral sway measured using biochemical force platform), functional dynamic balance (Berg Balance Scale) and fear of falling (Modified Falls Efficacy Scale). Fall events (falls, near falls) during 12 months and time to first fall event will be ascertained by fall diaries, postcards, and telephone interview. A subsample of 40 patients taking either drugs with anticholinergic properties or taking no drugs with anticholinergic properties will be compared on sway at projected time of peak and trough drug levels. Analysis will include descriptive statistics, logistic regression, content analysis, stepwise multiple regression, and repeated measures ANOVA. Explanation of significance variance in falls or postural sway by anticholinergic dose and increased postural sway at time estimated peak drug levels would indicate anticholinergic activity is a tenable mechanism of drug-induced falling in the elderly. If there is anticholinergic dose effect, elderly adults with high fall
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risk should be prescribed alternative medications with similar therapeutic effects, but smaller impact on falls. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PROPRIOSPINAL NEURONS CONTROLLING LOCOMOTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Jordan, Larry M.; University of Manitoba Winnipeg R3t 2N2, Canada Winnipeg, Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 29-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: This application aims to advance understanding of selected fundamental properties of long-axoned (propriospinal) spinal (SC) interneurons (INs) in several mammalian species (adult mouse, transgenic mouse, neonatal rat, adult cat) and preparations (intact and freely moving, reduced in vivo, isolated in vitro SC and SC slices). The focus is on narrowing the gap between current understanding of mammalian spinal INs and identified INs in invertebrate preparations. There is an emphasis on INs which may participate in spinal pattern-generating activity for the elaboration of locomotion. Such INs include two potentially overlapping groups which are the focus of this proposal: cholinergic INs and 5-HT-activated ones. It is hoped to advance understanding of these cell's spinal location, responses to descending and sensory input, selected pharmacological properties, non-neuromodulated and neuromodulated passive, transitional, and active (repetitive-firing) properties, and their effects on their output spinal motoneurons (MNs). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: T WAVE ALTERNANS AND REPOLARIZATION ABNORMALITIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Bloomfield, Daniel M.; Medicine; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Abnormalities in ventricular repolarization contribute importantly to the pathogenesis of life-threatening arrhythmias. This research program seeks to improve our understanding of the prognostic significance of and the autonomic mechanisms underlying repolarization abnormalities in patients with LV dysfunction.T wave alternans (TWA) is a 2:1 fluctuation in the amplitude or shape of T wave that has been linked to the genesis of ventricular arrhythmias. We have previously demonstrated that TWA is associated with spontaneous arrhythmic events in patients undergoing an EP study. Two large prospective epidemiologic studies are proposed in this grant designed and powered to definitively test the hypotheses that TWA is associated with an increased risk of having an arrhythmic event in patients with LV dysfunction (1) who have not yet had an arrhythmic event, and (2) who present with syncope. These epidemiologic studies will be combined with mechanistic studies designed to characterize autonomic modulation of repolarization in patients with LV dysfunction. We previously demonstrated in healthy subjects that isoproterenol was associated with longer QT intervals and greater U wave amplitude at a given heart rate compared to atropine. A series of studies are proposed to explore how sympatheticparasympathetic interactions modulate repolarization, and to distinguish two aspects of the effects of 13-blockers on repolarization: direct effects and long-term effects on autonomic balance. Taken together, these studies will establish a new set of methods for evaluating the autonomic modulation of repolarization in different disease states and in response to drugs. The support from this K24 will enable the applicant to devote a substantial amount of effort towards developing this research as part of a
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comprehensive program to mentor clinical investigators. This program will include an intensive clinical research experience, didactic courses, training in data presentation and grant writing. A Critical Review Committee of experts will advise and monitor the progress of the research fellows in the program. Columbia University and its affiliated medical center represent one of the largest referral centers anywhere for patients with both heart failure and arrhythmias, and have active training programs in Epidemiology and Biostatistics which will be invaluable to the applicant in accomplishing the Aims of this proposal and in training junior investigators in patient-oriented research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TH GENE REGULATION IN HEALTHY AND LESIONED MIDBRAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Tank, William A.; Professor of Pharmacology; Pharmacology and Physiology; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JAN-2000; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: As nigrostriatal neurons degenerate, either during Parkinson's disease or after exposure to neurotoxins, compensatory mechanisms are activated in the surviving striatal nerve terminals to increase dopamine biosynthesis and release. In contrast, gene expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in dopamine biosynthesis, is not apparently induced in midbrain cell bodies. This lack of compensatory induction of TH mRNA is surprising, since one would expect robust homeostatic mechanisms to up-regulate TH gene expression and consequently further enhance dopamine biosynthesis in spared nigrostriatal neurons. There is very little information concerning the receptors and intracellular signaling mechanisms that regulate TH gene expression in nigrostriatal neurons. Without this information, it is impossible to understand this lack of compensatory induction and it is difficult to design new therapies to up-regulate TH in surviving nigrostriatal neurons during Early Parkinson's disease or after exposed to neurotoxins. The studies in this proposal are aimed at filling in this gap in our knowledge. The hypotheses being tested in the proposal is that agonists which excite dopaminergic midbrain neurons lead to stimulation of TH gene transcription rate in the midbrain of healthy animals. However, this response may be inhibited in the surviving neurons of animals with lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway. Several aspects of this hypothesis will be tested under the following specific aims: (1) To test whether muscarinic and/or other stimulatory agonists activate whether muscarinic and/or other stimulatory agonists activate TH gene transcription rate and phosphorylate or induce pertinent transcription factors in midbrain cell bodies of healthy rats; (2) To test whether candidate transcription factors are essential for the response of the TH gene to muscarine; and (3) To test whether the TH gene responds to muscarinic (or other stimulatory agonists) in surviving midbrain cell bodies after partial lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway and whether TH gene expression can be induced pharmacologically in these surviving neurons. These studies will shed light on the molecular mechanisms regulating the TH gene in the midbrain and may lead to new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “atropine” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for atropine in the PubMed Central database: •
Abnormal gait sequence in locomotion after atropine treatment of catecholaminedeficient akinetic rats. by Pellis SM, Pellis VC, Chesire RM, Rowland N, Teitelbaum P.; 1987 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=299624
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Antiherpesvirus action of atropine. by Alarcon B, Gonzalez ME, Carrasco L.; 1984 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=179999
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Enzymology of oxidation of tropic acid to phenylacetic acid in metabolism of atropine by Pseudomonas sp. strain AT3. by Long MT, Bartholomew BA, Smith MJ, Trudgill PW, Hopper DJ.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178796
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Inhibitory effects of atropine, protamine, and their combination on hepatitis A virus replication in PLC/PRF/5 cells. by Biziagos E, Crance JM, Passagot J, Deloince R.; 1990 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171767
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Intravenous Atropine Relieves Coronary Arterial Spasm and Hemodynamic Decompensation during Recovery after Exercise. by Hung MJ, Wang CH, Kuo LT, Cherng WJ.; 2000; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101059
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with atropine, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “atropine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for atropine (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A comparative study of clonidine versus a combination of diazepam and atropine for premedication in orthopaedic patients. Author(s): Chaurasia SK, Kane DG, Chaudhari LS. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1999 July-September; 45(3): 74-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10734339&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of atropine and patching treatments for moderate amblyopia by patient age, cause of amblyopia, depth of amblyopia, and other factors. Author(s): Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 August; 110(8): 1632-7; Discussion 1637-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917184&dopt=Abstract
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A prospective study of atropine premedication in flexible bronchoscopy. Author(s): Hewer RD, Jones PM, Thomas PS, McKenzie DK. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 2000 August; 30(4): 466-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10985512&dopt=Abstract
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A quantitative study of atropine-resistant contractile responses in human detrusor smooth muscle, from stable, unstable and obstructed bladders. Author(s): Bayliss M, Wu C, Newgreen D, Mundy AR, Fry CH. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1999 November; 162(5): 1833-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10524944&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized controlled trial of intravenous aminophylline for atropine-resistant out-of-hospital asystolic cardiac arrest. Author(s): Mader TJ, Smithline HA, Durkin L, Scriver G. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 2003 March; 10(3): 192-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12615581&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized trial of atropine vs. patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Author(s): Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2002 March; 120(3): 268-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11879129&dopt=Abstract
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A re-appraisal of the nature of the atropine-resistant contraction to electrical field stimulation in the human isolated detrusor muscle. Author(s): Tagliani M, Candura SM, Di Nucci A, Franceschetti GP, D'Agostino G, Ricotti P, Fiori E, Tonini M. Source: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 1997 December; 356(6): 7505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9453460&dopt=Abstract
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A report of two more supporters of the medical management of myopia with topical atropine eyedrops and photochromic bifocals. Author(s): Pollard ZF. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2002 Fall; 17(3): 177. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12171586&dopt=Abstract
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Acute cardiac rupture during dobutamine-atropine echocardiography stress test. Author(s): Orsinelli DA. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2000 September; 13(9): 883-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10980097&dopt=Abstract
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Acute cardiac rupture during dobutamine-atropine echocardiography stress test. Author(s): Orlandini AD, Tuero EI, Diaz R, Vilamajo OA, Paolasso EA. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2000 February; 13(2): 152-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10668020&dopt=Abstract
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Acute myocardial infarction complicated by hemodynamically unstable bradyarrhythmia: prehospital and ED treatment with atropine. Author(s): Swart G, Brady WJ Jr, DeBehnke DJ, MA OJ, Aufderheide TP. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1999 November; 17(7): 647-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10597081&dopt=Abstract
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Administration of atropine and onset of neuromuscular block produced by atracurium in infants. Author(s): Simhi E, Brandom BW, Lloyd ME, Woelfel SK. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 1997; 7(5): 375-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9308060&dopt=Abstract
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Administration of atropine in the setting of acute myocardial infarction: potentiation of the ischemic process? Author(s): Brady WJ, Perron AD. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2001 January; 19(1): 81-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11146027&dopt=Abstract
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Adverse reaction to atropine and the treatment of organophosphate intoxication. Author(s): Robenshtok E, Luria S, Tashma Z, Hourvitz A. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 July; 4(7): 535-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12120467&dopt=Abstract
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Age-related determinants of outcome after acute myocardial infarction: a dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiographic study. Author(s): Smart S, Sagar K, Tresch D. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2002 July; 50(7): 1176-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12133010&dopt=Abstract
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Allergic periocular contact dermatitis due to atropine. Author(s): de Misa RF, Suarez J, Feliciano L, Lopez B. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 January; 28(1): 97-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12558645&dopt=Abstract
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Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in passive smoking and atropine--response in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Leone A, Guidi A, Bertoncini G, Battaglia A. Source: Singapore Med J. 2000 March; 41(3): 104-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11063191&dopt=Abstract
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Aminophylline in the treatment of atropine-resistant bradyasystole. Author(s): Mader TJ, Bertolet B, Ornato JP, Gutterman JM. Source: Resuscitation. 2000 October; 47(2): 105-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11008148&dopt=Abstract
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Amniotic membrane transplantation for necrotising conjunctival ulceration following subconjunctival atropine injection. Author(s): Seo KY, Kim CY, Lee JH, Lee JB, Kim EK. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2002 November; 86(11): 1316-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12386100&dopt=Abstract
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An intervention trial on efficacy of atropine and multi-focal glasses in controlling myopic progression. Author(s): Shih YF, Hsiao CK, Chen CJ, Chang CW, Hung PT, Lin LL. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 2001 June; 79(3): 233-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11401629&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of systolic and diastolic time intervals during dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography: diagnostic potential of the Doppler myocardial performance index. Author(s): Ling LH, Tei C, McCully RB, Bailey KR, Seward JB, Pellikka PA. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2001 October; 14(10): 978-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11593202&dopt=Abstract
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Anesthetic uses of hyoscine and atropine alkaloids in surgical Arabic book. Author(s): Takrouri MS. Source: Anesthesiology. 1999 June; 90(6): 1795-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10360889&dopt=Abstract
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Angle closure glaucoma complicating systemic atropine use in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Author(s): Mandak JS, Minerva P, Wilson TW, Smith EK. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis. 1996 November; 39(3): 262-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8933969&dopt=Abstract
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Anticholinergic properties of brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine, and atropine in human nasal mucosa in vitro. Author(s): Fang SY, Druce HM, Baraniuk JN. Source: American Journal of Rhinology. 1998 March-April; 12(2): 131-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9578932&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of menopause-induced myocardial changes by integrated backscatter during inotropic stimulation and atropine injection. Author(s): Ho YL, Lin LC, Yen ML, Wu CC, Chow SN, Huang PJ. Source: Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. 2002 July; 28(7): 889-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12208331&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of the coronary artery disease and systolic dysfunction in hypertensive patients with the dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography: effect of the left ventricular hypertrophy. Author(s): Ho YL, Wu CC, Lin LC, Huang CH, Chen WJ, Chen MF, Liau CS, Lee YT. Source: Cardiology. 1998; 89(1): 52-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9452158&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of the functional significance of coronary artery stenosis by dobutamineatropine stress echocardiography. Author(s): Ho YL, Wu CC, Lin LC, Liu YB, Chen WJ, Chen MF, Liau CS, Lee YT. Source: Cardiology. 1997 July-August; 88(4): 386-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9197435&dopt=Abstract
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Atrioventricular block after administration of atropine in patients following cardiac transplantation. Author(s): Brunner-La Rocca HP, Kiowski W, Bracht C, Weilenmann D, Follath F. Source: Transplantation. 1997 June 27; 63(12): 1838-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9210514&dopt=Abstract
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Atrioventricular plane motion during dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography: the biphasic response in healthy subjects revisited. Author(s): Carstensen S, Host U, Atar D, Saunamaki K, Kelbaek H. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2000 October; 13(10): 885-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11029711&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine and bifocals can slow the progression of myopia in children. Author(s): Syniuta LA, Isenberg SJ. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2001; 16(3): 203-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11511287&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine and photochromic bifocals for 800 cases of school myopia. Author(s): Pointer RW. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2000 Fall; 15(3): 256. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10960232&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine availability as an antidote for nerve agent casualties: validated rapid reformulation of high-concentration atropine from bulk powder. Author(s): Geller RJ, Lopez GP, Cutler S, Lin D, Bachman GF, Gorman SE. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2003 April; 41(4): 453-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12658242&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine for inconclusive exercise tests: a beautiful solution or just cosmetics? Author(s): Attenhofer Jost CH, Pellikka PA. Source: American Heart Journal. 2003 June; 145(6): 938-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796746&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine for the treatment of hiccup after laryngeal mask insertion. Author(s): Kanaya N, Nakayama M, Kanaya J, Namiki A. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 September; 93(3): 791-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11524358&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine for therapy refractory acute coronary spasm. Author(s): Verheye S, Vermeersch P. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions : Official Journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 2000 July; 50(3): 375-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10878643&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine in exercise stress echocardiography? Case report. Author(s): Cotrim C, Joao I, Fazendas P, Alvarenga C, Brandao L, Matias F, Pereira H, de Oliveira LM, Carrageta M. Source: Rev Port Cardiol. 2001 June; 20(6): 653-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11525073&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine inhibits gastric distension and pharyngeal receptor mediated lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation. Author(s): Mittal RK, Chiareli C, Liu J, Holloway RH, Dixon W Jr. Source: Gut. 1997 September; 41(3): 285-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9378379&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine penalisation versus occlusion as the primary treatment for amblyopia. Author(s): Foley-Nolan A, McCann A, O'Keefe M. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1997 January; 81(1): 54-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9135409&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine poisoning after drinking Indian tonic water. Author(s): Boyd R, Rintoul R, Nichol N, Wyatt JP, Little K. Source: European Journal of Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine. 1997 September; 4(3): 172-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9427001&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine premedication and the cardiovascular response to electroconvulsive therapy. Author(s): Mayur PM, Shree RS, Gangadhar BN, Subbakrishna DK, Janakiramaiah N, Rao GS. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1998 September; 81(3): 466-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9861141&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine prevents midazolam-induced core hypothermia in elderly patients. Author(s): Matsukawa T, Ozaki M, Nishiyama T, Imamura M, Iwamoto R, Iijima T, Kumazawa T. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2001 November; 13(7): 504-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11704448&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine prophylaxis of the postreperfusion syndrome in liver transplantation. Author(s): Acosta F, Sansano T, Contreras RF, Reche M, Beltran R, Roques V, Rodriguez MA, Robles R, Bueno FS, Ramirez P, Parrilla P. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1999 September; 31(6): 2377. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10500627&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine role in the pharmacological erection test: study of 228 patients. Author(s): Sogari PR, Teloken C, Souto CA. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1997 November; 158(5): 1760-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9334595&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine sulfate--a current review of a useful agent for controlling salivation during dental procedures. Author(s): Sherman CR, Sherman BR. Source: Gen Dent. 1999 January-February; 47(1): 56-60; Quiz 62-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10321153&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine test and circulatory arrest in the fossa posterior assessed by transcranial Doppler. Author(s): Huttemann E, Schelenz C, Sakka SG, Reinhart K. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2000 April; 26(4): 422-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10872134&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine use in Centruroides scorpion envenomation. Author(s): Suchard JR, Hilder R. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2001; 39(6): 595-8; Discussion 599. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11762667&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine versus cyclopentolate plus tropicamide in esodeviations. Author(s): Goldstein JH, Schneekloth BB. Source: Ophthalmic Surgery and Lasers. 1996 December; 27(12): 1030-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8976523&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine vs patching for treatment of amblyopia in children. Author(s): Kushner BJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 April 24; 287(16): 2145-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11977238&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine vs. patching for the treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Author(s): Kushner BJ. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2002 March; 120(3): 387-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11879145&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine-facilitated electrical cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation. Author(s): Kaluski E, Blatt A, Leitman M, Krakover R, Vered Z, Cotter G. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 November 1; 92(9): 1119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14583370&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine-induced gastric dysrhythmia is not normalized by electroacupuncture. Author(s): Chang CS, Chou JW, Wu CY, Chang YH, Ko CW, Chen GH. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2002 November; 47(11): 2466-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452381&dopt=Abstract
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Atropinism following rectal administration of a therapeutic atropine dose. Author(s): Sharony R, Schwaber MJ, Bar-am I, Amitai Y. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1998; 36(1-2): 41-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9541040&dopt=Abstract
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Attenuation of forearm vasodilator responses to mental stress by regional betablockade, but not by atropine. Author(s): Lindqvist M, Melcher A, Hjemdahl P. Source: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1997 October; 161(2): 135-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9366955&dopt=Abstract
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Between observer variation is not eliminated by standardised analysis of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography. Author(s): Carstensen S, Bundgaard H, Kjoller-Hansen L, Atar D, Ali SM, Saunamaki K, Kelbaek H. Source: The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging. 2002 June; 18(3): 169-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12123308&dopt=Abstract
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Can pre-treatment with beta-agonists reduce stress test time and the use of atropine in dobutamine stress testing? Author(s): Desai MY, De la Pena-Almaguer E, Mannting F. Source: Cardiology. 2001; 95(3): 156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11474162&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiac imaging for risk stratification with dobutamine-atropine stress testing in patients with chest pain. Echocardiography, perfusion scintigraphy, or both? Author(s): Geleijnse ML, Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Cornel JH, Rambaldi R, Salustri A, Reijs AE, Roelandt JR, Fioretti PM. Source: Circulation. 1997 July 1; 96(1): 137-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9236428&dopt=Abstract
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Central vagotonic effects of atropine modulate spectral oscillations of sympathetic nerve activity. Author(s): Montano N, Cogliati C, Porta A, Pagani M, Malliani A, Narkiewicz K, Abboud FM, Birkett C, Somers VK. Source: Circulation. 1998 October 6; 98(14): 1394-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9760293&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in choroidal blood flow during light/dark transitions are not altered by atropine or propranolol in healthy subjects. Author(s): Fuchsjager-Mayrl G, Malec M, Amoako-Mensah T, Kolodjaschna J, Schmetterer L. Source: Vision Research. 2003 September; 43(20): 2185-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12855253&dopt=Abstract
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Chiral resolution of atropine, homatropine and eight synthetic tropinyl and piperidinyl esters by capillary zone electrophoresis with cyclodextrin additives. Author(s): Jin LJ, Wang Y, Xu R, Go ML, Lee HK, Li SF. Source: Electrophoresis. 1999 January; 20(1): 198-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10065977&dopt=Abstract
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Chronotropic dose response of atropine in Nigerians with congestive heart failure: assessment of ethnic variation and reversibility of parasympathetic dysfunction. Author(s): Adigun AQ, Sofowora GG, Ajayi AA. Source: Ethn Dis. 2000 Spring-Summer; 10(2): 203-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10892826&dopt=Abstract
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Combined optical and atropine penalization for the treatment of strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia. Author(s): Kaye SB, Chen SI, Price G, Kaye LC, Noonan C, Tripathi A, Ashwin P, Cota N, Clark D, Butcher J. Source: J Aapos. 2002 October; 6(5): 289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381987&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative effects of hyoscine butylbromide and atropine sulphate on sleep architecture in healthy human volunteers. Author(s): Rauniar GP, Gitanjali B, Shashindran C. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1998 July; 42(3): 395-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9741655&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of bicycle, heavy isometric, dipyridamole-atropine and dobutamine stress echocardiography for diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. Author(s): Loimaala A, Groundstroem K, Pasanen M, Oja P, Vuori I. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 December 15; 84(12): 1396-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10606111&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of myocardial blood flow during dobutamine-atropine infusion with that after dipyridamole administration in normal men. Author(s): Tadamura E, Iida H, Matsumoto K, Mamede M, Kubo S, Toyoda H, Shiozaki T, Mukai T, Magata Y, Konishi J. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2001 January; 37(1): 130-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153727&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of the incidence of complications at induction and emergence in infants receiving oral atropine vs no premedication. Author(s): Shaw CA, Kelleher AA, Gill CP, Murdoch LJ, Stables RH, Black AE. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2000 February; 84(2): 174-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10743449&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of two-dimensional echocardiography and pulsed Doppler tissue imaging during dobutamine-atropine stress testing to detect coronary artery disease. Author(s): Peteiro J, Monserrat L, Fabregas R, Manuel Vazquez J, Calvino R, CastroBeiras A. Source: Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.). 2001 May; 18(4): 275-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11415496&dopt=Abstract
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Construction and analytical application of ion-selective piezoelectric sensor for atropine sulfate. Author(s): Long Y, Lei L, Li W, He D, Nie L, Yao S. Source: The Analyst. 1999 November; 124(11): 1629-34. Erratum In: Analyst 2000 July; 125(7): 1367. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10746322&dopt=Abstract
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Contact allergy to atropine and other mydriatic agents in eye drops. Author(s): Decraene T, Goossens A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2001 November; 45(5): 309-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11722501&dopt=Abstract
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Cycloplegic refractions in Japanese children: a comparison of atropine and cyclopentolate. Author(s): Kawamoto K, Hayasaka S. Source: Ophthalmologica. Journal International D'ophtalmologie. International Journal of Ophthalmology. Zeitschrift Fur Augenheilkunde. 1997; 211(2): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9097304&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of patients with restenosis after PTCA by dipyridamole-atropine-stressechocardiography. Author(s): Scherhag AW, Pfleger S, Schreckenberger AB, Gruttner J, Voelker W, Staedt U, Heene DL. Source: International Journal of Cardiac Imaging. 1997 April; 13(2): 115-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9110191&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of atropine in biological fluids by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography in the presence of strychnine and tetracaine. Author(s): Plaut O, Staub C. Source: Electrophoresis. 1998 November; 19(16-17): 3003-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9870403&dopt=Abstract
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Differential effects of atropine and isoproterenol on inducibility of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Author(s): Stellbrink C, Diem B, Schauerte P, Brehmer K, Schuett H, Hanrath P. Source: Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology : an International Journal of Arrhythmias and Pacing. 2001 December; 5(4): 463-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11752915&dopt=Abstract
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Dipyridamole-atropine stress echocardiography versus exercise SPECT scintigraphy for detection of coronary artery disease in hypertensives with positive exercise test. Author(s): Astarita C, Palinkas A, Nicolai E, Maresca FS, Varga A, Picano E. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2001 March; 19(3): 495-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11288820&dopt=Abstract
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Dipyridamole-atropine-induced myocardial infarction in a patient with patent epicardial coronary arteries. Author(s): Nedeljkovic MA, Ostojic M, Beleslin B, Nedeljkovic IP, Stankovic G, Stojkovic S, Saponjski J, Babic R, Vukcevic V, Ristic AD, Orlic D. Source: Herz. 2001 November; 26(7): 485-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11765483&dopt=Abstract
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Distinction between atropine-sensitive control of microvascular and cardiac oscillatory activity. Author(s): Silverman DG, Stout RG. Source: Microvascular Research. 2002 March; 63(2): 196-208. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11866543&dopt=Abstract
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Dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography and dipyridamole sestamibi scintigraphy for the detection of coronary artery disease: limitations and concordance. Author(s): Smart SC, Bhatia A, Hellman R, Stoiber T, Krasnow A, Collier BD, Sagar KB. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2000 October; 36(4): 1265-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11028482&dopt=Abstract
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Dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for reversible dysfunction during the first week after acute myocardial infarction: limitations and determinants of accuracy. Author(s): Smart S, Wynsen J, Sagar K. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1997 December; 30(7): 1669-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9385892&dopt=Abstract
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Dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for risk stratification in patients with chronic left ventricular dysfunction. Author(s): Smart SC, Dionisopoulos PN, Knickelbine TA, Schuchard T, Sagar KB. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1999 February; 33(2): 512-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9973033&dopt=Abstract
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Dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for the detection of coronary artery disease in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Importance of chamber size and systolic wall stress. Author(s): Smart SC, Knickelbine T, Malik F, Sagar KB. Source: Circulation. 2000 January 25; 101(3): 258-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10645921&dopt=Abstract
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Dobutamine-atropine stress myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging in the diagnosis of graft stenosis after coronary artery bypass grafting. Author(s): Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Bax JJ, Nierop PR, Valkema R, Geleijnse ML, Kasprzak JD, Liqui-Lung AF, Cornel JH, Roelandt JR. Source: Journal of Nuclear Cardiology : Official Publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. 1998 September-October; 5(5): 491-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9796896&dopt=Abstract
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Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled evaluation of atropine to prevent vasovagal reaction during removal of femoral arterial sheaths. Author(s): Ann Emerg Med. 1998 Aug;32(2):224-33 Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1997 September-October; 17(5): 867-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9701306
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Early chronotropic incompetence predicts the need for atropine during dobutamine stress echocardiography. Author(s): Hepner AM, Bach DS, Armstrong WF. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1997 February 1; 79(3): 365-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9036761&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of aminophylline in patients with atropine-resistant late advanced atrioventricular block during acute inferior myocardial infarction. Author(s): Altun A, Kirdar C, Ozbay G. Source: Clin Cardiol. 1998 October; 21(10): 759-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9789698&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of an additional atropine injection during dobutamine infusion for myocardial SPET. Author(s): Caner B, Karanfil A, Uysal U, Tokgozoglu L, Aksoyek S, Ugur O, Ciftci I, Atalar E, Kes S, Bekdik C. Source: Nuclear Medicine Communications. 1997 June; 18(6): 567-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9259530&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of atropine and sincalide on the intestinal uptake of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose. Author(s): Jadvar H, Schambye RB, Segall GM. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1999 December; 24(12): 965-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10595478&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of atropine on ciliary beat in human upper respiratory tract epithelial cells. Author(s): Centanni S, Camporesi G, Tarsia P, Guarnieri R, Allegra L. Source: Int J Tissue React. 1998; 20(4): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10093797&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of atropine on gastro-oesophageal reflux and transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Author(s): Lidums I, Checklin H, Mittal RK, Holloway RH. Source: Gut. 1998 July; 43(1): 12-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9771399&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of atropine on heart rate turbulence. Author(s): Marine JE, Watanabe MA, Smith TW, Monahan KM. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 March 15; 89(6): 767-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11897223&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of atropine on proximal gastric motor and sensory function in normal subjects. Author(s): Lidums I, Hebbard GS, Holloway RH. Source: Gut. 2000 July; 47(1): 30-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10861261&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of atropine on QT prolongation and torsade de pointes induced by intracoronary acetylcholine in the long QT syndrome. Author(s): Furushima H, Niwano S, Chinushi M, Yamaura M, Taneda K, Washizuka T, Aizawa Y. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 March 1; 83(5): 714-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10080424&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of atropine on the biomechanical properties of the oesophageal wall in humans. Author(s): Takeda T, Kassab G, Liu J, Nabae T, Mittal RK. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2003 March 1; 547(Pt 2): 621-8. Epub 2003 January 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562937&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide and atropine on human colonic motility, tone, and transit. Author(s): O'Brien MD, Camilleri M, Thomforde GM, Wiste JA, Hanson RB, Zinsmeister AR. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1997 January; 42(1): 26-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9009112&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of early administration of atropine on paradoxic sinus deceleration during dobutamine stress echocardiography. Author(s): Brofferio A, Alaeddini J, Oommen R, DiBitetto T, Shalomoff Y, Ilercil A, Shirani J. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 March 1; 89(5): 645-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11867063&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of hyoscine butylbromide and atropine on heart rate during nocturnal sleep. Author(s): Gitanjali B, Rauniar GP, Shashindran CH. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 1998 December; 36(12): 1216-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10093503&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of phenylephrine with and without atropine on QT dispersion in healthy normotensive men. Author(s): Yee KM, Lim PO, Ogston SA, Struthers AD. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2000 January 1; 85(1): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11078240&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of pre-treatment with intravenous atropine or glycopyrrolate on cardiac arrhythmias during halothane anaesthesia for adenoidectomy in children. Author(s): Annila P, Rorarius M, Reinikainen P, Oikkonen M, Baer G. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1998 June; 80(6): 756-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9771303&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of antianginal therapy with a calcium antagonist and nitrates on dobutamineatropine stress echocardiography. Comparison with exercise electrocardiography. Author(s): Dodi C, Pingitore A, Sicari R, Bruno G, Cordovil A, Picano E. Source: European Heart Journal. 1997 February; 18(2): 242-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9043840&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of atropine and L-NAME on cutaneous blood flow during body heating in humans. Author(s): Shastry S, Minson CT, Wilson SA, Dietz NM, Joyner MJ. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 2000 February; 88(2): 46772. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10658012&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of atropine and propranolol on retinal vessel diameters during isometric exercise. Author(s): Jandrasits K, Polak K, Luksch A, Stark B, Dorner GT, Eichler HG, Schmetterer L. Source: Ophthalmic Research. 2001 July-August; 33(4): 185-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11464069&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of atropine and scopolamine on bradycardia and emetic symptoms in otoplasty. Author(s): Honkavaara P, Pyykko I. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1999 January; 109(1): 108-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9917050&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of atropine on anterior chamber depth and anterior chamber inflammation after primary trabeculectomy. Author(s): Orengo-Nania S, El-Harazi SM, Oram O, Feldman RM, Chuang AZ, Gross RL. Source: Journal of Glaucoma. 2000 August; 9(4): 303-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10958603&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of different concentrations of atropine on controlling myopia in myopic children. Author(s): Shih YF, Chen CH, Chou AC, Ho TC, Lin LL, Hung PT. Source: Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics : the Official Journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1999 February; 15(1): 85-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10048351&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of i.v. metoclopramide, atropine and their combination on gastric insufflation in children anaesthetized with sevoflurane and nitrous oxide. Author(s): Suga A, Tanaka M, Toyooka H. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2001 March; 11(2): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11240871&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of oral clonidine on heart rate changes after neostigmine-atropine administration. Author(s): Kimura T, Tanaka M, Nishikawa T. Source: Anesthesiology. 1998 June; 88(6): 1507-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9637644&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy and safety of topical atropine in treatment of multiple eccrine hidrocystomas. Author(s): Sanz-Sanchez T, Dauden E, Perez-Casas A, Ortiz-del Portillo A, Jones M, Garcia-Diez A. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2001 May; 137(5): 670-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11346357&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of atropine sulfate in combination with albuterol in the treatment for acute asthma. Author(s): Diaz JE, Dubin R, Gaeta TJ, Pelczar P, Bradley K. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 1997 February; 4(2): 107-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9043536&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of simulated epinephrine-containing epidural test dose after intravenous atropine during isoflurane anesthesia in children. Author(s): Sethna NF, Sullivan L, Retik A, McGowan FX, Di Canzio J, Zurakowski D. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2000 November-December; 25(6): 56672. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11097662&dopt=Abstract
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Endotracheal versus intravenous epinephrine and atropine in out-of-hospital “primary” and postcountershock asystole. Author(s): Niemann JT, Stratton SJ. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2000 June; 28(6): 1815-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10890626&dopt=Abstract
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Eruptive pruritic syringomas: treatment with topical atropine. Author(s): Sanchez TS, Dauden E, Casas AP, Garcia-Diez A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 January; 44(1): 148-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11148500&dopt=Abstract
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Feasibility and prognostic value of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography early in unstable angina. Author(s): Sitges M, Pare C, Azqueta M, Bosch X, Miranda-Guardiola F, Velamazan M, Magrina J, Sanz G. Source: European Heart Journal. 2000 July; 21(13): 1063-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10843824&dopt=Abstract
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Fifteen cases of atropine poisoning after honey ingestion. Author(s): Ramirez M, Rivera E, Ereu C. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1999 February; 41(1): 19-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9949478&dopt=Abstract
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Full-time atropine, intermittent atropine, and optical penalization and binocular outcome in treatment of strabismic amblyopia. Author(s): Simons K, Stein L, Sener EC, Vitale S, Guyton DL. Source: Ophthalmology. 1997 December; 104(12): 2143-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9400777&dopt=Abstract
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Heart rate and cardiac output after atropine in anaesthetised infants and children. Author(s): McAuliffe G, Bissonnette B, Cavalle-Garrido T, Boutin C. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1997 February; 44(2): 154-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9043727&dopt=Abstract
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Heart rate response to intravenous atropine during propofol anesthesia. Author(s): Horiguchi T, Nishikawa T. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 August; 95(2): 389-92, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12145057&dopt=Abstract
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High-degree atrioventricular block after the administration of atropine for sinus arrest during anesthesia. Author(s): Maruyama K, Mochizuki N, Hara K. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2003 May; 50(5): 528-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734175&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of atropine injection on heart rate response during treadmill exercise echocardiography: a double-blind randomized pilot study. Author(s): Attenhofer CH, Pellikka PA, Roger VL, Oh JK, Hepner AM, Seward JB. Source: Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.). 2000 April; 17(3): 221-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10978986&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of patching and atropine treatment on the child and family in the amblyopia treatment study. Author(s): Holmes JM, Beck RW, Kraker RT, Cole SR, Repka MX, Birch EE, Felius J, Christiansen SP, Coats DK, Kulp MT; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2003 November; 121(11): 1625-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14609923&dopt=Abstract
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Increase of peak expiratory flow by atropine is dependent on circadian rhythm. Author(s): Furuta S, Tanigawa S, Ohmizo H, Iwama H. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2001 January; 48(1): 85-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11212055&dopt=Abstract
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Index of suspicion. Case 3. Atropine sulfate poisoning. Author(s): Spitzer JJ. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 1999 February; 20(2): 53, 55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10075540&dopt=Abstract
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Inferior ST-segment elevation following transseptal puncture for balloon mitral valvuloplasty is atropine-responsive. Author(s): Hildick-Smith DJ, Ludman PF, Shapiro LM. Source: J Invasive Cardiol. 2004 January; 16(1): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14699212&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of atropine on carbachol dual effect on Ca2+ mobilization in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Author(s): Oras A, Jarv J, Akerman KE. Source: Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1999 May; 47(5): 743-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10365244&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of atropine on fractal and complexity measures of heart rate variability. Author(s): Perkiomaki JS, Zareba W, Badilini F, Moss AJ. Source: Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology : the Official Journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc. 2002 October; 7(4): 326-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12431310&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of atropine on the cardiovascular effects of noradrenaline and tyramine in elder volunteers. Author(s): Poller U, Schafers RF, Schmuck S, Jakubetz J, Radke J, Daul AE, Ponicke K, Brodde OE. Source: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 1997 July; 356(1): 100-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9228196&dopt=Abstract
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Intramuscular atropine sulfate in children: comparison of injection sites. Author(s): Sullivan KJ, Berman LS, Koska J, Goodwin SR, Setzer N, White SE, Graves SA, Nall AV. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1997 January; 84(1): 54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8988999&dopt=Abstract
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Intravenous atropine relieves coronary arterial spasm and hemodynamic decompensation during recovery after exercise. Author(s): Hung MJ, Wang CH, Kuo LT, Cherng WJ. Source: Texas Heart Institute Journal / from the Texas Heart Institute of St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Texas Children's Hospital. 2000; 27(2): 212-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10928512&dopt=Abstract
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Intravenous atropine treatment in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Author(s): Corner B. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2003 January; 88(1): 87; Author Reply 87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495978&dopt=Abstract
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Intravenous atropine treatment in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Author(s): Kawahara H, Imura K, Nishikawa M, Yagi M, Kubota A. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2002 July; 87(1): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12089130&dopt=Abstract
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Intravesical atropine suppression of detrusor hyperreflexia in multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Deaney C, Glickman S, Gluck T, Malone-Lee JG. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1998 December; 65(6): 9578. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9854995&dopt=Abstract
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Is atropine infusion necessary to achieve the target heart rate in heart transplant patients during dobutamine stress echocardiography? Author(s): Flox A, Sanchez V, Delgado JF, Fernandez S, Tello R, Jimenez J, Garcia J, Gomez MA, Lombera F, Saenz de la Calzada C. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2002 December; 34(8): 3241-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12493433&dopt=Abstract
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Isometric handgrip exercise during dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography increases heart rate acceleration and decreases study duration and dobutamine and atropine dosage. Author(s): Yao SS, Moldenhauer S, Sherrid MV. Source: Clin Cardiol. 2003 May; 26(5): 238-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12769253&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of arrhythmogenicity with ST-segment elevation during high-dose of dobutamine atropine stress in patients with documented or suspected coronary artery disease. Author(s): Kamalesh M, Chandrasekaran K, Sivaram CA, Thadani U. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1997 August 1; 80(3): 341-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9264431&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term prognostic value of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography in 1737 patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease: A single-center experience. Author(s): Poldermans D, Fioretti PM, Boersma E, Bax JJ, Thomson IR, Roelandt JR, Simoons ML. Source: Circulation. 1999 February 16; 99(6): 757-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9989960&dopt=Abstract
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Low-dose atropine attenuates muscle sympathetic nerve activity in healthy humans. Author(s): Yuasa T, Takata S, Maruyama M, Yasuma K, Yoshizawa H, Kontani M, Nagai H, Sakagami S, Kobayashi K. Source: Hypertens Res. 2000 May; 23(3): 213-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10821129&dopt=Abstract
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Low-dose atropine in electroconvulsive therapy. Author(s): Rasmussen KG, Jarvis MR, Zorumski CF, Ruwitch J, Best AM. Source: The Journal of Ect. 1999 September; 15(3): 213-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10492860&dopt=Abstract
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Management of progressive school myopia with topical atropine eyedrops and photochromic bifocal spectacles. Author(s): Romano PE, Donovan JP. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2000 Fall; 15(3): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10960233&dopt=Abstract
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Metabolic response of normal human myocardium to high-dose atropine-dobutamine stress studied by 31P-MRS. Author(s): Lamb HJ, Beyerbacht HP, Ouwerkerk R, Doornbos J, Pluim BM, van der Wall EE, van der Laarse A, de Roos A. Source: Circulation. 1997 November 4; 96(9): 2969-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9386164&dopt=Abstract
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Multiple facial eccrine hidrocystomas: effective topical therapy with atropine. Author(s): Armstrong DK, Walsh MY, Corbett JR. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 September; 139(3): 558-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9767322&dopt=Abstract
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Nasal atropine sulfate: efficacy and safety of 0.050% and 0.075% solutions for severe rhinorrhea. Author(s): Georgitis JW. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1998 August; 124(8): 916-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9708720&dopt=Abstract
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Neither nalbuphine nor atropine possess special antishivering activity. Author(s): Greif R, Laciny S, Rajek AM, Larson MD, Bjorksten AR, Doufas AG, Bakhshandeh M, Mokhtarani M, Sessler DI. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 September; 93(3): 620-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11524329&dopt=Abstract
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Neonatal mydriasis due to effects of atropine used for maternal Tik-20 poisoning. Author(s): Shah AM, Chattopadhyay A, Khambadkone SM, Dixit KM, Irani SF. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1995 January-March; 41(1): 21-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10740698&dopt=Abstract
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Oral meperidine, atropine, and pentobarbital for pediatric conscious sedation. Author(s): Winn CW, Porter AG, Vincent RN. Source: Pediatric Nursing. 2000 September-October; 26(5): 500-2, 509. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12026339&dopt=Abstract
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Orally administered atropine enhances motor cortex excitability: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study in human subjects. Author(s): Liepert J, Schardt S, Weiller C. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2001 March 16; 300(3): 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11226633&dopt=Abstract
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PEDIG study on amblyopia; vision therapy by atropine penalization versus occlusion. Author(s): Kowal L. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2002 Winter; 17(4): 275. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12470288&dopt=Abstract
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Persistent mydriasis following intravenous atropine in a neonate. Author(s): Yung M, Herrema I. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2000; 10(4): 438-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10886704&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma concentration following oral and intramuscular atropine in children and their clinical effects. Author(s): Gervais HW, el Gindi M, Radermacher PR, Volz-Zang C, Palm D, Duda D, Dick WF. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 1997; 7(1): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9041569&dopt=Abstract
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Prognostic implications of a normal dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiogram in patients with chest pain. Author(s): Geleijnse ML, Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Cornel JH, Roelandt JR, Fioretti PM. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 1998 June; 11(6): 606-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9657399&dopt=Abstract
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Prognostic significance of systolic blood pressure changes during dobutamineatropine stress technetium-99m sestamibi perfusion scintigraphy in patients with chest pain and known or suspected coronary artery disease. Author(s): Geleijnse ML, Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Rambaldi R, Reijs AE, Roelandt JR, Fioretti PM. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1997 April 15; 79(8): 1031-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9114759&dopt=Abstract
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Prognostic value of dobutamine-atropine stress (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion SPECT in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Author(s): Schinkel AF, Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Bax JJ, Roelandt JR, Poldermans D. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2002 June; 43(6): 767-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12050321&dopt=Abstract
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Prognostic value of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography early after acute myocardial infarction. Echo Dobutamine International Cooperative (EDIC) Study. Author(s): Sicari R, Picano E, Landi P, Pingitore A, Bigi R, Coletta C, Heyman J, Casazza F, Previtali M, Mathias W Jr, Dodi C, Minardi G, Lowenstein J, Garyfallidis X, Cortigiani L, Morales MA, Raciti M. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1997 February; 29(2): 254-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9014975&dopt=Abstract
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Prognostic value of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for peri-operative and late cardiac events in patients scheduled for vascular surgery. Author(s): Poldermans D, Rambaldi R, Fioretti PM, Boersma E, Thomson IR, van Sambeek MR, van Urk H. Source: European Heart Journal. 1997 June; 18 Suppl D: D86-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9183616&dopt=Abstract
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Prognostic value of dobutamine-atropine stress myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with diabetes. Author(s): Schinkel AF, Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Bax JJ, Vourvouri EC, Sozzi FB, Valkema R, Roelandt JR, Poldermans D. Source: Diabetes Care. 2002 September; 25(9): 1637-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12196440&dopt=Abstract
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Propranolol and atropine do not alter choroidal blood flow regulation during isometric exercise in healthy humans. Author(s): Polska E, Luksch A, Schering J, Frank B, Imhof A, Fuchsjager-Mayrl G, Wolzt M, Schmetterer L. Source: Microvascular Research. 2003 January; 65(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12535870&dopt=Abstract
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Prospective study of early atropine use in dobutamine stress echocardiography. Author(s): Lessick J, Mutlak D, Rinkevich D, Markiewicz W, Reisner SA. Source: European Journal of Echocardiography : the Journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology. 2000 December; 1(4): 257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916603&dopt=Abstract
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Pyloromyotomy versus atropine sulfate for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Author(s): Yamataka A, Tsukada K, Yokoyama-Laws Y, Murata M, Lane GJ, Osawa M, Fujimoto T, Miyano T. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2000 February; 35(2): 338-41; Discussion 342. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10693692&dopt=Abstract
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Quantitative analysis of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography by fractional area change. Author(s): Carstensen S, Host U, Saunamaki K, Kelbaek H. Source: European Journal of Echocardiography : the Journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology. 2002 September; 3(3): 220-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12144842&dopt=Abstract
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Quantitative analysis of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography. Author(s): Carstensen S, Host U, Saunamaki K, Kelbaek H. Source: European Journal of Echocardiography : the Journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology. 2003 September; 4(3): 169-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12928019&dopt=Abstract
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Rapid atropine synthesis for the treatment of massive nerve agent exposure. Author(s): Kozak RJ, Siegel S, Kuzma J. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2003 May; 41(5): 685-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12712036&dopt=Abstract
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Reactions to tick antitoxin serum and the role of atropine in treatment of dogs and cats with tick paralysis caused by Ixodes holocyclus: a pilot survey. Author(s): Atwell RB, Campbell FE. Source: Aust Vet J. 2001 June; 79(6): 394-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11491215&dopt=Abstract
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Reduced test time by early identification of patients requiring atropine during dobutamine stress echocardiography. Author(s): Lewandowski TJ, Armstrong WF, Bach DS. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 1998 March; 11(3): 236-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9560747&dopt=Abstract
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Reducing the progression of myopia with atropine: a long term cohort study of Olmsted County students. Author(s): Kennedy RH, Dyer JA, Kennedy MA, Parulkar S, Kurland LT, Herman DC, McIntire D, Jacobs D, Luepker RV. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2000; 15(3 Suppl): 281-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11486796&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between pulse interval and respiratory sinus arrhythmia: a time- and frequency-domain analysis of the effects of atropine. Author(s): Medigue C, Girard A, Laude D, Monti A, Wargon M, Elghozi JL. Source: Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology. 2001 February; 441(5): 650-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11294246&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship between transglottal pressure and fundamental frequency of phonation, with effects of dehydration produced by atropine, in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Tanaka K, Kitajima K, Tanaka H. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2001 November; 110(11): 1066-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11713920&dopt=Abstract
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Right ventricular asynergy during dobutamine-atropine echocardiography. Author(s): San Roman JA, Vilacosta I, Rollan MJ, Castillo JA, Alonso J, Duran JM, Gimeno F, Vega JL, Sanchez-Harguindey L, Fernandez-Aviles F. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1997 August; 30(2): 430-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9247515&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and accuracy of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for the detection of residual stenosis of the infarct-related artery and multivessel disease during the first week after acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Smart SC, Knickelbine T, Stoiber TR, Carlos M, Wynsen JC, Sagar KB. Source: Circulation. 1997 March 18; 95(6): 1394-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118505&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and diagnostic accuracy of intravenous accelerated high-dose dipyridamoleatropine stress echocardiography. Author(s): Minardi G, Manzara CC, Pulignano G, Carmenini E, Gaudio C, Giovannini E. Source: Ital Heart J. 2002 December; 3(12): 726-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12611124&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and feasibility of atropine added to submaximal exercise stress testing with Tl201 SPECT for the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. Author(s): Prasad SK, Pennell DJ. Source: Journal of Nuclear Cardiology : Official Publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. 2002 November-December; 9(6): 668-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12466792&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and feasibility of atropine added to submaximal exercise stress testing with Tl201 SPECT for the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. Author(s): Cosin-Sales J, Maceira AM, Garcia-Velloso MJ, Macias A, Gimenez M, GarciaBolao I, Coma-Canella I. Source: Journal of Nuclear Cardiology : Official Publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. 2002 November-December; 9(6): 581-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12466781&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and feasibility of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in diabetic patients unable to perform an exercise stress test. Author(s): Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Poldermans D, Bax JJ, Nierop PR, Geleijnse ML, Roelandt JR. Source: Diabetes Care. 1998 November; 21(11): 1797-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9802723&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and feasibility of dobutamine-atropine stress testing in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Elhendy A, van Domburg RT, Roelandt JR, Geleijnse ML, Ibrahim MM, Fioretti PM. Source: Hypertension. 1997 June; 29(6): 1232-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9180623&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and prognostic value of early dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography in patients with spontaneous chest pain and a non-diagnostic electrocardiogram. Author(s): Geleijnse ML, Elhendy A, Kasprzak JD, Rambaldi R, van Domburg RT, Cornel JH, Klootwijk AP, Fioretti PM, Roelandt JR, Simoons ML. Source: European Heart Journal. 2000 March; 21(5): 397-406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10666354&dopt=Abstract
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Safety and utility of atropine addition during dobutamine stress echocardiography for the assessment of viable myocardium in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction. Author(s): Poldermans D, Rambaldi R, Bax JJ, Cornel JH, Thomson IR, Valkema R, Boersma E, Fioretti PM, Breburda CS, Roelandt JR. Source: European Heart Journal. 1998 November; 19(11): 1712-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9857925&dopt=Abstract
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Safety of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography: A prospective experience of 4,033 consecutive studies. Author(s): Mathias W Jr, Arruda A, Santos FC, Arruda AL, Mattos E, Osorio A, Campos O, Gil M, Andrade JL, Carvalho AC. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 1999 October; 12(10): 785-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10511646&dopt=Abstract
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Safety of dobutamine-atropine stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Author(s): Elhendy A, Valkema R, van Domburg RT, Bax JJ, Nierop PR, Cornel JH, Geleijnse ML, Reijs AE, Krenning EP, Roelandt JR. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1998 October; 39(10): 1662-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9776264&dopt=Abstract
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Selective blocking effects of tropisetron and atropine on recombinant glycine receptors. Author(s): Maksay G, Laube B, Betz H. Source: Journal of Neurochemistry. 1999 August; 73(2): 802-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10428078&dopt=Abstract
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Separating the treatment effect of atropine from its prophylactic benefits during inhalational induction of anaesthesia in young children. Author(s): Wolstencroft P, Stokes MA. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2000 July; 85(1): 178. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10928015&dopt=Abstract
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September 11; also: dexedrine or surgery for exotropia? Modified Foster; DEP or masked DVD?; You're not very good at gaze and head tilt angles; more on atropine for myopia and ARM. Author(s): Romano PE. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2001; 16(4): 256-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11720590&dopt=Abstract
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Serial neuro-electrophysiological studies in acute organophosphate poisoning-correlation with clinical findings, serum cholinesterase levels and atropine dosages. Author(s): Avasthi G, Singh G. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2000 August; 48(8): 794-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11273471&dopt=Abstract
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Stroke volume changes during dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography: the influence of heart rate and ischaemia. Author(s): Poldermans D, Rambaldi R, Boersma E, Vletter W, Carlier S, Elhendy A, Bax JJ, Man in 't Veld AJ, Roelandt JR. Source: International Journal of Cardiac Imaging. 1999 August; 15(4): 263-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10517375&dopt=Abstract
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Sublingual atropine for sialorrhea secondary to parkinsonism: a pilot study. Author(s): Hyson HC, Johnson AM, Jog MS. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2002 November; 17(6): 1318-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12465075&dopt=Abstract
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Successful management of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis with atropine sulfate. Author(s): Singh UK, Kumar R, Suman S. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2001 October; 38(10): 1099-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11677299&dopt=Abstract
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Suppression of torsades de pointes by atropine. Author(s): Tan HL, Wilde AA, Peters RJ. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 1998 January; 79(1): 99-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9505930&dopt=Abstract
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Systemic bioavailability of ocularly applied 1% atropine eyedrops. Author(s): Kaila T, Korte JM, Saari KM. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 1999 April; 77(2): 193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10321537&dopt=Abstract
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Systemic effects of intravesical atropine sulphate. Author(s): Enskat R, Deaney CN, Glickman S. Source: Bju International. 2001 May; 87(7): 613-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11350399&dopt=Abstract
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The attenuating effect of intraglossal atropine on the oculocardiac reflex. Author(s): Arnold RW, Farah RF, Monroe G. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2002 Winter; 17(4): 313-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12470294&dopt=Abstract
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The balance between speed and efficacy in stress echocardiography: is earlier use of atropine the answer? Author(s): Marwick TH. Source: European Journal of Echocardiography : the Journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology. 2000 December; 1(4): 231-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916599&dopt=Abstract
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The comparison of cyclopentolate and atropine in patients with refractive accommodative esotropia by means of retinoscopy, autorefractometry and biometric lens thickness. Author(s): Celebi S, Aykan U. Source: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 1999 August; 77(4): 426-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10463415&dopt=Abstract
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The course of moderate amblyopia treated with atropine in children: experience of the amblyopia treatment study. Author(s): Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 October; 136(4): 630-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14516802&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of atropine in vasovagal syncope induced by head-up tilt testing. Author(s): Santini M, Ammirati F, Colivicchi F, Gentilucci G, Guido V. Source: European Heart Journal. 1999 December; 20(23): 1745-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10562483&dopt=Abstract
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The effectiveness of 0.5% atropine in controlling high myopia in children. Author(s): Chou AC, Shih YF, Ho TC, Lin LL. Source: Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics : the Official Journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1997 February; 13(1): 61-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9029440&dopt=Abstract
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The effects of atropine on dynamic compliance in healthy intubated adults. Author(s): Nielsen MB, Jespersen TW, Larsen JR, Hein L. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 2000 April; 17(4): 236-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10866006&dopt=Abstract
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The efficacy of atropine in the treatment of hemodynamically unstable bradycardia and atrioventricular block: prehospital and emergency department considerations. Author(s): Brady WJ, Swart G, DeBehnke DJ, Ma OJ, Aufderheide TP. Source: Resuscitation. 1999 June; 41(1): 47-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10459592&dopt=Abstract
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The role of atropine premedication in fiberoptic bronchoscopy using intravenous midazolam sedation. Author(s): Williams T, Brooks T, Ward C. Source: Chest. 1998 May; 113(5): 1394-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9596324&dopt=Abstract
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The stability of atropine sulfate solutions stored in plastic syringes in the operating room. Author(s): Driver RP Jr, Brula JM, Bezouska CA. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1999 October; 89(4): 1056-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10512290&dopt=Abstract
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The use of atropine for facilitation of direct current cardioversion from atrial fibrillation--results of a pilot study. Author(s): Sutton AG, Khurana C, Hall JA, Davies A, de Belder MA. Source: Clin Cardiol. 1999 November; 22(11): 712-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10554685&dopt=Abstract
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The use of intravenous atropine after a saline infusion in the prevention of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in elderly patients. Author(s): Lim HH, Ho KM, Choi WY, Teoh GS, Chiu KY. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2000 November; 91(5): 1203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11049909&dopt=Abstract
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There's no longer any need for randomized control groups; it's time to regularly offer atropine and bifocals for school myopia; comments on evidence-based medicine. Author(s): Romano PE. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2001 Spring; 16(1): 12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11240930&dopt=Abstract
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There's no need to risk retinal light toxicity in the medical management of progressive school myopia with atropine (and photochromic bifocals). It is medically indicated. Author(s): Romano PE. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2001; 16(3): 201-2; 227. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11515564&dopt=Abstract
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Tracheal administration of atropine in children--effect on heart rate. Author(s): Jorgensen BG, Ostergaard D. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 1997; 7(6): 461-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9365972&dopt=Abstract
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Traumatic hyphema management: followup: where has the rebleed morbidity gone? Preventing school myopia with atropine and bifocals. Author(s): Romano PE. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2000 Fall; 15(3): 251-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10960231&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of childhood myopia with atropine eyedrops and bifocal spectacles. Author(s): Chiang MF, Kouzis A, Pointer RW, Repka MX. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2001; 16(3): 209-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11511288&dopt=Abstract
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Unexpected occurrence of ST segment elevation during administration of intravenous atropine. Author(s): Erdogan O, Altun A, Akdemir O, Aktoz M, Ozbay G. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 2001 July; 15(4): 367-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11800424&dopt=Abstract
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Unplanned administration of atropine, succinylcholine and lidocaine. Author(s): Khan E, Hamdani G. Source: Anaesthesia. 2001 January; 56(1): 94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11167461&dopt=Abstract
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Use of atropine eye drops for clozapine induced hypersalivation. Author(s): Comley C, Galletly C, Ash D. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 December; 34(6): 1033-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11127617&dopt=Abstract
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Use of atropine in patients with chronotropic incompetence and poor exercise capacity during treadmill stress testing. Author(s): Munagala VK, Guduguntla V, Kasravi B, Cummings G, Gardin JM. Source: American Heart Journal. 2003 June; 145(6): 1046-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796761&dopt=Abstract
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Use of atropine in patients with submaximal heart rate during exercise myocardial perfusion SPECT. Author(s): De Lorenzo A, Foerster J, Sciammarella MG, Suey C, Hayes SW, Friedman JD, Berman DS. Source: Journal of Nuclear Cardiology : Official Publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. 2003 January-February; 10(1): 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12569331&dopt=Abstract
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Use of atropine methonitrate (0.1 mg) orally for NIDDM. Author(s): Shah RC. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 2003 January; 101(1): 42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12841508&dopt=Abstract
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Use of atropine to maintain higher heart rate after exercise during treadmill stress echocardiography. Author(s): Banerjee S, Yalamanchili VS, Abdul-Baki T, Stoddard MF. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2002 January; 15(1): 43-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11781553&dopt=Abstract
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Usefulness and limitations of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in patients with left bundle branch block. A multicentre study. Author(s): Geleijnse ML, Vigna C, Kasprzak JD, Rambaldi R, Salvatori MP, Elhendy A, Cornel JH, Fioretti PM, Roelandt JR. Source: European Heart Journal. 2000 October; 21(20): 1666-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11032693&dopt=Abstract
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Usefulness of adenosine triphosphate-atropine stress echocardiography for detecting coronary artery stenosis. Author(s): Miyazono Y, Kisanuki A, Toyonaga K, Matsushita R, Otsuji Y, Arima S, Nakao S, Tanaka H. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1998 August 1; 82(3): 290-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9708655&dopt=Abstract
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Usefulness of isometric hand grip exercise in detecting coronary artery disease during dobutamine atropine stress echocardiography in patients with either stable angina pectoris or another type of positive stress test. Author(s): Afridi I, Main ML, Parrish DL, Kizilbash A, Levine BD, Grayburn PA. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1998 September 1; 82(5): 564-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9732880&dopt=Abstract
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Usefulness of low doses of atropine to quantify the vagal stimulus-response relation in patients with congestive heart failure. Author(s): Yasumura Y, Kohno H, Shimizu H, Umeno T, Takaki H, Yamagishi M, Goto Y, Miyatake K. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1997 December 1; 80(11): 1459-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9399722&dopt=Abstract
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Using diazepam and atropine before strabismus surgery to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting: a randomized, controlled study. Author(s): Ozcan AA, Gunes Y, Haciyakupoglu G. Source: J Aapos. 2003 June; 7(3): 210-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12825062&dopt=Abstract
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Value of rapid beta-blocker injection at peak dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for detection of coronary artery disease. Author(s): Mathias W Jr, Tsutsui JM, Andrade JL, Kowatsch I, Lemos PA, Leal SM, Khandheria BK, Ramires JF. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 May 7; 41(9): 1583-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742301&dopt=Abstract
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Visual acuity after cycloplegia in children: implications for atropine penalization. Author(s): Wallace DK. Source: J Aapos. 1999 August; 3(4): 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10477227&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ATROPINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and atropine.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Atropine The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “atropine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “atropine” (or a synonym): •
A resistant protein, sericin improves atropine-induced constipation in rats. Source: Sasaki, M. Yamada, H. Kato, N. Food-sci-technol-res. Tsukuba, Ibaraki : Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology, c1999-. November 2000. volume 6 (4) page 280-283. 1344-6606
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Adverse reaction to atropine and the treatment of organophosphate intoxication. Author(s):
[email protected] Source: Robenshtok, Eyal Luria, Shay Tashma, Zeev Hourvitz, Ariel Isr-Med-Assoc-J. 2002 July; 4(7): 535-9 1565-1088
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Combined optical and atropine penalization for the treatment of strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia. Author(s): Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital, United Kingdom. Source: Kaye, S B Chen, S I Price, G Kaye, L C Noonan, C Tripathi, A Ashwin, P Cota, N Clark, D Butcher, J J--AAPOS. 2002 October; 6(5): 289-93 1091-8531
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Determination of scopolamine, atropine and anisodamine in Flos daturae by capillary electrophoresis. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100037, People's Republic of China. Source: Ye, N Zhu, R Gu, X Zou, H Biomed-Chromatogr. 2001 December; 15(8): 509-12 0269-3879
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Differential effects of atropine and isoproterenol on inducibility of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Author(s): Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, University of Technology, Aachen, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Stellbrink, C Diem, B Schauerte, P Brehmer, K Schuett, H Hanrath, P J-IntervCard-Electrophysiol. 2001 December; 5(4): 463-9 1383-875X
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Effect of atropine and the oxime HI-6 on low-level sarin-induced alteration of performance of rats in a T-maze. Author(s): Department of Toxicology, Purkyne Military Medical Academy, Hradec Kralove.
[email protected] Source: Krejcova, G Kassa, J Vachek, J Acta-Medica-(Hradec-Kralove). 2002; 45(3): 107-10 1211-4286
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Effects of atropine on the central mechanism of deglutition in anesthetized sheep. Author(s): Departement de Physiologie-Neurophysiologie-FRE CNRS 2132, USC INRA 1147, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques St-Jerome, 13397 Marseille, Cedex 20, France.
[email protected] Source: Car, A Roman, C Zoungrana, O R Exp-Brain-Res. 2002 February; 142(4): 496-503 0014-4819
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Prospective study of early atropine use in dobutamine stress echocardiography. Author(s): Department of Cardiology, Rambam Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. Source: Lessick, J Mutlak, D Rinkevich, D Markiewicz, W Reisner, S A Eur-JEchocardiogr. 2000 December; 1(4): 257-62 1525-2167
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Quantitative analysis of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography by fractional area change. Author(s): Department of Medicine B, The Heart Center at Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, Denmark.
[email protected]
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Source: Carstensen, S Host, U Saunamaki, K Kelbaek, H Eur-J-Echocardiogr. 2002 September; 3(3): 220-8 1525-2167 •
Quantitative detection of atropine-delayed gastric emptying in the horse by the 13Coctanoic acid breath test. Author(s): Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, UK. Source: Sutton, D G Bahr, A Preston, T Cohen, N D Love, S Roussel, A J Equine-Vet-J. 2002 July; 34(5): 479-85 0425-1644
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Sleep-wake effects of yohimbine and atropine in rats with a clomipramine-based model of depression. Author(s): Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA. Source: Mavanji, V Datta, S Neuroreport. 2002 September 16; 13(13): 1603-6 0959-4965
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Sublingual atropine for sialorrhea secondary to parkinsonism: a pilot study. Author(s): Movement Disorders Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada. Source: Hyson, H C Johnson, A M Jog, M S Mov-Disord. 2002 November; 17(6): 1318-20 0885-3185
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The attenuating effect of intraglossal atropine on the oculocardiac reflex. Author(s): Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismusm, Ophthalmic Associates, Anchorage, Alaska, USA.
[email protected] Source: Arnold, R W Farah, R F Monroe, G Binocul-Vis-Strabismus-Q. 2002 Winter; 17(4): 313-8 1088-6281
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The effect of a combination of medetomidine-butorphanol and medetomidine, butorphanol, atropine on glomerular filtration rate in dogs. Author(s): Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802, USA. Source: Grimm, J B Grimm, K A Kneller, S K Tranquilli, W J Crochik, S S Bischoff, M G Podolski, J L Vet-Radiol-Ultrasound. 2001 Sep-October; 42(5): 458-62 1058-8183
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Use of atropine to maintain higher heart rate after exercise during treadmill stress echocardiography. Author(s): Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA. Source: Banerjee, Supratim Yalamanchili, Venkata S Abdul Baki, Talal Stoddard, Marcus F J-Am-Soc-Echocardiogr. 2002 January; 15(1): 43-5 0894-7317
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Vecuronium bromide, phenylephrine and atropine combinations as mydriatics in juvenile double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). Author(s): Dept of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, Gainesville, FL 32610-0126, USA.
[email protected] Source: Loerzel, S M Smith, P J Howe, A Samuelson, D A Vet-Ophthalmol. 2002 September; 5(3): 149-54 1463-5216
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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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The following is a specific Web list relating to atropine; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Food and Diet Burdock Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ATROPINE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to atropine. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to atropine and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “atropine” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to atropine: •
A comparative study of Atropa belladonna and atropine on an animal model of urinary retention. Author(s): Tita B, Bolle P, Martinoli L, Mazzanti G, Silvestrini B. Source: Pharmacol Res Commun. 1988 December; 20 Suppl 5: 55-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3247353&dopt=Abstract
•
A comparative study of behavioural and autonomic effects of atropine and Atropa belladonna. Author(s): Mazzanti G, Tita B, Bolle P, Bonanomi M, Piccinelli D. Source: Pharmacol Res Commun. 1988 December; 20 Suppl 5: 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3247352&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of atropine and patching treatments for moderate amblyopia by patient age, cause of amblyopia, depth of amblyopia, and other factors. Author(s): Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group.
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Source: Ophthalmology. 2003 August; 110(8): 1632-7; Discussion 1637-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917184&dopt=Abstract •
A randomized trial of atropine vs. patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Author(s): Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2002 March; 120(3): 268-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11879129&dopt=Abstract
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Antagonistic effects of epinephrine, glucagon and methylatropine but not calcium chloride against atrio-ventricular conduction disturbances produced by high doses of diltiazem, in conscious dogs. Author(s): Sabatier J, Pouyet T, Shelvey G, Cavero I. Source: Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 1991; 5(2): 93-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2071087&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine intoxication from the ingestion and smoking of jimson weed (Datura stramonium). Author(s): Guharoy SR, Barajas M. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1991 December; 33(6): 588-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1808839&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine penalisation versus occlusion as the primary treatment for amblyopia. Author(s): Foley-Nolan A, McCann A, O'Keefe M. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1997 January; 81(1): 54-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9135409&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine prevents the changes in the hindlimb cortical area induced by hypodynamia-hypokinesia. Author(s): Dupont E, Canu MH, Falempin M. Source: Brain Research. 2002 February 1; 926(1-2): 51-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814406&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine reduces experimental myopia and eye enlargement via a nonaccommodative mechanism. Author(s): McBrien NA, Moghaddam HO, Reeder AP. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 1993 January; 34(1): 205-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8425826&dopt=Abstract
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Atropine vs. patching for the treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Author(s): Kushner BJ.
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Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2002 March; 120(3): 387-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11879145&dopt=Abstract •
Atropine-induced gastric dysrhythmia is not normalized by electroacupuncture. Author(s): Chang CS, Chou JW, Wu CY, Chang YH, Ko CW, Chen GH. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2002 November; 47(11): 2466-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452381&dopt=Abstract
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Betel chewing increases the skin temperature: effects of atropine and propranolol. Author(s): Chu NS. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 1995 July 14; 194(1-2): 130-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7478196&dopt=Abstract
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Combined optical and atropine penalization for the treatment of strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia. Author(s): Kaye SB, Chen SI, Price G, Kaye LC, Noonan C, Tripathi A, Ashwin P, Cota N, Clark D, Butcher J. Source: J Aapos. 2002 October; 6(5): 289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381987&dopt=Abstract
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Determination of scopolamine, atropine and anisodamine in Flos daturae by capillary electrophoresis. Author(s): Ye N, Zhu R, Gu X, Zou H. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 2001 December; 15(8): 509-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11748685&dopt=Abstract
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Development of reorganization of the auditory cortex caused by fear conditioning: effect of atropine. Author(s): Ji W, Suga N. Source: Journal of Neurophysiology. 2003 September; 90(3): 1904-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12966181&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of atropine on refractive development, dopamine release, and slow retinal potentials in the chick. Author(s): Schwahn HN, Kaymak H, Schaeffel F. Source: Visual Neuroscience. 2000 March-April; 17(2): 165-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10824671&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of atropine on the changes of pain threshold and contents of leucineenkephalin and catecholamines of the brain in rats induced by EA. Author(s): Wang Y, Wang S, Wu J.
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Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1992 June; 12(2): 137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1495339&dopt=Abstract •
Effects of atropine, scopolamine and xylazine on the placement of an orally administered magnet in cows. Author(s): Braun U, Gansohr B, Fluckiger M. Source: The Veterinary Record. 2003 March 1; 152(9): 258-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12638911&dopt=Abstract
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Full-time atropine, intermittent atropine, and optical penalization and binocular outcome in treatment of strabismic amblyopia. Author(s): Simons K, Stein L, Sener EC, Vitale S, Guyton DL. Source: Ophthalmology. 1997 December; 104(12): 2143-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9400777&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of patching and atropine treatment on the child and family in the amblyopia treatment study. Author(s): Holmes JM, Beck RW, Kraker RT, Cole SR, Repka MX, Birch EE, Felius J, Christiansen SP, Coats DK, Kulp MT; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2003 November; 121(11): 1625-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14609923&dopt=Abstract
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Investigation of the effect of space environment on the contents of atropine and scopolamine in Datura metel by capillary zone electrophoresis. Author(s): Bo T, Li KA, Liu H. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2003 April 1; 31(5): 885-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12684101&dopt=Abstract
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Pattern of inhibition of parasympathetic activity in response to incremental bolus doses of atropine in carotid sinus hypersensitivity. Author(s): Kenny RA, McIntosh SJ, Wynne H. Source: Clinical Autonomic Research : Official Journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society. 1994 April; 4(1-2): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8054839&dopt=Abstract
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PEDIG study on amblyopia; vision therapy by atropine penalization versus occlusion. Author(s): Kowal L. Source: Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2002 Winter; 17(4): 275. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12470288&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma and urine concentrations of atropine after the ingestion of cooked deadly nightshade berries. Author(s): Schneider F, Lutun P, Kintz P, Astruc D, Flesch F, Tempe JD. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 1996; 34(1): 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8632502&dopt=Abstract
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Relative effects of xylazine-atropine, xylazine-atropine-ketamine, and xylazineatropine-pentobarbital combinations and time-course effects of the latter two combinations on brain stem auditory-evoked potentials in dogs. Author(s): Tokuriki M, Matsunami K, Uzuka Y. Source: Am J Vet Res. 1990 January; 51(1): 97-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2301827&dopt=Abstract
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Tea of thornapple leaves: a rare cause of atropine intoxication. Author(s): Lamens D, De Hert S, Vermeyen K. Source: Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 1994; 45(2): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7976164&dopt=Abstract
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The action mechanism of relaxation effect of atropine on the isolated rabbit corpus cavernosum. Author(s): Choi YD, Chung WS, Choi HK. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1999 June; 161(6): 1976-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10332484&dopt=Abstract
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The course of moderate amblyopia treated with atropine in children: experience of the amblyopia treatment study. Author(s): Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 October; 136(4): 630-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14516802&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of intravitreal injection of atropine on the proliferation of scleral chondrocyte in vivo. Author(s): Wang IJ, Shih YF, Tseng HS, Huang SH, Lin LL, Hung PT. Source: Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics : the Official Journal of the Association for Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1998 August; 14(4): 337-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9715437&dopt=Abstract
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The first use of physostigmine in the treatment of atropine poisoning. A translation of Kleinwachter's paper entitled 'Observations on the effect of Calabar bean extract as an antidote to atropine poisoning'. Author(s): Nickalls RW, Nickalls EA.
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Source: Anaesthesia. 1988 September; 43(9): 776-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3052162&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to atropine; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pyloric Stenosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Uveitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Vertigo Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •
Herbs and Supplements Astragalus Mem Alternative names: Huang-Qi; Astragalus membranaceus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Atropine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Berberis Alternative names: Barberry; Berberis sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cinnamomum Alternative names: Cinnamon; Cinnamomum zeylanicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Comfrey Alternative names: Symphytum officinale, Knitbone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Green Tea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hibiscus Alternative names: Hibiscus, Roselle; Hibiscus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hyoscyamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Knitbone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lavandula Alternative names: Lavender; Lavandula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Lobelia Alternative names: Lobelia inflata L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Symphytum Alternative names: Comfrey; Symphytum officinale L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
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Symphytum Officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Uncaria Asian Alternative names: Asian species; Uncaria sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Withania Ashwagandha Alternative names: Ashwagandha; Withania somnifera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zingiber Alternative names: Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ATROPINE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to atropine. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “atropine” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on atropine, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Atropine ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to atropine. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
An Evaluation of the Effects of DFP (Dilsopropyl Phosphorofluoridate) and Atropine on the Disposition, Efficacy and Toxicity of 2-PAM (2-Pyridine Aldoxime Methochloride) in Mice by Shiloff, Janice Deborah; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL37299
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The Release of Acetylcholine : Studies on the Effects of Purines, Morphine, Methylxanthines and Atropine in the Myenter Plexus of the Guinea Pig Ileum and in the Central Nervous System by Sawynok, Jana; PhD from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK34652
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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ATROPINE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “atropine” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on atropine, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Atropine By performing a patent search focusing on atropine, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on atropine: •
Anti-micturition composition and method Inventor(s): Leitman; Esther M. (329 S. Roxbury Dr., Beverly Hills, CA 90212) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,906,641 Date filed: October 27, 1988 Abstract: A wafer, capsule or pill contains atropine in controlled amounts for oral administration to housebreak domestic animals by preventing nighttime urination. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a composition to assist in the training of domestic animals and more specifically relates to a composition and method for preventing or minimizing nighttime urination by young animals by administration of an atropine composition in harmless amounts. The training of domestic animals and especially young dogs, to achieve "housebroken" status is a universal problem. One of the particular problems associated with such training is to prevent nighttime micturition or urination. There is a clear need in the art for methods and compositions which would assist in training of the young domestic animals to minimize or totally avoid nighttime urination. It is known in the art that atropine in its various forms is an antispasmodic and possesses gastric antisecretory activity as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,436,458. This patent reports in column 1 that a side effect is retention of urine. Further, various studies have been reported concerning testing of atropine and related compounds in various medical areas. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04906641__
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Bag-valve-mask resuscitator attachment having syringe and nebulizer injection ports Inventor(s): Coates; Donna F. (5404-80th Ave. Cir. E, Palmetto, FL 34221), Coates; Michael R. (5404-80th Ave. Cir. E, Palmetto, FL 34221) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,762,063 Date filed: May 21, 1997 Abstract: A medication introducing device for airtight connection between a bag-valve mask apparatus, or other similar pre-hospital emergency respiratory device, and an endo-tracheal tube installed in a patient, the device comprising a central housing having a top opening, a bottom opening, and a minimum of two medication administering ports, at least one of the ports being an injection port for emergency administering of medications through pre-filled syringes into patients for which an intravenous line cannot be established, medications such as cardiac medications including atropine, epinephrine, lidocaine, and narcan, and at least one port being a nebulizer port for administering asthma medications to an intubated patient undergoing pre-hospital emergency CPR. It is contemplated for the present invention to be made from chemically inert materials, to have a sufficiently low manufacturing cost so that it can be disposable, and for each port to have an airtight end cap. Applications may include, but are not limited to, pre-hospital emergency and rescue situations in which a bag-valve mask apparatus must be used on an intubated patient.
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Excerpt(s): In emergency and rescue situations which necessitate cardiac pulmonary resuscitation (CPR), it is common for patients to require medications, such as cardiac medications, and for such medications to be administered through the use of an intravenous line. However, establishing an intravenous line can be difficult and time consuming in some patients. For example, this can be due to the type of injury sustained by the patient, obesity, diabetes, as well as many other factors. When an intravenous line cannot be attempted or the establishment of an intravenous line has been attempted and failed, emergency medical personnel must look for alternative ways in which to administer the medications indicated by the patient's condition. A secondary approved method for administering medications to a patient can be performed through the trachea which allows the medications to be absorbed into the bloodstream through the lungs. By using a syringe medications are injected into an endo-tracheal tube which is placed through the mouth and connects with the patient's trachea. However, when the type of bag-valve mask apparatus commonly used for pre-hospital CPR is connected to the endo-tracheal tube, CPR must be interrupted to administer the medications to the patient by this secondary method at a risk to the patient. When encountering a patient requiring CPR in a pre-hospital situation, one of the first things that emergency medical personnel are known do is to intubate the patient by placing a plastic tube into the patient's trachea. The endo-tracheal tube maintains the trachea in an open condition and provides a conduit for administering medications. However, prior to injecting medications into the tube through pre-filled syringes, CPR must be stopped, the bagvalve mask apparatus or other type of pre-hospital artificial respiratory assist device, must be disconnected from the endo-tracheal tube, and the medication must be injected into the tube, after which the artificial respiratory assist device must be reattached to the endo-tracheal tube before CPR can be resumed. Disadvantages of this procedure involve both the risks associated with the interruption of CPR, as well as the risk of dislodging the endo-tracheal tube during the disconnection and reconnection of the artificial respiratory assist device. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05762063__ •
Base for ophthalmological medicinal preparations and on ophthalmological medicinal film Inventor(s): Davydov; Anatoly Borisovich (ULITSA Krasny Kazanets, 19, korpus 1, kv. 283, Moscow, SU), Khromov; Gennady Lvovich (2 Frunzenskaya ulitsa, 10, kv. 100, Moscow, SU), Maichuk; Jury Fedorovich (ULITSA Usievicha, 11, kv. 4, Moscow, SU), Tischina; Inna Fedorovna (Schelkovsky raion, poselok Biofabriki, 25, kv, 22, Moskovskaya oblast, SU) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 3,935,303 Date filed: November 1, 1972 Abstract: A base for ophthalmological medicinal preparations consists of a homopolymer of an amide of acrylic acid having a molecular weight from 30,000 to 1,000,000, and/or a copolymer of an amide of acrylic acid with unsaturated compounds, the molecular weight of the copolymer being from 20,000 to 500,000, and containing from 10 to 90 percent acrylamide links.The ophthalmological medicinal film is an oblong plate, 6-9 mm long, 3 - 5 mm wide and 0.2 - 0.6 mm thick, of the hompolymer and/or copolymer and an active medicinal ingredient, viz., 3-ethyl-4(1-methyl-5-imidazolyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-one or atropine, or 3-methoxy-6-sulfanilam idopyridazine, or.beta.-
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dimethylamino-ethyl-p-butylaminobenzoate, or neamine, or 5-iodo-2desoxyuridine.The ophthalmological medicinal film is used for treatment of glaucoma of various forms, thrombosis of the central vein of the retina, atrophy of the optic nerve, for dilating the pupil and paralysis of accommodation in treatment of keratitis, iritis, iridocyclitis, ulcers of the cornea, trachoma, herpetic keratitis, uveitis and adenoviral infections, in extraction of foreign objects from the eye, and in various interventions in the organ of vision. Excerpt(s): The described biologically soluble polymeric base for ophthalmological medicinal preparations, biologically compatible with eye tissues, is intended for therapeutic treatment of various diseases in ophthalmological practice and for ensuring prolonged action of the medicinal preparations A new ophthalmological medicinal film is used in ophthalmology as a therapeutic remedy. Polymeric films are known to be used for medical purposes. These are mostly biologically inactive films, used as membranes in medical apparatus (apparatus for extracorporeal blood circulation, such as artificial kidney, artificial heart, etc.) and used also in the pre- and post-operative processing of the wound surfaces. These films are biologically inert with respect to the tissues of the living body, and are liable neither to dissolve nor be assimilated under the action of liquid tissue substrates. Soluble, assimilable or biologically compatible films are only known to be used in the treatment of skin burns. These are films on the base of natural biopolymers, such as collagen or gelatin. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03935303__ •
Edrophonium-atropine composition and therapeutic uses thereof Inventor(s): Cronnelly; Roy (Pacifica, CA), Miller; Ronald Dean (Greenbrae, CA), Morris; Robert B. (Mill Valley, CA) Assignee(s): The Regents of the University of California (berkeley, Ca) Patent Number: 4,952,586 Date filed: October 18, 1988 Abstract: A composition is provided which includes a balanced combination of an edrophonium component and an atropine component. A preferred embodiment has 0.5 mg of edrophonium chloride and 8 micrograms of atropine sulfate, with respect to patient weight. The inventive composition is useful to antagonize nondepolarizing blockade during medical treatment when muscle relaxation is no longer necessary, provides extremely rapid onset of action and results in minimal heart rate changes. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to antagonism of neuromuscular blockade, and more particularly to antagonism of nondepolarizing blockade with a balanced combination of edrophonium and atropine. Muscle relaxation agents are usefully administered to patients during a great variety of medical procedures, and may generally be characterized as either depolarizing agents or nondepolarizing agents. Nondepolarizing agents provide muscle relaxation for a longer duration than do depolarizing agents, and are generally curare-like drugs such as pancuronium, dtubocurarine, metocurine, gallamine, vecuronium and atracurium. Following a procedure where a nondepolarizing agent has been utilized, it is usually desirable that the neuromuscular blockade be antagonized when muscle relaxation is no longer necessary. Presently used antagonists are, for example, anti-cholinesterase drugs such as neostigmine (in combination with an anticholinergic) or pyridostigmine (in combination with an anticholinergic). These prior art compositions are occasionally associated with
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tachycardia, bradycardia and other dysrhythmias of atrial, nodal and ventricular origin. However, use of the anticholinesterase drugs as antagonists (without an anticholinergic) invariably leads to muscarinic effects such as bradycardia, or slowing of the heart rate, and hence a tendency for blood pressure to fall. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04952586__ •
Method and composition for enabling passage through the blood-brain-barrier Inventor(s): Friedman; Alon (M. Post HaNeguev, IL), Kaufer; Daniela (Mevasseret Zion, IL), Siedman; Shlomo (Neve Daniel, IL), Soreq; Hermona (Jerusalem, IL) Assignee(s): Yissum Research Development Company (jerusalem, Il) Patent Number: 6,258,780 Date filed: November 20, 1997 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition for facilitating passage of compounds through the blood-brain barrier comprising the agent ACHE-I4 readthrough (SEQ ID No:1) splice variant or the I4 peptide (SEQ ID No:2) and analogues of each thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is disclosed. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical composition for facilitating passage of compounds through the blood-brain barrier can comprise the agents adrenaline, atropine, dopamine and/or an adrenergic combination and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition can comprise at least two of the agents. The composition of the present invention can optionally include the compound to be transported across the blood-brain barrier. Alternatively, the compound can be co-administered (simultaneously) with the composition or can be administered at some point during the biologically effective period of the action of the composition. The present invention provides a method for administering a compound to the CNS of an animal by subjecting the animal to a stress-mimicking agent or treatment. This agent or treatment facilitates disruption of the blood-brain barrier. During the period that the BBB is opened or disrupted a compound can be administer such that the compound is enabled to passage through the disrupted BBB into the CNS. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and composition for transporting compounds including pharmaceutical compositions across the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) maintains a homeostatic environment in the central nervous system (CNS). The capillaries that supply the blood to the brain have tight junctions which block passage of most molecules through the capillary endothelial membranes. While the membranes do allow passage of lipid soluble materials, such as heroin and other psychoactive drugs, water soluble materials such as glucose, proteins and amino acids do not pass through the BBB. Mediated transport mechanisms exist to transport glucose and essential amino acids across the BBB. Active transport mechanisms remove molecules which become in excess, such as potassium, from the brain. For a general review see Goldstein and Betz, 1986 and Betz et al, 1994, incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. The BBB was initially observed by Ehrlich when he observed what he termed "lower affinity" of vital dyes for the brain than other tissue. Goldmann in 1913 however, determined the actual presence of a barrier by showing that the vital dye trypan blue when injected directly into the brain stained the brain but did not leave the CNS. These early experiments by Golmann and others established that the CNS is separated from the bloodstream by blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barriers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06258780__
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Method for anti-cholinergic blockage of withdrawal symptoms in smoking cessation Inventor(s): Bachynsky; Nicholas (7322 SW. Freeway, Houston, TX 77074) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,555,397 Date filed: August 12, 1983 Abstract: Subcutaneously injecting a patient with a solution of atropine and scopolamine, potentiated by chlorpromazine alleviates withdrawal symptoms attributed to the cessation of chronic nicotine blockage. Auricular injections give immediate effects and minimize peripheral anti-cholinergic activity. The treatment is administered during an initial office visit. Excerpt(s): Since the introduction of tobacco into the civilized world by Columbus' sailors returning from the Americas, nicotine has become the most widespread form of substance dependency in the world. It is legal, encouraged with advertising, and used in any human setting, although it causes more morbidity and mortality than all other drugs combined. Recidivism in individuals who attempt to quit smoking--75%--equals that of recidivism of heroin addicts. A variety of methods to stop smoking addiction have been tried including hypnotism, psychotherapy, electro-shock aversion, and group counseling. A recent assessment of the success of smoking programs and clinics shows that fewer than half of the smokers participating in such programs quit and less than 25%-30% remain non-smokers 9-18 months later. Evan Richard I., Henderson Allen H., Hill Peter C. and Raines, Betteye: Current Psychological, Social, and Educational Programs in Control and Prevention of Smoking; a Critical Methodological Review. Atherosclerosis Reviews, 1979; 6:201-241. It is well documented that nicotine has an agonistic action at nicotine receptor sites in the parasympathetic nervous system. Its primary action upon prolonged use is that of a blocking agent. While this activity is less documented in the central rather than the peripheral nervous system, the preponderance of such nicotine receptors appears to be located at the mid-brain level. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04555397__
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N-Oxide of the O-.beta.-D glucuronides of anticholinergic compounds, and process for preparing the same Inventor(s): Epstein; David M. (Belmont, MA), Herlihy; Walter C. (Cambridge, MA) Assignee(s): Repligen Corporation (cambridge, Ma) Patent Number: 4,476,300 Date filed: August 4, 1983 Abstract: The subject invention concerns a novel process for preparing novel N-oxide compounds of O-.beta.-D-glucuronides of an anticholinergic compound containing a tertiary nitrogen. Examples of suitable glucuronide starting materials are O-.beta.-Dglucuronides of tropicamide, scopolamine, atropine, hyoscyamine, and the like. The novel process gives high yields of the desired N-oxides which are useful as UV filters. Excerpt(s): The synthesis of the glucuronides of ester-containing compounds is difficult to carry out by conventional synthetic chemical techniques such as the Koenigs-Knorr reaction. The difficulty of such techniques makes them impractical for the preparation of essentially pure preparations of desired glucuronides. In order to overcome this problem, enzymatic processes were invented to prepare desired glucuronide
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compounds. In one such enzymatic process the O-.beta.-D-glucuronide of scopolamine, an ester-containing alkaloid, was prepared by the use of UDPGA transferase (EC 2.4.1.17) in the presence of an esterase inhibitor. In another process the O-.beta.-Dglucuronide of scopolamine was synthesized by the.beta.-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31)catalyzed reaction of scopolamine and glucuronic acid. These processes are disclosed herein. Attempts to prepare the N-oxide of the O-.beta.-D-glucuronide of scopolamine by use of scopolamine N-oxide as the starting material in the above enzymatic processes resulted in the obtention of low yield of desired product. This low yield made it impossible to isolate sufficient quantities of desired product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04476300__ •
Pharmacological composition for preventing neurotoxic side effects of NMDA antagonists Inventor(s): Olney; John W. (#1 Lorenzo La., Ladue, MO 63124) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,616,580 Date filed: April 26, 1991 Abstract: This invention discloses mixtures of NMDA antagonists and anti-cholinergic agents, which can be used to prevent excitotoxic damage in the central nervous system or for anesthetic purposes in human or veterinary medicine. Anti-cholinergic agents such as scopolamine, atropine, benztropine, trihexyphenidyl, biperiden, procyclidine, benactyzine, or diphenhydramine can be used in conjunction with, or subsequent to, administration of an NMDA antagonist such as MK-801. The NMDA antagonist exerts a primary protective effect by preventing or reducing excitotoxic damage due to stroke, perinatal asphyxia, and various other types of injury or disease; however, strong NMDA antagonists such as MK-801 can also cause neurotoxic side effects, including vacuole formation, mitochondrial dissolution, and neuronal death in certain types of neurons such as cingulate/retrosplenial cerebrocortical neurons. The anti-cholinergic agent will reduce or eliminate those damaging side effects, without interfering with the primary protective value of the NMDA antagonist. The anti-cholinergic agents described herein can also reduce the toxic side effects associated with illegal use of drugs such as phencyclidine (also known as PCP or angel dust). Excerpt(s): This invention is in the fields of pharmacology and neurology. It relates to compounds and methods for protecting the central nervous system against neurotoxic side effects of certain therapeutic drugs and against neurodegenerative disease processes. The surfaces of nerve cells in the central nervous system (the CNS, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and retina) contain various types of receptor molecules. In general, a receptor molecule is a polypeptide which straddles a cell membrane. When a messenger molecule interacts with the exposed extracellular portion of the membrane receptor molecule, it triggers a difference in the electrochemical status of the intracellular portion of the receptor, which in turn provokes some response by the cell. The messenger molecule does not bond to the receptor; instead, it usually disengages from the receptor after a brief period and returns to the extracellular fluid. Most receptor molecules are named according to the messenger molecules which bind to them. An "agonist" is any molecule, including the naturally occurring messenger molecule, which can temporarily bind to and activate a certain type of receptor. An agonist can cause the same effect as the natural messenger molecule, or in some cases it can cause a more
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intense effect (for example, if it has a tighter affinity for the receptor molecule and remains bound to the receptor for a prolonged period). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05616580__ •
Sensitive radioimmunoassay using antibody to L-hyoscyamine Inventor(s): Verma; Pritam S. (Adelphi, MD) Assignee(s): The United States of America AS Represented by the Secretary of the Army (washington, Dc) Patent Number: 4,591,573 Date filed: September 23, 1983 Abstract: A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay is developed for L-hyoscyamine ulting from atropine administration with which a concentration as low as 25 pg/ml using 0.1 ml of sample can be measured without the need for extraction. Specificity studies indicate that an antibody according to this invention has high specific recognition of L-hyoscyamine with only about 37% cross reaction with the Dhyoscyamine enantiomer of atropine. The antibody is produced from an immunogen having conjugated at least 42 and preferably 45 L-hyoscyamine-p-aminobenzoic acid haptenic molecules per molecule of bovine serum albumin. An antibody according to this invention can be used with a dilution titer as high as 1:2000. Excerpt(s): L-hyoscyamine is one of three important alkaloids in belladonna, stramonium and hyoscyamus extracts. The other two are atropine and hyoscine(scopolamine). Many years after the isolation of L-hyoscyamine and atropine from solanaceous plant extracts, it was discovered that atropine is a racemic mixture of two enantiomers, L-hyoscyamine and D-hyoscyamine. Hence, one-half of atropine is Lhyoscyamine. The original alkaloid formed in the plant is L-hyoscyamine. At the time of harvest little, if any, atropine is present in the plant. However, there is a tendency for the enantiomer to racemize. Hence during the process of extraction and concentration of the L-hyoscyamine, some of the alkaloid is converted to D-hyoscyamine resulting in the racemic mixture called atropine (D,L-hyoscyamine). Enantiomers are identical in molecular weight and have identical physical and chemical properties except for their effect upon a plane of polarized light. However, in physiological action, they may be distinctly different. The physiological effects of the racemic mixture is of course equivalent to the sum total of the individual enantiomeric effects. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04591573__
•
Transdermal delivery device having a rate controlling adhesive Inventor(s): Enscore; David J. (Sunnyvale, CA), Lee; Eun S. (Redwood City, CA), Yum; Su I. (Los Altos, CA) Assignee(s): Alza Corporation (palo Alto, Ca) Patent Number: 4,938,759 Date filed: September 2, 1986 Abstract: A transdermal delivery device having a release-rate controlling-adhesive is disclosed having improved delivery characteristics. The device employs a polyisobutylene/mineral oil adhesive formulation and an ethylene/viny acetate (EVA)
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drug reservoir formulation. The device is useful in delivering a wide variety of transdermally administrable drugs, particularly those which are moderately soluble in mineral oil. Preferred embodiments deliver timolol base and atropine base from an EVA (40% VA) reservoir formulation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to medical devices to be applied to the skin to administer biologically active agents at substantially constant rates using release-rate controlling adhesives. Various types of bandages for delivering biologically active agents (hereafter referred to generally as "drugs") to the skin at substantially constant rates are known to the art and have been proposed to deliver a wide variety of drugs. As used herein the term "drug" is intended to have its broadest interpretation as any biologically active substance which is administered to a subject to produce a usually beneficial biological effect. U.S. Pat. No. 3,598,122 (which is hereby incorporated by reference) for example, describes a multi-layered bandage comprising a backing layer, a drug reservoir layer, a release-rate controlling membrane and a contact adhesive layer which maintains the bandages in drug delivering contact with the skin. The release-rate controlling element is disposed between the drug and the contact adhesive layer and constitutes a separate element of the device. t, is any time during said administration period in hours, and the term "substantial" as applied to said time period means at least 50%. When the conditions set forth in the Rate-Controlling Relationship are met, the flux of drug from the drug reservoir layer, in the absence of the adhesive layer, will be about 100 times greater than the flux of drug through the adhesive layer when the value of the Relationship is 0.01. When the value of the Relationship is increased to 0.7 the flux of drug from the reservoir layer will have been reduced to a level equal to the flux of drug through the adhesive. This provides a simple laboratory test to determine whether or not the relationship is met without requiring the determination of the values for the individual parameters of the relationship. The in vitro flux of drug can be measured for samples of the reservoir and adhesive compositions and as long as the reservoir flux is from 1 to about 100 times the adhesive flux the relationship will be satisfied. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04938759__
Patent Applications on Atropine As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to atropine: •
Compositions for treatment or prevention of bioterrorism Inventor(s): Feldstein, Robert S.; (Yonkers, NY), Gelber, Cohava; (Hartsdale, NY), Pohl, Roderike; (Sherman, CT), Steiner, Solomon S.; (Mount Kisco, NY) Correspondence: Patrea L. Pabst; Holland & Knight Llp; Suite 2000, One Atlantic Center; 1201 West Peachtree Street, N.E.; Atlanta; GA; 30309-3400; US Patent Application Number: 20040018152 Date filed: January 17, 2003
9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Abstract: Compositions containing biologically active molecules encapsulated in selfassembling, diketopiperazine microspheres (TECHNOSPHEREs.TM.) and methods for making and administering such compositions are described herein. The compositions can be used to immunize individuals against agents of biological warfare. The biologically active molecules include atropine, antibodies, antigens, and antibiotics. The compositions can be placed in an inhalation device for self-administration. Pulmonary delivery of TECHNOSPHERE.TM. encapsulated atropine, antibodies, vaccines, and antibiotics provides an accelerated onset of immunity to the targeted disease. Furthermore, the TECHNOSPHERE.TM. encapsulated atropine, antibodies, vaccines, and antibiotics are stable formulations, suitable for stockpiling, rapid dissemination and mass treatment. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 60/349,628 filed Jan. 18, 2002. The present invention is generally in the field of methods and compositions to neutralize or treat biologicals used especially in bioterrorism or biological warfare. Prevention of death and disease from biological warfare agents is a concern for people serving the military and for civilians. Agents used in biological warfare include nerve gases, anthrax, ricin, botulinus, cholera, tularemia, and bubonic plague. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method of early detection of duchenne muscular dystrophy and other neuromuscular disease Inventor(s): Hampton, Thomas G.; (Framingham, MA) Correspondence: Lahive & Cockfield; 28 State Street; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20030003052 Date filed: June 19, 2002 Abstract: The mdx mouse is a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The present invention describes that mdx mice exhibited clinically relevant cardiac phenotypes. A non-invasive method of recording electrocardiograms (ECGs) was used to a study mdx mice (n=15) and control mice (n=15). The mdx mice had significant tachycardia, consistent with observations in patients with muscular dystrophy. Heart-rate was nearly 15% faster in mdx mice than control mice (P<0.01). ECGs revealed significant shortening of the rate-corrected QT interval duration (QTc) in mdx mice compared to control mice (P<0.05). PR interval duration were shorter at baseline in mdx compared to control mice (P<0.05). The muscarinic antagonist atropine significantly increased heart-rate and decreased PR interval duration in C57 mice. Paradoxically, atropine significantly decreased heart-rate and increased PR interval duration in all mdx mice. Pharmacological autonomic blockade and baroreflex sensitivity testing demonstrated an imbalance in autonomic nervous system modulation of heart-rate, with decreased parasympathetic activity and increased sympathetic activity in mdx mice. These electrocardiographic findings in dystrophin-deficient mice provide new bases for diagnosing, understanding, and treating patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application serial No. 60/299,302, filed Jun. 19, 2001, and to U.S. provisional patent application serial No. 60/338,821, filed Nov. 17, 2001. The contents of these provisional patent applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system is an under-recognized but important aspect of the etiological and clinical manifestation of neuromuscular disorder such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy
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(DMD). DMD is an X-linked inherited disorder that affects over nearly 30 out of every 100,000 boys born in the United States. The disorder results from a defect in the gene for an enormous protein called dystrophin, which forms part of the scaffold in muscle fibers. Although the disorder is present from the initial stages of fetal development, there is no physical indication at birth that the baby is abnormal. Rarely is there physical diagnosis in the first year of life. Problems are usually not evident until 18 months to 4 years of age. Usually diagnosis is not made until the child is five. Nearly 50% of affected boys do not walk until 18 months of age or later. Duchenne children have difficulty climbing and getting up from the floor. Parents often comment that their child falls frequently. By the age 3 to 5 years, generalized muscle weakness becomes more obvious. Parents may be falsely encouraged by a seeming improvement at school age, but this may be due to natural growth and development. Weakness progresses rapidly after age 8 or 9, resulting in the inability to walk or stand unassisted. Leg braces may make walking possible for a year or two, but by early adolescence walking becomes impossible. There are some boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy who have problems with delay in mental or language development. Eventually all the major muscles are affected. Lung capacity may decrease, resulting in an increased susceptibility to respiratory infections. Cardiac and respiratory failure are common in Duchenne patients. Autonomic nervous system abnormalities have now been frequently reported in patients. The cardiac phenotype includes decreased parasympathetic nervous activity and increased sympathetic nervous activity. Currently there is no reliable mode of prenatal diagnosis or cure. For a series of reasons, diagnosis of Duchenne patients using DNA markers from amniocytes is error ridden and deletion mutants are detectable in only 65% of cases. Therefore, early detection of the disease before locomotor or autonomic disturbances reduce quality of life or irreversibly affect outcome of the disease could significantly improve life-quality prospects and longevity in those afflicted with dystrophin-deficiency related diseases. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with atropine, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “atropine” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on atropine. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning atropine. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ATROPINE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to atropine. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on atropine include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “atropine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
Effect of homatropine on the accommodative convergence association. Author: Christoferson, Kent William; Year: 1956
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Report upon the use of atropine as a diagnostic agent in typhoid infections. Author: Marris, Henry Fairley; Year: 1917
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Study of the effect of atropine, pilocarpine, prostigmin, morphine, decholin, secretin, and nembutal on the volume and pH of the duodenal contents. Author: King, Harry Edward, 1910-; Year: 1941
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Synthetic atropine-like substances, by S. G. Kuznetsov and S. N. Golikov. Author: Kuznetsov, Sergei Georgievich; Year: 1963
10
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Chapters on Atropine In order to find chapters that specifically relate to atropine, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and atropine using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “atropine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on atropine: •
Oral Medications Source: in Moldwin, R.M. Interstitial Cystitis Survival Guide: Your Guide to the Latest Treatment Options and Coping Strategies. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, Inc. 2000. p. 81-112. Contact: Available from Interstitial Cystitis Association. 51 Monroe Street, Suite 1402, Rockville, MD 20850. (800) HELP-ICA or (301) 610-5300. Fax (301) 610-5308. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.ichelp.org. PRICE: $12.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1572242108. Summary: More than 700,000 Americans have interstitial cystitis (IC), a condition that includes symptoms of recurring bladder pain and discomfort on urination. This chapter on oral medications used to treat IC is from a self care book designed to empower readers by simplifying the diagnostic and treatment process for IC. The primary object of the book is to build a framework for delivering proper care to the IC patient. Oral medications, used alone or in combination with other medications, will improve symptoms in most patients with IC. Patients may still have some symptoms while on oral medications, but they may be improved to the point where they wish to wait before undergoing more invasive therapy. Most of the medications used cause few significant side effects. The author notes that most of the medications discussed in this chapter have been used for many years but for other purposes. Medications and dosages may need to be changed due to side effects or poor responses. The author first discusses medications thought to coat the bladder's surface, including pentosan polysulfate sodium (Elmiron), chondroitin sulfate, and glucosamine. The author then discusses the use of antidepressants (primarily to reduce pain), including amitriptyline (Elavil); selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs); antihistamines, including hydroxyzine (Atarax, Vistaril); cromolyn sodium (Gastrocrom); cimetidine (Tagamet); antiseizure medications, including gabapentin (Neurontin), and carbamazepine (Tegretol); nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); immunosuppressants, including steroids; muscle relaxants, notably diazepam (Valium); narcotic therapy; urinary anesthetics, including phenazopyridine hydrochloride (Pyridium), atropine sulfate, benzoic acid, hyoscyamine, methenamine, methylene blue, and phenyl salicylate (Urised); anticholinergic therapy; L arginine; calcium channel blockers, including nifedipine (Procardia); and alpha blockers. The author reviews the use of each of these drugs, along with the hypothesis about why they may be of use in IC.
Books
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Antidiarrheals Source: in Moreau, D., ed. Nursing96 Drug Handbook. Springhouse, PA: Nursing96 Books. Springhouse Corporation. 1996. p. 633-640. Contact: Available from Springhouse Publishing. 1111 Bethlehem Pike, P.O. Box 908, Springhouse, PA 19477. (800) 331-3170 or (215) 646-4670 or (215) 646-4671. Fax (215) 6468716. PRICE: $29.95. ISBN: 087434817X. ISSN: 0273320x. Summary: This chapter on antidiarrheals is from a nursing handbook on pharmaceuticals. The handbook is designed to provide drug information that focuses on what nurses need to know by emphasizing the clinical aspects of drug therapy. The chapter begins with an alphabetical list of the generic names of drugs described in the chapter, followed by an alphabetized list of its brand names. Finally comes a list of selected combination products in which these drugs are found. Specific information on each drug is arranged under the following headings: How Supplied, Action, Onset, Peak, Duration, Indications and Dosage, Adverse Reactions, Interactions, Contraindications, and Nursing Considerations. Drugs covered are bismuth subgallate, bismuth subsalicylate, clacium polycarbophil, difenoxin hydrochloride and atropine sulfate, kaolin and pectin mixtures, loperamide, octreotide acetate, opium tincture, and camphorated opium tincture.
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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ATROPINE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover atropine.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on atropine is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “atropine” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to atropine. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “atropine” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for atropine: •
Efficacy of atropine unrelated to cause and depth of moderate amblyopia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 08, 2003
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Atropine useful in treadmill testing of patients with chronotropic incompetence Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 30, 2003
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Stocks of nerve agent antidote, atropine, can be scaled up using bulk powder Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 10, 2003
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Aminophylline effective for atropine-resistant asystolic cardiac arrest Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 25, 2003
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Atropine as effective as patching in treatment of amblyopia Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 13, 2002
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Atropine sulfate can help avoid surgery in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 29, 2001
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Meridian gets European approval for atropine auto-injector Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 18, 1999
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Dobutamine-Atropine Stress Echo Helps Identify Preoperative Cardiac Risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 27, 1995 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “atropine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.
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Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “atropine” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to atropine, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “atropine” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Atropine Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to atropine. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering atropine that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for atropine. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with atropine. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to atropine: Anticholinergics/Antispasmodics •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anaspaz; A-Spas S/L; Banthine; Bentyl; Cantil; Cystospaz; Cystospaz-M; Donnamar; ED-SPAZ; Gastrosed; Homapin; Levbid; Levsin; Levsin/SL; Levsinex Timecaps; Pro-Banthine; Quarzan; Robinul; Robinul Forte; Symax SL http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202049.html
Antihistamines, Decongestants, and Anticholinergics •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: AH-chew; D.A. Chewable; Dallergy; Dura-Vent/DA; Extendryl; Extendryl JR; Extendryl SR; Mescolor; OMNIhist L.A.; Stahist http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202653.html
Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Methenamine, Methylene Blue, Phenyl Salicylate, and Benzoic Acid •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Atrosept; Dolsed; Hexalol; Prosed/DS; UAA; Urimed; Urised; Uriseptic; Uritab; Uritin; Uro-Ves http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202075.html
Atropine/Homatropine/Scopolamine •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: AK-Homatropine; Atropair; Atropine Care; Atropine Sulfate S.O.P.; Atropisol; Atrosulf; I-Homatrine; Isopto Atropine; Isopto Homatropine; Isopto Hyoscine; I-Tropine; Ocu-Tropine; Spectro-Homatropine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202074.html
Belladonna Alkaloids and Barbiturates •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Antrocol; Barbidonna; Barbidonna No. 2; Barophen; Bellalphen; Butibel; Donnamor; Donnapine; Donnatal; Donnatal Extentabs; Donnatal No. 2; Donphen; Hyosophen; Kinesed; Malatal; Relaxadon; Spaslin; Spasmolin; Spasmophen; Spasquid; Susano http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202082.html
Difenoxin and Atropine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Motofen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202193.html
Diphenoxylate and Atropine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lofene; Logen; Lomocot; Lomotil; Lonox; Vi-Atro http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202200.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
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Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “atropine” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 34146 138 997 5 483 35769
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “atropine” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
19 Adapted 20
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on atropine can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to atropine. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to atropine. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “atropine”:
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Other guides Cancer Chemotherapy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancerchemotherapy.html Death and Dying http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/deathanddying.html Eye Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyediseases.html Interstitial Cystitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/interstitialcystitis.html Vision Disorders and Blindness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/visiondisordersandblindness.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on atropine. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Medications for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: New York, NY: Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America, Inc. (CCFA). 199x. 20 p. Contact: Available from Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America, Inc. (CCFA). 386 Park Avenue South, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-8804. (800) 343-3637 or (800) 9322423 or (212) 685-3440. Fax (212) 779-4098. Website: www.ccfa.org. E-mail:
[email protected] PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure reviews for health professionals the available information on both the standard drug therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the agents under investigation. Topics include 5-ASA agents, including sulfasalazine, topical and oral forms of aminosalicylates, slow-release agents (mesalamine), chemically linked agents (olsalazine), and the side effects of these drugs; corticosteroids in topical, oral, parenteral, and rapidly-metabolized forms; immunomodulators, including 6mercaptopurine and azathioprine, cyclosporin, and methotrexate; antibiotics, including metronidazole, ciproflaxin, and antituberculous agents; lipoxygenase inhibitors; nicotine; antidiarrheal agents, including loperamide, diphenoxylate with atropine, codeine, and deodorized tincture of opium; anticholinergic agents; psychotropic agents; miscellaneous agents that show potential benefit; and drugs that may exacerbate colitis.
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The brochure includes a section on the management of the pediatric patient, including the use of sulfasalazine, aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunomodulators, antibiotics, and antidiarrheal agents. It also addresses specific issues of adolescents. •
Antidiarrheal Therapy Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 13(3): 207-208. April 1999. Contact: Available from Pulsus Group, Inc. 2902 South Sheridan Way, Oakville, Ontario, Canada L6J 7L6. Summary: This fact sheet, from a professional journal of gastroenterology, guides patients who have been advised to use an antidiarrheal medication. The fact sheet describes various medications used to control diarrhea and the potential risks involved in taking these drugs. Diarrhea is defined as more water in the stool than normal. Antidiarrheal medications are helpful for occasional or short term treatment of diarrhea that the physician does not feel is specifically caused by an inflammatory or serious infectious disease of the intestines. Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) occasionally take these medications to control diarrhea. The most commonly used antidiarrheal medications are loperamide hydrochloride (Apo Loperamide or Imodium), diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil), codeine, bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto Bismol), and cholestyramine (Questran). Most of these medications (all except cholestyramine) work by slowing the movement of food through the intestines. This gives the intestine more time to absorb the water and makes the stool less watery. Cholestyramine binds to the bile in the intestines, helping certain patients (particularly those who have had surgery to remove a section of their small intestine) have fewer problems with diarrhea. These medications are generally very safe for patients with mild diarrhea but can be potentially dangerous for patients with severe diarrhea. Patients are encouraged to work closely with their physicians to manage any problems. The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to atropine. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to atropine. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with atropine. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about atropine. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “atropine” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “atropine”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date,
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select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “atropine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “atropine” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
23
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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ATROPINE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 6-Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abducens: A striated, extrinsic muscle of the eyeball that originates from the annulus of Zinn. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acrylamide: A colorless, odorless, highly water soluble vinyl monomer formed from the hydration of acrylonitrile. It is primarily used in research laboratories for electrophoresis, chromatography, and electron microscopy and in the sewage and wastewater treatment industries. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actinin: A protein factor that regulates the length of R-actin. It is chemically similar, but immunochemically distinguishable from actin. [NIH] Acuity: Clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. [EU] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In
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microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Triphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Exercise: A type of physical activity that includes walking, jogging, running, and dancing. Aerobic training improves the efficiency of the aerobic energy-producing systems that can improve cardiorespiratory endurance. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
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Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Albuterol: A racemic mixture with a 1:1 ratio of the r-isomer, levalbuterol, and s-albuterol. It is a short-acting beta 2-adrenergic agonist with its main clinical use in asthma. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternans: Ipsilateral abducens palsy and facial paralysis and contralateral hemiplegia of the limbs, due to a nuclear or infranuclear lesion in the pons. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amblyopia: A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivationinduced amblopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. Strabismus and refractive errors may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the optic nerve which is associated with alcoholism, tobacco smoking, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form
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proteins. [NIH] Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains theophylline and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications. [NIH] Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antaganize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analeptic: A drug which acts as a restorative, such as caffeine, amphetamine, pentylenetetrazol, etc. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH]
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Anterior chamber: The space in front of the iris and behind the cornea. [NIH] Anthrax: An acute bacterial infection caused by ingestion of bacillus organisms. Carnivores may become infected from ingestion of infected carcasses. It is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The most common form in humans is cutaneous anthrax. [NIH] Antianginal: Counteracting angina or anginal conditions. [EU] Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and neurotic symptoms, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. Some are also effective as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or anesthesia adjuvants. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here. [NIH] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidiarrheals: Miscellaneous agents found useful in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. They have no effect on the agent(s) that cause diarrhea, but merely alleviate the condition. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]
Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical
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reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipruritic: Relieving or preventing itching. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antitoxin: A purified antiserum from animals (usually horses) immunized by injections of a toxin or toxoid, administered as a passive immunizing agent to neutralize a specific bacterial toxin, e.g., botulinus, tetanus or diphtheria. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aqueous fluid: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Aqueous humor: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31. [NIH]
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Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asystole: Cardiac standstill or arrest; absence of a heartbeat; called also Beau's syndrome. [EU]
Atherogenic: Causing the formation of plaque in the lining of the arteries. [NIH] Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH]
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Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Auditory Cortex: Area of the temporal lobe concerned with hearing. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial toxin: A toxic substance, made by bacteria, that can be modified to kill specific tumor cells without harming normal cells. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Baroreflex: A negative feedback system which buffers short-term changes in blood pressure. Increased pressure stretches blood vessels which activates pressoreceptors (baroreceptors) in the vessel walls. The net response of the central nervous system is a reduction of central sympathetic outflow. This reduces blood pressure both by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance and by lowering cardiac output. Because the baroreceptors are tonically active, the baroreflex can compensate rapidly for both increases and decreases in blood pressure. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU]
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Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Belladonna: A species of very poisonous Solanaceous plants yielding atropine (hyoscyamine), scopolamine, and other belladonna alkaloids, used to block the muscarinic autonomic nervous system. [NIH] Benactyzine: A centrally acting muscarinic antagonist. Benactyzine has been used in the treatment of depression and is used in research to investigate the role of cholinergic systems on behavior. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological Warfare: Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Biomechanics: The study of the application of mechanical laws and the action of forces to living structures. [NIH] Biopolymers: Polymers, such as proteins, DNA, RNA, or polysaccharides formed by any living organism. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning
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technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bioterrorism: The use of biological agents in terrorism. This includes the malevolent use of bacteria, viruses, or toxins against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine. [NIH] Biphasic: Having two phases; having both a sporophytic and a gametophytic phase in the life cycle. [EU] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bismuth Subsalicylate: A nonprescription medicine such as Pepto-Bismol. Used to treat diarrhea, heartburn, indigestion, and nausea. It is also part of the treatment for ulcers caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (HELL-uh-koh-BAK-tur py-LOH-ree). [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blinking: Brief closing of the eyelids by involuntary normal periodic closing, as a protective measure, or by voluntary action. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Flow Velocity: A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion.
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There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradycardia: Excessive slowness in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate below 60 beats per minute. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH] Bronchodilator: A drug that relaxes the smooth muscles in the constricted airway. [NIH] Bronchoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchus: A large air passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung. [NIH] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH]
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Calcium Chloride: A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]
Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Permeability: Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed cholinergic agonist that acts at both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. [NIH] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carbohydrates: The largest class of organic compounds, including starches, glycogens, cellulose, gums, and simple sugars. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac arrest: A sudden stop of heart function. [NIH] Cardiac catheterization: A procedure in which a thin, hollow tube is inserted into a blood vessel. The tube is then advanced through the vessel into the heart, enabling a physician to study the heart and its pumping activity. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU]
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Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardioversion: Electrical reversion of cardiac arrhythmias to normal sinus rhythm, formerly using alternatic current, but now employing direct current. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotid Sinus: The dilated portion of the common carotid artery at its bifurcation into external and internal carotids. It contains baroreceptors which, when stimulated, cause slowing of the heart, vasodilatation, and a fall in blood pressure. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Castor Oil: Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU]
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Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemical Warfare: Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than promethazine. [NIH] Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup. [NIH] Cholecystokinin: A 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholestyramine: Strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium as Cl(-) anion. It exchanges chloride ions with bile salts, thus
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decreasing their concentration and that of cholesterol. It is used as a hypocholesteremic in diarrhea and biliary obstruction and as an antipruritic. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Cholinergic Agents: Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of acetylcholine, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons. The term cholinergic agents is sometimes still used in the narrower sense of muscarinic agonists, although most modern texts discourage that usage. [NIH] Chondroitin sulfate: The major glycosaminoglycan (a type of sugar molecule) in cartilage. [NIH]
Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH] Chronotropic: Affecting the time or rate, as the rate of contraction of the heart. [EU] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Ciliary processes: The extensions or projections of the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor. [NIH] Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P450. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood
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system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to imipramine that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine. [NIH]
Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]
Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Implants: Electronic devices implanted beneath the skin with electrodes to the cochlear nerve to create sound sensation in persons with sensorineural deafness. [NIH] Cochlear Nerve: The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus) of the brain stem. They mediate the sense of hearing. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH]
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Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH]
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Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Conscious Sedation: An alternative to general anesthesia in patients for whom general anesthesia is refused or considered inadvisable. It involves the administering of an antianxiety drug (minor tranquilizer) and an analgesic or local anesthetic. This renders the patient free of anxiety and pain while allowing the patient to remain in verbal contact with the physician or dentist. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constrict: Tighten; narrow. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]
Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU]
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Coronary Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the coronary arteries. [NIH] Coronary Artery Bypass: Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion. [NIH] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]
Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized mast cells. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other healthrelated variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Curare: Plant extracts from several species, including Strychnos toxifera, S. castelnaei, S. crevauxii, and Chondodendron tomentosum, that produce paralysis of skeletal muscle and are used adjunctively with general anesthesia. These extracts are toxic and must be used with the administration of artificial respiration. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclopentolate: A parasympatholytic anticholinergic used solely to obtain mydriasis or cycloplegia. [NIH] Cycloplegia: Paralysis of the ciliary muscle; paralysis of accommodation. [EU] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH]
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Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the cytological and molecular behavior of genes and chromosomes during cell division. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible. [NIH]
Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decompensation: Failure of compensation; cardiac decompensation is marked by dyspnea, venous engorgement, and edema. [EU] Decongestant: An agent that reduces congestion or swelling. [EU] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deglutition: The process or the act of swallowing. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU]
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Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Dexmedetomidine: A selective inhibitor of receptors, adrenergic alpha-2 that has analgesic and sedative properties. Medetomidine is the other racemic form. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastole: Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel
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movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of the calcium ion in membrane functions. It is also teratogenic. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects. [NIH] Diphenoxylate: A meperidine congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with atropine. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity. [NIH] Diphtheria: A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. Diphtheria toxin, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. [NIH] Dipyridamole: A drug that prevents blood cell clumping and enhances the effectiveness of fluorouracil and other chemotherapeutic agents. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Discrimination Learning: Learning that is manifested in the ability to respond differentially to various stimuli. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dobutamine: A beta-2 agonist catecholamine that has cardiac stimulant action without
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evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia. It is proposed as a cardiotonic after myocardial infarction or open heart surgery. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Dystrophin: A muscle protein localized in surface membranes which is the product of the Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy gene. Individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually lack dystrophin completely while those with Becker muscular dystrophy have dystrophin of an altered size. It shares features with other cytoskeletal proteins such as spectrin and alpha-actinin but the precise function of dystrophin is not clear. One possible role might be to preserve the integrity and alignment of the plasma membrane to the myofibrils during muscle contraction and relaxation. MW 400 kDa. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH]
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Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electroacupuncture: A form of acupuncture using low frequency electrically stimulated needles to produce analgesia and anesthesia and to treat disease. [NIH] Electrocardiogram: Measurement of electrical activity during heartbeats. [NIH] Electrocardiography: Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the heart as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time. [NIH]
Electroconvulsive Therapy: Electrically induced convulsions primarily used in the treatment of severe affective disorders and schizophrenia. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emetic: An agent that causes vomiting. [EU] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum
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for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Enkephalin: A natural opiate painkiller, in the hypothalamus. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food
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passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Esotropia: A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a "cross-eye" appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Eustachian tube: The middle ear cavity is in communication with the back of the nose through the Eustachian tube, which is normally closed, but opens on swallowing, in order to maintain equal air pressure. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Evoked Potentials: The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory, somatosensory, or visual, although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exotropia: A form of ocular misalignment where the visual axes diverge inappropriately. For example, medial rectus muscle weakness may produce this condition as the affected eye will deviate laterally upon attempted forward gaze. An exotropia occurs due to the relatively unopposed force exerted on the eye by the lateral rectus muscle, which pulls the eye in an outward direction. [NIH] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU]
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Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Paralysis: Severe or complete loss of facial muscle motor function. This condition may result from central or peripheral lesions. Damage to CNS motor pathways from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei in the pons leads to facial weakness that generally spares the forehead muscles. Facial nerve diseases generally results in generalized hemifacial weakness. Neuromuscular junction diseases and muscular diseases may also cause facial paralysis or paresis. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fetal Development: Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrillation: A small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin, resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres. [EU] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in
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diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Functional Disorders: Disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome. These conditions result from poor nerve and muscle function. Symptoms such as gas, pain, constipation, and diarrhea come back again and again, but there are no signs of disease or damage. Emotional stress can trigger symptoms. Also called motility disorders. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Ganglionic Blockers: Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH]
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Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastroparesis: Nerve or muscle damage in the stomach. Causes slow digestion and emptying, vomiting, nausea, or bloating. Also called delayed gastric emptying. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides
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in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glucuronides: Glycosides of glucuronic acid formed by the reaction of uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid with certain endogenous and exogenous substances. Their formation is important for the detoxification of drugs, steroid excretion and bilirubin metabolism to a more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in the urine and bile. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycan: A type of long, unbranched polysaccharide molecule. Glycosaminoglycans are major structural components of cartilage and are also found in the cornea of the eye. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Goniotomy: A surgical procedure for congenital glaucoma in which a sweeping incision is made in the neshwork at the filtration angle by means of a knife-needle inserted through the opposite limbus and carried across the anterior chamber parallel to the iris. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Hallucinogen: A hallucination-producing drug, a category of drugs producing this effect. The user of a hallucinogenic drug is almost invariably aware that what he is seeing are hallucinations. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH]
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Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Hemiplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see paresis) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Heterotropia: One in which the angle of squint remains relatively unaltered on conjugate movement of the eyes. [NIH] Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool. [NIH]
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Hiccup: A spasm of the diaphragm that causes a sudden inhalation followed by rapid closure of the glottis which produces a sound. [NIH] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histamine Release: The secretion of histamine from mast cell and basophil granules by exocytosis. This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's Fc receptors. Once released, histamine binds to a number of different target cell receptors and exerts a wide variety of effects. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite cetirizine, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperventilation: A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased
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tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypokinesia: Slow or diminished movement of body musculature. It may be associated with basal ganglia diseases; mental disorders; prolonged inactivity due to illness; experimental protocols used to evaluate the physiologic effects of immobility; and other conditions. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileus: Obstruction of the intestines. [EU] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]
Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunogen: A substance that is capable of causing antibody formation. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators
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or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]
Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insufflation: The act of blowing a powder, vapor, or gas into any body cavity for experimental, diagnostic, or therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH]
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Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Interneurons: Most generally any neurons which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intravesical: Within the bladder. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iridocyclitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the iris and ciliary body characterized by exudates into the anterior chamber, discoloration of the iris, and constricted, sluggish pupil. Symptoms include radiating pain, photophobia, lacrimation, and interference with vision. [NIH]
Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Iritis: Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare,
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keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris. [NIH]
Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects. [NIH] Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of epinephrine; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant. [NIH] Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog produced by the action of tissue and glandular kallikreins on low-molecular-weight kininogen. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that functions through vasodilatation. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Kidney, Artificial: Device(s) which can substitute for normally functioning kidneys in cleansing the blood. [NIH] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Language Development: The gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. Stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition, and use of short sentences. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH]
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Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Levo: It is an experimental treatment for heroin addiction that was developed by German scientists around 1948 as an analgesic. Like methadone, it binds with opioid receptors, but it is longer acting. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Lipoxygenase Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with lipoxygenase and thereby prevent its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of the eicosanoid products hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and various leukotrienes. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH]
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Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Long-Term Potentiation: A persistent increase in synaptic efficacy, usually induced by appropriate activation of the same synapses. The phenomenological properties of long-term potentiation suggest that it may be a cellular mechanism of learning and memory. [NIH] Loperamide: 4-(p-Chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-N.N-dimethyl-alpha,alpha-diphenyl-1piperidine butyramide hydrochloride. Synthetic anti-diarrheal agent with a long duration of action; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally. [NIH] Loperamide hydrochloride: An antidiarrheal drug. [NIH] Lucida: An instrument, invented by Wollaton, consisting essentially of a prism or a mirror through which an object can be viewed so as to appear on a plane surface seen in direct view and on which the outline of the object may be traced. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Medetomidine: An agonist of receptors, adrenergic alpha-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of dexmedetomidine. [NIH]
Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH]
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Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
Meperidine: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester. A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration. [NIH] Mercaptopurine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits Guanylate cyclase, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of methemoglobin. [NIH] Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that
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cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]
labeled
with
Micturition: The passage of urine; urination. [EU] Midazolam: A short-acting compound, water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH. It is a hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used for sedation in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. Because of its short duration and cardiorespiratory stability, it is particularly useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. [NIH]
Mineral Oil: A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient. [NIH] Miotic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing miosis : contraction of the pupil. 2. An agent that causes the pupil to contract. 3. Meiotic: characterized by cell division. [EU] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Cortex: Area of the frontal lobe concerned with primary motor control. It lies anterior to the central sulcus. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction.
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[NIH]
Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine. [NIH] Muscarinic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate muscarinic cholinergic receptors (receptors, muscarinic). Muscarinic agonists are most commonly used when it is desirable to increase smooth muscle tone, especially in the GI tract, urinary bladder and the eye. They may also be used to reduce heart rate. [NIH] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Muscle tension: A force in a material tending to produce extension; the state of being stretched. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Musculature: The muscular apparatus of the body, or of any part of it. [EU] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Mydriasis: Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary
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fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in Adie syndrome. [NIH]
Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myofibrils: Highly organized bundles of actin, myosin, and other proteins in the cytoplasm of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells that contract by a sliding filament mechanism. [NIH] Myopia: That error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. [EU] Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at kappa opioid receptors and an antagonist or partial agonist at mu opioid receptors. [NIH] Narcosis: A general and nonspecific reversible depression of neuronal excitability, produced by a number of physical and chemical aspects, usually resulting in stupor. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Nearsightedness: The common term for myopia. [NIH] Nebulizer: A device used to turn liquid into a fine spray. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike physostigmine, does not cross the blood-brain barrier. [NIH]
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Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neuroeffector Junction: The synapse between a neuron (presynaptic) and an effector cell other than another neuron (postsynaptic). Neuroeffector junctions include synapses onto muscles and onto secretory cells. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Blockade: The intentional interruption of transmission at the neuromuscular junction by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from nerve block in which nerve conduction is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce muscle relaxation as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here. [NIH] Neuromuscular Blocking Agents: Drugs that interrupt transmission of nerve impulses at the skeletal neuromuscular junction. They can be of two types, competitive, stabilizing blockers (neuromuscular nondepolarizing agents) or noncompetitive, depolarizing agents (neuromuscular depolarizing agents). Both prevent acetylcholine from triggering the muscle contraction and they are used as anesthesia adjuvants, as relaxants during electroshock, in convulsive states, etc. [NIH] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neurotoxins: Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins
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are included in this concept. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. [NIH] Nitric acid: A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream. [NIH]
Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Normotensive: 1. Characterized by normal tone, tension, or pressure, as by normal blood pressure. 2. A person with normal blood pressure. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by
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polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Observer Variation: The failure by the observer to measure or identify a phenomenon accurately, which results in an error. Sources for this may be due to the observer's missing an abnormality, or to faulty technique resulting in incorrect test measurement, or to misinterpretation of the data. Two varieties are inter-observer variation (the amount observers vary from one another when reporting on the same material) and intra-observer variation (the amount one observer varies between observations when reporting more than once on the same material). [NIH] Octreotide: A potent, long-acting somatostatin octapeptide analog which has a wide range of physiological actions. It inhibits growth hormone secretion, is effective in the treatment of hormone-secreting tumors from various organs, and has beneficial effects in the management of many pathological states including diabetes mellitus, orthostatic hypertension, hyperinsulinism, hypergastrinemia, and small bowel fistula. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Oculomotor Nerve: The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the
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mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Orthopaedic: Pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics. [EU] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otitis Media with Effusion: Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellowcolored transudate. [NIH] Overactive bladder: A condition in which the patient experiences two or all three of the following conditions: [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Pain Threshold: Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced. [NIH]
Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than curare but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release. [NIH] Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH]
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Parasympathetic Nervous System: The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system. The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are in brain stem nuclei and in the sacral spinal cord. They synapse in cranial autonomic ganglia or in terminal ganglia near target organs. The parasympathetic nervous system generally acts to conserve resources and restore homeostasis, often with effects reciprocal to the sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Parasympathomimetic: 1. Producing effects resembling those of stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve supply to a part. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those produced by stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves. Called also cholinergic. [EU] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pentosan polysulfate: A drug used to relieve pain or discomfort associated with chronic inflammation of the bladder. It is also being evaluated for its protective effects on the gastrointestinal tract in people undergoing radiation therapy. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU]
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Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity. [NIH]
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to ketamine in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phenylephrine: An alpha-adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent. [NIH] Phonation: The process of producing vocal sounds by means of vocal cords vibrating in an expiratory blast of air. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylate: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Photophobia: Abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of eye diseases; migraine; subarachnoid hemorrhage; meningitis; and other disorders. Photophobia may also occur in association with depression and other mental disorders. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity. [NIH]
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Phytotoxin: A substance which is toxic for plants. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plague: An acute infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasma Volume: Volume of plasma in the circulation. It is usually measured by indicator dilution techniques. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Plethysmography: Recording of change in the size of a part as modified by the circulation in it. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU]
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Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Pontine: A brain region involved in the detection and processing of taste. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-synaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin. [NIH] Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include preanesthetic medication. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Diagnosis: Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation embryo, fetus, or pregnant female before birth. [NIH] Pressoreceptors: Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls. [NIH]
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Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propofol: A widely used anesthetic. [NIH] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Proprioception: The mechanism involved in the self-regulation of posture and movement through stimuli originating in the receptors imbedded in the joints, tendons, muscles, and labyrinth. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]
Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH]
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Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]
Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right
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ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Pyloric Stenosis: Obstruction of the pyloric canal. [NIH] Pyramidal Cells: Projection neurons in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Adrenergic: Cell-surface proteins that bind epinephrine and/or norepinephrine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes. The two major classes of adrenergic receptors, alpha and beta, were originally discriminated based on their cellular actions but now are distinguished by their relative affinity for characteristic synthetic ligands. Adrenergic receptors may also be classified according to the subtypes of G-proteins with which they bind; this scheme does not respect the alpha-beta distinction. [NIH]
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Receptors, Muscarinic: One of the two major classes of cholinergic receptors. Muscarinic receptors were originally defined by their preference for muscarine over nicotine. There are several subtypes (usually M1, M2, M3.) that are characterized by their cellular actions, pharmacology, and molecular biology. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractive Errors: Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus. [NIH] Refractive Power: The ability of an object, such as the eye, to bend light as light passes through it. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes
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such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Resuscitator: An artificial device for the oxygenation of blood during cardiopulmonary bypass. [NIH] Reticular: Coarse-fibered, netlike dermis layer. [NIH] Reticular Formation: A region extending from the pons & medulla oblongata through the mesencephalon, characterized by a diversity of neurons of various sizes and shapes, arranged in different aggregations and enmeshed in a complicated fiber network. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Ganglion Cells: Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner plexiform layer. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rhinorrhea: The free discharge of a thin nasal mucus. [EU] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Ricin: A protein phytotoxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally. [NIH] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]
Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH]
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Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salivation: 1. The secretion of saliva. 2. Ptyalism (= excessive flow of saliva). [EU] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Sarin: An organophosphorous ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent. [NIH]
Satellite: Applied to a vein which closely accompanies an artery for some distance; in cytogenetics, a chromosomal agent separated by a secondary constriction from the main body of the chromosome. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Scopolamine: An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretin: A hormone made in the duodenum. Causes the stomach to make pepsin, the liver to make bile, and the pancreas to make a digestive juice. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health
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care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal
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transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Sincalide: A polypeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of both bile from the gallbladder, and the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solitary Nucleus: Gray matter located in the dorsomedial part of the medulla oblongata associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of homeostasis. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of neurotransmitters which are found therein. [NIH] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles
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are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrin: A high molecular weight (220-250 kDa) water-soluble protein which can be extracted from erythrocyte ghosts in low ionic strength buffers. The protein contains no lipids or carbohydrates, is the predominant species of peripheral erythrocyte membrane proteins, and exists as a fibrous coating on the inner, cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. [NIH]
Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stellate: Star shaped. [NIH] Stellate Ganglion: A paravertebral sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic ganglia. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strabismus: Deviation of the eye which the patient cannot overcome. The visual axes assume a position relative to each other different from that required by the physiological conditions. The various forms of strabismus are spoken of as tropias, their direction being indicated by the appropriate prefix, as cyclo tropia, esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, and
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hypotropia. Called also cast, heterotropia, manifest deviation, and squint. [EU] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroke Volume: The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). [NIH] Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of nux vomica. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subconjunctival: Situated or occurring beneath the conjunctiva. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for. [NIH]
Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sudden death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. The term "death" is somewhat misleading, because some patients survive. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous
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system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Syncope: A temporary suspension of consciousness due to generalized cerebral schemia, a faint or swoon. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Systolic blood pressure: The maximum pressure in the artery produced as the heart contracts and blood begins to flow. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of
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uranium. The stablest isotope has a mass number 99 and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia. [NIH]
Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]
Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot
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formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tick Paralysis: Paralysis caused by a neurotropic toxin secreted by the salivary glands of ticks. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tidal Volume: The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T. [NIH] Timolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist similar in action to propranolol. The levo-isomer is the more active. Timolol has been proposed as an antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, antiangina, and antiglaucoma agent. It is also used in the treatment of migraine and tremor. [NIH]
Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsades de Pointes: A ventricular tachycardia characterized by periodic twisting of the points of the QRS complexes and rates between 200 and 250 beats per minute. It may be selflimited or may progress to ventricular fibrillation. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoid: The material resulting from the treatment of toxin in such a way that the toxic properties are inactivated whilst the antigenic potency remains intact. [NIH] Trabecular Meshwork: A porelike structure surrounding the entire circumference of the anterior chamber through which aqueous humor circulates to the canal of Schlemm. [NIH] Trabeculectomy: Any surgical procedure for treatment of glaucoma by means of puncture
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or reshaping of the trabecular meshwork. It includes goniotomy, trabeculotomy, and laser perforation. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Trachoma: A chronic infection of the conjunctiva and cornea caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Tractus: A part of some structure, usually that part along which something passes. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Trihexyphenidyl: A centrally acting muscarinic antagonist used in the treatment of parkinsonism and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic. [NIH] Tropicamide: A muscarinic antagonist with pharmacologic action similar to atropine and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic. It may cause closed-angle glaucoma. [NIH] Trypan Blue: An azo that that is used in protozoal infections. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in curare; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae. [NIH] Tularemia: A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by Francisella tularensis and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness. [NIH]
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Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety. [NIH] Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH]
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Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]
Vacuole: A fluid-filled cavity within the cytoplasm of a cell. [NIH] Vagal: Pertaining to the vagus nerve. [EU] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vagotomy: The interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. Vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilatation: A state of increased calibre of the blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venoms: Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular Dysfunction: A condition in which the ventricles of the heart exhibit a
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decreased functionality. [NIH] Ventricular fibrillation: Rapid, irregular quivering of the heart's ventricles, with no effective heartbeat. [NIH] Ventricular Function: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the ventricles. [NIH]
Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids, and their assembly into a new infectious particle. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Visual Cortex: Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. [NIH] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vocal cord: The vocal folds of the larynx. [NIH] Vomica: The profuse and sudden expectoration of pus and putrescent matter. An abnormal cavity in an organ especially in the lung, caused by suppuration and the breaking down of tissue. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as
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may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Xerostomia: Decreased salivary flow. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-agonist used as a sedative, analgesic, and muscle relaxant in veterinary medicine. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [NIH]
Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
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INDEX 6 6-Mercaptopurine, 104, 117 A Abdomen, 12, 117, 126, 151, 153, 175, 178, 182 Abdominal, 117, 137, 152, 162 Abdominal Pain, 117, 152 Abducens, 117, 119 Abscess, 117, 173 Acceptor, 117, 162 Accommodation, 74, 117, 135, 158, 161 Acetylcholine, 4, 8, 13, 34, 69, 117, 131, 154, 159, 160 Acetylcholinesterase, 4, 8, 117 Acoustic, 10, 117 Acrylamide, 73, 117 Acrylonitrile, 117 Actinin, 117, 139 Acuity, 53, 117 Adaptation, 117, 130, 165 Adenine, 118 Adenosine, 9, 52, 118, 164, 178 Adenosine Triphosphate, 52, 118, 164 Adhesives, 79, 117, 118 Adjuvant, 118, 145 Adolescence, 81, 118 Adrenal Medulla, 118, 129, 141, 160 Adrenaline, 75, 118 Adverse Effect, 118, 119, 132, 170, 173 Aerobic, 11, 13, 118, 142 Aerobic Exercise, 11, 13, 118 Aerosol, 118, 160 Afferent, 4, 15, 118, 166 Affinity, 75, 78, 118, 119, 132, 169, 174 Agar, 118, 165 Age of Onset, 119, 181 Agonist, 9, 11, 13, 77, 119, 128, 138, 139, 154, 158, 160, 164, 165, 184 Airway, 13, 119, 127, 174 Akathisia, 119, 122 Albuterol, 36, 119 Algorithms, 119, 126 Alimentary, 119, 152, 163 Alkaline, 119, 127, 162 Alkaloid, 77, 78, 119, 123, 128, 156, 157, 160, 162, 170, 172, 176, 178, 180, 184 Alpha-1, 119, 120 Alternans, 18, 119
Alternative medicine, 88, 119 Amblyopia, 21, 22, 26, 28, 30, 37, 38, 42, 49, 56, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 87, 88, 119 Amebiasis, 119, 155 Amino Acid Sequence, 119, 121 Amino Acids, 75, 119, 163, 165, 168, 171, 180 Aminophylline, 21, 23, 33, 88, 120 Amitriptyline, 84, 120 Amnestic, 120, 156 Anaesthesia, 22, 26, 30, 35, 36, 37, 38, 42, 47, 50, 51, 66, 120, 150 Anal, 120, 141 Analeptic, 120, 176 Analgesic, 120, 127, 132, 134, 137, 138, 153, 154, 155, 156, 160, 161, 184 Analog, 5, 120, 144, 152, 161 Anatomical, 120, 123, 138, 149, 172 Anesthesia, 9, 26, 27, 37, 38, 39, 41, 50, 119, 120, 121, 134, 135, 140, 152, 156, 159, 167, 178 Anesthetics, 4, 5, 84, 120, 141, 146 Aneurysm, 120, 144, 182 Angina, 37, 52, 120, 121, 167 Angina Pectoris, 52, 120, 167 Anginal, 120, 121, 160 Animal model, 61, 120 Anions, 120, 151, 173 Anorexia, 12, 120 Antagonism, 74, 120, 132, 138, 178 Anterior chamber, 36, 121, 146, 151, 179 Anthrax, 80, 121 Antianginal, 35, 121 Anti-Anxiety Agents, 121, 166 Antiarrhythmic, 8, 121, 179 Antibiotic, 120, 121, 163, 166 Antibiotic Prophylaxis, 121, 166 Antibodies, 6, 13, 80, 121, 122, 146, 165 Antibody, 78, 118, 121, 133, 146, 148, 149, 150, 154, 169, 175 Anticholinergic, 5, 17, 24, 74, 76, 84, 104, 120, 121, 130, 135, 164 Anticoagulant, 121, 167 Anticonvulsant, 121, 128 Antidepressant, 120, 121, 132, 149 Antidiarrheals, 85, 121 Antidote, 25, 65, 88, 121, 128, 140, 157 Antiemetic, 121, 122, 130, 138, 148, 155
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Atropine
Antigen, 118, 121, 122, 133, 148, 150, 154, 169 Antihypertensive, 121, 146, 170, 179 Anti-inflammatory, 121, 171 Antimetabolite, 117, 121, 144 Antineoplastic, 117, 122, 144 Antipruritic, 122, 131 Antipsychotic, 5, 122, 130, 132, 159, 170 Antiserum, 122 Antispasmodic, 72, 122, 146, 161, 172, 180 Antitoxin, 44, 122 Antitussive, 122, 138, 161 Anus, 120, 122, 127, 170 Anxiety, 119, 121, 122, 134, 148, 167 Anxiolytic, 122, 156 Aorta, 122, 135, 166, 182 Apathy, 122, 159 Aperture, 122, 169 Aponeurosis, 122, 144 Aqueous, 6, 122, 124, 131, 136, 151, 152, 179 Aqueous fluid, 6, 122 Aqueous humor, 6, 122, 131, 179 Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase, 122, 153 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 123, 153 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 123, 153 Arachidonic Acid, 122, 123, 153 Arginine, 13, 84, 123, 160 Arrhythmia, 45, 121, 123 Arterial, 16, 17, 20, 33, 39, 123, 148, 168, 177 Arteries, 32, 122, 123, 126, 134, 135, 155, 158 Arteriolar, 123, 127 Arterioles, 123, 126, 128, 158, 182 Aspartate, 123, 152, 164 Asphyxia, 77, 123, 160 Assay, 10, 123, 169 Asystole, 37, 123 Atherogenic, 12, 123 Atracurium, 22, 74, 123 Atrial, 28, 50, 75, 123 Atrial Fibrillation, 28, 50, 123 Atrioventricular, 25, 31, 33, 38, 49, 56, 123 Atrium, 123, 182 Atrophy, 74, 123 Attenuated, 123, 138, 182 Atypical, 124, 132 Auditory, 10, 63, 65, 124, 142, 166, 182 Auditory Cortex, 10, 63, 124 Autoimmune disease, 124, 157
Autonomic, 8, 11, 16, 18, 61, 64, 80, 117, 122, 124, 125, 144, 160, 163, 164, 174, 176 Autonomic Nervous System, 80, 124, 125, 163, 164, 174, 177 Axons, 124, 137, 151, 161, 167, 169, 171 B Bacillus, 121, 124 Bacteria, 121, 124, 125, 126, 143, 155, 168, 171, 180, 182 Bacterial toxin, 122, 124 Bacteriophage, 124, 165, 180 Bacterium, 124, 126 Baroreflex, 11, 16, 80, 124 Basal Ganglia, 122, 124, 131, 144, 149, 153 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 124, 131, 149 Base, 73, 74, 79, 118, 124, 136, 137, 152, 156, 169, 178 Basement Membrane, 125, 152 Belladonna, 61, 78, 92, 123, 125 Benactyzine, 77, 125 Benign, 125, 144, 147 Benzoic Acid, 84, 92, 125 Benztropine, 77, 125 Bile, 105, 125, 130, 144, 146, 153, 172, 174, 175 Bile Acids, 125, 175 Bile Acids and Salts, 125 Biliary, 125, 131 Bilirubin, 125, 146 Bioavailability, 48, 125 Biochemical, 17, 121, 125, 173 Biological response modifier, 125, 150 Biological Warfare, 80, 125 Biomechanics, 7, 125 Biopolymers, 74, 125 Biosynthesis, 19, 123, 125, 181 Biotechnology, 20, 83, 88, 99, 125 Bioterrorism, 79, 80, 126 Biperiden, 77, 126 Biphasic, 25, 126 Bismuth, 85, 105, 126 Bismuth Subsalicylate, 85, 105, 126 Bladder, 4, 84, 126, 136, 149, 151, 157, 159, 163, 181 Blinking, 5, 126 Bloating, 126, 145, 149, 152 Blood Coagulation, 126, 127, 178 Blood Flow Velocity, 16, 126 Blood Platelets, 126, 173 Blood pressure, 15, 23, 75, 121, 124, 126, 129, 130, 144, 148, 149, 156, 160, 174
Index 187
Blood-Brain Barrier, 75, 126, 147, 158, 164, 167, 177 Body Fluids, 126, 139, 174 Bolus, 64, 126 Bolus infusion, 126 Bone Marrow, 126, 135, 154 Bowel, 104, 120, 126, 127, 137, 150, 151, 152, 161, 175 Bowel Movement, 127, 138, 175 Bradycardia, 35, 49, 75, 127 Bradykinin, 13, 127, 152, 160, 165 Brain Stem, 12, 15, 65, 127, 129, 132, 163 Branch, 52, 113, 127, 136, 140, 163, 175, 178 Brompheniramine, 24, 127 Bronchi, 127, 141, 152, 178, 180 Bronchial, 120, 127, 148, 178 Bronchoconstriction, 13, 127 Bronchodilator, 127, 152 Bronchoscopy, 21, 50, 127 Bronchus, 127 Buffers, 124, 127, 175 Bupivacaine, 127, 153 Burns, 74, 127 Burns, Electric, 127 Butorphanol, 57, 127 C Calcium, 35, 62, 84, 127, 128, 133, 138, 160, 162, 173 Calcium channel blocker, 84, 127 Calcium Channel Blockers, 84, 127 Calcium Chloride, 62, 128 Candidiasis, 5, 128 Candidosis, 128 Capillary, 16, 29, 31, 56, 63, 64, 75, 127, 128, 145, 183 Capillary Permeability, 127, 128 Capsaicin, 4, 128 Capsules, 128, 145 Carbachol, 39, 128 Carbamazepine, 84, 128 Carbohydrates, 128, 129, 175 Carbon Dioxide, 128, 144, 149, 170 Carcinogen, 128, 155 Carcinogenic, 128, 150, 167, 175 Cardiac arrest, 21, 88, 128, 176 Cardiac catheterization, 24, 128 Cardiac Output, 37, 124, 128, 176 Cardiopulmonary, 128, 171 Cardiorespiratory, 118, 128, 156 Cardioselective, 129, 167 Cardiotonic, 129, 139, 164
Cardiovascular, 13, 15, 16, 24, 26, 28, 39, 51, 123, 129, 142, 153, 173, 174 Cardiovascular disease, 15, 129 Cardioversion, 28, 50, 129 Carotene, 129, 171 Carotid Sinus, 64, 129, 166 Carrier Proteins, 129, 165, 169 Castor Oil, 129, 171 Catecholamine, 20, 129, 138, 139 Catheterization, 4, 24, 26, 129, 151 Caudal, 129, 137, 149, 166 Causal, 129, 141 Cell, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 19, 77, 119, 123, 124, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 136, 137, 138, 141, 142, 144, 148, 150, 151, 154, 156, 158, 159, 163, 165, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 177, 178, 180, 182, 183 Cell Differentiation, 129, 173 Cell membrane, 77, 127, 129, 137 Cell proliferation, 129, 173 Cerebellum, 129, 166 Cerebral hemispheres, 124, 127, 130 Cerebrospinal, 75, 130 Cerebrospinal fluid, 75, 130 Cerebrovascular, 12, 124, 127, 129, 130 Cerebrum, 129, 130 Cervical, 130, 147, 175 Cetirizine, 130, 148 Character, 120, 130, 136 Chemical Warfare, 130, 172 Chemoreceptor, 122, 130 Chest Pain, 29, 42, 43, 46, 130 Chlorpheniramine, 24, 130 Chlorpromazine, 76, 130 Cholecystokinin, 34, 130 Cholera, 80, 130, 183 Cholesterol, 125, 130, 131, 135, 175 Cholestyramine, 105, 130 Choline, 117, 131 Cholinergic, 4, 8, 10, 11, 15, 18, 76, 77, 120, 122, 125, 128, 131, 147, 157, 160, 163, 170 Cholinergic Agents, 77, 131 Chondroitin sulfate, 84, 131 Chorea, 122, 131 Choroid, 131, 171, 182 Chromosomal, 131, 172 Chromosome, 15, 131, 172 Chronic, 5, 16, 32, 76, 119, 130, 131, 148, 150, 151, 163, 176, 180 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 16, 131 Chronotropic, 29, 33, 51, 87, 131 Ciliary, 6, 33, 122, 131, 135, 151, 161, 182
188
Atropine
Ciliary Body, 131, 151, 182 Ciliary processes, 122, 131 Cimetidine, 84, 131 Circadian, 38, 131 Circadian Rhythm, 38, 131 Circulatory system, 131, 162 CIS, 132, 171 Clamp, 15, 132 Clear cell carcinoma, 132, 137 Clinical trial, 6, 99, 132, 134, 135, 169 Clomipramine, 57, 132 Cloning, 125, 132 Clozapine, 51, 132 Cochlea, 132 Cochlear, 11, 132, 179 Cochlear Implants, 11, 132 Cochlear Nerve, 132 Codeine, 104, 105, 132, 161 Cofactor, 132, 168, 178 Cognition, 132, 152, 159 Cohort Studies, 132, 141 Colitis, 5, 104, 133, 150, 152 Collagen, 6, 74, 118, 125, 133, 145, 165, 167 Colloidal, 133, 140, 173 Communis, 129, 133, 171 Complement, 133, 165 Complementary and alternative medicine, 61, 68, 133 Complementary medicine, 61, 133 Computational Biology, 99, 133 Conduction, 62, 134, 159 Cones, 134, 171 Confusion, 134, 159 Congestion, 122, 134, 136, 141 Congestive heart failure, 29, 52, 134 Conjugated, 78, 125, 134, 136 Conjunctiva, 134, 164, 176, 180 Connective Tissue, 126, 133, 134, 144, 145 Conscious Sedation, 42, 134 Consciousness, 120, 121, 134, 136, 137, 138, 170, 177 Constipation, 56, 122, 134, 144, 152 Constrict, 134, 157 Constriction, 134, 152, 161, 172, 182 Contact dermatitis, 23, 134 Contraindications, ii, 85, 134 Contralateral, 119, 134, 161 Control group, 50, 134 Controlled study, 53, 134 Convulsions, 121, 134, 140, 157 Coordination, 129, 134, 157
Cornea, 74, 121, 122, 134, 146, 152, 172, 180, 182 Coronary Arteriosclerosis, 135, 158 Coronary Artery Bypass, 33, 135 Coronary Circulation, 120, 135 Coronary heart disease, 129, 135 Coronary Thrombosis, 135, 155, 158 Corpus, 65, 135, 173, 178 Cortex, 4, 10, 119, 135, 141, 142, 143, 166, 169 Cortical, 9, 10, 62, 119, 135, 142, 166, 169, 172 Corticosteroids, 4, 104, 135 Cranial, 129, 132, 135, 147, 161, 163, 164, 182 Cromolyn Sodium, 84, 135 Cross-Sectional Studies, 135, 141 Curare, 74, 135, 140, 157, 162, 180 Curative, 135, 178 Cutaneous, 35, 121, 128, 134, 135 Cyanide, 135, 155 Cyclic, 135, 146, 160, 178 Cyclopentolate, 27, 31, 49, 135 Cycloplegia, 53, 135 Cyclosporine, 5, 135 Cystitis, 84, 104, 136 Cytochrome, 131, 136 Cytogenetics, 136, 172 Cytoplasm, 129, 136, 146, 158, 171, 182 Cytosine, 15, 136 Cytoskeletal Proteins, 136, 139 Cytotoxic, 128, 136, 173 D Databases, Bibliographic, 99, 136 Decompensation, 20, 39, 136 Decongestant, 136, 164 Degenerative, 136, 147, 157 Deglutition, 56, 136 Dehydration, 45, 130, 136 Deletion, 14, 81, 136 Delirium, 122, 136 Delusions, 5, 137, 168 Dementia, 4, 122, 137 Dendrites, 137, 159, 169 Dendritic, 14, 137, 171 Density, 14, 137, 161, 174 Dentate Gyrus, 137, 148 Depolarization, 137, 173 Deprivation, 119, 137 Dermatitis, 31, 137, 148 DES, 56, 137 Detoxification, 137, 146
Index 189
Dexmedetomidine, 137, 154 Diabetes Mellitus, 137, 147, 161 Diagnostic procedure, 71, 88, 137 Diaphragm, 137, 148 Diarrhea, 105, 119, 121, 126, 131, 137, 144, 152 Diastole, 137 Diastolic, 24, 137, 148 Diencephalon, 137, 149, 166, 178 Diffusion, 128, 137, 138 Digestion, 119, 125, 126, 137, 145, 149, 151, 153, 175 Digestive system, 137, 145 Digestive tract, 138, 174 Dilatation, 120, 138, 167, 182 Dilatation, Pathologic, 138, 182 Dilation, 127, 138, 157, 182 Diltiazem, 62, 138 Dilution, 78, 138, 165 Dimethyl, 138, 154 Diphenhydramine, 77, 138 Diphenoxylate, 5, 92, 104, 105, 138 Diphtheria, 122, 138 Dipyridamole, 30, 31, 32, 45, 138 Direct, iii, 6, 18, 50, 91, 129, 138, 139, 145, 154, 162, 170, 177 Discrimination, 10, 138 Discrimination Learning, 10, 138 Dissociation, 118, 138 Distal, 135, 138, 167, 168 Diuretic, 128, 138 Dobutamine, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 52, 53, 56, 88, 138 Dopamine, 19, 63, 75, 122, 125, 130, 132, 139, 155, 156, 164 Dorsal, 12, 139, 166, 175 Dorsum, 139, 144 Drive, ii, vi, 5, 9, 55, 139 Drug Interactions, 93, 139 Drug Tolerance, 139, 179 Duct, 129, 139, 142, 172 Duodenum, 125, 139, 140, 144, 172, 175 Dyes, 75, 139, 160 Dyskinesia, 122, 139 Dysphagia, 5, 7, 139 Dyspnea, 136, 139 Dystonia, 122, 139 Dystrophin, 80, 81, 139 Dystrophy, 80, 139 E Edema, 134, 136, 139
Edrophonium, 74, 140 Effector, 117, 133, 140, 159, 160 Efficacy, 17, 24, 36, 37, 41, 49, 69, 87, 140, 154 Elastin, 133, 140 Elective, 47, 140 Electroacupuncture, 28, 63, 140 Electrocardiogram, 46, 140 Electrocardiography, 35, 140 Electroconvulsive Therapy, 26, 41, 140 Electrolyte, 136, 140, 166, 174 Electrons, 124, 140, 151, 162, 169 Electrophoresis, 29, 31, 56, 63, 64, 117, 140 Electrophysiological, 9, 15, 47, 140, 183 Embryo, 129, 140, 143, 149, 166 Emetic, 35, 140 Emollient, 140, 156 Encapsulated, 80, 140 Endemic, 130, 140 Endocarditis, 128, 140 Endoscopic, 127, 140, 156 Endothelial cell, 126, 141, 178 Endothelium, 12, 141, 160 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 141 Endothelium, Vascular, 141 Endothelium-derived, 141, 160 Enkephalin, 63, 141 Entorhinal Cortex, 141, 148 Environmental Health, 98, 100, 141 Enzymatic, 76, 127, 129, 133, 141, 148, 171 Enzyme, 19, 117, 122, 123, 140, 141, 146, 153, 156, 163, 165, 168, 173, 176, 178, 183, 184 Epidemiologic Studies, 18, 141 Epidural, 37, 141 Epinephrine, 5, 37, 62, 72, 118, 139, 141, 152, 160, 169, 181 Epithelial, 33, 131, 141, 147, 152 Epithelial Cells, 33, 141, 147, 152 Epithelium, 125, 141, 145, 151 Erectile, 141 Erection, 27, 141 Erythema, 134, 141, 181 Esophageal, 7, 141 Esophagus, 7, 138, 141, 142, 145, 147, 170, 175 Esotropia, 49, 142, 175 Estrogen, 14, 142 Estrogen receptor, 14, 142 Eustachian tube, 3, 142 Evacuation, 134, 142, 144, 152 Evoke, 142, 175
190
Atropine
Evoked Potentials, 65, 142 Excitability, 9, 42, 142, 158 Excitatory, 9, 15, 142, 146 Exercise Test, 8, 25, 31, 142 Exhaustion, 120, 142 Exocrine, 130, 142, 162 Exogenous, 13, 142, 146, 181 Exotropia, 47, 142, 175 Expiration, 142, 170 Expiratory, 38, 142, 164 Extracellular, 77, 134, 142, 143, 155, 174 Extracellular Space, 143, 155 Extracorporeal, 74, 143 Extraction, 74, 78, 143 Extrapyramidal, 119, 122, 126, 139, 143, 167, 180 Extremity, 12, 143 Exudate, 143, 161 F Facial, 41, 119, 143, 174 Facial Paralysis, 119, 143 Family Planning, 99, 143 Fat, 123, 125, 126, 129, 135, 143, 153, 157, 176 Fatigue, 16, 131, 143, 147 Fatty acids, 143, 153 Feces, 134, 143, 175 Femoral, 33, 143 Femur, 143 Fetal Development, 81, 143 Fetus, 143, 166, 181 Fibrillation, 143 Filtration, 16, 143, 146 Fissure, 133, 137, 143, 166 Fistula, 143, 161 Fluorescence, 12, 143 Fluorouracil, 138, 144 Forearm, 12, 17, 28, 126, 144, 169 Fossa, 27, 129, 144 Frontal Lobe, 144, 156, 166 Functional Disorders, 7, 144 Fungi, 144, 155, 157, 182, 184 Fungistatic, 125, 144 Fungus, 128, 144, 157 G Gait, 20, 144 Gallbladder, 117, 125, 130, 138, 144, 145, 174 Ganglia, 117, 124, 144, 159, 163, 164, 175, 177 Ganglion, 17, 132, 144, 161, 171, 175 Ganglionic Blockers, 144, 147
Gas, 128, 137, 144, 148, 149, 150, 152, 160, 169, 170, 176 Gas exchange, 144, 170 Gastric, 12, 26, 28, 34, 36, 57, 63, 72, 131, 144, 145, 147, 148, 163, 174 Gastric Acid, 131, 144 Gastric Emptying, 12, 57, 144, 145 Gastric Mucosa, 145, 174 Gastrin, 131, 145, 148 Gastroenterology, 105, 145 Gastrointestinal, 12, 127, 130, 132, 141, 145, 146, 147, 153, 163, 173, 174, 176, 183 Gastrointestinal tract, 132, 145, 146, 147, 153, 163, 173, 174 Gastroparesis, 12, 145 Gelatin, 74, 145, 146, 176 Gene, 9, 14, 15, 19, 81, 83, 126, 139, 145, 165 Gene Expression, 14, 19, 145 Genotype, 145, 164 Gestation, 145, 163 Giardiasis, 145, 155 Ginseng, 67, 145 Gland, 118, 145, 148, 162, 172, 175, 179 Glomerular, 57, 145, 151 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 57, 145 Glomerulus, 145 Glottis, 145, 148 Glucose, 75, 137, 145, 147, 150 Glucuronic Acid, 77, 145, 146, 181 Glucuronides, 76, 145, 146 Glutamate, 14, 146 Glycine, 47, 125, 146, 176 Glycoprotein, 146, 152, 178 Glycopyrrolate, 35, 146 Glycosaminoglycan, 131, 146 Gonad, 146 Gonadal, 14, 146, 175 Goniotomy, 146, 180 Governing Board, 146, 166 Graft, 33, 146 Grafting, 33, 135, 146 Granulocytes, 146, 173, 183 Gravis, 140, 146, 158 Growth, 4, 12, 81, 118, 120, 129, 143, 144, 146, 150, 161, 165, 174, 179, 180, 181 Guanethidine, 12, 146 Guanylate Cyclase, 146, 160 H Hallucinogen, 146, 164 Haptens, 118, 146, 169 Headache, 147, 180
Index 191
Heart attack, 129, 147 Heart failure, 19, 147 Heartbeat, 123, 147, 176, 183 Heartburn, 126, 147, 149 Hemiplegia, 119, 147 Hemoglobin, 147, 153 Hemorrhage, 147, 164, 171, 176 Hemostasis, 147, 173 Hepatitis, 20, 147 Hepatocytes, 147 Heredity, 145, 147 Heterogeneity, 118, 147 Heterotropia, 147, 176 Hexamethonium, 12, 147 Hiccup, 26, 130, 148 Hippocampus, 4, 9, 14, 137, 148, 153, 169, 176 Histamine, 122, 127, 130, 131, 138, 148, 154, 162, 167 Histamine Release, 148, 162 Homeostasis, 148, 163, 174 Homologous, 148, 177 Hormonal, 14, 123, 148 Hormone, 4, 118, 131, 135, 137, 141, 145, 148, 150, 161, 172, 173, 174, 179 Hydration, 117, 148 Hydrogen, 117, 124, 127, 128, 148, 156, 162 Hydrolysis, 117, 148, 164, 165, 168 Hydroxylysine, 133, 148 Hydroxyproline, 133, 148 Hydroxyzine, 84, 148 Hypersensitivity, 7, 64, 138, 148, 153 Hypertension, 5, 31, 46, 127, 129, 147, 148, 161, 167, 179 Hyperthyroidism, 148, 167 Hypertrophy, 24, 32, 148 Hyperventilation, 15, 148 Hypnotic, 138, 149, 156 Hypokinesia, 62, 149, 163 Hypotension, 17, 50, 122, 134, 144, 149 Hypothalamic, 4, 149 Hypothalamus, 4, 124, 137, 141, 149, 153, 174, 178 Hypothermia, 27, 149 I Id, 58, 66, 105, 112, 114, 149 Idiopathic, 126, 149 Ileus, 12, 149 Imipramine, 132, 149 Immune response, 118, 121, 124, 146, 149, 176, 183 Immunity, 80, 149
Immunogen, 78, 149 Immunogenic, 149, 169 Immunology, 118, 149 Immunosuppressant, 117, 144, 149 Impairment, 5, 13, 136, 139, 149, 155, 168 Impotence, 141, 149, 162, 184 In vitro, 7, 12, 18, 24, 79, 149 In vivo, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 18, 65, 149, 155 Incision, 146, 149, 151 Incompetence, 33, 51, 87, 149 Incontinence, 4, 149, 172 Indicative, 149, 163, 182 Indigestion, 126, 149 Induction, 19, 30, 47, 122, 144, 149, 152 Infancy, 150 Infantile, 39, 44, 48, 88, 150 Infarction, 150 Infection, 13, 119, 121, 125, 128, 131, 136, 138, 145, 150, 154, 163, 176, 180, 181, 183 Inflammatory bowel disease, 5, 104, 150 Infusion, 30, 33, 40, 50, 150 Ingestion, 37, 62, 65, 121, 150, 165 Inhalation, 80, 118, 148, 150, 152, 165 Initiation, 150, 180 Inotropic, 24, 139, 150 Insight, 13, 150 Insufflation, 36, 150 Insulator, 150, 157 Insulin, 12, 150, 181 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 150 Interferon, 14, 150, 151 Interferon-alpha, 150, 151 Intermittent, 4, 37, 64, 151 Internal Medicine, 56, 145, 151 Interneurons, 14, 18, 151 Interstitial, 16, 84, 104, 143, 151 Intestinal, 33, 129, 130, 151 Intestine, 105, 125, 127, 151, 152, 174 Intoxication, 23, 56, 62, 65, 136, 151, 184 Intracellular, 13, 19, 77, 127, 150, 151, 160, 166, 169, 170, 171, 173, 183 Intramuscular, 39, 42, 151, 163 Intraocular, 6, 151 Intraocular pressure, 6, 151 Intravenous, 20, 21, 35, 37, 38, 39, 42, 45, 50, 51, 72, 73, 150, 151, 163 Intravesical, 4, 40, 48, 151 Intrinsic, 118, 125, 151 Intubation, 129, 151 Inulin, 145, 151 Invasive, 38, 80, 84, 149, 151
192
Atropine
Involuntary, 124, 126, 131, 143, 151, 158, 170, 174 Ions, 124, 127, 130, 138, 140, 148, 151 Iridocyclitis, 74, 151 Iris, 121, 134, 146, 151, 169, 182 Iritis, 74, 151 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 7, 105, 144, 152 Ischemia, 123, 152 Isoflurane, 37, 152 Isoproterenol, 13, 18, 31, 56, 152 K Kallidin, 127, 152 Kb, 98, 152 Keratitis, 74, 152 Ketamine, 65, 152, 164 Kidney, Artificial, 74, 152 L Labyrinth, 132, 152, 167 Laminin, 6, 125, 152 Language Development, 81, 152 Large Intestine, 138, 151, 152, 170, 174 Laryngeal, 26, 152 Larynx, 145, 152, 180, 182, 183 Laxative, 118, 152, 156 Lens, 49, 122, 152, 183 Lesion, 119, 135, 153, 177, 181 Lethal, 135, 153, 171 Leucine, 63, 153, 163 Leukemia, 117, 153 Leukotrienes, 123, 153 Levo, 153, 179 Library Services, 112, 153 Lidocaine, 51, 72, 153 Life cycle, 126, 131, 144, 153 Ligaments, 134, 153 Limbic, 153, 166 Limbic System, 153, 166 Lipid, 75, 128, 131, 150, 153, 156, 157 Lipoxygenase, 104, 123, 153 Lipoxygenase Inhibitors, 104, 153 Lithium, 122, 153 Liver, 27, 117, 123, 125, 132, 138, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 153, 156, 172 Liver Transplantation, 27, 153 Localized, 117, 138, 139, 140, 147, 150, 152, 154, 156, 165, 178, 181 Locomotion, 18, 20, 154, 165 Locomotor, 81, 154 Long-Term Potentiation, 14, 154 Loperamide, 5, 85, 104, 105, 154 Loperamide hydrochloride, 105, 154 Lucida, 152, 154
Lymph, 130, 131, 141, 154 Lymphatic, 141, 150, 154 Lymphoid, 121, 135, 154 M Malnutrition, 123, 154 Mammary, 135, 154 Manic, 122, 153, 154, 168 Manifest, 5, 147, 154, 176 Medetomidine, 57, 137, 154 Medial, 8, 14, 142, 154, 161 Mediate, 132, 139, 154 Mediator, 130, 154, 173 MEDLINE, 99, 154 Medullary, 12, 154 Meiosis, 154, 177 Melanin, 151, 155, 164, 181 Memory, 9, 10, 14, 120, 136, 137, 154, 155 Meninges, 129, 155 Menopause, 24, 155, 167 Menstruation, 155 Mental Disorders, 149, 155, 164, 168 Mental Retardation, 15, 155 Meperidine, 42, 138, 155 Mercaptopurine, 5, 155 Mesolimbic, 122, 155 Metabolite, 132, 138, 148, 155 Methylene Blue, 84, 92, 155 Metoclopramide, 36, 155 Metronidazole, 5, 104, 155 MI, 115, 155 Microbe, 155, 179 Microdialysis, 9, 155 Microorganism, 132, 155, 183 Microscopy, 12, 117, 125, 155 Microspheres, 80, 156 Micturition, 72, 156 Midazolam, 27, 50, 156 Mineral Oil, 78, 156 Miotic, 156, 165 Mobility, 14, 156 Mobilization, 39, 156 Modification, 156, 169 Molecular, 9, 19, 73, 78, 99, 101, 125, 133, 136, 137, 152, 156, 170, 175, 180 Molecule, 77, 78, 121, 124, 128, 131, 133, 138, 140, 141, 146, 148, 156, 162, 169, 173, 182 Monitor, 5, 6, 19, 156, 160 Monoamine, 156, 181 Monoamine Oxidase, 156, 181 Morphine, 69, 83, 132, 138, 155, 156, 158, 161
Index 193
Motility, 7, 34, 144, 156, 173 Motion Sickness, 156, 158, 167, 172 Motor Cortex, 42, 156 Motor nerve, 156, 157, 161 Movement Disorders, 48, 57, 122, 157, 180 Mucinous, 144, 157 Mucosa, 130, 145, 157, 158 Mucus, 157, 171 Multiple sclerosis, 40, 157 Muscarine, 19, 157, 170 Muscarinic Agonists, 8, 131, 157 Muscle Contraction, 139, 157, 159 Muscle Fibers, 81, 157 Muscle relaxant, 84, 121, 157, 158, 176, 177, 184 Muscle Relaxation, 74, 157, 159, 176 Muscle tension, 157 Muscular Dystrophies, 139, 157 Musculature, 149, 157 Musculoskeletal System, 157, 162 Mutagenesis, 14, 157 Mutagens, 157 Myasthenia, 140, 157, 158 Mydriasis, 41, 42, 135, 157 Mydriatic, 31, 138, 158, 164, 172, 180, 184 Myelin, 157, 158 Myocardial infarction, 11, 22, 23, 32, 33, 43, 45, 135, 139, 155, 158, 167 Myocardial Ischemia, 11, 30, 46, 120, 158 Myocardium, 41, 46, 120, 155, 158 Myofibrils, 139, 158 Myopia, 22, 25, 36, 41, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 62, 158, 170 N Nalbuphine, 41, 158 Narcosis, 158 Narcotic, 84, 127, 155, 156, 158, 160 Nasal Cavity, 158 Nasal Mucosa, 24, 158 Nausea, 53, 121, 122, 126, 145, 149, 158 Nearsightedness, 158 Nebulizer, 72, 158 Necrosis, 150, 155, 158 Need, 3, 33, 50, 72, 78, 84, 85, 106, 118, 158, 179 Neonatal, 18, 41, 158 Neostigmine, 9, 36, 74, 158 Nerve, 4, 8, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 25, 29, 40, 44, 77, 80, 88, 118, 120, 124, 132, 137, 143, 144, 145, 146, 154, 156, 157, 159, 161, 163, 166, 167, 172, 175, 179, 180, 182 Nerve Endings, 13, 146, 159
Neural, 12, 13, 17, 118, 144, 156, 159 Neuroblastoma, 14, 39, 159 Neuroeffector Junction, 159 Neurogenic, 4, 159, 181 Neuroleptic, 5, 119, 122, 132, 159 Neurology, 16, 40, 77, 159 Neuromuscular, 22, 74, 80, 117, 123, 143, 159, 162, 180 Neuromuscular Blockade, 74, 159 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents, 123, 159 Neuromuscular Junction, 117, 159 Neuronal, 10, 13, 77, 158, 159 Neurons, 4, 9, 13, 14, 15, 19, 77, 131, 132, 137, 142, 144, 151, 157, 159, 160, 169, 171, 177 Neurotoxic, 4, 77, 159 Neurotoxins, 19, 159 Neurotransmitters, 120, 160, 167, 174 Nicotine, 76, 104, 160, 170 Nifedipine, 84, 160 Nitrates, 35, 160 Nitric acid, 160 Nitric Oxide, 9, 13, 160 Nitrogen, 76, 119, 160, 180 Nitrous Oxide, 36, 160 Nonverbal Communication, 160, 168 Norepinephrine, 118, 120, 139, 146, 160, 169, 170 Normotensive, 35, 160 Nuclear, 14, 15, 33, 43, 46, 47, 51, 119, 124, 140, 144, 153, 158, 160, 171, 178, 181 Nuclei, 132, 140, 143, 153, 160, 161, 163 Nucleic acid, 117, 136, 157, 160, 183 Nucleus, 10, 12, 15, 124, 132, 135, 136, 154, 161, 166, 167, 174 O Observer Variation, 28, 161 Octreotide, 85, 161 Ocular, 36, 49, 65, 142, 161 Oculomotor, 158, 161 Oculomotor Nerve, 158, 161 Opacity, 137, 161 Ophthalmic, 27, 35, 57, 92, 161, 180 Ophthalmology, 6, 21, 22, 23, 26, 28, 31, 37, 38, 49, 57, 62, 63, 64, 65, 74, 161 Opium, 85, 104, 156, 161, 162 Opsin, 161, 171 Optic Chiasm, 149, 161 Optic Nerve, 74, 119, 161, 171, 172 Oral Health, 5, 161 Orthopaedic, 21, 162 Orthostatic, 16, 122, 161, 162
194
Atropine
Osmotic, 162, 173 Otitis, 3, 162 Otitis Media, 3, 162 Otitis Media with Effusion, 3, 162 Overactive bladder, 4, 162 Oxidation, 20, 117, 122, 123, 136, 162 Oxides, 76, 162 Oxygen Consumption, 142, 162, 170 Oxygenation, 162, 171 P Pain Threshold, 63, 162 Palliative, 162, 178 Palsy, 119, 162, 175 Pancreas, 117, 138, 145, 150, 162, 172, 174 Pancreatic, 130, 162 Pancuronium, 74, 162 Papaverine, 161, 162 Paralysis, 74, 135, 142, 143, 162, 175, 179 Parasympathetic Nervous System, 76, 163 Parasympathomimetic, 157, 163 Parenteral, 104, 163 Parkinsonism, 48, 57, 122, 126, 163, 167, 180 Paroxysmal, 120, 163 Particle, 163, 174, 180, 183 Patch, 163, 180 Pathogenesis, 12, 16, 18, 163 Pathologic, 128, 134, 148, 163, 182 Pathophysiology, 16, 163 Patient Education, 104, 110, 112, 115, 163 Pelvic, 4, 163 Penicillin, 120, 163 Pentosan polysulfate, 84, 163 Pepsin, 131, 163, 172 Pepsin A, 131, 163 Peptide, 14, 75, 130, 163, 165, 168 Perforation, 122, 163, 180 Perfusion, 29, 33, 43, 47, 51, 163 Perinatal, 77, 163 Peripheral Nervous System, 76, 126, 147, 162, 164, 167, 174, 176 Petroleum, 156, 164 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 145, 164 Pharmacologic, 17, 120, 164, 179, 180, 181 Phenazopyridine, 84, 164 Phencyclidine, 77, 164 Phenotype, 15, 81, 164 Phenyl, 84, 92, 155, 164 Phenylalanine, 163, 164, 181 Phenylephrine, 17, 35, 57, 164 Phonation, 45, 164 Phospholipases, 164, 173
Phosphorus, 127, 164 Phosphorylate, 19, 164 Photophobia, 151, 164 Physiologic, 119, 125, 143, 149, 151, 155, 164, 169, 180 Physiology, 11, 12, 19, 34, 35, 45, 118, 140, 145, 164 Physostigmine, 65, 158, 164 Phytotoxin, 165, 171 Pigments, 129, 165, 171 Pilocarpine, 6, 83, 165 Pilot study, 17, 38, 48, 50, 57, 165 Plague, 80, 165, 180 Plants, 119, 123, 125, 126, 128, 131, 145, 151, 159, 160, 165, 179 Plaque, 12, 123, 165 Plasma, 4, 16, 42, 65, 121, 129, 139, 141, 145, 147, 165, 173 Plasma cells, 121, 165 Plasma protein, 141, 165, 173 Plasma Volume, 16, 165 Plasticity, 10, 165 Platelet Activation, 165, 174 Platelet Aggregation, 160, 165 Platelets, 122, 160, 165, 178 Plethysmography, 13, 16, 165 Poisoning, 26, 37, 38, 41, 47, 65, 66, 128, 136, 151, 155, 158, 165 Polypeptide, 77, 119, 133, 163, 165, 174, 184 Pons, 9, 119, 127, 143, 166, 171 Pontine, 9, 166 Port, 26, 72, 166 Port-a-cath, 166 Posterior, 27, 120, 129, 131, 139, 151, 162, 166, 172 Postoperative, 12, 53, 155, 166 Postsynaptic, 15, 159, 166, 173, 177 Post-synaptic, 15, 166 Postural, 16, 17, 166 Potassium, 75, 166 Potentiate, 14, 166 Potentiating, 120, 166 Potentiation, 14, 23, 154, 166, 173 Practice Guidelines, 100, 166 Precursor, 123, 131, 139, 140, 141, 160, 164, 166, 180, 181 Prefrontal Cortex, 9, 166 Premedication, 21, 26, 30, 50, 166, 172 Prenatal, 81, 140, 166 Prenatal Diagnosis, 81, 166 Pressoreceptors, 124, 166
Index 195
Presynaptic, 159, 167, 177 Presynaptic Terminals, 159, 167 Probe, 155, 167 Procaine, 153, 167 Procyclidine, 77, 167 Progression, 24, 25, 45, 120, 167 Progressive, 15, 41, 50, 129, 137, 139, 146, 157, 158, 165, 167, 181 Projection, 151, 160, 161, 166, 167, 169 Proline, 133, 148, 167 Promethazine, 130, 167 Promoter, 14, 167 Prophase, 167, 177 Prophylaxis, 3, 27, 167 Propofol, 38, 167 Propranolol, 12, 29, 35, 43, 63, 167, 179 Proprioception, 5, 167 Prospective study, 21, 44, 56, 167 Protective Agents, 127, 167 Protein C, 81, 119, 124, 167, 175 Protein S, 14, 83, 126, 168, 171 Proteolytic, 119, 133, 168, 171 Protozoa, 155, 168, 182 Protozoal, 168, 180 Proximal, 34, 138, 158, 167, 168, 173 Pruritic, 37, 168 Pruritus, 138, 148, 167, 168 Psychiatric, 16, 155, 168 Psychiatry, 8, 40, 51, 57, 168, 176 Psychogenic, 168, 181 Psychomotor, 128, 136, 159, 168 Psychosis, 122, 168 Psychotherapy, 76, 168 Psychotropic, 104, 168 Public Policy, 99, 168 Publishing, 20, 85, 168 Pulmonary, 73, 80, 126, 142, 148, 153, 168, 169, 176, 182 Pulmonary Artery, 126, 168, 182 Pulmonary Ventilation, 148, 169 Pulse, 15, 45, 156, 169 Pupil, 74, 134, 138, 151, 152, 156, 158, 169 Pyloric Stenosis, 39, 44, 48, 66, 88, 169 Pyramidal Cells, 14, 137, 169 Q Quality of Life, 81, 169 Quaternary, 162, 169, 172, 176 R Race, 78, 119, 137, 169 Radiation, 120, 143, 155, 163, 169, 184 Radiation therapy, 163, 169 Radioactive, 148, 160, 169, 177, 181
Radioimmunoassay, 78, 169 Radius, 7, 169 Randomized, 21, 22, 33, 38, 50, 53, 62, 140, 169 Receptor, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 26, 76, 77, 117, 121, 130, 132, 139, 142, 148, 169, 173 Receptors, Adrenergic, 137, 154, 169 Receptors, Muscarinic, 157, 170 Receptors, Serotonin, 170, 173 Recombinant, 47, 170, 182 Rectal, 28, 170 Rectum, 122, 127, 138, 144, 149, 150, 152, 170, 176 Recurrence, 131, 170 Refer, 1, 133, 144, 151, 154, 159, 168, 170, 173 Reflex, 4, 48, 57, 170 Reflux, 34, 170 Refraction, 158, 170 Refractive Errors, 119, 170 Refractive Power, 158, 170 Refractory, 26, 170 Regimen, 140, 170 Relaxant, 162, 170, 176 Remission, 117, 170 Reserpine, 126, 170 Respiration, 128, 130, 135, 156, 170, 171 Respiratory failure, 81, 170 Restoration, 170 Resuscitation, 23, 49, 73, 170 Resuscitator, 72, 171 Reticular, 9, 171 Reticular Formation, 9, 171 Retina, 74, 77, 131, 134, 152, 158, 161, 171, 182, 183 Retinal, 35, 50, 63, 161, 171 Retinal Ganglion Cells, 161, 171 Retinol, 171 Reversion, 129, 171 Rhinitis, 127, 130, 171 Rhinorrhea, 41, 171 Ribose, 118, 171 Ribosome, 171, 180 Ricin, 80, 171 Rickettsiae, 171, 182 Rigidity, 7, 163, 165, 171 Risk factor, 141, 167, 171 Rod, 124, 132, 171 S Salicylate, 84, 92, 171 Saline, 50, 172 Saliva, 172
196
Atropine
Salivary, 138, 172, 179, 184 Salivary glands, 138, 172, 179 Salivation, 27, 146, 172 Saphenous, 135, 172 Saphenous Vein, 135, 172 Sarin, 56, 172 Satellite, 17, 172 Schizoid, 172, 184 Schizophrenia, 5, 8, 140, 172, 184 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 172, 184 Sclera, 131, 134, 172, 182 Sclerosis, 157, 172 Scopolamine, 8, 35, 56, 63, 64, 76, 77, 78, 92, 125, 172 Screening, 132, 172 Secretin, 83, 172 Secretion, 4, 131, 148, 150, 157, 161, 172 Sedative, 120, 132, 137, 138, 148, 149, 154, 156, 167, 172, 184 Seizures, 128, 136, 163, 172 Self Care, 84, 172 Sensibility, 120, 173 Sensor, 31, 173 Septal, 9, 153, 173 Septum, 8, 14, 158, 173 Septum Pellucidum, 173 Sequencing, 9, 173 Serotonin, 16, 84, 120, 122, 132, 156, 170, 173, 180 Serous, 141, 173 Serum, 44, 47, 78, 122, 133, 169, 173 Serum Albumin, 78, 169, 173 Sex Characteristics, 118, 173 Shock, 76, 173 Side effect, 5, 72, 77, 84, 91, 104, 118, 119, 122, 130, 152, 173, 179 Signal Transduction, 13, 173 Sincalide, 33, 174 Skeletal, 17, 132, 135, 152, 157, 158, 159, 174, 176 Skeleton, 143, 174 Skull, 174, 178 Sleep apnea, 174, 176 Small intestine, 105, 139, 145, 148, 151, 174 Smooth muscle, 4, 21, 127, 148, 156, 157, 162, 174, 176 Social Environment, 169, 174 Sodium, 84, 174 Solitary Nucleus, 124, 174 Soma, 169, 174 Somatic, 118, 153, 154, 164, 166, 174, 182 Somatostatin, 4, 161, 174
Sound wave, 134, 174 Spasm, 20, 26, 39, 122, 148, 174 Spastic, 152, 174 Specialist, 106, 138, 175 Species, 18, 68, 124, 125, 128, 135, 141, 154, 157, 169, 175, 176, 180, 183, 184 Specificity, 78, 118, 123, 175 Spectrin, 139, 175 Sperm, 131, 175 Sphincter, 26, 34, 152, 175 Spinal cord, 77, 127, 129, 130, 141, 144, 147, 155, 159, 163, 164, 170, 175, 177 Spinal Nerves, 164, 175 Steel, 132, 175 Stellate, 17, 175 Stellate Ganglion, 17, 175 Steroid, 125, 146, 162, 175 Stimulant, 138, 148, 152, 175, 177 Stimulus, 10, 13, 52, 119, 139, 142, 170, 175, 178 Stomach, 12, 117, 138, 142, 144, 145, 148, 158, 163, 170, 172, 174, 175 Stool, 105, 149, 152, 175 Strabismus, 22, 25, 41, 42, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 57, 64, 119, 175 Stroke, 48, 77, 98, 128, 129, 176 Stroke Volume, 128, 176 Strychnine, 31, 176 Stupor, 158, 176 Subacute, 150, 176 Subclinical, 150, 172, 176 Subconjunctival, 23, 176 Subcutaneous, 139, 163, 176 Subiculum, 148, 176 Subspecies, 175, 176 Substance P, 155, 172, 176 Substrate, 153, 176, 181 Succinylcholine, 51, 176 Suction, 143, 176 Sudden death, 8, 11, 15, 176 Suppositories, 145, 176 Suppression, 14, 40, 48, 176 Surfactant, 4, 176 Sympathetic Nervous System, 124, 163, 176, 177 Sympathomimetic, 139, 141, 152, 160, 177, 181 Symptomatic, 121, 125, 177 Symptomatic treatment, 121, 125, 177 Synapses, 154, 159, 160, 177 Synapsis, 177 Synaptic, 8, 15, 154, 160, 173, 177
Index 197
Synaptic Transmission, 160, 177 Syncope, 18, 49, 177 Systemic, 8, 14, 16, 17, 24, 48, 92, 122, 126, 128, 136, 138, 141, 150, 169, 177, 182 Systolic, 15, 24, 32, 43, 148, 177 Systolic blood pressure, 43, 177 T Tachycardia, 16, 31, 56, 75, 80, 139, 177, 179 Tacrine, 9, 177 Tardive, 122, 177 Technetium, 43, 177 Temporal, 7, 124, 148, 178 Temporal Lobe, 124, 178 Teratogenic, 138, 178 Tetanus, 122, 178 Tetracaine, 31, 178 Thalamus, 137, 153, 166, 178 Theophylline, 120, 178 Therapeutics, 36, 49, 65, 93, 156, 178 Thigh, 143, 178 Third Ventricle, 149, 178 Thoracic, 137, 175, 178 Thorax, 117, 178, 182 Threshold, 142, 148, 178 Thrombin, 165, 167, 178 Thrombomodulin, 167, 178 Thrombosis, 74, 168, 176, 178 Thrombus, 135, 150, 158, 165, 178 Thyroid, 148, 179, 181 Tick Paralysis, 44, 179 Ticks, 179 Tidal Volume, 149, 179 Timolol, 79, 179 Tinnitus, 162, 179 Tolerance, 16, 179 Tonic, 9, 26, 129, 179 Topical, 22, 36, 37, 41, 104, 179 Torsades de Pointes, 48, 179 Toxic, iv, 77, 119, 123, 124, 135, 138, 149, 157, 159, 160, 165, 172, 179 Toxicity, 50, 69, 139, 164, 179 Toxicology, 27, 28, 56, 65, 100, 179 Toxins, 119, 121, 126, 145, 150, 179, 182 Toxoid, 122, 179 Trabecular Meshwork, 6, 179, 180 Trabeculectomy, 36, 179 Trachea, 73, 127, 152, 179, 180 Trachoma, 74, 180 Traction, 132, 180 Tractus, 15, 180 Transcription Factors, 14, 19, 180
Transdermal, 78, 180 Transduction, 16, 173, 180 Transfection, 125, 180 Translation, 65, 180 Transmitter, 117, 139, 154, 160, 177, 180, 181 Transplantation, 23, 25, 27, 40, 180 Tremor, 163, 179, 180 Trichomoniasis, 155, 180 Tricyclic, 120, 132, 149, 180 Trigger zone, 122, 180 Trihexyphenidyl, 77, 180 Tropicamide, 27, 76, 180 Trypan Blue, 75, 180 Tryptophan, 133, 173, 180 Tubocurarine, 74, 158, 180 Tularemia, 80, 180 Tumour, 144, 181 Type 2 diabetes, 12, 181 Tyramine, 39, 156, 181 Tyrosine, 19, 139, 181 U Ulcer, 181 Ulceration, 23, 181 Ultrasonography, 7, 181 Unconscious, 120, 149, 181 Uranium, 178, 181 Urethra, 181 Uridine Diphosphate, 146, 181 Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid, 146, 181 Urinary, 61, 84, 136, 149, 157, 164, 172, 181 Urinary Retention, 61, 181 Urinary tract, 164, 181 Urinate, 181 Urine, 4, 65, 72, 126, 138, 146, 149, 156, 181 Urticaria, 127, 130, 148, 181 Uterus, 130, 135, 155, 181, 182 Uvea, 182 Uveitis, 66, 74, 182 V Vaccines, 80, 182, 183 Vacuole, 77, 182 Vagal, 8, 12, 13, 15, 52, 182 Vagina, 128, 137, 155, 182 Vaginitis, 128, 182 Vagotomy, 12, 182 Vagus Nerve, 174, 182 Vascular, 12, 16, 43, 124, 126, 127, 131, 141, 150, 160, 166, 178, 181, 182 Vascular Resistance, 16, 124, 182 Vasoconstriction, 139, 141, 182
198
Atropine
Vasodilatation, 129, 152, 182 Vasodilation, 12, 17, 162, 182 Vasodilator, 12, 28, 127, 139, 148, 160, 162, 182 Vector, 180, 182 Vein, 74, 120, 151, 160, 172, 182 Venoms, 159, 182 Venous, 16, 136, 168, 182 Ventral, 149, 161, 166, 175, 182 Ventricle, 123, 148, 169, 177, 178, 182 Ventricular, 8, 11, 18, 24, 32, 45, 46, 62, 75, 179, 182, 183 Ventricular Dysfunction, 8, 32, 46, 182 Ventricular fibrillation, 11, 179, 183 Ventricular Function, 8, 183 Venules, 126, 128, 141, 183 Vertebrae, 175, 183 Vertigo, 67, 162, 183 Veterinary Medicine, 57, 77, 99, 154, 183, 184 Vibrio, 130, 183 Vibrio cholerae, 130, 183 Viral, 13, 180, 183 Virulence, 123, 179, 183
Virus, 13, 20, 124, 151, 165, 180, 183 Virus Replication, 20, 183 Visceral, 7, 124, 153, 182, 183 Visceral Afferents, 124, 182, 183 Visual Cortex, 119, 183 Vitreous Body, 171, 183 Vitro, 183 Vivo, 183 Vocal cord, 145, 164, 183 Vomica, 176, 183 W White blood cell, 121, 154, 157, 165, 183 Withdrawal, 8, 76, 136, 155, 183 X Xenograft, 120, 184 Xerostomia, 5, 184 X-ray, 143, 160, 169, 184 Xylazine, 64, 65, 184 Y Yeasts, 128, 144, 164, 184 Yohimbine, 57, 184 Z Zymogen, 167, 184
Index 199
200
Atropine
