Aspergillosis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ASPERGILLOSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Aspergillosis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00101-2 1. Aspergillosis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on aspergillosis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ASPERGILLOSIS .......................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Aspergillosis.................................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 19 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 22 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ASPERGILLOSIS ................................................................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Finding Nutrition Studies on Aspergillosis................................................................................. 71 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 73 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ASPERGILLOSIS ......................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 75 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 81 General References ....................................................................................................................... 82 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON ASPERGILLOSIS ...................................................................................... 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Patents on Aspergillosis............................................................................................................... 83 Patent Applications on Aspergillosis ........................................................................................... 87 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 89 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ASPERGILLOSIS .......................................................................................... 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Chapters on Aspergillosis............................................................................................................. 91 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ASPERGILLOSIS ............................................................ 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 93 Academic Periodicals covering Aspergillosis ............................................................................... 95 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 97 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 99 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 103 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 103 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 103 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 105 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 107 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 109 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 109 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 109 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 111 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 113 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 113 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 113 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 119 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 123

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ASPERGILLOSIS DICTIONARY............................................................................................... 125 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 171

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with aspergillosis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about aspergillosis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to aspergillosis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on aspergillosis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to aspergillosis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on aspergillosis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ASPERGILLOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on aspergillosis.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and aspergillosis, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “aspergillosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

How to Protect Yourself From Aspergillosis Source: Positive Living; Dec. 1994. Contact: AIDS Project Los Angeles, 3550 Wilshire Blvd Ste 300, Los Angeles, CA, 900102404, (213) 201-1600, http://www.apla.org. Summary: This article discusses species of the Aspergillus fungus, and explains how infection with this fungus can lead to Aspergillosis. Most Aspergillus infection occurs in the lungs and sinuses, but infection and disease can also occur in the skin, central nervous system, and other parts of the body. One of the more common modes of infection of Aspergillus is the inhalation of the organism while smoking marijuana. With the increased use of marijuana as a way to increase appetite and reduce nausea and vomiting, the number of people with HIV/AIDS who will contract Aspergillosis may

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Aspergillosis

also rise. Depending on an individual's immune status, Aspergillosis can present itself as a variety of pulmonary diseases, which are described in the article. Aspergillosis infection in people with HIV usually occurs in the setting of multiple opportunistic infections; therefore the response to therapy is usually poor.

Federally Funded Research on Aspergillosis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to aspergillosis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to aspergillosis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore aspergillosis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for aspergillosis: •

Project Title: A NOVEL VACCINE FOR ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Selitrennikoff, Claude P.; President; Mycologics, Inc. 12635 E Montview Blvd, Ste 131 Aurora, Co 800107336 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiqutous spore-bearing fungus that causes multiple diseases in humans. These include allergic pulmonary asthma, aspergillomas, and invasive disease of hosts usually with predisposing underlying conditions. For example, in the United States in 1996, there were an estimated 10,190 aspergillosis-related hospitalizations; these resulted in 1970 deaths, 176,300 hospital days, and $633.1 million in costs. The average hospitalization lasted 17.3 days at a cost of about $62,000. Although aspergillosis-related hospitalizations account for a small percentage of hospitalizations in the United States, patients hospitalized with the condition have lengthy hospital stays and high mortality rates. The high mortality rates (in some instances over 90%) are due in part to the lack of rapid and sensitive diagnostics tests (all too often the diagnosis is done post mortem) as well as the lack of effective anti-fungals. Our long-term goal is to develop a safe and effective vaccine against A. fumigatus. In this SBIR Phase I proposal, we will use a novel, proprietary recombinant antigen delivery system and test a number of A. fumigatus proteins as vaccine candidates. We will accomplish this in two specific aims: Specific Aim One: Engineer yeast cells to express each of seven A. fumigatus putative antigens using recombinant DNA technology. Specific Aim Two: Test the in vivo efficacy of each vaccine formulation to protect vaccinated animals against a challenge of A. fumigatus. This work will be a prelude to work in Phase II that will include detailed testing for in

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

5

vivo efficacy and safety of each vaccine candidate. Ultimately, the Phase I, subsequent Phase II and III research will lead to the development of a vaccine against A. fumigatus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: A TETR/TETO-REGULATED PROMOTER SYSTEM FOR A. FUMIGATUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Askew, David S.; Pathology and Lab Medicine; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 14-SEP-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Aspergillus fumigatus is a major obstacle to the successful treatment of bone marrow and solid organ transplant recipients worldwide. The organism is a potent opportunistic fungal pathogen, causing severe invasive infections that result in mortality rates that approach 90 percent. The continued expansion of organ transplantation programs, and the lack of effective antifungal therapy to treat invasive aspergillosis, is driving the need for a more detailed understanding of the A. fumigatus genes that contribute to pathogenesis. Unfortunately, the genetic tractability of A. fumigatus has lagged behind most other fungal systems, which limits the type of experiments that can be performed on this organism. Inducible promoter systems are one of the most important tools in fungal genetics and have proven to be instrumental for the elucidation of gene function in a number of species. The purpose of this proposal is to develop the technology for a regulatable gene expression system in A. fumigatus, focusing on the prokaryotic tetR/tetO system that has been applied to other eukaryotes. The first aim of the project is to engineer the tetR/tetO system so that a gene can be switched off in A. fumigatus in the presence of tetracycline. This will be accomplished by creating a promoter containing one or more copies of the tet operator sequence linked to a minimal TATA-promoter, and using this hybrid promoter to drive expression of an E. coli lacZ reporter gene. The expression cassette will be transformed into strains of A. fumigatus that constitutively express an artificial transactivator comprised of the tet repressor tetR linked to the Herpes simplex VP16 activator domain, and the activity of the reporter gene will be quantitated in the presence or absence of tetracycline. The second aim seeks to determine whether this system can be used to manipulate A. fumigatus gene expression in vivo. Strains carrying the tet-regulated reporter system will be used for infection in a mouse model of invasive aspergillosis, and the expression of the reporter gene in mouse tissues will be determined in the presence and absence of tetracycline. The ability to manipulate gene expression in vivo would provide a unique opportunity to assess the contribution of a specific A. fumigatus gene product to the pathogenesis of aspergillosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ADOPTIVE TRANSFER TO CONTROL INFECTIONS AND CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Velardi, Andrea; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute 44 Binney St Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: Although HLA haplotype-mismatched transplantation is an extremely promising therapeutic option, its success is challenged by many obstacles, such as leukemia relapse, toxicity of conditioning regimens, and infectious mortality, which are related to the need for extensive T cell depletion of the graft to prevent otherwise lethal graft versus host disease (GVHD). The long-term objectives of the project are to overcome these obstacles. Innovative approaches for the adoptive transfer of two types

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Aspergillosis

of immune cells, i.e., NK cells and T cells, will be developed and tested. Part of the project will focus on the therapeutic use of adoptively transferred donor versus recipient alloreactive NK cells in animal models and in humans. The first specific aim is to determine the sensitivity of human hematologic malignancies to human alloreactive NK cells in vivo in pre-clinical mouse models and to overcome resistance to alloreactive NK killing by means of antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC). Specific aim 2 will attempt to improve immune reconstitution (both peripheral expansion and thymic function) through the adoptive transfer of alloreactive NK cells in a reduced-intensity conditioning regime in murine models. Our data in mice show that alloreactive NK cellbased conditioning allows transplantation of T cell-replete MHC disparate grafts without causing GVHD and with no need for post-grafting immune suppression to control GVHD. Therefore the high number of mature T cells in the graft will not be antagonized by GVHD prophylaxis and will re-expand faster, thus improving posttransplant recovery of immune competence. Thymic function will be improved because of no thymus damage due to lethal irradiation and GVHD. Specific Aim 3 consists of a phase I clinical trial of the adoptive transfer of alloreactive NK cells in a reducedintensity conditioning regimen for AML patients, without a matched donor, who are unable to withstand the toxicity of current high-intensity conditioning regimens. If successful, we will proceed to a phase II trial. The other part of the project, with specific aims 4 and 5 will assess whether adoptively transferred T cells with either a narrow or a broad repertoire can provide protection against infection in humans and mice. in aim 4, attempts will be made to supplement post-grafting immune competence in human transplant recipients through the adoptive transfer of aspergillus-specific T cells by means of our recently developed strategy which safely and effectively transferred donor functional pathogen (CMV)-specific immune cells across HLA barriers. Specific aim 5 will attempt to improve immune reconstitution in mice by adoptive transfer of broad repertoire T cells, with emphasis on the potential role of host T cells. The end point will be to evaluate immune reconstitution after infusion of cell doses which pose minimal risk for rejection by host T cells or GVHD by donor T cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BIORAD ASPERGILLOSIS

GALACTOMANNAN

EIA

FOR

DIAGNOSIS

OF

Principal Investigator & Institution: Marr, Kieren A.; Assistant Member; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAR-2003; Project End 29-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Bio-Rad galactomannan enzyme immunoassay (GM EIA) will soon be submitted to the FDA for approval as an aid to diagnose aspergillosis, a frequent cause of infectious death in immunosuppressed patients. Our preliminary studies suggest that the assay may also be used as a screening test to enable early diagnoses; however, the optimal cut-offs for positivity have not been determined. Defining cut-offs to optimize performance is critical for patients who have different manifestations of infection (endobronchial vs. invasive), such as in solid organ transplant recipients, and in children, who appear to have frequent false-positive results. The studies proposed in this project will define parameters to use the GM EIA in multiple different patient populations, using clinical samples obtained from a large ongoing FHCRC longitudinal protocol in adult allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients, and samples obtained from multicenter trials sponsored by the NIH. Aim 1 will define parameters for use of the GM EIA as an early diagnostic test for aspergillosis in adult allogeneic HSCT patients. Studies will be performed to

Studies

7

determine the lower limit of GM detection, identify clinical factors that impact levels of circulating GM, and to determine the role of GM EIA applied to non-blood fluids (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and urine). Aim 2 will define appropriate cut-offs for positivity and characterize performance of the GM EIA as a diagnostic assay for aspergillosis in high-risk solid organ transplant recipients. To do this, longitudinal sample collection will be performed in a protocol conducted as a companion to an ongoing CDC-sponsored multicenter surveillance study. Aim 3 will define parameters for use of the GM EIA as an early diagnostic test for aspergillosis in neutropenic children. To determine the appropriate cut-offs for positivity in children, GM EIAs will be performed on serial sera obtained from children at high risk for aspergillosis after treatment with induction chemotherapy for AML, and after cord blood transplant. Companion protocols will be performed to collect sera as part of ongoing multicenter studies performed by the Children' s Oncology Group and the NHLBI Cord Blood Transplantation Study. Studies will be performed to determine if false-positivity of the GM EIA in children corresponds with gut translocation of GM during periods of mucositis, by measuring surrogate markers for GI integrity in a case-control study. This project is enabled by the cooperative activities of FHCRC investigators, Bio-Rad Laboratories, and several multicenter networks supported by the CDC, NIAID, and NHLBI. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIFUNGALS OF CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Judd, Amrit K.; President; Synvax, Inc. 1770 N Research Pkwy, Ste 125 North Logan, Ut 84341 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-FEB-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Fungal infections have increased dramatically in recent years to become important causes of mortality in hospitalized patients. The increase in life-threatening fungal infections has brought about an increased use of antifungal drugs and a pressing need for new, broad-spectrum, fungicidal agents that can be used empirically in immunocompromised patients e.g., AIDS and organ transplant patients. There is still a treatment failure of more than 50% among patients with acute invasive aspergillosis, and a 20 to 30% failures with candidemia. Current available therapies for treating fungal infections often suffer from drug-related toxicity, hazardous drug-drug interactions, non-optimal pharmacokinetics, and development of drug resistance. Preliminary studies have shown that several peptides from our chemical library have antifungal activity against Rhodotorula pilimanae, a nonpathogenic fungus. Three of the compounds tested so far showed activity against Candida albicans. These peptides are found to be nontoxic in several human and monkey cell lines and therefore show promise for further pursuing. It is proposed to conduct antifungal activity studies on all the peptides against Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus, the fungi of clinical importance. The specific aims of Phase I studies are (a) resynthesize all the compounds, (b) evaluate compounds for antifungal activity against Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus, (c) determine minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum fungicidal concentrations, and (d) conduct in vivo experiment on the most promising compound against Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus. These experiments will include inhibition of colony forming incidences and survival of mice. Based on the data obtained in Phase I studies, Phase II studies will focus on designing metabolically stable analogs for oral activity using computer-based molecular modeling, developing pharmacologically-based and physiologic-based appropriate administration strategies, conduct extensive in vivo studies, determine the

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mechanism of action; conduct toxicology and pharmacokinetic studies, and file IND. The data generated by these studies will provide important information to raise this technology to a level of maturity where it can compete successfully for commercial funding to bring a new class of antifungal drugs to clinical use. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FUNCTION OF THE RHEB G-PROTEIN IN ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rhodes, Judith C.; Professor; Pathology and Lab Medicine; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fringal pathogen that causes invasive pulmonary infections in neutropenic patients. The infections carry high morbidity and mortality, especially when dissemination has occurred. A. fumigatus is able to penetrate blood vessels, and this property of angioinvasion allows the organism entry into the vascular compartment. During this past cycle, we identified a gene (rhbA) in the Ras family of small GTPases that is upregulated in A. fumigatus when it is grown on a monolayer of endothelial cells, as a model of angioinvasion. The gene is in the newly recognized Rheb group of the Ras family. Functions of Rheb proteins are not fully understood in mammalian or lower eukaryotic systems. Mammalian Rheb genes may serve to coordinate Ras and PKA signaling. In yeast, the gene appears to regulate arginine uptake, and in fission yeast, the gene is essential and its loss causes growth arrest in Go. In A. fumigatus, we have found that deletion of the gene results in attenuation of virulence in a mouse model of disseminated infection. We propose the following four specific aims to test our hypothesis that rhbA is a general regulator of transport in A. fumigatus The first aim is to determine what types of transporters may be disregulated in the ArhbA mutant, based on our discovery that the mutant is hypersensitive to the drugs FK506 and rapamycin and to sulfate. The second aim is to determine whether rhbA has the same function in A. fumigatus as has been reported for RSG] in S. cerevisiae. We will also test whether rhbA antagonizes the action of dominant active Ras. The third aim investigates the proteins with which RHBA interacts using the yeast two-hybrid assay. The fourth aim tests whether the decrement in virulence seen in the deltarhbA mutant is due to lack of regulation of a specific interacting partner or whether it is due to the overall disregulation of transport that is seen in the null mutant. Completion of these aims should significantly clarify the function of rhbA in A. fumigatus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENOME SEQUENCING OF ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Denning, David W.; Victoria University of Manchester Oxford Rd Manchester, Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common cause of life-threatening mold infection (aspergillosis). Its spores are found in the air everywhere and are therefore unavoidable. It particularly affects those with damaged immune systems, especially transplant recipients, those on corticosteroids and leukemia patients. Autopsy studies have shown a prevalence of invasive aspergillosis of 4% in University hospitals, a 1400% increase on one decade earlier. This application is for the US contribution to the genome sequencing of A. fumigatus through an international initiative led by the

Studies

9

applicant. The international contributors are the US (Manchester/TIGR), the UK (Sanger), France (Genoscope), Spain and Japan. The genome is estimated to be 30Mb in size containing about 8000 genes. This proposal is to sequence and annotate 12Mb, about 40% of the genome. The project has been initiated at the Sanger with the construction and characterization of a 100Kb BAC library. This library will serve as the resource for the assignment of genomic regions to sequencing centres. Data release will be at least monthly. The seguencing and initial annotation will be completed within 3 years. The sequencing and informatics technology to be developed with this project at TIGR will extend whole genome sequencing by reducing costs and improving quality for small eucaryotic genomes. Additionally this project will serve as a model of international collaboration for medium-sized genomes. Progress of the project and sequence data will be brought together on the Aspergillus Website (www.aspergillus.man.ac.uk). The key benefit from this project will be a genetic resource, available for all time, to understand Aspergillus, including basic biological systems, virulence characteristics, key antigens for allergenicity and immune protection, mechanisms of drug resistance, new antifungal drug targets and secondary metabolite production. This unique resource will bring in the larger Aspergillus research community to translate much of what is known of other Aspergillus species (nidulans, flavus/parasiticus, niger) to develop tools for managing human disease and to develop a functional understanding of the entire physiology and metabolism of the organism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TARGETS?

HOUSEKEEPING

GENES:

POSSIBLE

ANTIFUNGAL

DRUG

Principal Investigator & Institution: Broedel, Sheldon E.; Athenaes 1450 S Rolling Rd, Ste 4.075 Baltimore, Md 21227 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by investigator): The occurrence of fungal infections has escalated significantly in recent years. Increases in the number of patients presenting with candidiasis and aspergillosis in particular, has been profound, especially in those immunocompromised by disease or therapies. Unfortunately, only a limited number of antifungal drugs are available for treatment of these and other fungal infections. The paucity of effective agents is due in part to the high degree of relatedness between the biochemical machinery of fungi and the mammalian host. Thus, only a few targets, primarily those associated with fungal cell wall and memebrane biosynthesis, have been successfully exploited. In contrast, "housekeeping enzymes", those enzymes involved in the general biosynthetic and metabolic functions of the cell, have not been seriously considered as potential antifungal drug targets since counterpart proteins usually exist in the host. However, a number of amino acid and vitamin biosynthetic enzymatic pathways that are not present in mammalian cells occur in, and are presumed essential for, survival of certain pathogenic fungi. In this context, the primary aim of the proposed Phase I investigation is to provide proof of principle to validate the use of two such housekeeping enzymes as potential antifungal drug targets. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF ALLERGIC ASPERGILLOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Slavin, Raymond G.; Professor; Internal Medicine; St. Louis University St. Louis, Mo 63110 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAR-1999; Project End 30-APR-2005

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Aspergillosis

Summary: (provided by applicant): Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a hypersensitivity lung disease resulting from a damaging immune response directed to the ubiquitous fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus (Af). Our work has led us to hypothesize that particular HLA alleles fashion T cell repertories that ultimately either result in ABPA or protective immunity. The long term objectives of this application are to characterize AF-specific T cell responses in ABPA and non-ABPA patients in order to gain an understanding of the immune mechanisms underlying this disease, to determine the immune parameters that can be useful in diagnosis, and to identify those parameters that will be useful in future immunotherapy. The first specific aim is to determine if ABPA is associated with a combination of particular HLA-DR2, HLA-DR5 and HLA-DQ2 genotypes. We will genotype both ABPA and non-ABPA asthmatic and CF patients to establish which HLA-DR genotypes are associated with susceptibility to ABPA and which genotypes of DQ2 are associated with resistance. The second specific aim is to determine qualitative and quantitative differences of Asp f1-specific CD4+ T cells in ABPA versus non-ABPa CF and asthmatic patients. Peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage T cells, from both ABPA and non-ABPA groups, will be analyzed for cytokine profiles, HLA-restriction, epitope specificity and ability of T cell clones to respond to closely related HLA-DR alleles. The third specific aim is to test our hypothesis in transgenic mice that T cells fashioned under the influence of particular HLA alleles either contribute to host susceptibility or resistance to ABPA. We will breed transgenic mice to express "at risk" HLA-DRB1*1501 alleles in the presence or absence of HLA-DQ2 and determine with appropriate sensitization and challenge whether these mice develop the acute lung responses that is requisite for ABPA. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Corey, Lawrence; Professor; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 18-MAR-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The spectrum of infectious complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been markedly altered in the last decade. Early ganciclovir therapy has reduced CMV infection but its hematopoietic toxicity limits its use, and the lack of immune reconstitution to CMV, especially among those with GVHD, has resulted in a high incidence of CMV reactivation disease late after transplant. Also, while fluconazole prophylaxis has markedly reduced invasive candidal infections, the incidence of aspergillosis has tripled. Most cases now occur in the nonneutropenic, but highly immunosuppressed host, illustrating the potential importance of T cell immunity in this entity. Subclinical primary CMV infection (i.e., acquisition of CMV infection below the threshold of current antigenemia assays) in CMV seronegative recipients of a seropositive donors (D+R-) appears to be a newly identified risk factor for the acquisition of pulmonary aspergillosis and invasive bacterial infections. The specific aims of the project are: Specific Aim 1. To reduce the morbidity and mortality of late onset CMV disease after HSCT. A randomized doubleblind study will be performed to examine whether valganciclovir will prevent late onset CMV disease without increased CMV resistance or further delay in CMV immune reconstitution. Specific Aim 2. To determine the role of T cell mediated immunity in the development and outcome of post-engraftment aspergillosis. CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to A. fumigatus antigens and neutrophil anti-hyphal activity will be assessed longitudinally in allogeneic HSCT recipients to define whether those with altered

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responses are at greater risk of infection and poor outcome. Studies to define responses to purified antigen preparations will be initiated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR GENETICS OF ASPERGILLOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: May, Gregory S.; Professor; Laboratory Medicine; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease with high morbidity and mortality. Immunocompromised patients are at the greatest risk. The genetic program used by Aspergillus spp. during invasive growth is unknown, but its elucidation is critical to developing novel antifungal therapies. Work with A. fumigatus, the primary cause of aspergillosis, is hampered by the absence of critical molecular and genetic tools that would facilitate studies of gene regulation, gene function and a gene's role in pathogenesis. For this reason, part of this proposal is to develop the basic tools needed to advance the study of gene activity and function in A. fumigatus. We are developing molecular tools and auxotrophic mutants in the A. fumigatus strain AF293 to facilitate our investigations. In conjunction with the development of auxotrophic mutants, we will develop a set of transformation and expression vectors based on the different nutritional markers. We have performed preliminary suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) experiments to identify genes that have increased expression during invasive growth. We will test the hypothesis that genes whose expression increases during invasive growth contribute to the progression of IPA. Using SSH and a murine model of IPA, we will identify those fungal genes that are highly expressed during invasive growth. We will use the A. fumigatus genome data being generated from the public sequencing project to establish the function of genes identified through SSH and in time explore the regulation of these genes and determine the signals that control their expression. These studies will provide us with a snapshot of the genetic program used by the fungus to grow in this unusual physiological state, leading to novel therapeutic approaches to managing IPA. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES FOR INVASIVE ASPERGILLOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Feldmesser, Marta L.; Assistant Professor; Medicine; Yeshiva University 500 W 185Th St New York, Ny 10033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 14-SEP-2004 Summary: (Provided by applicant): Aspergillus fumigatus, a ubiquitous fungal pathogen, causes invasive disease in severely immunocompromised patients, most often in those with profound neutropenia. The incidence of invasive aspergillosis has risen steadily over the past three decades, and mortality rates currently range from 45-90 percent. The goal of this proposal is to advance our understanding of host immunity and host-pathogen interactions in invasive aspergillosis by identifying A. fumigatus antigens that elicit protective antibody immunity. The approach is to develop monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to selected A. fumigatus antigens that will modify the course of infection to the benefit of the host. MAbs so identified will be used to study both effective host responses to A. fumigatus and host-pathogen interactions. Beneficial MAbs potentially could be developed for use as immunotherapeutic or diagnostic agents. MAb immunotherapy is being applied with increasing success not only to treatment of refractory or resistant microbial pathogens, but to disease states as diverse

12

Aspergillosis

as malignancy, asthma and autoimmune disorders. This proposal includes two strategies, study of MAbs to a defined fungal target, the dipeptidyl peptidase V (DPP V) of A. fumigatus, and development of agents that prevent the transition of A. fumigatus from the conidial (spore) form to the hyphal form that is required for invasion. Three specific aims are proposed: 1. To determine the protective efficacy of MAbs to A. fumigatus DPP V; 2. To generate and characterize in vitro MAbs to A. fumigatus that prevent germination; 3. To determine the biological activity of MAbs generated in Aim 2 in murine models of invasive aspergillosis. It is anticipated that this study will identify important targets for further investigation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEW APPROACHES TO TARGET SPECIFIC ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cihlar, Ronald L.; Associate Dean of Graduate Biomedical e; Microbiology and Immunology; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 16-MAY-2000; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (adapted from application): While the incidence of fungal infections has escalated significantly, only a limited number of antifungal drugs are currently available for treatment. For this reason, the ultimate objective of the proposed investigation is to identify novel lead compounds for the development of antifungal drugs. To accomplish their goals, the applicants propose five specific aims, namely: (1) exploring novel targets already validated as essential for growth and/or infectivity of Candida albicans in the host, including fatty acid synthase (Fas2p), histidine kinase (Cahk1p), and glucan transferases (Phr1p/Phr2p). In addition, the investigators plan to screen natural product libraries by developing high throughput assays libraries against these targets for discovery and characterization of novel antifungal agents. (2) validating other potential targets for which the corresponding genes have already been obtained, including a second histidine kinase (Cassk1p), and the putative transcriptional/translational regulators, Elf2p and Mot2p. (3) using bioassay-directed fractionation to isolate and purify active constituents from active extracts and determine the structures of purified active compounds, as well as to prioritize active compounds. (4) characterizing pure compounds in in vitro assays in order to determine potency, selectivity, activity spectrum, etc., and prioritize promising leads for further study. (5) determining in vivo efficacy of appropriate compounds in animal models of systemic candidiasis. If efficacious, compounds will also be evaluated in an animal model of aspergillosis. The targets chosen for study are considered to be attractive because either no human homologues are known to exist or because they are readily distinguishable biochemically from the human homologue. The investigation outlined in the application will combine and integrate the complementing strengths of researchers at the Georgetown University (molecular biology/target development, animal models), the University of Mississippi National Center for Development of Natural Products (natural products chemistry/antifungal screening), and Dorlin Pharmaceuticals Inc. (assay development, high throughput screening). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEW DRUGS FOR OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Clark, Alice M.; Vice Chancellor for Research and Sponsor; Natl Ctr/Develop Natural Prod; University of Mississippi P.O. Box 907 University, Ms 386770907

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1989; Project End 28-FEB-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's abstract) The overall goal of this project is to discover prototype lead compounds for development of new treatments for the major AIDS- and cancer-related disseminated fungal infections. Our approach is to evaluate previously unexamined and unique sources of natural products for in vitro activity against specific fungal pathogens and for their ability to reverse resistance to existing antifungal drugs, fractionate active extracts to isolate and identify pure active compounds, and determine the physicochemical properties, mechanisms of action, and toxicological profiles of the isolated active compounds. The specific aims of this proposal are: 1) access a diverse and unique repository of extracts of plants, microbes, and invertebrate animals and prepare samples compatible with biological assays; 2) evaluate in vitro antifungal activity of the extracts for activity against Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida kruseii and Aspergillus fumigatus, and for reversal of resistance to clinically available antifungal drugs; 3) isolate, elucidate the structures, and characterize the pharmaceutical properties of the active constituents; 4) characterize the biological properties of the active compounds using functional genomics, known antifungal enzymatic targets, and mammalian toxicological predictors. Successful completion of the proposed work will yield new prototype lead compounds that will serve as templates for development of new classes of antifungal agents, as templates for the development of new drugs to be used in combination with existing antifungal agents to reverse resistance to these agents, and as probes to identify novel mechanisms of action that can be exploited in the future search for other new derivatives. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NK ASPERGILLOSIS

CELLS

IN

HOST

DEFENSE

AGAINST

INVASIVE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Mehrad, Borna; Internal Medicine; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 11-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, a common complication of immunosuppression, carries a strikingly poor outcome despite currently available therapy. While substantial work has evaluated the role of neutrophils in the lung's innate immune response to this pathogen, the role of other effector cells in host defense against this organism is less clear. Natural killer (NK) cells are a subset of lymphocytes important in immune responses against tumor cells, transplanted allogeneic cells, and several classes of micro-organisms. Our preliminary studies indicate that NK cells are critical to host survival in neutropenic mice with invasive aspergillosis and that their recruitment to the lung in the setting of this infection may be mediated by the CC chemokine ligand, MCP-1/CCL2. Moreover, NK cell-derived interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) appears to augment fungal clearance from the lung. We therefore hypothesize that NK cells are integral components of innate host defense against invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic hosts, and that enhancing the recruitment of NK cells to the lung or augmenting their effector functions will improve the outcome of invasive aspergillosis. We shall address these hypotheses by examining the following Specific Aims in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: 1) To determine the in vitro activity of NK cells against Aspergillus and to determine their in vivo contribution to host defense in invasive aspergillosis; 2) To examine the role of the chemokine ligand, MCP-1/CCL2, and its receptor, CCR2, in the recruitment of NK cells to the lungs in invasive aspergillosis; and 3) To evaluate the role of NK cell-derived

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Aspergillosis

IFN-gamma in mediating anti-fungal host defense in vitro and in vivo. We hope that the proposed studies will provide important new insights into the role of NK cells as mediators of innate host defense in the lung in invasive aspergillosis, and that they will also result in development of novel therapies for this devastating infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ORAL AMB FOR THE TREATMENT OF FUNGAL INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Mannino, Raphael J.; Biodelivery Sciences International, Inc. C/O Umdnj New Jersey Med School Newark, Nj 071032757 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long term goals of our research are to develop new formulations of therapeutically important drugs using cochleates as the delivery vehicle. Such formulations would have an improved route of delivery (oral rather than injectable to improve ease of administration and to reduce adverse effects of parenteral therapy), and lower toxicity, thereby improving the safety profile of drugs. The SBIR Phase I advanced the development of a new formulation of amphotericin B (AmB) that has low toxicity and allows the oral delivery of AmB. Oral amphotericin B cochleates showed excellent activity in murine models of clinically relevant invasive fungal infections: Disseminated candidiasis, disseminated aspergillosis, and central nervous system cryptococcosis. The overall objective of this SBIR Phase II is to further develop this new AmB cochleate formulation for the following target indications: 1) Treatment of azole-susceptible and azole-resistant oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in immunosuppressed patients, 2) empiric therapy for presumed fungal infection in febrile, neutropenic patients, 3) treatment of selected patients with proven or probable invasive infections due to Aspergillus species, Candida species, and other life-threatening invasive fungal infections. To this end the following specific aims will be investigated: 1. To optimize cochleate AMB formulations (CAMB) as a commercially viable human therapeutic by testing CAMB prepared with less expensive raw materials (mainly phosphatidylserine) and simplified protocols. 2. To perform preclinical studies in a higher animal model. 3. To determine the mechanism of drug delivery mediated by cochleate 4. To initiate Phase I trials with CAMB in humans PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IMMUNITY

PHAGOCYTE

CONTACT

RESPONSE

IN

ASPERGILLOSIS

Principal Investigator & Institution: Burritt, James B.; Microbiology; Montana State University (Bozeman) Bozeman, Mt 59717 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JAN-2004; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Aspergillus fumigatus is the leading airborne fungal pathogen in immune compromised people. Due to difficulties in managing A. fumigatus infections, most individuals that develop invasive aspergillosis will die. With an increasing immune compromised population, infections by A. fumigatus will also increase. While significant advancements in understanding aspergillosis have been made, the relationship among corresponding immune cells is not fully understood. The long-term goal of this work is to identify the molecular basis of host defense against A. fumigatus. The specific focus is to determine the cellular and molecular contact between phagocytes and A. fumigatus and the role of microbicidal responses in the corresponding immunity. Three aims are proposed to address this goal: 1) To evaluate

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the cell specific response to A. fumigatus conidia in the lungs of mice by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry: Lung tissue will be probed using specific monoclonal antibodies to identify cells that arrive following inoculation of A. fumigatus conidia in normal and immune suppressed mice. Both cortisone-induced immune suppression and mice made susceptible to by knockout of the NADPH oxidase will be examined. 2) To investigate the role of the NADPH oxidase in subcellular compartments of immune cells which have ingested conidia: Superoxide generation assays will be used to show assembly of the oxidase associated with phagolysosomes containing ingested conidia. The assembled complex will be confirmed by demonstrating superoxide generation rates in compartments containing conidia, as well as demonstrating the complete set of oxidase components by immunoblot. A panel of monoclonal antibodies is available for oxidase detection. 3) To identify unique peptides that bind specifically to the A. fumigatus conidia and hyphal forms by phage-display peptide library analysis. Affinity selection of unique peptides will be carried out by probing the A. fumigatus resting conidia, swollen conidia, and hyphae with a peptide library. This information will be used to suggest mechanisms of attachment in this host-pathogen relationship Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: QUANTITATIVE PCR FOR THE DETECTION OF FUNGAL INFECTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Fredricks, David N.; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 10-JAN-2004; Project End 31-DEC-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Invasive fungal infections continue to affect about 15-20% of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients, with devastating consequences. Aspergillus and Candida are currently the most common fungi causing disease. Conventional methods for detecting these fungal infections are slow, insensitive, or both. The poor yield from conventional diagnostic tests fosters an approach wherein many patients are treated with prophylactic or empiric antifungal medication, increasing costs, drug resistance, drug interactions, and toxicities. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a rapid and sensitive method for detecting fungal pathogens based on amplification of fungal DNA. qPCR can be used to identify fungal pathogens and to measure the amount of fungal DNA present in tissues. Candida and Aspergillus qPCR assays have been developed which can detect femtogram amounts of fungal DNA. These assays have been successfully applied to clinical samples such as blood, liver biopsies, lung biopsies, and bronchalveolar lavage fluid. -Is qPCR more sensitive than culture for the detection of Candida and Aspergillus infections? A bank of blood and tissue samples from HSCT patients has been collected and will be tested with Candida and Aspergillus qPCR assays. Hypotheses: qPCR is more sensitive than cultivation and levels of fungal DNA in tissues help predict clinical course and response to antifungal medications. -Is screening blood from HSCT patients useful for early diagnosis of fungal infections? A prospective study of fungal qPCR will be performed in posttransplant patients using blood samples drawn every 3 days. Fungal qPCR will also be performed on BAL fluid and other tissue samples as they become available. Hypotheses: Candida and Aspergillus qPCR of blood will provide early evidence of fungal infection, paving the way for future intervention studies. Fungal qPCR performed on BAL fluid will increase the yield from bronchoscopy, reducing the need for open lung biopsies. -Are qPCR assays for non-Aspergillus moulds useful for detecting emerging fungal pathogens in HSCT patients receiving prophylaxis with broad-spectrum azole antifungals? The fungal pathogens causing disease in HSCT

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Aspergillosis

recipients are likely to change with the introduction of drugs such as voriconazole for prophylaxis. The existing qPCR platform will be adapted for the detection of nonAspergillus moulds and applied to tissue samples from high-risk patients. Hypothesis: Fungal 18S rDNA qPCR employing a broad range fungal probe, or a system of multiple specific probes, will be useful for detecting emerging fungal pathogens in the transplant setting. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REGULATION OF PHAGOCYTE FUNCTION BY RAC2 Principal Investigator & Institution: Dinauer, Mary C.; Professor; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 22-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: The Rho family GTPase Rac plays a key role in regulating a variety of phagocyte functions, including NADPH oxidase-catalyzed superoxide generation, Fcgamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis, and cytoskeletal changes during membrane ruffling and cell movement. To examine the role of the hematopoietic specific Rac2 GTPase, which is approximately 90% identical to the more widely expressed Rac1 and Rac3 isoforms, mice with a targeted disruption of the Rac2 gene were generated. NADPH oxidase activation in Rac2-deficient neutrophils )which still express Rac1) was substantially reduced in response to fMLP, IgG- opsonized particles, and phorbol ester, but normal in response to complement-coated zymosan. Other neutrophil defects observed in initial studies include impaired actin polymerization, chemotaxis, and poor L-selectin-dependent adhesion. In addition, mice exhibited decreased exudate formulation in vivo and an increased susceptibility to invasive Aspergillosis. An important role for Rac in neutrophil function has been further established by the identification of a dominant-negative mutant of Rac2 in an infant who presented with recurrent pyogenic infections and functional neutrophil defects similar to those found in Rc2-/-. These data suggest that Rac2 regulates multiple cellular responses in phagocytes downstream of specific receptor-activated pathways, and has non-overlapping functions with Rac1 and Rac3 in the host infection and inflammation. Project 3 will focus on testing this hypothesis, particular as it relates to activation of the NADPH oxidase, and explore underlying biochemical mechanisms. There are four Specific Aims, which will take advantage of the Rac2-/- mouse. These propose to (1) further define defects in Rac2-/- phagocytes to examine macrophage superoxide production, phagocytosis, and chemoattractant-induced movement; (2) examine whether functional defects in Rac2-/phagocytes, and chemoattractant-induced movement; (2) examine whether functional defects in Rac2-/- phagocytes reflect selective activation, localization, or usage of Rac2, and if specific Rac2 effector sequences are required; (3) investigate upstream and downstream signaling events involved in Rac-dependent assembly of the NADPH oxidase complex and (4) determine the impact of Rac2 deficiency on host defense and inflammation. This work will provide further insight into how Rho-GTPases regulate phagocytic leukocyte functions and the biochemical mechanisms that mediate specific agonist-induced cellular responses. These studies may also result in new approaches to modulating phagocyte function in inflammation and host defense. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SUBCLINICAL TRANSPLANTATION

CMV

INFECTION

AFTER

MARROW

Principal Investigator & Institution: Nichols, William G.; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109

Studies

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract): In the current era of effective prophylactic or pre-emptive ganciclovir therapy, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections continue to pose a significant hazard for patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). CMV seronegative recipients of stem cells from seropositive donors (D+/R-) are at the highest risk for transplant-related mortality among all serogroup pairs (vs. D+/R+, D-/R+, or D-/R-). This is surprising, since only 15% of these patients develop primary CMV infection after transplantation as detected by CMV antigenemia assays. A detailed chart review of transplant-related mortality within the D+/Rcohort revealed a markedly higher mortality from invasive bacterial and fungal infections when compared to D-/R- transplant recipients (p<.001). Using a recently developed PCR assay, we have shown that an additional 20% of D+/R- patients develop subclinical CMV infection that is not detected by standard pp65 antigenemia assays, and does not lead to CMV disease. These patients have not received pre-emptive ganciclovir, obviating the role of this compound in the excess infectious mortality. A preliminary prospective study suggests that patients with subclinical CMV infection have an increased incidence of invasive bacterial and fungal infections. Importantly, subclinical CMV infection antedates the development of these fatal bacterial and fungal infections, and may thus be a marker for more severe immunosuppression. We hypothesize that it is the immunomodulatory effect of primary CMV infection that accounts for the increased incidence of bacterial and fungal infections in this population. This proposal seeks to define these issues more clearly. Initially, we will retrospectively define the frequency and timing of subclinical CMV infection among over 700 HSCT recipients via the testing of banked serum samples for the presence of CMV DNA. These findings will then be correlated with clinical outcomes, which include fatal and non-fatal bacterial and fungal infections. We will then design a prospective double-blind trial of CMV prophylaxis aimed at the prevention of invasive bacterial and fungal infections after transplantation. Finally, the pathogenesis of the interaction between CMV infection and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) will be evaluated; routine bronchoscopy will be performed on all patients, and the pulmonary CMV load will be correlated with the incidence of subsequent pulmonary complications such as IPA. Whether CMV impairs the activity of pulmonary macrophages or alters T-helper cytokine profiles in the lungs will also be determined. These results will improve our understanding of the interaction between CMV and other infections in HSCT recipients, which will ultimately enable us to formulate more rational treatment strategies. This award will support my first step towards obtaining my long-term career goal, which is to be a proficient clinical investigator for infections in the immunocompromised host. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: T LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSES IN ASPERGILLUS INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Van Epps, Heather L.; Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Res New York, Ny 100216007 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous airborne fungus that causes severe invasive disease in immunocompromised patients. Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a devastating disease characterized by a high mortality rate and rapid progression to death, despite aggressive treatment with anti-fungal agents. Due to the increasing prevalence and severity of IA, more effective treatment strategies are critically needed. T lymphocytes are thought to play an important role in protective immunity against Aspergillus. Recent studies using murine models have shown that the

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establishment of a Th1-type cytokine environment is associated with protection against IA, while the development of predominantly Th2-type cytokines correlates with invasive disease and lethality. However, the precise role of T lymphocytes in protection against and recovery from IA is not well defined. The experiments proposed in this study will focus on the generation and characterization of Th1-type Aspergillus-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes, and the capacity of these cells to provide protection against lethal A. fumigatus infection upon transfer into naive animals. We will also analyze the trafficking and antigen-specific expansion of the transferred cells following antigenic challenge. In addition, we will investigate the role of the Toll-like receptor pathways and the balance between the innate and adaptive immune responses in the context of Aspergillus infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TRIAL OF ITRACONAZOLE IN PULMONARY ASPERGILLOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Judson, Marc A.; Medical University of South Carolina P O Box 250854 Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TWO-COMPONENT ASPERGILLOSIS

SIGNALING

IN

CANDIDIASIS

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Calderone, Richard A.; Professor of Microbiology; Microbiology and Immunology; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 17-DEC-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal is a request for funds from the Fogarty International Center to study the histidine kinases [HK] of Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus The collaborative efforts of Dr R Calderone [Georgetown University] and Dr Ruoyu Li [Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China] are to be utilized to understand the role of HK genes in the pathogenesis of candidiasis and aspergillosis. Dr Calderone is currently funded by the NIH-NIAID to characterize a specific HK from C albicans, while Dr. Li studies host immunity and the pathogenesis of aspergillosis Thus, the proposal combines the efforts of differently focused laboratories The project has four specific aims In aim 1, the temporal expression of HK genes from both organisms will be studied in animal models of each disease. Along with this objective, cytokine production in infected animals will be followed to assess the contribution of specific host responses to wild type and gene-deleted mutants Specific aim 2 will shift in emphasis to in vitro conditions, and the interaction ofA fumigatus and the corresponding gene-deleted strains with human neutrophils will be studied. In specific aim 3, clinical specimens from patients with oral or vaginal candidiasis infections as well as those with allergic or invasive aspergillosis will be screened by RTPCR for HK gene transcription. In aim 4, the Calderone laboratory will complete the isolation of an A fumigatus HK gene originally found by the Li laboratory and construct gene-deleted strains for functional studies. In summary, the Li laboratory will provide expertise in the studies of immunity while the Calderone laboratory will assist the Li laboratory in molecular biology. Synergy will occur during this collaboration since the role of the HK in host responses will be defined while we will also further expand our understanding of the functions of HK genes from these organisms As expected, this collaboration will also provide new directions for the NIH parent grant of Dr Calderone

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: VORICONAZOLE VS AMPHOTERICIN B IN ASPERGILLOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Muschatt, David M.; Tulane University of Louisiana New Orleans, La New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “aspergillosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for aspergillosis in the PubMed Central database: •

Acquired immunity in experimental murine aspergillosis is mediated by macrophages. by de Repentigny L, Petitbois S, Boushira M, Michaliszyn E, Senechal S, Gendron N, Montplaisir S.; 1993 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=281079

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Antifungal Activity of the Pradimicin Derivative BMS 181184 in the Treatment of Experimental Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Persistently Neutropenic Rabbits. by Gonzalez CE, Groll AH, Giri N, Shetty D, Al-Mohsen I, Sein T, Feuerstein E, Bacher J, Piscitelli S, Walsh TJ.; 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105840

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Antifungal Efficacy of Caspofungin (MK-0991) in Experimental Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Persistently Neutropenic Rabbits: Pharmacokinetics, Drug Disposition, and Relationship to Galactomannan Antigenemia. by Petraitiene R, Petraitis V, Groll AH, Sein T, Schaufele RL, Francesconi A, Bacher J, Avila NA, Walsh TJ.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127008

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Antifungal Efficacy, Safety, and Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of LY303366, a Novel Echinocandin B, in Experimental Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Persistently Neutropenic Rabbits. by Petraitis V, Petraitiene R, Groll AH, Bell A, Callender DP, Sein T, Schaufele RL, McMillian CL, Bacher J, Walsh TJ.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105963

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Aspergillus fumigatus-specific antibodies in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and aspergilloma: evidence for a polyclonal antibody response. by Brummund W, Resnick A, Fink JN, Kurup VP.; 1987 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=265798

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Comparative Antifungal Activities and Plasma Pharmacokinetics of Micafungin (FK463) against Disseminated Candidiasis and Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Persistently Neutropenic Rabbits. by Petraitis V, Petraitiene R, Groll AH, Roussillon K, Hemmings M, Lyman CA, Sein T, Bacher J, Bekersky I, Walsh TJ.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127233

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Comparison of antigen detection and PCR assay using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients receiving treatment for hematological malignancies. by Verweij PE, Latge JP, Rijs AJ, Melchers WJ, De Pauw BE, Hoogkamp-Korstanje JA, Meis JF.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228662

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Conformational and Linear B-Cell Epitopes of Asp f 2, a Major Allergen of Aspergillus fumigatus, Bind Differently to Immunoglobulin E Antibody in the Sera of Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis Patients. by Banerjee B, Greenberger PA, Fink JN, Kurup VP.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=115968

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Correlation of elastase production by some strains of Aspergillus fumigatus with ability to cause pulmonary invasive aspergillosis in mice. by Kothary MH, Chase T Jr, Macmillan JD.; 1984 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=263429

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Detection of Cell Wall Galactomannoprotein Afmp1p in Culture Supernatants of Aspergillus fumigatus and in Sera of Aspergillosis Patients. by Woo PC, Chan CM, Leung AS, Lau SK, Che XY, Wong SS, Cao L, Yuen KY.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139671

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Disseminated Aspergillosis Caused by Aspergillus ustus in a Patient Following Allogeneic Peripheral Stem Cell Transplantation. by Iwen PC, Rupp ME, Bishop MR, Rinaldi MG, Sutton DA, Tarantolo S, Hinrichs SH.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105272

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Efficacy of Liposomal Amphotericin B with Prolonged Circulation in Blood in Treatment of Severe Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Leukopenic Rats. by Van Etten EW, Stearne-Cullen LE, Ten Kate MT, Bakker-Woudenberg IA.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89723

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Efficacy of SCH-56592 in a temporarily neutropenic murine model of invasive aspergillosis with an itraconazole-susceptible and an itraconazole-resistant isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus. by Oakley KL, Morrissey G, Denning DW.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=163948

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Efficacy of TAK-457, a Novel Intravenous Triazole, against Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Neutropenic Mice. by Hayashi R, Kitamoto N, Iizawa Y, Ichikawa T, Itoh K, Kitazaki T, Okonogi K.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127021

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Efficacy of the Echinocandin Caspofungin against Disseminated Aspergillosis and Candidiasis in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Mice. by Abruzzo GK, Gill CJ, Flattery AM, Kong L, Leighton C, Smith JG, Pikounis VB, Bartizal K, Rosen H.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90063

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Fungus dose-dependent primary pulmonary aspergillosis in immunosuppressed mice. by Dixon DM, Polak A, Walsh TJ.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=313298

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Invasive Aspergillosis Caused by Aspergillus ustus: Case Report and Review. by Verweij PE, van den Bergh MF, Rath PM, de Pauw BE, Voss A, Meis JF.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84848

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Long-Circulating Immunoliposomal Amphotericin B against Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Mice. by Otsubo T, Maruyama K, Maesaki S, Miyazaki Y, Tanaka E, Takizawa T, Moribe K, Tomono K, Tashiro T, Kohno S.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105453

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Model of recurrent pulmonary aspergillosis in rats. by Niki Y, Bernard EM, Edwards FF, Schmitt HJ, Yu B, Armstrong D.; 1991 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=270108

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Molecular epidemiology of apparent outbreak of invasive aspergillosis in a hematology ward. by Leenders A, van Belkum A, Janssen S, de Marie S, Kluytmans J, Wielenga J, Lowenberg B, Verbrugh H.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228795

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Murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis following an earlier stage, noninvasive Aspergillus infection. by Nawada R, Amitani R, Tanaka E, Niimi A, Suzuki K, Murayama T, Kuze F.; 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229038

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Oral and parenteral therapy with saperconazole (R 66905) of invasive aspergillosis in normal and immunocompromised animals. by Van Cutsem J, Van Gerven F, Janssen PA.; 1989 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=172822

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Protection of Killer Antiidiotypic Antibodies against Early Invasive Aspergillosis in a Murine Model of Allogeneic T-Cell-Depleted Bone Marrow Transplantation. by Cenci E, Mencacci A, Spreca A, Montagnoli C, Bacci A, Perruccio K, Velardi A, Magliani W, Conti S, Polonelli L, Romani L.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127930

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Pseudoepidemic of aspergillosis after development of pulmonary infiltrates in a group of bone marrow transplant patients. by Weems JJ Jr, Andremont A, Davis BJ, Tancrede CH, Guiguet M, Padhye AA, Squinazi F, Martone WJ.; 1987 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=269248

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Quantitative Galactomannan Detection Is Superior to PCR in Diagnosing and Monitoring Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in an Experimental Rat Model. by Becker MJ, de Marie S, Willemse D, Verbrugh HA, Bakker-Woudenberg IA.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86459

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Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay compared with Pastorex latex agglutination test for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. by Verweij PE, Stynen D, Rijs AJ, de Pauw BE, Hoogkamp-Korstanje JA, Meis JF.; 1995 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228297

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Specific antibody detection in invasive aspergillosis by analytical isoelectrofocusing and immunoblotting methods. by Hearn VM, Pinel C, Blachier S, Ambroise-Thomas P, Grillot R.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228080

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Strategies in prevention of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunosuppressed or neutropenic patients. by Beyer J, Schwartz S, Heinemann V, Siegert W.; 1994 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=188126

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Successful Treatment of Invasive Aspergillosis in a Heart Transplant Patient. by Radovancevic B, Frazier OH, Gentry LO, Okereke OU, Cooley DA.; 1985 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=341861

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Therapeutic monitoring of experimental invasive pulmonary aspergillosis by ultrafast computerized tomography, a novel, noninvasive method for measuring responses to antifungal therapy. by Walsh TJ, Garrett K, Feurerstein E, Girton M, Allende M, Bacher J, Francesconi A, Schaufele R, Pizzo PA.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162684

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with aspergillosis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “aspergillosis” (or

6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for aspergillosis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A dendritic cell vaccine against invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation. Author(s): Bozza S, Perruccio K, Montagnoli C, Gaziano R, Bellocchio S, Burchielli E, Nkwanyuo G, Pitzurra L, Velardi A, Romani L. Source: Blood. 2003 November 15; 102(10): 3807-14. Epub 2003 June 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12791648

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A fatal case of systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by acute pancreatitis, invasive aspergillosis and features of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Author(s): Fantini F, Cimaz R. Source: Lupus. 2003; 12(5): 418-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12765308

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A randomized trial of itraconazole in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Stevens DA, Schwartz HJ, Lee JY, Moskovitz BL, Jerome DC, Catanzaro A, Bamberger DM, Weinmann AJ, Tuazon CU, Judson MA, Platts-Mills TA, DeGraff AC Jr. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000 March 16; 342(11): 756-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10717010

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Advances against aspergillosis. Author(s): Steinbach WJ, Stevens DA, Denning DW, Moss RB. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 October 1; 37 Suppl 3: S155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12975750

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Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Levy MB. Source: Frontiers in Bioscience : a Journal and Virtual Library. 2003 May 1; 8: S579-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12700112

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Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis--state of the art: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Consensus Conference. Author(s): Stevens DA, Moss RB, Kurup VP, Knutsen AP, Greenberger P, Judson MA, Denning DW, Crameri R, Brody AS, Light M, Skov M, Maish W, Mastella G; Participants in the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Consensus Conference. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 October 1; 37 Suppl 3: S225-64. Review. Erratum In: Clin Infect Dis. 2004 January 1; 38(1): 158. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12975753

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Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis or bronchopulmonary aspergillosis with asthma: which one is more appropriate? Author(s): Bhattacharyya P. Source: Chest. 1999 December; 116(6): 1844-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10593831

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Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis without clinical asthma caused by Aspergillus niger. Author(s): Shah A, Maurya V, Panjabi C, Khanna P. Source: Allergy. 2004 February; 59(2): 236-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14763947

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Antifungal therapy for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Malo JL. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 May; 111(5): 934-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12743553

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Anti-inflammatory effect of itraconazole in stable allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Wark PA, Hensley MJ, Saltos N, Boyle MJ, Toneguzzi RC, Epid GD, Simpson JL, McElduff P, Gibson PG. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 May; 111(5): 952-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12743557

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Antiphospholipid syndrome during allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Niitsuma T, Nukaga M, Izawa A, Tsuyuguchi M, Tsuboi N, Hayashi T. Source: Allergy. 2003 May; 58(5): 454-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12752338

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Aortic ruptured following lung resection in invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Silistreli E, Catalyurek H, Erdal C, Acikel U, Kargi A. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 2003 April; 44(2): 267-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12813397

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Aspergillosis caused by non-fumigatus Aspergillus species: risk factors and in vitro susceptibility compared with Aspergillus fumigatus. Author(s): Torres HA, Rivero GA, Lewis RE, Hachem R, Raad II, Kontoyiannis DP. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2003 May; 46(1): 25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12742315

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Aspergillosis in a 24-week newborn: a case report. Author(s): Herron MD, Vanderhooft SL, Byington C, King JD. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 2003 April-May; 23(3): 256-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12732866

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Aspergillosis of the sphenoid sinus with the involvement of the clivus. Author(s): Ikram M, Hussain SS, Ahmed R. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1999 June; 49(6): 146-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10599197

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Aspergillosis of the temporomandibular joint following irradiation of the parotid region: a case report. Author(s): Lo WL, Chang RC, Yang AH, Kao SY. Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2003 October; 32(5): 5602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14759119

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Aspergillosis presenting as Koebner's phenomenon in a healed scald. Author(s): Williams G, Moiemen N, Frame JD. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 2000 February; 26(1): 92-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10630325

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Aspergillus Fumigatus antigen detection in sera from patients at risk for invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Chumpitazi BF, Pinel C, Lebeau B, Ambroise-Thomas P, Grillot R. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 January; 38(1): 438-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10618137

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Association of polymorphisms in the collagen region of SP-A2 with increased levels of total IgE antibodies and eosinophilia in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Saxena S, Madan T, Shah A, Muralidhar K, Sarma PU. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 May; 111(5): 1001-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12743564

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Azoles for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis associated with asthma. Author(s): Wark PA, Gibson PG, Wilson AJ. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (3): Cd001108. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12917898

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Benefit of surgical resection of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in pediatric patients undergoing treatment for malignancies and immunodeficiency syndromes. Author(s): Gow KW, Hayes-Jordan AA, Billups CA, Shenep JL, Hoffer FA, Davidoff AM, Rao BN, Schropp KP, Shochat SJ. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2003 September; 38(9): 1354-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14523819

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Best cases from the AFIP. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: radiologic and pathologic findings. Author(s): Kenney HH, Agrons GA, Shin JS; Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 2002 November-December; 22(6): 1507-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12432119

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Biatrial aspergillosis in a patient with immunocompetency. Author(s): Chamsi-Pasha H, Abdulmoneim A, Ahmed WH, Al-Shaibi KF, Ajam A, Bakhamees H, Ashmeg AK. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2004 January; 17(1): 70-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14712190

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Botrytis cinerea: a study of the immunological properties during growth. Incidence of antibodies against B. cinerea in a group of patients with aspergillosis. Author(s): Kauffman HF, van der Heide S, de Vries K. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1987; 83(4): 359-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3112026

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Bowel infarction as the initial manifestation of disseminated aspergillosis. Author(s): Cohen R, Heffner JE. Source: Chest. 1992 March; 101(3): 877-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1541172

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Breakthrough Scedosporium apiospermum (Pseudallescheria boydii) brain abscess during therapy for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis following high-risk allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Scedosporiasis and recent advances in antifungal therapy. Author(s): Safdar A, Papadopoulos EB, Young JW. Source: Transplant Infectious Disease : an Official Journal of the Transplantation Society. 2002 December; 4(4): 212-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12535265

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Bronchial stump aspergillosis four years after lobectomy. Author(s): Roig J, Ruiz J, Puig X, Carreres A, Morera J. Source: Chest. 1993 July; 104(1): 295-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8325092

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Bronchial stump aspergillosis. Author(s): Le Rochais JP, Icard P, Simon T, Poirier P, Evrard C. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2000 July; 70(1): 302-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10921736

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Bronchocentric granulomatosis and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Sulavik SB. Source: Clinics in Chest Medicine. 1988 December; 9(4): 609-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3069292

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Bronchoesophageal fistula caused by pulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Mineur P, Ferrant A, Wallon J, Otte JB, Michaux JL. Source: Eur J Respir Dis. 1985 May; 66(5): 360-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4018188

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Bronchopericardial fistula and pneumopericardium complicating invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Owens CM, Hamon MD, Graham TR, Wood AJ, Newland AC. Source: Clinical and Laboratory Haematology. 1990; 12(3): 351-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2272163

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Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: a review. Author(s): Khan AN, Jones C, Macdonald S. Source: Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology. 2003 July-August; 32(4): 156-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12838261

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Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Author(s): Ikemoto H. Source: Curr Top Med Mycol. 1992; 4: 64-87. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1732072

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Bronchoscopy findings in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Verea-Hernando H, Martin-Egana MT, Montero-Martinez C, Fontan-Bueso J. Source: Thorax. 1989 October; 44(10): 822-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2595624

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Burden of aspergillosis-related hospitalizations in the United States. Author(s): Dasbach EJ, Davies GM, Teutsch SM. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 December; 31(6): 1524-8. Erratum In: Clin Infect Dis 2001 February 15; 32(4): 673. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11096031

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Can normal plasma (1-->3)beta-glucan value define the complete cure of aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses? Author(s): Sakamoto M, Nishimura S, Miyairi T. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 July; 129(1): 147-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12869932

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Cardiac aspergillosis. Author(s): Villate JI, Aldamiz-Echevarria G, Gaztelurrutia L, Barrenechea JI, Gonzalez de Zarate P. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2000 February; 119(2): 4034. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10649224

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Case quiz. Thoracic CT illustrating hyperdense bronchial mucous plugging: allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Karunaratne N, Baraket M, Lim S, Ridley L. Source: Australasian Radiology. 2003 September; 47(3): 336-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12890264

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Case report: Invasive aspergillosis successfully treated with voriconazole without recurrence during subsequent bone marrow transplantation. Author(s): Chow E, Moore T, Nielsen K. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 December; 22(12): 1109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14688580

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Case reports. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in non-neutropenic patients treated with liposomal amphotericin B. Author(s): Zhirong Y, Wanqing L, Weihua P. Source: Mycoses. 1999; 42(11-12): 679-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10680448

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Caspofungin in combination with itraconazole and amphotericin B for the treatment of invasive Aspergillosis in humans, with a method to test ex vivo synergism. Author(s): Tascini C, Tagliaferri E, Iapoce R, Leonildi A, Menichetti F. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 August; 9(8): 901-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616718

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Caspofungin in the treatment of candidosis and aspergillosis. Author(s): Maertens J, Boogaerts M. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2003 June; 7(2): 94-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12839709

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Caspofungin salvage therapy in a neutropenic patient with probable invasive aspergillosis: a case report. Author(s): Taccone FS, Marechal R, Meuleman N, Aoun M. Source: Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2003 November; 11(11): 742-4. Epub 2003 September 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13680323

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Caspofungin: a review of its use in oesophageal candidiasis, invasive candidiasis and invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Keating G, Figgitt D. Source: Drugs. 2003; 63(20): 2235-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14498760

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Cerebral aspergillosis in an infant with corticosteroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Author(s): Roilides E, Pavlidou E, Papadopoulos F, Panteliadis C, Farmaki E, Tamiolaki M, Sotiriou J. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2003 May; 18(5): 450-3. Epub 2003 March 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12736806

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Chronic cavitary and fibrosing pulmonary and pleural aspergillosis: case series, proposed nomenclature change, and review. Author(s): Denning DW, Riniotis K, Dobrashian R, Sambatakou H. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 October 1; 37 Suppl 3: S265-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12975754

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Clinical insignificance of (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan in early diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Okada S, Teramoto S, Takizawa H, Ouchi Y, Matsuoka R. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2003 November; 52(Pt 11): 1031-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14532351

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CNS-aspergillosis: are there new treatment options? Author(s): Schwartz S, Thiel E. Source: Mycoses. 2003; 46 Suppl 2: 8-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15055138

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Combination and sequential antifungal therapy for invasive aspergillosis: review of published in vitro and in vivo interactions and 6281 clinical cases from 1966 to 2001. Author(s): Steinbach WJ, Stevens DA, Denning DW. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 October 1; 37 Suppl 3: S188-224. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12975752

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Combination therapy for aspergillosis: is it needed, and which combination? Author(s): Wheat LJ. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 June 15; 187(12): 1831-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12792858

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Combination therapy with caspofungin and liposomal amphotericin B for invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Elanjikal Z, Sorensen J, Schmidt H, Dupuis W, Tintelnot K, Jautzke G, Klingebiel T, Lehrnbecher T. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 July; 22(7): 653-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12867844

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Combined systemic and intrapleural treatment of Aspergillus pulmonary empyema after invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Baquero-Artigao F, Garcia-Miguel MJ, Hernandez F, Hernandez N, del Castillo F. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 May; 22(5): 471-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12797318

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Comparison of real-time PCR, conventional PCR, and galactomannan antigen detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from hematology patients for diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Sanguinetti M, Posteraro B, Pagano L, Pagliari G, Fianchi L, Mele L, La Sorda M, Franco A, Fadda G. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 August; 41(8): 3922-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12904419

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CT and MR findings of brain aspergillosis. Author(s): Okafuji T, Yabuuchi H, Nagatoshi Y, Hattanda Y, Fukuya T. Source: Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics : the Official Journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society. 2003 November-December; 27(6): 489-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14575782

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Cutaneous aspergillosis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Murakawa GJ, Harvell JD, Lubitz P, Schnoll S, Lee S, Berger T. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 March; 136(3): 365-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10724198

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Defense mechanisms of the airways against Aspergillus fumigatus: role in invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Kauffman HF, Tomee JF. Source: Chem Immunol. 2002; 81: 94-113. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12102007

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Detection of antibodies specific to an antigenic cell wall galactomannoprotein for serodiagnosis of Aspergillus fumigatus aspergillosis. Author(s): Chan CM, Woo PC, Leung AS, Lau SK, Che XY, Cao L, Yuen KY. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 June; 40(6): 2041-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12037061

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Detection of cell wall galactomannoprotein Afmp1p in culture supernatants of Aspergillus fumigatus and in sera of aspergillosis patients. Author(s): Woo PC, Chan CM, Leung AS, Lau SK, Che XY, Wong SS, Cao L, Yuen KY. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 November; 40(11): 4382-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12409437

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Detection of circulating Aspergillus fumigatus galactomannan: value and limits of the Platelia test for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Pinel C, Fricker-Hidalgo H, Lebeau B, Garban F, Hamidfar R, AmbroiseThomas P, Grillot R. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 May; 41(5): 2184-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12734275

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Development and validation of a quantitative real-time PCR assay using fluorescence resonance energy transfer technology for detection of Aspergillus fumigatus in experimental invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): O'Sullivan CE, Kasai M, Francesconi A, Petraitis V, Petraitiene R, Kelaher AM, Sarafandi AA, Walsh TJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 December; 41(12): 5676-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14662960

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Development of a murine model of cerebral aspergillosis. Author(s): Chiller TM, Luque JC, Sobel RA, Farrokhshad K, Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 August 15; 186(4): 574-7. Epub 2002 Aug 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12195389

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Development of a serum-based Taqman real-time PCR assay for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Challier S, Boyer S, Abachin E, Berche P. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2004 February; 42(2): 844-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14766869

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Diagnosis and treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients. Author(s): Reichenberger F, Habicht JM, Gratwohl A, Tamm M. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2002 April; 19(4): 743-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11999005

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Diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) in cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Skov M, Koch C, Reimert CM, Poulsen LK. Source: Allergy. 2000 January; 55(1): 50-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10696856

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Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in bone marrow transplant recipients by polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Williamson EC, Leeming JP, Palmer HM, Steward CG, Warnock D, Marks DI, Millar MR. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 2000 January; 108(1): 132-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10651736

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Diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis using polymerase chain reactionbased detection of aspergillus in BAL. Author(s): Raad I, Hanna H, Huaringa A, Sumoza D, Hachem R, Albitar M. Source: Chest. 2002 April; 121(4): 1171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11948049

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Diagnosis of pulmonary aspergillosis using optical brighteners. Author(s): Andreas S, Heindl S, Wattky C, Moller K, Ruchel R. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2000 February; 15(2): 407-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10706512

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Diagnostic dilemma: aspergillosis. Author(s): Barthwal MS. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 October; 50: 1336; Author Reply 1336-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12568231

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Diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy in histologically proven invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Reichenberger F, Habicht J, Matt P, Frei R, Soler M, Bolliger CT, Dalquen P, Gratwohl A, Tamm M. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1999 December; 24(11): 1195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10642808

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Discordant findings between Tc-99m HMPAO mixed leukocytes and Tc-99m-labeled monoclonal antibody fragments (via LeukoScan) in a patient with pulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Goethals I, De Winter O, D'Ignazio L, Signore A, Dierckx R, Van De Wiele C. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2002 August; 27(8): 596. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12170009

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Disseminated aspergillosis after fungemia in a patient with extragonadal germ cell tumor undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation. Author(s): Gucalp R, Ciobanu N, Sparano J, Motyl M, Carlisle P, Wiernik PH. Source: Cancer. 1991 October 15; 68(8): 1842-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1655226

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Disseminated aspergillosis in intensive care unit patients: an autopsy study. Author(s): Dimopoulos G, Piagnerelli M, Berre J, Eddafali B, Salmon I, Vincent JL. Source: J Chemother. 2003 February; 15(1): 71-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12678418

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Disseminated aspergillosis inciting intestinal ischaemia and obstruction. Author(s): Shah SS, Birnbaum BA, Jacobs JE. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 2001 December; 74(888): 1145-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11777774

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Disseminated tuberculosis, pulmonary aspergillosis and cutaneous herpes simplex infection in a patient with infliximab and methotrexate. Author(s): van der Klooster JM, Bosman RJ, Oudemans-van Straaten HM, van der Spoel JI, Wester JP, Zandstra DF. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2003 December; 29(12): 2327-9. Epub 2003 November 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14600805

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Distribution and severity of bronchiectasis in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Author(s): Mitchell TA, Hamilos DL, Lynch DA, Newell JD. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2000 February; 37(1): 65-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10724299

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Early chest radiography and CT in the diagnosis, management and outcome of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Hauggaard A, Ellis M, Ekelund L. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 2002 May; 43(3): 292-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12100326

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Effect of direct infusion of antifungal agent on invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with acute leukemia. Author(s): Nakase K, Yazaki A, Tamaki S, Tanigawa M, Tsuji K, Miyanishi E, Shiku H. Source: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy : Official Journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. 2002 March; 8(1): 106-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11957130

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Effective protection of allogeneic stem cell recipients against Aspergillosis by HEPA air filtration during a period of construction--a prospective survey. Author(s): Kruger WH, Zollner B, Kaulfers PM, Zander AR. Source: Journal of Hematotherapy & Stem Cell Research. 2003 June; 12(3): 301-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12857371

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Efficacy and safety of voriconazole in the treatment of acute invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Denning DW, Ribaud P, Milpied N, Caillot D, Herbrecht R, Thiel E, Haas A, Ruhnke M, Lode H. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 March 1; 34(5): 563-71. Epub 2002 January 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11807679

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Efficacy and toxicity of caspofungin in combination with liposomal amphotericin B as primary or salvage treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies. Author(s): Kontoyiannis DP, Hachem R, Lewis RE, Rivero GA, Torres HA, Thornby J, Champlin R, Kantarjian H, Bodey GP, Raad II. Source: Cancer. 2003 July 15; 98(2): 292-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12872348

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Efficacy of Aspergillus galactomannan-directed preemptive therapy for the prevention of invasive aspergillosis in organ transplant recipients. Author(s): Marino IR, Panarello G, Singh N. Source: Transplant Infectious Disease : an Official Journal of the Transplantation Society. 2002 December; 4(4): 226-7; Author Reply 226. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12535268

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Efficacy of galactomannan antigen in the Platelia Aspergillus enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in liver transplant recipients. Author(s): Kwak EJ, Husain S, Obman A, Meinke L, Stout J, Kusne S, Wagener MM, Singh N. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2004 January; 42(1): 435-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14715799

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Efficacy of high-efficiency particulate air filtration in preventing aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients with hematologic malignancies. Author(s): Hahn T, Cummings KM, Michalek AM, Lipman BJ, Segal BH, McCarthy PL Jr. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 2002 September; 23(9): 525-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12269451

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Efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B with prolonged circulation in blood in treatment of severe pulmonary aspergillosis in leukopenic rats. Author(s): Van Etten EW, Stearne-Cullen LE, ten Kate M, Bakker-Woudenberg IA. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2000 March; 44(3): 540-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10681315

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Efficacy of ravuconazole (BMS-207147) in a guinea pig model of disseminated aspergillosis. Author(s): Kirkpatrick WR, Perea S, Coco BJ, Patterson TF. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 February; 49(2): 353-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11815579

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Eight-year study of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in an Indian teaching hospital. Author(s): Chakrabarti A, Sethi S, Raman DS, Behera D. Source: Mycoses. 2002 October; 45(8): 295-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12572718

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Endemic and epidemic aspergillosis associated with in-hospital replication of Aspergillus organisms. Author(s): Arnow PM, Sadigh M, Costas C, Weil D, Chudy R. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1991 November; 164(5): 998-1002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1940482

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Endobronchial aspergillosis in marrow transplant patients. Author(s): Angelucci E, Ugolini M, Lucarelli G, Raspugli M, Baronciani D, Galimberti M, Polchi P. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1991 October; 8(4): 328-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1756334

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Endogenous mycotic endophthalmitis: variations in clinical and histopathologic changes in candidiasis compared with aspergillosis. Author(s): Rao NA, Hidayat AA. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2001 August; 132(2): 244-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11476686

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Epidemiology of invasive aspergillosis in France: a six-year multicentric survey in the Greater Paris area. Author(s): Cornet M, Fleury L, Maslo C, Bernard JF, Brucker G; Invasive Aspergillosis Surveillance Network of the Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2002 August; 51(4): 288-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12183144

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Esophageal aspergillosis: an unusual endoscopic finding. Author(s): Asanza CG, Menchen PL, Senent C, Jimenez P, Perez I, Cos E. Source: Endoscopy. 2000 January; 32(1): S7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10691287

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Evaluation of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in patients with and without central bronchiectasis. Author(s): Kumar R, Chopra D. Source: The Journal of Asthma : Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2002 September; 39(6): 473-7. Erratum In: J Asthma 2002 October; 39(7): 675. Rajkumar Deepti Chopra [corrected to Kumar Raj and Chopra Deepti]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12375705

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Exhaled nitric oxide in cystic fibrosis patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Lim AY, Chambers DC, Ayres JG, Stableforth DE, Honeybourne D. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 2003 April; 97(4): 331-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12693794

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Extensive gastrointestinal aspergillosis associated with AIDS. Author(s): Cappell MS. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1991 October; 36(10): 1500-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1914778

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Failure to detect circulating Aspergillus markers in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease and invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Verweij PE, Weemaes CM, Curfs JH, Bretagne S, Meis JF. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 October; 38(10): 3900-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11015433

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Fatal acute granulomatous pulmonary aspergillosis in a healthy subject after inhalation of vegetal dust. Author(s): Batard E, Renaudin K, Morin O, Desjars P, Germaud P. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 June; 22(6): 357-9. Epub 2003 May 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12774197

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Fatal airway obstruction caused by invasive aspergillosis of the thyroid gland. Author(s): Kishi Y, Negishi M, Kami M, Hamaki T, Miyakoshi S, Ueyama J, Morinaga S, Mutou Y. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2002 March; 43(3): 669-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12002779

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Fatal aspergillosis in a patient with SARS who was treated with corticosteroids. Author(s): Wang H, Ding Y, Li X, Yang L, Zhang W, Kang W. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 July 31; 349(5): 507-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12890854

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Fatal aspergillosis with brain abscesses in a neonate with DiGeorge syndrome. Author(s): Marcinkowski M, Bauer K, Stoltenburg-Didinger G, Vogel M, Versmold H. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2000 December; 19(12): 1214-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11144390

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Fatal bowel infarction due to aspergillosis after chemotherapy. Author(s): Ouaissi M, Moutardier V, Emungania O, Lelong B, Forel JM, Guiramand J, Turrini O, Delpero JR. Source: European Journal of Surgical Oncology : the Journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology. 2003 September; 29(7): 628. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12943632

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Fatal cerebral involvement in systemic aspergillosis: a rare complication of steroidtreated autoimmune bicytopenia. Author(s): Buchheidt D, Hummel M, Diehl S, Hehlmann R. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 2004 May; 72(5): 375-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15059076

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Fatal disseminated aspergillosis following sequential heart and stem cell transplantation for systemic amyloidosis. Author(s): Razonable RR, Patel R, Wilhelm MP, Gertz MA, Litzow MR, Inwards DJ, Dearani JA, Edwards BS, McGregor CG. Source: American Journal of Transplantation : Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2001 May; 1(1): 935. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12095046

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Fatal haemoptysis induced by invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with acute leukaemia during bone marrow and clinical remission: report of two cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Gorelik O, Cohen N, Shpirer I, Almoznino-Sarafian D, Alon I, Koopfer M, Yona R, Modai D. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2000 November; 41(3): 277-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11120621

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Fatal invasive aspergillosis complicating severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Author(s): Hocqueloux L, Bruneel F, Pages CL, Vachon F. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 June; 30(6): 940-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10880306

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Fatal myocardial aspergillosis in an immunosuppressed child. Author(s): Ozsahin H, Wacker P, Brundler MA, Starobinski M, Helg C, Pastore Y, Miralbell R, Hanquinet S, Gervaix A, Chapuis B, Humbert J. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2001 October; 23(7): 456-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11878582

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Floating aortic thrombus in systemic aspergillosis and detection by transesophageal echocardiography. Author(s): Grothues F, Welte T, Grote HJ, Roessner A, Klein HU. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2002 October; 30(10): 2355-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12394967

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Follow-up of anti-Aspergillus IgG and IgA antibodies in bone marrow transplanted patients with invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Centeno-Lima S, de Lacerda JM, do Carmo JA, Abecasis M, Casimiro C, Exposto F. Source: Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis. 2002; 16(3): 156-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11968054

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Forum report: issues in the design of trials of drugs for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Bennett JE, Powers J, de Pauw B, Dismukes W, Galgiani J, Glauser M, Herbrecht R, Kauffman C, Lee J, Pappas P, Rex J, Verweij P, Viscoli C, Walsh T. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 April 15; 36(Suppl 3): S113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12679894

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Free latissimus dorsi flap used in treatment of cerebral aspergillosis: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Antony AK, Hong RW, Amieva M, Taekman MS, Huhn SL, Karanas YL. Source: Microsurgery. 2003; 23(4): 313-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12942520

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Free-floating femoral vein thrombus in a patient with aspergillosis. Author(s): Noel AA, Gloviczki P, Charboneau JW. Source: International Angiology : a Journal of the International Union of Angiology. 2000 March; 19(1): 75-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10853690

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Frequency of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene mutations and 5T allele in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Marchand E, Verellen-Dumoulin C, Mairesse M, Delaunois L, Brancaleone P, Rahier JF, Vandenplas O. Source: Chest. 2001 March; 119(3): 762-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11243954

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Full thoracoscopic approach for surgical management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Gossot D, Validire P, Vaillancourt R, Socie G, Esperou H, Devergie A, Guardiola P, Grunenwald D, Gluckman E, Ribaud P. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2002 January; 73(1): 240-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11834016

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Fulminant invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompetent patients--a twocase report. Author(s): Cornet M, Mallat H, Somme D, Guerot E, Kac G, Mainardi JL, Fornes P, Gutmann L, Lavarde V. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 December; 9(12): 1224-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14686988

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Fulminant tracheobronchial and pulmonary aspergillosis complicating imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria in an apparently immunocompetent woman. Author(s): Ruhnke M, Eichenauer E, Searle J, Lippek F. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 June; 30(6): 938-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10880305

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Ga-67 scan in invasive aspergillosis: a case report. Author(s): Del Val Gomez M, Gallardo FG, Babe J, Cobo J. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 2000 December; 25(12): 1035-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11129144

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Galactomannan and polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of primary digestive aspergillosis in a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia. Author(s): Chambon-Pautas C, Costa JM, Chaumette MT, Cordonnier C, Bretagne S. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2001 October; 43(3): 213-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11798263

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Galactomannan antigenemia and antigenuria in aspergillosis: studies in patients and experimentally infected rabbits. Author(s): Dupont B, Huber M, Kim SJ, Bennett JE. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1987 January; 155(1): 1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3098861

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Galactomannan detection in computerized tomography-based broncho-alveolar lavage fluid and serum in haematological patients at risk for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Becker MJ, Lugtenburg EJ, Cornelissen JJ, Van Der Schee C, Hoogsteden HC, De Marie S. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 2003 May; 121(3): 448-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12716367

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General case of the day. Allergic (or hypersensitivity) bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Author(s): Williams SM, Jones ET. Source: Radiographics : a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 1997 November-December; 17(6): 1597-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9397467

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Genetic polymorphism of Aspergillus fumigatus in clinical samples from patients with invasive aspergillosis: investigation using multiple typing methods. Author(s): Bertout S, Renaud F, Barton R, Symoens F, Burnod J, Piens MA, Lebeau B, Viviani MA, Chapuis F, Bastide JM, Grillot R, Mallie M; European Research Group on Biotype and Genotype of Aspergillus. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 May; 39(5): 1731-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11325982

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Goiter as a manifestation of disseminated aspergillosis in a patient with AIDS. Author(s): Martinez-Ocana JC, Romeu J, Llatjos M, Sirera G, Clotet B. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 November; 17(5): 953-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8286663

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Graft-versus-host disease after liver transplantation complicated by systemic aspergillosis with pancarditis. Author(s): Romagnuolo J, Jewell LD, Kneteman NM, Bain VG. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 2000 July-August; 14(7): 637-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10978951

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Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia with secondary aspergillosis in an AIDS patient. Author(s): Bonatz K, Weiss A, Hehlmann R, Assmus HP, Heine M. Source: Klin Wochenschr. 1991 November 15; 69(18): 853-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1770754

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Hepatic and subcutaneous abscesses due to aspergillosis. Initial diagnosis of a case by intraoperative fine needle aspiration cytology. Author(s): Vairani G, Rebeschini R, Barbazza R. Source: Acta Cytol. 1990 November-December; 34(6): 891-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2256424

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Hickman catheter-associated primary cutaneous aspergillosis in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Romero LS, Hunt SJ. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1995 August; 34(8): 551-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7591435

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High attenuation mucous plugs in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: CT appearance. Author(s): Goyal R, White CS, Templeton PA, Britt EJ, Rubin LJ. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1992 July-August; 16(4): 649-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1629428

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High CT attenuation values in paranasal aspergillosis. Author(s): Khandelwal KC, Udani RJ, Merchant NH, Sharma O. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1991 August; 157(2): 416-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1853839

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High-attenuation mucous plugging in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Logan PM, Muller NL. Source: Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal = Journal L'association Canadienne Des Radiologistes. 1996 October; 47(5): 374-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8857974

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High-dose itraconazole for the treatment of cerebral aspergillosis. Author(s): Verweij PE, Donnelly JP, Meis JF. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 November; 23(5): 1196-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8922839

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High-resolution computed tomography and pathologic findings in pulmonary aspergillosis: a pictorial essay. Author(s): Logan PM, Muller NL. Source: Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal = Journal L'association Canadienne Des Radiologistes. 1996 December; 47(6): 444-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8943916

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High-risk AML complicated by pulmonary aspergillosis: successful treatment with nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation and long-term administration of voriconazole. Author(s): Eibl M, Auner HW, Zinke-Cerwenka W, Sill H, Dornbusch HJ, Linkesch W. Source: Annals of Hematology. 2004 February; 83(2): 133-6. Epub 2003 October 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14530879

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Hilar adenopathy in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Shah A, Agarwal AK, Chugh IM. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1999 May; 82(5): 504-6. Erratum In: Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999 June; 82(6): 542. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10353584

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Hilar adenopathy in aspergillosis. Author(s): van den Berg PM, Hoogsteden HC. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1992 February 15; 116(4): 346-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1733395

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Hilar adenopathy in aspergillosis. Author(s): Mann H. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1992 February 15; 116(4): 346; Author Reply 347. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1733394

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HLA-DR polymorphism in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Aron Y, Bienvenu T, Hubert D, Dusser D, Dall'Ava J, Polla BS. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 October; 104(4 Pt 1): 8912. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10518840

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Hospital construction-associated outbreak of ocular aspergillosis after cataract surgery. Author(s): Tabbara KF, al Jabarti AL. Source: Ophthalmology. 1998 March; 105(3): 522-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9499785

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Hospital epidemiologic surveillance for invasive aspergillosis: patient demographics and the utility of antigen detection. Author(s): Patterson JE, Zidouh A, Miniter P, Andriole VT, Patterson TF. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 1997 February; 18(2): 104-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9120237

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Host-parasite relation in invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Schaffner A. Source: Nihon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi = Japanese Journal of Medical Mycology. 2002; 43(3): 161. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12145630

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Human immunodeficiency virus infection and cutaneous aspergillosis. Author(s): Roilides E, Farmaki E. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 2000 March; 136(3): 412-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10724208

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Human immunodeficiency virus-related primary cutaneous aspergillosis. Author(s): Stanford D, Boyle M, Gillespie R. Source: The Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 2000 May; 41(2): 112-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10812707

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Humoral immune response in aspergillosis: an immunodominant glycoprotein of 35 kDa from Aspergillus flavus. Author(s): da Silva Bahia MC, Haido RM, Figueiredo MH, Lima dos Santos GP, Lopes Bezerra LM, Hearn VM, Barreto-Bergter E. Source: Current Microbiology. 2003 August; 47(2): 163-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14506867

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Hypersensitivity pneumonitis versus invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: two cases with unusual pathologic findings and review of the literature. Author(s): Meeker DP, Gephardt GN, Cordasco EM Jr, Wiedemann HP. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 February; 143(2): 431-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1990964

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Hypothesis: Fungal toxins are involved in aspergillosis and AIDS. Author(s): Eichner RD, Mullbacher A. Source: Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci. 1984 August; 62 ( Pt 4): 479-84. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6083771

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IgE antibody to Aspergillus fumigatus recombinant allergens in cystic fibrosis patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Knutsen AP, Hutcheson PS, Slavin RG, Kurup VP. Source: Allergy. 2004 February; 59(2): 198-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14763934

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Immunoparalysis as a cause for invasive aspergillosis? Author(s): Hartemink KJ, Paul MA, Spijkstra JJ, Girbes AR, Polderman KH. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2003 November; 29(11): 2068-71. Epub 2003 May 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12768234

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Increased sensitivity to IL-4 in cystic fibrosis patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Knutsen AP, Hutchinson PS, Albers GM, Consolino J, Smick J, Kurup VP. Source: Allergy. 2004 January; 59(1): 81-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14674938

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Induced sputum IL-8 gene expression, neutrophil influx and MMP-9 in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Gibson PG, Wark PA, Simpson JL, Meldrum C, Meldrum S, Saltos N, Boyle M. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2003 April; 21(4): 582-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12762339

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Intracerebral hemorrhage due to nosocomial aspergillosis following neurosurgery. Author(s): Viriyavejakul P, Phudhichareonrat S, Boonpasat Y, Viriyavejakul A, Rojanasunan P, Phophak N, Pattanasak N. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1999 March; 30(1): 154-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10695804

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Invasive aspergillosis as an opportunistic infection in nonallografted patients with multiple myeloma: a European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/ Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the Intergroupe Francais du Myelome. Author(s): Lortholary O, Ascioglu S, Moreau P, Herbrecht R, Marinus A, Casassus P, De Pauw B, Denning DW. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 January; 30(1): 41-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10619731

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Invasive aspergillosis diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration of the thyroid gland. Author(s): Torres AM, Agrawal S, Peters S, Khurana K, Feiglin D, Schroeder E, Izquierdo R. Source: Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. 1999 November; 9(11): 1119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10595462

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Invasive aspergillosis in liver transplant recipients: outcome comparison of therapy with amphotericin B lipid complex and a historical cohort treated with conventional amphotericin B. Author(s): Linden PK, Coley K, Fontes P, Fung JJ, Kusne S. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 July 1; 37(1): 17-25. Epub 2003 June 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12830404

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Invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies. Author(s): Wiederhold NP, Lewis RE, Kontoyiannis DP. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2003 December; 23(12): 1592-610. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14695039

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Invasive aspergillosis in the setting of cardiac transplantation. Author(s): Montoya JG, Chaparro SV, Celis D, Cortes JA, Leung AN, Robbins RC, Stevens DA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 October 1; 37 Suppl 3: S281-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12975755

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Invasive aspergillosis presenting as a cavernous sinus mass in immuno competent individuals; report of 3 cases. Author(s): Chandra S, Goyal M, Mishra NK, Gaikwad SB. Source: Neuroradiology. 2000 February; 42(2): 108-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10663485

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Invasive aspergillosis: current and future challenges in diagnosis and therapy. Author(s): Hope WW, Denning DW. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2004 January; 10(1): 2-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14706080

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Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis complicating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in an immunocompetent patient. Author(s): Ali ZA, Ali AA, Tempest ME, Wiselka MJ. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2003 January-March; 49(1): 78-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12865577

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Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis following bone marrow transplantation: risk factors and diagnostic aspect. Author(s): Soubani AO, Qureshi MA. Source: Haematologia. 2002; 32(4): 427-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12803117

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Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis soon after therapy with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor-alpha-neutralizing antibody: a possible healthcare-associated case? Author(s): De Rosa FG, Shaz D, Campagna AC, Dellaripa PE, Khettry U, Craven DE. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 2003 July; 24(7): 477-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12887234

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Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: A study of 39 cases at autopsy. Author(s): Vaideeswar P, Prasad S, Deshpande JR, Pandit SP. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2004 January-March; 50(1): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15047994

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Invasive sino-orbital aspergillosis: surgical decisions and dilemmas. Author(s): Dhiwakar M, Thakar A, Bahadur S. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2003 April; 117(4): 280-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12816217

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Isolated frontal sinus aspergillosis. Author(s): Chen IH, Chen TM. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2000 March; 122(3): 460-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10699829

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Isolation of Neosartorya pseudofischeri from blood: first hint of pulmonary Aspergillosis. Author(s): Jarv H, Lehtmaa J, Summerbell RC, Hoekstra ES, Samson RA, Naaber P. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2004 February; 42(2): 925-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14766893

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Issues in the diagnosis and treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Introduction. Author(s): Reich P. Source: Manag Care Interface. 2004; Suppl B: 5-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15115331

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Ketoconazole in aspergillosis. Author(s): Shaw GS, Ramos EL. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 1994 July; 42(1): 69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7923974

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Lack of evidence of heterozygosity for cystic fibrosis as a risk factor for invasive aspergillosis in haematological patients. Author(s): Costes B, Girodon E, Jabot-Lestang L, Cordonnier C, Bretagne S. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 September; 18(9): 677-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10534197

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Lack of vessel wall elastolysis in human invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Denning DW, Ward PN, Fenelon LE, Benbow EW. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1992 December; 60(12): 5153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1452348

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Laryngeal aspergillosis following high dose inhaled fluticasone therapy for asthma. Author(s): Fairfax AJ, David V, Douce G. Source: Thorax. 1999 September; 54(9): 860-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10456978

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Laryngeal aspergillosis. Author(s): Dean CM, Hawkshaw M, Sataloff RT. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2001 May; 80(5): 300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11393907

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Late pleuropulmonary aspergillosis after the treatment of pneumothorax: report of three cases. Author(s): Endo S, Sohara Y, Murayama F, Yamaguchi T, Hasegawa T, Fuse K. Source: Surgery Today. 1999; 29(10): 1125-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10554344

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Left vocal cord paralysis as a primary manifestation of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a nonimmunocompromised host. Author(s): Nakahira M, Saito H, Miyagi T. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1999 June; 125(6): 691-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10367929

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Liposomal nystatin (L-NYS) in therapy of pulmonary aspergillosis refractory to conventional amphotericin B in cancer patients. Author(s): Krupova Y, Mistrik M, Bojtarova E, Sejnova D, Ilavska I, Krcmery V Jr. Source: Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2001 May; 9(3): 209-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11401107

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Localised invasive sino-orbital aspergillosis: characteristic features. Author(s): Sivak-Callcott JA, Livesley N, Nugent RA, Rasmussen SL, Saeed P, Rootman J. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004 May; 88(5): 681-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15090423

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Localization of aspergillosis to the central nervous system among patients with acute leukemia: report of 14 cases. Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto Infection Program. Author(s): Pagano L, Ricci P, Montillo M, Cenacchi A, Nosari A, Tonso A, Cudillo L, Chierichini A, Savignano C, Buelli M, Melillo L, La Barbera EO, Sica S, Hohaus S, Bonini A, Bucaneve G, Del Favero A. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1996 September; 23(3): 628-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8879790

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Localization of IgE to lung germinal lymphoid follicles in a patient with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Slavin RG, Gleich GJ, Hutcheson PS, Kephart GM, Knutsen AP, Tsai CC. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1992 December; 90(6 Pt 1): 1006-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1460191

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Localized invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with neutropenia. Effectiveness of surgical resection. Author(s): Moreau P, Zahar JR, Milpied N, Baron O, Mahe B, Wu D, Germaud P, Despins P, Delajartre AY, Harousseau JL. Source: Cancer. 1993 December 1; 72(11): 3223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8242545

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Locally invasive aspergillosis of the bowel. Author(s): Marterre WF Jr, Mong AT, Pulito AR. Source: Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1992 December; 27(12): 1611-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1469594

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Locally invasive auricular aspergillosis after ear piercing in a neutropenic patient with leukemia. Author(s): Kontoyiannis DP, Chagua MR, Ramirez I, Prieto V. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2003 August; 73(4): 296-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12879439

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Long term survival of patient with invasive aspergillosis involving orbit, paranasal sinus, and central nervous system. Author(s): Kusaka K, Shimamura I, Ohashi Y, Ota S. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 June; 87(6): 791-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12770986

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Lord Carnarvon's death: the curse of aspergillosis? Author(s): El-Tawil S, El-Tawil T. Source: Lancet. 2003 September 6; 362(9386): 836. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13678897

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Low natural killer cell function in disseminated aspergillosis. Author(s): Krishnaraj R, Svanborg A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993; 25(4): 537-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8248758

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Lung resection for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients with hematologic diseases. Author(s): Reichenberger F, Habicht J, Kaim A, Dalquen P, Bernet F, Schlapfer R, Stulz P, Perruchoud AP, Tichelli A, Gratwohl A, Tamm M. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1998 September; 158(3): 885-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9731021

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Lung scedosporiosis: a differential diagnosis of aspergillosis. Author(s): Al Refai M, Duhamel C, Le Rochais JP, Icard P. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2002 May; 21(5): 938-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12062297

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Lymphocytes in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Knutsen AP. Source: Frontiers in Bioscience : a Journal and Virtual Library. 2003 May 1; 8: D589-602. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12700106

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Magnetic resonance image detection of coincidental sphenoid sinus aspergillosis and pituitary microadenoma: a potential surgical disaster. Author(s): Gupta A, Gupta RK, Banerjee D, Bhatia E. Source: Australasian Radiology. 1998 May; 42(2): 128-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9599827

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Management of invasive aspergillosis in high-risk patients. Author(s): Olyaei AJ. Source: Manag Care Interface. 2004; Suppl B: 7-21; Quiz 22-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15115332

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Management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in hematology patients: a review of 87 consecutive cases at a single institution. Author(s): Yeghen T, Kibbler CC, Prentice HG, Berger LA, Wallesby RK, McWhinney PH, Lampe FC, Gillespie S. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 October; 31(4): 859-68. Epub 2000 October 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11049762

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Mannose-binding lectin gene polymorphisms as a susceptibility factor for chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Crosdale DJ, Poulton KV, Ollier WE, Thomson W, Denning DW. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 September 1; 184(5): 653-6. Epub 2001 July 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11474427

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Many faces of pulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Sharma OP, Chwogule R. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1998 September; 12(3): 705-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9762804

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Masking of neutropenic patients on transport from hospital rooms is associated with a decrease in nosocomial aspergillosis during construction. Author(s): Raad I, Hanna H, Osting C, Hachem R, Umphrey J, Tarrand J, Kantarjian H, Bodey GP. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 2002 January; 23(1): 41-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11868892

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Massive intracerebral aspergillosis responding to combination high dose liposomal amphotericin B and cytokine therapy without surgery. Author(s): Ellis M, Watson R, McNabb A, Lukic ML, Nork M. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2002 January; 51(1): 70-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11800475

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Meningotheliomatous meningioma accompanied by aspergillosis at the skull base. Author(s): Sameshima T, Morita Y, Yanagita M, Goya T, Wakisaka S, Nabeshima K. Source: Brain Tumor Pathol. 1998; 15(2): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10328548

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MHC restriction in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Chauhan B, Hutcheson PS, Slavin RG, Bellone CJ. Source: Frontiers in Bioscience : a Journal and Virtual Library. 2003 January 1; 8: S140-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12459546

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Microgranulomatous aspergillosis in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease: cure with voriconazole. Author(s): de Sevaux RG, Kullberg BJ, Verweij PE, van de Nes JA, Meis JF, van der Meer JW. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 April; 26(4): 996-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9564492

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Mild, moderate, and severe forms of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: a clinical and serologic evaluation. Author(s): Kumar R. Source: Chest. 2003 September; 124(3): 890-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12970013

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Molecular cloning of Aspergillus fumigatus allergens and their role in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Crameri R. Source: Chem Immunol. 2002; 81: 73-93. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12102006

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Molecular diagnosis of cerebral aspergillosis by sequence analysis with panfungal polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Komatsu H, Fujisawa T, Inui A, Horiuchi K, Hashizume H, Sogo T, Sekine I. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2004 January; 26(1): 40-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14707712

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MR diagnosis of pulmonary and chest wall aspergillosis as an initial presentation of chronic granulomatous disease in a 7-month-old male. Author(s): Wilhelm L, McLeary MS, Janner D. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2000 October; 30(10): 719-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11075612

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MR of cerebral aspergillosis in patients who have had bone marrow transplantation. Author(s): Miaux Y, Ribaud P, Williams M, Guermazi A, Gluckman E, Brocheriou C, Laval-Jeantet M. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1995 March; 16(3): 555-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7793381

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Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis of Aspergillus fumigatus strains isolated from the first clinical sample from patients with invasive aspergillosis. EBGA Network. European Research Group on Biotype and Genotype of Aspergillus. Author(s): Bertout S, Renaud F, De Meeus T, Piens MA, Lebeau B, Viviani MA, Mallie M, Bastide JM. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2000 April; 49(4): 375-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10755634

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Mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysm: a fatal sequel to concomitant prostatic and renal aspergillosis. Case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Ansari MS, Nabi G, Singh I, Hemal AK, Bhan A. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2001; 66(1): 36-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11150950

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Mycotic pseudoaneurysm of the aortic arch: an unusual complication of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Koral K, Hall TR. Source: Clinical Imaging. 2000 September-October; 24(5): 279-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11331156

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Myelodysplastic syndrome with monosomy 7 and pulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Tan NC, Lee KH, Liu TC. Source: Singapore Med J. 2000 June; 41(6): 290-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11109346

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Myelopathy resulting from invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Koh S, Ross LA, Gilles FH, Nelson MD Jr, Mitchell WG. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1998 August; 19(2): 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9744634

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Nasal septal perforation in a patient with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and rhinitis on long term corticosteroids. Author(s): Deepak D, Panjabi C, Gudwani S, Chaudhary N, Shah A. Source: Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2001 December; 19(4): 287-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12009079

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Nasal-pulmonary relations in allergic fungal sinusitis and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Leonard CT, Berry GJ, Ruoss SJ. Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 2001 August; 21(1): 5-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11471340

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Nasosinus aspergillosis in Sudanese patients: clinical features, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment. Author(s): Yagi HI, Gumaa SA, Shumo AI, Abdalla N, Gadir AA. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1999 April; 28(2): 90-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10212875

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Native lung pneumonectomy for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis following lung transplantation: a case report. Author(s): Sandur S, Gordon SM, Mehta AC, Maurer JR. Source: The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation : the Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 1999 August; 18(8): 810-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10512532

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Necrotizing Aspergillosis of large airways: CT findings in eight patients. Author(s): Franquet T, Serrano F, Gimenez A, Rodriguez-Arias JM, Puzo C. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2002 May-June; 26(3): 342-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12016359

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Necrotizing bronchial aspergillosis as a cause of hemoptysis in sarcoidosis. Author(s): Fujimura M, Ishiura Y, Kasahara K, Amemiya T, Myou S, Hayashi Y, Watanabe Y, Takazakura E, Nonomura A, Matsuda T. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1998 January; 315(1): 56-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9427576

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Necrotizing bronchial aspergillosis in a patient with acute myelocytic leukaemia: a case report. Author(s): Creemers GJ, Slingerland R, Hagenbeek A. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1993 October; 43(3-4): 121-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8302391

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Necrotizing choroiditis-retinitis as presenting symptom of disseminated aspergillosis after lung transplantation. Author(s): Anteby I, Kramer M, Rahav G, Benezra D. Source: Eur J Ophthalmol. 1997 July-September; 7(3): 294-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9352286

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Necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis with oxalosis. Author(s): Kauffman CA, Wilson KH, Schwartz DB. Source: Mykosen. 1984 November; 27(11): 535-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6521752

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Neonatal primary cutaneous aspergillosis: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Woodruff CA, Hebert AA. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 2002 September-October; 19(5): 439-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12383104

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New agents for treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Patterson TF. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 August 15; 35(4): 367-9. Epub 2002 July 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12145717

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New clinical presentations of invasive aspergillosis in non-conventional hosts. Author(s): Paterson DL. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2004 March; 10 Suppl 1: 24-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14748800

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New type of antifungal approved for invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Thompson CA. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2001 April 1; 58(7): 558, 560. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11296601

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NIAID Mycoses Study Group Multicenter Trial of Oral Itraconazole Therapy for Invasive Aspergillosis. Author(s): Denning DW, Lee JY, Hostetler JS, Pappas P, Kauffman CA, Dewsnup DH, Galgiani JN, Graybill JR, Sugar AM, Catanzaro A, et al. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1994 August; 97(2): 135-44. Erratum In: Am J Med 1994 November; 97(5): 497. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8059779

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Non-myeloablative allogeneic transplantation ('microallograft') for refractory myeloma after two preceding autografts: feasibility and efficacy in a patient with active aspergillosis. Author(s): Singhal S, Safdar A, Chiang KY, Godder K, van Rhee F, Garner F, Foster B, Dubovsky D, Henslee-Downey PJ, Mehta J. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2000 December; 26(11): 1231-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11149738

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Non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung infection complicated by chronic necrotising pulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(4):CD001108 Source: Thorax. 2000 August; 55(8): 717-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11687098

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Nosocomial aspergillosis during building work--a multidisciplinary approach. Author(s): Fitzpatrick F, Prout S, Gilleece A, Fenelon LE, Murphy OM. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1999 June; 42(2): 170-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10389073

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Nosocomial aspergillosis is waterborne. Author(s): Anaissie EJ, Costa SF. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 November 1; 33(9): 1546-8. Epub 2001 September 24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11568850

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Nosocomial cerebral aspergillosis: a report of 3 cases. Author(s): Darras-Joly C, Veber B, Bedos JP, Gachot B, Regnier B, Wolff M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996; 28(3): 317-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8863371

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Nursing care after pneumonectomy in patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): McHale JE, Barth MM. Source: Critical Care Nurse. 2000 February; 20(1): 37-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11871524

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Obstructive bronchial aspergillosis after heart transplantation. Author(s): Hummel M, Schuler S, Hempel S, Rees W, Hetzer R. Source: Mycoses. 1993 November-December; 36(11-12): 425-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7935576

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Ocular aspergillosis isolated in the anterior chamber. Author(s): Katz G, Winchester K, Lam S. Source: Ophthalmology. 1993 December; 100(12): 1815-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8259279

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Ocular presentation and successful outcome of invasive sphenoid sinus aspergillosis in acute myelogenous leukemia. Author(s): Carta A, Cesana C. Source: Haematologica. 1998 December; 83(12): 1116-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9949629

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Operation for cavitating invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. Author(s): Young VK, Maghur HA, Luke DA, McGovern EM. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1992 April; 53(4): 621-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1554270

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Optic nerve aspergillosis: report of a case diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Author(s): Garcia-Asensio S, Artigas JM, Barrena R. Source: European Radiology. 2000; 10(4): 573-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10795534

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Oral aspergillosis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Rubin MM, Jui V, Sadoff RS. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1990 September; 48(9): 997-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2395055

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Oral aspergillosis in compromised patients. Author(s): Sugata T, Myoken Y, Kyo T, Fujihara M. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1996 June; 81(6): 632-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8784891

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Oral complications associated with aspergillosis in patients with a hematologic malignancy. Presentation and treatment. Author(s): Chambers MS, Lyzak WA, Martin JW, Lyzak JS, Toth BB. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1995 May; 79(5): 559-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7600217

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Oral itraconazole plus nasal amphotericin B for prophylaxis of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematological malignancies. Author(s): Todeschini G, Murari C, Bonesi R, Pizzolo G, Amaddi G, Ambrosetti A, Ceru S, Piacentini I, Martini N, Montresor P, et al. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 1993 August; 12(8): 614-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8223660

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Orbital apex syndrome due to aspergillosis: case report. Author(s): Fernandes YB, Ramina R, Borges G, Queiroz LS, Maldaun MV, Maciel JA Jr. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2001 September; 59(3-B): 806-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11593288

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Orbital aspergillosis in an immunocompromised host. Author(s): Vitale AT, Spaide RF, Warren FA, Moussouris HF, D'Amico RA. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1992 June 15; 113(6): 725-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1598973

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Orbital aspergillosis. A fatal masquerader. Author(s): Hutnik CM, Nicolle DA, Munoz DG. Source: Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 1997 December; 17(4): 257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9427179

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Outbreak of invasive aspergillosis among renal transplant recipients. Author(s): Panackal AA, Dahlman A, Keil KT, Peterson CL, Mascola L, Mirza S, Phelan M, Lasker BA, Brandt ME, Carpenter J, Bell M, Warnock DW, Hajjeh RA, Morgan J. Source: Transplantation. 2003 April 15; 75(7): 1050-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12698098

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Outbreak of systemic aspergillosis in a neonatal intensive care unit. Author(s): Singer S, Singer D, Ruchel R, Mergeryan H, Schmidt U, Harms K. Source: Mycoses. 1998 May-June; 41(5-6): 223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9715637

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Outcome of ICU treatment in invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Janssen JJ, Strack van Schijndel RJ, van der Poest Clement EH, Ossenkoppele GJ, Thijs LG, Huijgens PC. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1996 December; 22(12): 1315-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8986479

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Predictive value of a positive nasal swab for Aspergillus sp. in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in adult neutropenic cancer patients. Author(s): Nucci M, Biasoli I, Barreiros G, Akiti T, Derossi A, Solza C, Silveira F, Spector N, Pulcheri W. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1999 November; 35(3): 193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10626128

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Prevalence of aspergillosis in bronchogenic carcinoma. Author(s): Malik A, Shahid M, Bhargava R. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2003 July; 46(3): 507-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15025326

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Primary cutaneous aspergillosis in an immunocompetent host. Author(s): Lakhanpal S, Pandhi RK, Khaitan BK, Iyer VK, Bannerjee U. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2000 January-February; 80(1): 74-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10721853

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Prolonged survival after invasive aspergillosis: a single-institution review of 11 cases. Author(s): Wright JA, Bradfield SM, Park JR, Hawkins DS. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2003 April; 25(4): 286-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12679641

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Prospective clinical evaluation of a LightCycler-mediated polymerase chain reaction assay, a nested-PCR assay and a galactomannan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic cancer patients and haematological stem cell transplant recipients. Author(s): Buchheidt D, Hummel M, Schleiermacher D, Spiess B, Schwerdtfeger R, Cornely OA, Wilhelm S, Reuter S, Kern W, Sudhoff T, Morz H, Hehlmann R. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 2004 April; 125(2): 196-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15059142

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Pseudomembranous invasive tracheobronchial aspergillosis. Author(s): Franco J, Munoz C, Vila B, Marin J. Source: Thorax. 2004 May; 59(5): 452. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15115885

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Pseudomembranous necrotizing bronchial aspergillosis. Author(s): Ahn MI, Park SH, Kim JA, Kwon MS, Park YH. Source: The British Journal of Radiology. 2000 January; 73(865): 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10721324

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Pulmonary aspergillosis and central nervous system hemorrhage as complications of autoimmune hemolytic anemia treated with corticosteroids. Author(s): Cleri DJ, Moser RL, Villota FJ, Wang Y, Husain SA, Nadeem S, Anjari T, Sajed M. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2003 June; 96(6): 592-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12938787

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Pulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease: confirmation by polymerase chain reaction and serological tests, and successful treatment with voriconazole. Author(s): Sambatakou H, Guiver M, Denning D. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 November; 22(11): 681-5. Epub 2003 October 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14566574

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Pulmonary aspergillosis in an unselected autopsy series. Author(s): Barth PJ, Rossberg C, Koch S, Ramaswamy A. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 2000; 196(2): 73-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10707362

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Rapid diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis by antigen detection. Author(s): Wheat LJ. Source: Transplant Infectious Disease : an Official Journal of the Transplantation Society. 2003 December; 5(4): 158-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14987199

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Rapid diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction using bronchial lavage fluid. Author(s): Kawazu M, Kanda Y, Goyama S, Takeshita M, Nannya Y, Niino M, Komeno Y, Nakamoto T, Kurokawa M, Tsujino S, Ogawa S, Aoki K, Chiba S, Motokura T, Ohishi N, Hirai H. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2003 January; 72(1): 27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12508264

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Real-time PCR coupled with automated DNA extraction and detection of galactomannan antigen in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Costa C, Costa JM, Desterke C, Botterel F, Cordonnier C, Bretagne S. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 June; 40(6): 2224-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12037092

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Refinements of environmental assessment during an outbreak investigation of invasive aspergillosis in a leukemia and bone marrow transplant unit. Author(s): Thio CL, Smith D, Merz WG, Streifel AJ, Bova G, Gay L, Miller CB, Perl TM. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 2000 January; 21(1): 18-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10656349

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Relationship between environmental fungal contamination and the incidence of invasive aspergillosis in haematology patients. Author(s): Alberti C, Bouakline A, Ribaud P, Lacroix C, Rousselot P, Leblanc T, Derouin F; Aspergillus Study Group. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2001 July; 48(3): 198-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11439007

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Reply to Thomas et al.: The radiological spectrum of invasive aspergillosis in children: a 10-year review. Author(s): Hoffer FA. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2003 November; 33(11): 818. Epub 2003 September 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12961045

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Resistance to amphotericin B does not emerge during treatment for invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Moosa MY, Alangaden GJ, Manavathu E, Chandrasekar PH. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2002 January; 49(1): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11751792

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Review of newer antifungal and immunomodulatory strategies for invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Steinbach WJ, Stevens DA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 October 1; 37 Suppl 3: S157-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12975751

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Risk factors for invasive aspergillosis in liver transplant recipients. Author(s): Fortun J, Martin-Davila P, Moreno S, De Vicente E, Nuno J, Candelas A, Barcena R, Garcia M. Source: Liver Transplantation : Official Publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society. 2002 November; 8(11): 1065-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12424722

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Role of early diagnosis and aggressive surgery in the management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients. Author(s): Caillot D, Mannone L, Cuisenier B, Couaillier JF. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2001; 7 Suppl 2: 54-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11525219

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Second-hand smoke increases bronchial hyperreactivity and eosinophilia in a murine model of allergic aspergillosis. Author(s): Seymour BW, Schelegle ES, Pinkerton KE, Friebertshauser KE, Peake JL, Kurupd VP, Coffman RL, Gershwin LJ. Source: Clinical & Developmental Immunology. 2003 March; 10(1): 35-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14575156

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Semiinvasive pulmonary aspergillosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: radiologic and pathologic findings in nine patients. Author(s): Franquet T, Muller NL, Gimenez A, Domingo P, Plaza V, Bordes R. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2000 January; 174(1): 51-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10628453

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Semiinvasive pulmonary aspergillosis: CT and pathologic findings in six patients. Author(s): Kim SY, Lee KS, Han J, Kim J, Kim TS, Choo SW, Kim SJ. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2000 March; 174(3): 795-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10701627

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Severe allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in an infant with cystic fibrosis and her asthmatic father. Author(s): Mussaffi H, Greif J, Kornreich L, Ashkenazi S, Levy Y, Schonfeld T, Blau H. Source: Pediatric Pulmonology. 2000 February; 29(2): 155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10639207

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Sinonasal aspergillosis in immunocompetent Indian children: an eight-year experience. Author(s): Gupta AK, Ghosh S, Gupta AK. Source: Mycoses. 2003 December; 46(11-12): 455-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641617

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Solitary embolic cutaneous aspergillosis in the immunocompromised patient with acute myelogenous leukemia - a propos another case caused by Aspergillus flavus. Author(s): Krunic AL, Medenica M, Busbey S. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 2003 December; 42(12): 946-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14636189

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Successful nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant in an acute leukemia patient with chemotherapy-induced marrow aplasia and progressive pulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Xun CQ, McSweeney PA, Boeckh M, Storb RF, Broudy VC, Thompson JA. Source: Blood. 1999 November 1; 94(9): 3273-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10610124

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Successful treatment of invasive aspergillosis with oral voriconazole following intravenous liposomal amphotericin in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Author(s): Lassaletta A, Perez A, Diaz MA, Sevilla J, Gonzalez-Vicent M, Madero L. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2004 February; 26(2): 117-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14767202

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Successful treatment with micafungin of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in acute myeloid leukemia, with renal failure due to amphotericin B therapy. Author(s): Yokote T, Akioka T, Oka S, Fujisaka T, Yamano T, Hara S, Tsuji M, Hanafusa T. Source: Annals of Hematology. 2004 January; 83(1): 64-6. Epub 2003 August 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14661114

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Surfactant protein D in serum from patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Krane M, Griese M. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 2003 October; 22(4): 592-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14582909

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The first case of obstructing bronchial aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus sydowi. Author(s): Wanqing L, Hai W, Yuchong C, Qian L, Zhilong Y, Jianghua W, Hong X, Deqian X. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2004 March; 8(2): 132-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14732333

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The isolation of Aspergillus fumigatus from respiratory tract specimens in heart transplant recipients is highly predictive of invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Munoz P, Alcala L, Sanchez Conde M, Palomo J, Yanez J, Pelaez T, Bouza E. Source: Transplantation. 2003 February 15; 75(3): 326-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12589152

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The radiological spectrum of invasive aspergillosis in children: a 10-year review. Author(s): Thomas KE, Owens CM, Veys PA, Novelli V, Costoli V. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2003 July; 33(7): 453-60. Epub 2003 May 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12739082

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The role of muscle flaps in pulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Colwell AS, Mentzer SJ, Vargas SO, Orgill DP. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 March; 111(3): 1147-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12621184

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The treatment of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Chiu AM. Source: Frontiers in Bioscience : a Journal and Virtual Library. 2003 May 1; 8: S243-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12700111

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Treatment failure in invasive aspergillosis: susceptibility of deep tissue isolates following treatment with amphotericin B. Author(s): Paterson PJ, Seaton S, Prentice HG, Kibbler CC. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2003 November; 52(5): 873-6. Epub 2003 September 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14519673

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Triple antifungal therapy for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis in a neutropenic pediatric patient. Author(s): Sims-McCallum RP. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 2003 November 15; 60(22): 2352-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14652986

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Tumoral form of aspergillosis in central nervous system (cerebral aspergilloma): case report. Author(s): Figueiredo EG, Fonoff E, Gomes M, Macedo E, Marino Junior R. Source: Sao Paulo Medical Journal = Revista Paulista De Medicina. 2003 November 6; 121(6): 251-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14989142

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Two cases of cerebral aspergillosis successfully treated with voriconazole. Author(s): de Lastours V, Lefort A, Zappa M, Dufour V, Belmatoug N, Fantin B. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 May; 22(5): 297-9. Epub 2003 May 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12740666

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Two year follow-up of a garbage collector with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Author(s): Allmers H, Huber H, Baur X. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2000 April; 37(4): 438-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10706756

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Unusual cause of lethal pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Author(s): Pittet D, Huguenin T, Dharan S, Sztajzel-Boissard J, Ducel G, Thorens JB, Auckenthaler R, Chevrolet JC. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1996 August; 154(2 Pt 1): 541-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8756836

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Unusual invasive bronchial aspergillosis in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Author(s): Sancho JM, Ribera JM, Rosell A, Munoz C, Feliu E. Source: Haematologica. 1997 November-December; 82(6): 701-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9580089

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Unusual radiological presentation and rapid fatal progression of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in an immunocompetent young patient. Author(s): Parameswaran K, Joshi M, Ravindran P. Source: Respirology (Carlton, Vic.). 1999 September; 4(3): 287-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10489676

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Urinary tract aspergillosis in a renal transplant recipient. Author(s): Shirwany A, Sargent SJ, Dmochowski RR, Bronze MS. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1998 November; 27(5): 1336. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9827304

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Use of aspergillus fumigatus culture filtrate fractions in ELISA for the serological diagnosis of allergic aspergillosis. Author(s): Khan ZU, Richardson MD, Crutcher DL, Warnock DW. Source: Mykosen. 1984 July; 27(7): 327-39. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6384773

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Use of circulating galactomannan screening for early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. Author(s): Maertens J, Van Eldere J, Verhaegen J, Verbeken E, Verschakelen J, Boogaerts M. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 November 1; 186(9): 1297-306. Epub 2002 October 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12402199

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Use of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPD) to demonstrate nosocomial contamination in a case of lethal invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Paugam A, Bougnoux ME, Robert F, Dupouy-Camet J, Fierobe L, Dhainaut JF, Girardin H. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1995 February; 29(2): 158-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7759835

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Use of real-time PCR on blood samples for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Kami M, Fukui T, Ogawa S, Kazuyama Y, Machida U, Tanaka Y, Kanda Y, Kashima T, Yamazaki Y, Hamaki T, Mori S, Akiyama H, Mutou Y, Sakamaki H, Osumi K, Kimura S, Hirai H. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2001 November 1; 33(9): 1504-12. Epub 2001 October 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11588697

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Use of the Pastorex aspergillus antigen latex agglutination test for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Hopwood V, Johnson EM, Cornish JM, Foot AB, Evans EG, Warnock DW. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1995 March; 48(3): 210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7730478

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Usefulness of genotyping with microsatellite markers to investigate hospitalacquired invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Bart-Delabesse E, Cordonnier C, Bretagne S. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1999 August; 42(4): 321-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10467546

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Value of antigen detection using an enzyme immunoassay in the diagnosis and prediction of invasive aspergillosis in two adult and pediatric hematology units during a 4-year prospective study. Author(s): Sulahian A, Boutboul F, Ribaud P, Leblanc T, Lacroix C, Derouin F. Source: Cancer. 2001 January 15; 91(2): 311-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11180076

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Value of environmental sampling and molecular typing of aspergilli to assess nosocomial sources of aspergillosis. Author(s): Rath PM, Ansorg R. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1997 September; 37(1): 47-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9321728

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Value of Ga-67 SPECT in monitoring the effects of therapy in invasive aspergillosis of the sphenoid sinus. Author(s): Tzen KY, Yen TC, Lin KJ. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1999 December; 24(12): 938-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10595472

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Voriconazole for invasive aspergillosis in oncohematological patients: a single-center pediatric experience. Author(s): Cesaro S, Strugo L, Alaggio R, Cecchetto G, Rigobello L, Pillon M, Cusinato R, Zanesco L. Source: Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2003 November; 11(11): 722-7. Epub 2003 September 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13680324

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Voriconazole in the treatment of aspergillosis, scedosporiosis and other invasive fungal infections in children. Author(s): Walsh TJ, Lutsar I, Driscoll T, Dupont B, Roden M, Ghahramani P, Hodges M, Groll AH, Perfect JR. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 March; 21(3): 240-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12005089

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Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Karthaus M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 December 19; 347(25): 2080-1; Author Reply 2080-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12494937

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Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Blot F, Ede C, Nitenberg GM. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 December 19; 347(25): 2080-1; Author Reply 2080-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12490695

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Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Herbrecht R, Denning DW, Patterson TF, Bennett JE, Greene RE, Oestmann JW, Kern WV, Marr KA, Ribaud P, Lortholary O, Sylvester R, Rubin RH, Wingard JR, Stark P, Durand C, Caillot D, Thiel E, Chandrasekar PH, Hodges MR, Schlamm HT, Troke PF, de Pauw B; Invasive Fungal Infections Group of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Global Aspergillus Study Group. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 August 8; 347(6): 408-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12167683

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Voriconazole: in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Muijsers RB, Goa KL, Scott LJ. Source: Drugs. 2002; 62(18): 2655-64; Discussion 2665-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12466006

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Western blot detection of IgG anti-Aspergillus fumigatus elastase in sera of patients with aspergillosis. Author(s): Pinel C, Monod M, Ambroise-Thomas P, Grillot R. Source: Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology : Bi-Monthly Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 1994; 32(3): 231-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7965494

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ASPERGILLOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and aspergillosis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Aspergillosis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “aspergillosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “aspergillosis” (or a synonym): •

A comparison of sampling methods for airborne fungal spores during an outbreak of aspergillosis in the forest aviary of the North Carolina Zoological Park. Author(s): Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA. Source: Dykstra, M J Loomis, M Reininger, K Zombeck, D Faucette, T J-Zoo-Wildl-Med. 1997 December; 28(4): 454-63 1042-7260

•

A novel type of metastatically spreading subcutaneous aspergillosis without epidermal lesions following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Author(s): Department I of Internal Medicine, Hematology, Oncology and Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. Source: Cornely, O A Pels, H Bethe, U Seibold, M Toepelt, K Soehngen, D Ritzkowsky, A Bone-Marrow-Transplant. 2001 November; 28(9): 899-901 0268-3369

•

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis: role of atopy and response to itraconazole. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Source: Nepomuceno, I B Esrig, S Moss, R B Chest. 1999 February; 115(2): 364-70 00123692

•

Anti-Candida albicans IgE and IgG subclasses in sera of patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Author(s): Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Source: Roig, E Malo, J L Montplaisir, S Allergy. 1997 April; 52(4): 394-403 0105-4538

•

Comparative antifungal activities and plasma pharmacokinetics of micafungin (FK463) against disseminated candidiasis and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently neutropenic rabbits. Author(s): Immunocompromised Host Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. Source: Petraitis, V Petraitiene, R Groll, A H Roussillon, K Hemmings, M Lyman, C A Sein, T Bacher, J Bekersky, I Walsh, T J Antimicrob-Agents-Chemother. 2002 June; 46(6): 1857-69 0066-4804

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Demonstration of antigenemia in patients with invasive aspergillosis by biotinstreptavidin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Author(s): Central Clinical Laboratory, Kanazawa University Hospital, Japan. Source: Fujita, S Matsubara, F Matsuda, T J-Lab-Clin-Med. 1988 October; 112(4): 464-70 0022-2143

•

Efficacy of unilamellar liposomal amphotericin B in treatment of pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently granulocytopenic rabbits: the potential role of bronchoalveolar D-mannitol and serum galactomannan as markers of infection. Author(s): Infectious Diseases Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892. Source: Francis, P Lee, J W Hoffman, A Peter, J Francesconi, A Bacher, J Shelhamer, J Pizzo, P A Walsh, T J J-Infect-Dis. 1994 February; 169(2): 356-68 0022-1899

•

Invasive metastasing pulmonary aspergillosis under polychemotherapy. Author(s): Dermatological Hospital, Berlin, Germany. Source: Sima, D Tietz, H J Reisshauer, H Buchholtz, I Schulze, P Meyer, R Mycoses. 1994 Nov-December; 37(11-12): 421-5 0933-7407

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Management of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis without maintenance oral corticosteroids: a fifteen-year follow-up. Author(s): Department of Environmental & Occupational Medicine, University of Aberdeen, UK. Source: Seaton, A Seaton, R A Wightman, A J QJM. 1994 September; 87(9): 529-37 14602725

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Model of recurrent pulmonary aspergillosis in rats. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021. Source: Niki, Y Bernard, E M Edwards, F F Schmitt, H J Yu, B Armstrong, D J-ClinMicrobiol. 1991 July; 29(7): 1317-22 0095-1137

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Necrotizing bronchial aspergillosis in a patient receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for non-small cell lung carcinoma. Author(s): Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Chubu Hospital, Aichi, Japan. Source: Niimi, T Kajita, M Saito, H Chest. 1991 July; 100(1): 277-9 0012-3692

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Pulmonary aspergillosis and invasive disease in AIDS: review of 342 cases. Author(s): Department of Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI 02906, USA. Source: Mylonakis, E Barlam, T F Flanigan, T Rich, J D Chest. 1998 July; 114(1): 251-62 0012-3692

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Simultaneous legionellosis and invasive aspergillosis in an immunocompetent patient newly treated with corticosteroids. Author(s): University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY. Source: Jiva, T M Kallay, M C Marin, M G Poe, R H Chest. 1993 December; 104(6): 192931 0012-3692

•

Therapeutic efficacy of Ashwagandha against experimental aspergillosis in mice. Author(s): Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Hindustan Antibiotics Limited, Pimpri, Pune, India. Source: Dhuley, J N Immunopharmacol-Immunotoxicol. 1998 February; 20(1): 191-8 0892-3973

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Unusual clustering of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in children with cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland. Source: Maguire, S Moriarty, P Tempany, E FitzGerald, M Pediatrics. 1988 December; 82(6): 835-9 0031-4005

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ASPERGILLOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to aspergillosis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to aspergillosis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “aspergillosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to aspergillosis: •

A novel method for studying ergosterol biosynthesis by a cell-free preparation of Aspergillus fumigatus and its inhibition by azole antifungal agents. Author(s): Ballard SA, Ellis SW, Kelly SL, Troke PF. Source: Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology : Bi-Monthly Publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. 1990; 28(4): 335-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2176688

•

A novel type of metastatically spreading subcutaneous aspergillosis without epidermal lesions following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Author(s): Cornely OA, Pels H, Bethe U, Seibold M, Toepelt K, Soehngen D, Ritzkowsky A. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2001 November; 28(9): 899-901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11781653

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•

A randomized controlled trial of itraconazole versus fluconazole for the prevention of fungal infections in patients with haematological malignancies. U.K. Multicentre Antifungal Prophylaxis Study Group. Author(s): Morgenstern GR, Prentice AG, Prentice HG, Ropner JE, Schey SA, Warnock DW. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1999 June; 105(4): 901-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10554799

•

Acquired immunity in experimental murine aspergillosis is mediated by macrophages. Author(s): de Repentigny L, Petitbois S, Boushira M, Michaliszyn E, Senechal S, Gendron N, Montplaisir S. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1993 September; 61(9): 3791-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8359900

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Acute leukemia and infection. Author(s): Viola MV. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1967 September 18; 201(12): 923-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4293671

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Allergens as proteases: an Aspergillus fumigatus proteinase directly induces human epithelial cell detachment. Author(s): Robinson BW, Venaille TJ, Mendis AH, McAleer R. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1990 November; 86(5): 726-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2229838

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Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis due to Aspergillus oryzae. Author(s): Akiyama K, Takizawa H, Suzuki M, Miyachi S, Ichinohe M, Yanagihara Y. Source: Chest. 1987 February; 91(2): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2433099

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Anticoagulants interfere with PCR used to diagnose invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Garcia ME, Blanco JL, Caballero J, Gargallo-Viola D. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 April; 40(4): 1567-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11923400

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Arginine butyrate-induced susceptibility to ganciclovir in an Epstein-Barr-virusassociated lymphoma. Author(s): Mentzer SJ, Fingeroth J, Reilly JJ, Perrine SP, Faller DV. Source: Blood Cells, Molecules & Diseases. 1998 June; 24(2): 114-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9628848

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Binding of live conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus activates in vitro-generated human Langerhans cells via a lectin of galactomannan specificity. Author(s): Persat F, Noirey N, Diana J, Gariazzo MJ, Schmitt D, Picot S, Vincent C. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2003 September; 133(3): 370-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12930363

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Cavitary fungus disease of the lungs. Author(s): Ramsay GC, Meyer RD. Source: Radiology. 1973 October; 109(1): 29-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4522033

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Dose-escalation study of single dose mitoxantrone in combination with timed sequential chemotherapy in patients with refractory or relapsing acute myelogenous leukemia. Author(s): Thomas X, Cambier N, Taksin AL, Reman O, Vekhoff A, Pautas C, Leblond V, Soler-Michel P, Ecstein-Fraisse E, Archimbaud E. Source: Leukemia Research. 2000 November; 24(11): 957-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11086179

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Early invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a leukemia patient linked to aspergillus contaminated marijuana smoking. Author(s): Szyper-Kravitz M, Lang R, Manor Y, Lahav M. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2001 November-December; 42(6): 1433-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11911432

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Efficacy of allicin, the reactive molecule of garlic, in inhibiting Aspergillus spp. in vitro, and in a murine model of disseminated aspergillosis. Author(s): Shadkchan Y, Shemesh E, Mirelman D, Miron T, Rabinkov A, Wilchek M, Osherov N. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2004 May; 53(5): 832-6. Epub 2004 March 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15044429

•

Efficacy of unilamellar liposomal amphotericin B in treatment of pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently granulocytopenic rabbits: the potential role of bronchoalveolar D-mannitol and serum galactomannan as markers of infection. Author(s): Francis P, Lee JW, Hoffman A, Peter J, Francesconi A, Bacher J, Shelhamer J, Pizzo PA, Walsh TJ. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1994 February; 169(2): 356-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8106769

•

Enzymatic, clinical and histologic evaluation of corneal tissues in experimental fungal keratitis in rabbits.

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Author(s): Gopinathan U, Ramakrishna T, Willcox M, Rao CM, Balasubramanian D, Kulkarni A, Vemuganti GK, Rao GN. Source: Experimental Eye Research. 2001 April; 72(4): 433-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11273671 •

Eucalyptus vapor causing Aspergillus in sputum smears. Author(s): Vidal C, Gonzalez Quintela A, Martin F. Source: Ann Allergy. 1991 April; 66(4): 355-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2014940

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European experience with oral solution and intravenous itraconazole. Author(s): Potter M. Source: Oncology (Huntingt). 2001 November; 15(11 Suppl 9): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11757848

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Factors which influence late cutaneous allergic responses. Author(s): Umemoto L, Poothullil J, Dolovich J, Hargreave FE. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1976 July; 58(1 Pt 1): 60-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=947978

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Fatal aspergillosis associated with smoking contaminated marijuana, in a marrow transplant recipient. Author(s): Hamadeh R, Ardehali A, Locksley RM, York MK. Source: Chest. 1988 August; 94(2): 432-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3293934

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Focal neurological signs and black magic. Author(s): Harper C, Stell R. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1985 October 28; 143(9 Suppl): S57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4058364

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Functional state of mouse liver mitochondria in toxicoses due to Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium rubrum. Author(s): Madhavikutty K, Shanmugasundaram ER. Source: Experientia. 1969 February 15; 25(2): 149-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4239550

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Fungal pneumonias masquerading as thromboses during induction therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Author(s): Pearson AD, Nesbit ME, Darbyshire PJ, Mott MG.

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Source: Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 1986; 3(2): 153-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3153225 •

High-dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation in children with high-risk NHL and ALL-preliminary results. Author(s): Gorczynska E, Toporski J, Boguslawska-Jaworska J, Slociak M. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 1998 December; 22 Suppl 4: S107-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9916652

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Hodgkin's disease after cardiac transplant: a report of two cases. Author(s): Hood IM, Mahendra P, McNeil K, Marcus RE. Source: Clinical and Laboratory Haematology. 1996 June; 18(2): 115-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8866145

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Infusional cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and etoposide in HIV-related nonHodgkin's lymphoma: a follow-up report of a highly active regimen. Author(s): Sparano JA, Wiernik PH, Strack M, Leaf A, Becker NH, Sarta C, Carney D, Elkind R, Shah M, Valentine ES, et al. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1994 July; 14(3-4): 263-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7950915

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Infusional cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide in human immunodeficiency virus- and human T-cell leukemia virus type I-related nonHodgkin's lymphoma: a highly active regimen. Author(s): Sparano JA, Wiernik PH, Strack M, Leaf A, Becker N, Valentine ES. Source: Blood. 1993 May 15; 81(10): 2810-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8490187

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Invasive aspergillosis treated with adjunctive hyperbaric oxygenation: a retrospective clinical series at a single institution. Author(s): Garcia-Covarrubias L, Barratt DM, Bartlett R, Metzinger S, Van Meter K. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2002 April; 95(4): 450-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11958246

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Isolation and characterization of a secreted metalloprotease of Aspergillus fumigatus. Author(s): Monod M, Paris S, Sanglard D, Jaton-Ogay K, Bille J, Latge JP. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1993 October; 61(10): 4099-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8406798

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Isolation, characterization, and cloning of cDNA and the gene for an elastinolytic serine proteinase from Aspergillus flavus. Author(s): Ramesh MV, Sirakova T, Kolattukudy PE.

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Source: Infection and Immunity. 1994 January; 62(1): 79-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8262652 •

Laryngeal aspergillosis in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient. Author(s): Delbrouck C, Chantrain G, Kampouridis S, Petein M. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1998 May; 112(5): 488-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9747484

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Liposomal amphotericin B, AmBisome. Author(s): Hay RJ. Source: The Journal of Infection. 1994 May; 28 Suppl 1: 35-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8077689

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Localized renal aspergillosis with hairy cell leukemia: a review of urinary tract aspergillosis in malignant and nonmalignant conditions. Author(s): Hartman BJ, Coleman M, Brause BD, Saletan S. Source: Cancer Investigation. 1984; 2(3): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6375823

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Necrotizing bronchial aspergillosis in a patient receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for non-small cell lung carcinoma. Author(s): Niimi T, Kajita M, Saito H. Source: Chest. 1991 July; 100(1): 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1647938

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Pulmonary aspergillosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Denning DW, Follansbee SE, Scolaro M, Norris S, Edelstein H, Stevens DA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1991 March 7; 324(10): 654-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1994248

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Sino-cerebral aspergillosis due to chronic herbal medicine use. Author(s): Chang GY, Lee KH. Source: Qjm : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 2003 May; 96(5): 379. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12702789

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Sino-orbital aspergillosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Author(s): Johnson TE, Casiano RR, Kronish JW, Tse DT, Meldrum M, Chang W. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1999 January; 117(1): 57-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9930161

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Successfully treated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis associated with smoking marijuana in a renal transplant recipient.

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Author(s): Marks WH, Florence L, Lieberman J, Chapman P, Howard D, Roberts P, Perkinson D. Source: Transplantation. 1996 June 27; 61(12): 1771-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8685958 •

Superior vena cava syndrome caused by invasive aspergillosis. Author(s): Gartenberg G, Einstein K, Jagirdar J. Source: Chest. 1978 December; 74(6): 671-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=282977

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The many faces of pulmonary aspergillosis. Author(s): Tenholder MF. Source: Primary Care. 1985 June; 12(2): 353-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3892565

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Therapeutic efficacy of Ashwagandha against experimental aspergillosis in mice. Author(s): Dhuley JN. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 1998 February; 20(1): 191-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9543708

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Voriconazole in the management of invasive aspergillosis in two patients with acute myeloid leukemia undergoing stem cell transplantation. Author(s): Mattei D, Mordini N, Lo Nigro C, Ghirardo D, Ferrua MT, Osenda M, Gallamini A, Bacigalupo A, Viscoli C. Source: Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2002 December; 30(12): 967-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12476292

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to aspergillosis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Herbs and Supplements Tribulus Puncture Alternative names: Puncture Vine, Goathead; Tribulus terrestris L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON ASPERGILLOSIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “aspergillosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on aspergillosis, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Aspergillosis By performing a patent search focusing on aspergillosis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on aspergillosis: •

Large animal model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in an immunocompromised host Inventor(s): Andersson; Borje S. (Houston, TX), Cromeens; Douglas M. (Spring, TX), Sadeghi; Taraneh K. (Houston, TX), Tarrand; Jeffrey J. (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): Board of Regents, The University of Texas System (Austin, TX) Patent Number: 6,444,872 Date filed: August 18, 2000 Abstract: A model of systemic mold/Aspergillus infection in a profoundly immunocompromised host has been established in the beagle dog. The beagle was rendered immunosuppressed using a combination of total body irradiation and daily steroids, which provided a window of time where the mold could be successfully inoculated through a bronchoscope. This created a localized infection in one lung lobe, which subsequently spread diffusely throughout the lung parenchyma, and uniformly resulted in the animal's death. The invention contemplates the further study of the pathophysiology of opportunistic mold infections in vivo and also provides examples for the development of new antifungal agents and more effective combinations of agents. Finally, the invention contemplates the development of technology for the early detection of systemic mold infections. The inventors envision, that the use of the model should help save patients from clinical trials of antifungal drugs that may be effective in vitro without living up to the expectations in a clinical setting. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the fields of pathobiology, mycology and immunology. More particularly, it concerns the design of an model animal system that is analogus to the development of human invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and, therefore, provides a useful in vivo tool for studying the pathogenesis of disseminating mold infection, as well for the development of novel antifungal agents. It also provides a tool to prospectively follow the effects of various novel therapeutic interventions against such infections. Disseminated fungal infections constitute one of the most difficult challenges for clinicians caring for patients with hematological cancer (Anaissie et al., 1989). While the incidence of Hematogenous candida infections has been significantly reduced through the prophylactic use of azoles, such as fluconazole, infections with opportunistic molds are now a leading cause of infectious mortality in this patient population (Anaissie 1992). Aspergillosis clearly remains the most common mold infection in patients with hematological cancer, with Aspergillus fumigatus being the offending cause in more than 90% of the infected patients. However, new opportunistic pathogens also have emerged worldwide as causing life-threatening infection, the most frequently reported of which is Fusarium spp. (Morrison et al., 1993; Morrison et al., 1994; Pfaller et al., 1992; Blazar et al., 1984; Uzun et al., 1995). Infections with Fusarium are associated with a very high mortality risk, and this mold is typically refractory to Amphotericin B, the standard therapy for disseminated mold infections. Since infection with this organism may mimic aspergillosis, patients are usually treated with Amphotericin B (AMB), an agent with poor activity against fusariosis. Further, similar to the case of Aspergillus infection, the airways are the most common primary site of inoculation/infection and are almost always involved in disseminated disease (Morrison et al., 1993; Morrison et al., 1994; Pfaller et al., 1992; Blazar et al., 1984; Uzun et al., 1995). It has recently been suggested that the addition of gamma-interferon and/or GM-CSF might enhance the efficacy of AMB against opportunistic mold infections. This

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is important, since AMB by itself has only borderline efficacy against molds. Further, AMB treatment for documented or suspected systemic mold infections carries with it common (in >75% of the cases), substantial and frequently dose-limiting nephrotoxicity, occasionally serious enough to warrant hemodialysis. The acute infusion-related adverse events (severe shaking chills, fever, nausea, vomiting, and headache) also are quite troublesome to patients. Less common side effects encountered with the use of AMB include cardiac arrhythmia, bone marrow suppression, neuropathies, and convulsions (Sande et al. 1985). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06444872__ •

Method of preventing and treating pulmonary infection by fungi using aerosolized polyenes Inventor(s): Armstrong; Donald (New York, NY), Bernard; Edward M. (Alandale, NJ), Schmitt; Heinz J. (Millington, NJ) Assignee(s): Memorial Hospital For Cancer and Allied Dieseas (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,950,477 Date filed: August 23, 1988 Abstract: This invention concerns a method of preventing a pulmonary infection by a fungus in a subject susceptible to infection by the fungus comprising administering to the subject an amount per dose in an aerosol spray of a polyene or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, effective to prevent pulmonary infection by the fungus. This invention further discloses a method of treating pulmonary aspergillosis in a subject comprising administering to the subject an amount per dose in an aerosol spray of a polyene, e.g., amphotericin B or pimaricin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof effective to treat aspergillosis. Excerpt(s): Aspergillus spp., notably Aspergillus fumigatus, may cause life-threatening infections among transplant recipients and patients receiving therapy for various types of cancer. The most commonly encountered form of disease in these patients is pulmonary aspergillosis (1). Acute fatal sinusitis (2, 3), head and neck involvement (4), cutaneous disease (5) and catheter related infections (6) have also been described. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is difficult to diagnose, even with invasive techniques. Therefore the standard treatment, intravenous amphotericin B, often has to be given empirically--despite its severe toxicity and despite the fact that patients do not tolerate it well. Moreover, amphotericin B is not always effective, and correction of the underlying disorder (e.g. resolution of granulocytopenia) is usually required to achieve a favorable outcome. In one study involving seven subjects with pulmonary aspergillosis, Ikemoto, et al reported that the treatment of choice in patients with repeated episodes of haemoptysis is surgical excision (33). The authors also reported that treatment with amphotericin B by aerosol inhalation in two patients was unsuccessful, probably because the drug could not reach the apex of the lung in this form. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04950477__

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Prevention of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis with serine proteinase inhibitors Inventor(s): Ceselski; Sarah Katherine (Delaware, OH), Copelan; Edward Alan (Columbus, OH), Kolattukudy; Pappachan E. (Columbus, OH), Markaryan; Adam N. (Columbus, OH) Assignee(s): The Ohio State Research Foundation (Columbus, OH) Patent Number: 5,739,283 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: A new, non-toxic pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and prevention of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis has been discovered. The new pharmaceutical composition includes a physiologically compatible carrier and an agent which inhibits the proteolytic activity of the extracellular elastolytic serine protease produced by aspergillus. The agent preferably comprises a serine protease inhibitor, more preferably a subtilisn-type inhibitor, most preferably streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor. Such pharmaceutical compositions are effective at reducing the incidence of mortality due to invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and are also effective at reducing the invasion of lung tissue and the tissues surrounding the lungs by the germinating hyphae of Aspergillus. The invention also relates to a method of treating invasive pulmonary aspergillosis using a pharmaceutical composition comprising a serine protease inhibitor, preferably a subtilisin-type inhibitor, more preferably a streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor and a physiologically compatible carrier. Excerpt(s): In the past 20 years, the incidence of fungal infections has increased greatly due, in large part, to the increased number of individuals who are immunocompromised by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immunosuppressive drug treatments. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is one of the most significant fungal infections which occurs in such immunocompromised individuals. The incidence of aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals is second only to the incidence of Candidia infections. In addition, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a highly lethal disease. The first step in the pathogenesis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is inhalation of the airborne aspergillus spores into the small airways and alveolar spaces of the lungs. The disease does not develop beyond this stage in individuals with a competent immune system, because the macrophages present in these individuals phagocytize the spores. In contrast, the spores rapidly colonize the lungs of immunocompromised individuals who have reduced numbers of macrophages and neutrophils. As the infection progresses, the germinating hyphae invade the lung tissue and necrosis of the lungs occurs. At this point the hyphae begin to invade the tissues surrounding the lungs. When the infection reaches this stage, death usually occurs. Unfortunately, the few anti-mycotic agents currently available to treat this fungal disease are relatively ineffective against the aspergillus pathogen. At present, amphotericin B is the most effective and most commonly used anti-mycotic agent for treating invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Amphotericin B most likely acts by preventing one of the metabolic steps of aspergillus cell wall biosynthesis, thus preventing further colonization of the lungs and spread of the infection. However, even when amphotericin B is administered, mortality in the range of 50 to 90% is common in those immunocompromised individuals infected with Aspergillus. In addition, nephrotoxicity remains a serious side effect with amphotericin B. Accordingly, there is a great need for new, nontoxic pharmaceutical compositions which are effective at retarding the pathogenesis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. It is also important that these compositions do not adversely affect normal lung function.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05739283__

Patent Applications on Aspergillosis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to aspergillosis: •

Aspergillus fumigatus antigenic protein 1 Inventor(s): Cao, Liang; (Hong Kong, HK), Yuen, Kwok-Yung; (Hong Kong, HK) Correspondence: Stephen D. Scanlon, ESQ.; Jones, Day, Reavis & Pogue; North Point; 901 Lakeside Avenue; Cleveland; OH; 44114; US Patent Application Number: 20020034751 Date filed: May 10, 2001 Abstract: Disclosed is an Aspergillus fumigatus AFAP1 polypeptide and DNA (RNA) encoding such AFAP1 polypeptide. Also provided is a procedure for producing such polypeptide by recombinant DNA techniques and a procedure for generating antibodies against the polypeptide. Also disclosed is a method of using such polypeptide and the antibodies against it for the diagnosis of deep infections of Aspergillus fumigatus by detecting the presence of the specific antibodies as well as the AFAP1 protein antigen in clinical specimens taken from suspected patients. Also provided are methods of using the AFAP1 DNA(RNA) or protein sequence to identify and to clone its homologous genes from other Aspergillus species. Therefore, the identification of AFAP1 homologous genes from other pathogenic fungi are made possible with this invention. Also described is a therapeutic regimen using the antibodies against Aspergillus infection. Also provided is a method of immunization against the infection of Aspergillosis. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/203,322 entitled, "Aspergillus Fumigatus Antigenic Protein 1", filed May 10, 2000. This invention relates to a newly characterised complete polynucleotide (gene), a polypeptide encoded by such polynucleotide, the use of such polynucleotide and polypeptide, as well as the production of such polypeptide. Invasive aspergillosis is the most important cause of mortality in patients with haemic malignancies. The incidence is about 15% in patients suffering from acute leukaemia, 7.4% in bone marrow transplant, and 2.5% in solid organ transplant or chemotherapy for haemic malignancies or autologous marrow transplants. Up to 12% of AIDS patients and 40% of patients with chronic granulomatous disease could be affected by this infection. The mortality rate of invasive aspergillosis is 82% even when treated. In contrast, immunocompetent patients are rarely affected by invasive aspergillosis but 10-15% of patients with cavitating lung diseases, especially old tuberculosis, suffer from aspergilloma. This form of aspergillosis is rarely symptomatic except when the spherical mass of hyphae occupying the cavity erodes into blood vessels in the wall and leads to haemoptysis. Of all the known Aspergillus species, Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common species associated with human disease.

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for detection of SP-A2 gene variants useful for prediction of predisposition to aspergillosis Inventor(s): Madan, Taruna; (Delhi, IN), Sarma, Puranam Usha; (Delhi, IN), Saxena, Shweta; (Delhi, IN) Correspondence: Smith, Gambrell & Russell, Llp; 1850 M Street, N.W., Suite 800; Washington; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20030207275 Date filed: March 22, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to allelic variants of human SP-A2 gene and provides allele specific primers and probes suitable for detecting these allelic variants for applications such as molecular diagnosis, prediction of an individual's susceptibility, and/or the genetic analysis of SP-A2 gene in a population. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of detection of SP-A2 gene variants useful for prediction of predisposition to aspergillosis. The invention also provides primer and probe sequences useful in detecting these polymorphic variations in SP-A2 gene and their use in diagnosis and prediction of an individual's susceptibility to Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). The invention is useful in molecular diagnosis, prediction of an individual's disease susceptibility and genetic analysis of SPA2 gene in a population. Aspergillosis is a group of fungal diseases which include allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), aspergilloma, chronic necrotising aspergillosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis and invasive aspergillosis. Aspergillus fumigatus, along with other less frequently reported species of Aspergillus such as A. flavus and A. niger, is the major causative fungus. Majority of the fungal allergies are due to Aspergillus species, with spores (conidia) and mycelia of the fungus as the infectious forms. A. fumigatus is an ubiquitous microbe and universal in distribution. Aspergillus species grow at temperatures of 15 to 53.degree. C. in contrast to many fungi that do not grow above 35.degree. C. Two major A. fumigatus induced diseases are an allergic form, Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and an invasive form, Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Pulmonary aspergillosis is a serious threat to those immunocompromised as a result of disease or therapy, and has been identified as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in asthmatic and cystic fibrosis patients [Daly et al, 2001]. The allergic form of the Aspergillus induced disease is named as Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), which is an immunological disease and depicts the immune mechanisms similar to that of asthma. ABPA is often encountered in patients of bronchial asthma (15%, 16 out of 107), cystic fibrosis (7.8%, 191 out of 12,447), sinusitis (13%, 3 out of 23), rhinitis (5%, 3 out of 62). [Chetty et al, 1985; Mastella et al, 2000; Panchal et al, 1997; Grammer et al, 1986]. A study with 35 patients of ABPA showed that 12 (33%) of them were misdiagnosed as patients of pulmonary tuberculosis and were treated with various antitubercular drugs [Behera et al, 1994]. A conglomeration of intertwined Aspergillus hyphae matted together with fibrin, mucus and cellular debris, within a pulmonary cavity or ectatic bronchus, is termed as Aspergilloma. Patients of aspergilloma usually have an underlying pulmonary disease such as fibrocystic sarcoidosis, cavitary tuberculosis or histoplasmosis, bullous emphysema, or fibrotic lung disease. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with aspergillosis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “aspergillosis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on aspergillosis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning aspergillosis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ASPERGILLOSIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to aspergillosis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on aspergillosis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Aspergillosis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to aspergillosis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and aspergillosis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “aspergillosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on aspergillosis: •

Chronic Infections of the Small Intestine Source: in Textbook of Gastroenterology. 4th ed. [2-volume set]. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2003. p. 1561-1580. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-6423. Fax: (301) 223-2400. Website: www.lww.com. PRICE: $289.00. ISBN: 781728614. Summary: This chapter on chronic infections of the small intestine is from a lengthy, two-volume textbook that integrates the various demands of science, technology, expanding information, good judgment, and common sense into the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal patients. In this chapter, the authors focus on Whipple disease, tropical sprue, tuberculosis, and mycotic infections, including aspergillosis, candidiasis, histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and mucormycosis. For each condition, the authors discuss epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, histopathology, clinical

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manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, differential diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. 9 figures. 4 tables. 187 references. •

Socioeconomic, Ethnic and Geographical Health Issues Source: in Scully, C. and Cawson, R.A. Medical Problems in Dentistry. 4th ed. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. 1998. p. 529-547. Contact: Available from Butterworth-Heinemann. 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041. (800) 366-2665 or (781) 904-2500. Fax (800) 446-6520 or (781) 933-6333. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.bh.com. PRICE: $110.00. ISBN: 0723610568. Summary: This chapter on socioeconomic, ethnic, and geographical health issues is from a text that covers the general medical and surgical conditions relevant to the oral health care sciences. The authors discuss mainly the relevant imported diseases, problems related to social deprivation, and those which religious or ethnic groups may present during oral health care. Topics include infections, including typhoid, paratyphoid, cholera, nonvenereal treponematoses, yaws (framboesia), granuloma inguinale (donovanosis), lymphogranuloma vereneum, blood-borne viruses, arboviruses, arenaviruses, rhabdoviruses (Ebola, rabies), systemic mycoses, Aspergillosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, mucormycosis, rhinosporidiosis, sporotrichosis, systemic candidosis, parasitic infestations, scabies, lice, fleas, malaria, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, trichinosis, echinococcosis, cysticercosis, myiasis, larva migrans, filariasis, trichuriasis, gnathostomiasis, and oral submucous fibrosis. For each condition, the authors discuss general aspects, diagnosis and management issues, dental aspects, and patient care strategies. The chapter includes a summary of the points covered. 9 tables. 45 references.

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ASPERGILLOSIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover aspergillosis.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on aspergillosis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “aspergillosis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to aspergillosis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “aspergillosis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for aspergillosis: •

Itraconazole can prevent aspergillosis after stem cell transplantation Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 11, 2002

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•

CORRECTION: Antigen screening detects invasive aspergillosis in stem cell recipients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 20, 2002

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Pulmonary aspergillosis seen relatively often in stem cell recipients with GVHD Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 15, 2002

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Voriconazole effective for invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 08, 2002

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Routine aspergillosis screening worthwhile in asthmatics Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 24, 2000

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Heightened awareness of AIDS-related invasive aspergillosis needed Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 30, 1998

•

New cases of primary cutaneous aspergillosis in HIV reported Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 06, 1998

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Poorer Aspergillosis Prognosis In HIV-Related Immunodeficiency Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 21, 1997 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “aspergillosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology

Periodicals and News

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oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “aspergillosis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to aspergillosis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “aspergillosis” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Aspergillosis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to aspergillosis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering aspergillosis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for aspergillosis. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with aspergillosis. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to aspergillosis: Amphotericin B •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amphocin; Fungizone Intravenous http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202032.html

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Topical - U.S. Brands: Not commercially available http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202033.html

Amphotericin B Cholesteryl Complex •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amphotec http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203505.html

Amphotericin B Lipid Complex •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Abelcet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203506.html

Amphotericin B Liposomal Complex •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: AmBisome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203507.html

Corticosteroids •

Dental - U.S. Brands: Kenalog in Orabase; Orabase-HCA; Oracort; Oralone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202010.html

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Inhalation - U.S. Brands: AeroBid; AeroBid-M; Azmacort; Beclovent; Pulmicort Respules; Pulmicort Turbuhaler; Qvar; Vanceril; Vanceril 84 mcg Double Strength http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202011.html

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Nasal - U.S. Brands: Beconase; Beconase AQ; Dexacort Turbinaire; Flonase; Nasacort; Nasacort AQ; Nasalide; Nasarel; Nasonex; Rhinocort; Vancenase; Vancenase AQ 84 mcg; Vancenase pockethaler http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202012.html

•

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: AK-Dex; AK-Pred; AK-Tate; Baldex; Decadron; Dexair; Dexotic; Econopred; Econopred Plus; Eflone; Flarex; Fluor-Op; FML Forte; FML Liquifilm; FML S.O.P.; HMS Liquifilm; Inflamase Forte; Inflamase Mild; I-Pred; Lite Pred; Maxidex; Ocu-Dex; Ocu-Pred; Ocu-Pred Forte; Ocu-PredA; Pred Forte; Pred Mild; Predair; Predair A; Predair Forte; Storz-Dexa; Ultra Pred http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202013.html

•

Otic - U.S. Brands: Decadron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202014.html

•

Rectal - U.S. Brands: Anucort-HC; Anu-Med HC; Anuprep HC; Anusol-HC; Anutone-HC; Anuzone-HC; Cort-Dome; Cortenema; Cortifoam; Hemorrhoidal HC; Hemril-HC Uniserts; Proctocort; Proctosol-HC; Rectasol-HC http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203366.html

Researching Medications

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Cromolyn •

Inhalation - U.S. Brands: Intal http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202166.html

•

Nasal - U.S. Brands: Children's Nasalcrom; Nasalcrom http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202167.html

•

Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Crolom http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202168.html

•

Oral - U.S. Brands: Gastrocrom http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202169.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “aspergillosis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 9663 80 57 317 7 10124

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “aspergillosis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on aspergillosis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to aspergillosis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to aspergillosis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “aspergillosis”:

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Asthma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asthma.html Bacterial Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bacterialinfections.html Bronchitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bronchitis.html Bruises http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bruises.html Fungal Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fungalinfections.html Immune System and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/immunesystemanddisorders.html Occupational Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/occupationalhealth.html Respiratory Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/respiratorydiseases.html Toe Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toeinjuriesanddisorders.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on aspergillosis. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Fungal Infections Contact: AIDS Treatment Data Network, 611 Broadway Ste 613, New York, NY, 10027, (212) 260-8868, http://www.atdn.org. Summary: This information sheet presents information on fungal infections for human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV)-positive persons. It describes the conditions, symptoms, and treatments of the following infections: thrush, oral thrush, vaginal candidiasis, cryptococcal meningitis, aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and coccidioidomycosis.

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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to aspergillosis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. NORD (The National Organization of Rare Disorders, Inc.) NORD provides an invaluable service to the public by publishing short yet comprehensive guidelines on over 1,000 diseases. NORD primarily focuses on rare diseases that might not be covered by the previously listed sources. NORD’s Web address is http://www.rarediseases.org/. A complete guide on aspergillosis can be purchased from NORD for a nominal fee. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to aspergillosis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with aspergillosis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about aspergillosis. For more information, see

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the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “aspergillosis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “aspergillosis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “aspergillosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “aspergillosis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on aspergillosis: •

Basic Guidelines for Aspergillosis Abpa Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000070.htm Abscess Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001353.htm AIDS Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000594.htm Aspergillosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001326.htm Aspergillosis precipitin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003532.htm Carcinoma Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001289.htm

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COPD Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000091.htm Endocarditis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001098.htm Pulmonary aspergillosis; invasive type Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000106.htm TB Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000077.htm •

Signs & Symptoms for Aspergillosis Blindness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003040.htm Blood in the urine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003138.htm Bone pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003180.htm Cough Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Coughing up blood Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003073.htm Decreased urine output Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003147.htm Fainting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm GI bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003133.htm Headaches Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Hemoptysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003073.htm Leukemia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001299.htm Rales Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003323.htm

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Rhonchi Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003323.htm Weight loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003107.htm Wheezing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003070.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Aspergillosis Aspergillosis precipitin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003532.htm Aspergillus antigen skin test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003836.htm Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Blood culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003744.htm Blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003398.htm Bronchoscopy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003857.htm Bronchoscopy with transtracheal biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003859.htm Bronchoscopy with transtracheal biopsy) Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003859.htm Chest x-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003804.htm CT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003330.htm Open lung biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003861.htm Serum antibodies Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003333.htm Sputum culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003723.htm Venipuncture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003423.htm

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X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm •

Background Topics for Aspergillosis Adolescent test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002054.htm Allergic reaction Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000005.htm Antibodies Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002223.htm Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Chemotherapy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002324.htm Infant test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002055.htm Intravenous Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002383.htm Invasive Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002384.htm Peripheral Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002273.htm Preschooler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002057.htm Schoolage test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002058.htm Surgical excision Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002305.htm Symptomatic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002293.htm Toddler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002056.htm

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Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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ASPERGILLOSIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive Tlymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Acute leukemia: A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissue (bone marrow). [NIH]

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adenopathy: Large or swollen lymph glands. [NIH] Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized

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immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (immunotherapy, adoptive). [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Glands: Paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of each kidney. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation

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of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Amyloidosis: A group of diseases in which protein is deposited in specific organs (localized amyloidosis) or throughout the body (systemic amyloidosis). Amyloidosis may be either primary (with no known cause) or secondary (caused by another disease, including some types of cancer). Generally, primary amyloidosis affects the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, and liver; secondary amyloidosis often affects the spleen, kidneys, liver, and adrenal glands. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU]

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Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity: The phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. The identity of the target cell varies, but it must possess surface IgG whose Fc portion is intact. The effector cell is a "killer" cell possessing Fc receptors. It may be a lymphocyte lacking conventional B- or T-cell markers, or a monocyte, macrophage, or polynuclear leukocyte, depending on the identity of the target cell. The reaction is complement-independent. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antifungal Agents: Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from fungicides, industrial because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Aplasia: Lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. [EU] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH]

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Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Aspergillus: A genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family Trichocomaceae. [NIH] Aspergillus fumigatus: A species of imperfect fungi from which the antibiotic fumigatin is obtained. Its spores may cause respiratory infection in birds and mammals. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Auricular: Pertaining to an auricle or to the ear, and, formerly, to an atrium of the heart. [EU] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autologous bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person after intensive treatment. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH]

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Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioassay: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Assay: A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blotting and transferred to strips of nitrocellulose paper. The blots are then detected by radiolabeled antibody probes. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It

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uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchial Hyperreactivity: Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory. [NIH] Bronchiectasis: Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchoalveolar Lavage: Washing out of the lungs with saline or mucolytic agents for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It is very useful in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid: Fluid obtained by washout of the alveolar compartment of the lung. It is used to assess biochemical and inflammatory changes in and effects of therapy on the interstitial lung tissue. [NIH] Bronchopulmonary: Pertaining to the lungs and their air passages; both bronchial and pulmonary. [EU] Bronchoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to examine the inside of the trachea and bronchi, the air passages that lead into the lungs. [NIH] Bronchoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchus: A large air passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung. [NIH] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

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Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cavernous Sinus: An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Movement: The movement of cells from one location to another. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH]

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Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chorioretinitis: Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Choroiditis: Inflammation of the choroid. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic leukemia: A slowly progressing cancer of the blood-forming tissues. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Clinical series: A case series in which the patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening,

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prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coccidioidomycosis: An infectious disease caused by a fungus, Coccidioides immitis, that is prevalent in the western United States and is acquired by inhalation of dust containing the spores. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in

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addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convulsion: A violent involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the voluntary muscles. [EU] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH]

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Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cryptococcosis: Infection with a fungus of the species Cryptococcus neoformans. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus Infections: Infection with Cytomegalovirus, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms. [NIH]

Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH]

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Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Dendritic cell vaccine: A vaccine made of antigens and dendritic antigen-presenting cells (APCs). [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Susceptibility: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [NIH] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Dose-limiting: Describes side effects of a drug or other treatment that are serious enough to prevent an increase in dose or level of that treatment. [NIH]

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Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Echinococcosis: An infection caused by the infestation of the larval form of tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus. The liver, lungs, and kidney are the most common areas of infestation. [NIH] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles

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with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Emaciation: Clinical manifestation of excessive leanness usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Empiric: Empirical; depending upon experience or observation alone, without using scientific method or theory. [EU] Empyema: Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endophthalmitis: Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye; not all layers of the uvea are affected. Fungi, necrosis of intraocular tumors, and retained intraocular foreign bodies often cause a purulent endophthalmitis. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is

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proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU]

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Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Femoral Vein: The vein accompanying the femoral artery in the same sheath; it is a continuation of the popliteal vein and becomes the external iliac vein. [NIH] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filariasis: Infections with nematodes of the superfamily Filarioidea. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischaemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fine-needle aspiration: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed

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silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Fleas: Parasitic, blood-sucking, wingless insects comprising the order Siphonaptera. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Frontal Sinus: One of the paired, but seldom symmetrical, air spaces located between the inner and outer compact layers of the frontal bone. [NIH] Fungemia: The presence of fungi circulating in the blood. Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicides, Industrial: Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of fungi in agricultural applications, on wood, plastics, or other materials, in swimming pools, etc. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH]

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Gamma-interferon: Interferon produced by T-lymphocytes in response to various mitogens and antigens. Gamma interferon appears to have potent antineoplastic, immunoregulatory and antiviral activity. [NIH] Ganciclovir: Acyclovir analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]

Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU]

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Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granulocytopenia: A deficiency in the number of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH]

Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Granuloma Inguinale: Anogenital ulcers caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis as distinguished from lymphogranuloma inguinale (see lymphogranuloma venereum) caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Diagnosis is made by demonstration of typical intracellular Donovan bodies in crushed-tissue smears. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Haematological: Relating to haematology, that is that branch of medical science which treats of the morphology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. [EU] Haematology: The science of the blood, its nature, functions, and diseases. [NIH] Haemoptysis: The expectoration of blood or of blood-stained sputum. [EU] Hairy cell leukemia: A type of chronic leukemia in which the abnormal white blood cells appear to be covered with tiny hairs when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heart Transplantation: The transference of a heart from one human or animal to another. [NIH]

Hematologic Diseases: Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues. [NIH] Hematologic malignancies: Cancers of the blood or bone marrow, including leukemia and lymphoma. Also called hematologic cancers. [NIH] Hematology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with morphology, physiology, and pathology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. [NIH] Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: The transference of stem cells from one animal

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or human to another (allogeneic), or within the same individual (autologous). The source for the stem cells may be the bone marrow or peripheral blood. Stem cell transplantation has been used as an alternative to autologous bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of a variety of neoplasms. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemoptysis: Bronchial hemorrhage manifested with spitting of blood. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Housekeeping: The care and management of property. [NIH]

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Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypersensitivity, Immediate: Hypersensitivity reactions which occur within minutes of exposure to challenging antigen due to the release of histamine which follows the antigenantibody reaction and causes smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Iliac Vein: A vein on either side of the body which is formed by the union of the external and internal iliac veins and passes upward to join with its fellow of the opposite side to form the inferior vena cava. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in

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antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunoblotting: Immunologic methods for isolating and quantitatively measuring immunoreactive substances. When used with immune reagents such as monoclonal antibodies, the process is known generically as western blot analysis (blotting, western). [NIH]

Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunocompromised Host: A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU]

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Induction therapy: Treatment designed to be used as a first step toward shrinking the cancer and in evaluating response to drugs and other agents. Induction therapy is followed by additional therapy to eliminate whatever cancer remains. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds,

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wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervention Studies: Epidemiologic investigations designed to test a hypothesized causeeffect relation by modifying the supposed causal factor(s) in the study population. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Isoelectric: Separation of amphoteric substances, dissolved in water, based on their isoelectric behavior. The amphoteric substances are a mixture of proteins to be separated and of auxiliary "carrier ampholytes". [NIH] Isoelectric Point: The pH in solutions of proteins and related compounds at which the dipolar ions are at a maximum. [NIH] Itraconazole: An antifungal agent that has been used in the treatment of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larva Migrans: Infections caused by nematode larvae which never develop into the adult stage and migrate through various body tissues. They commonly infect the skin, eyes, and

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viscera in man. Ancylostoma brasiliensis causes cutaneous larva migrans. Toxocara causes visceral larva migrans. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Legionellosis: Infections with bacteria of the genus Legionella. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]

Leukaemia: An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liposomal: A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved. [NIH]

Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Mitochondria: Yellow discoloration of the liver due to fatty degeneration of liver parenchymal cells; the cause may be chemical poisoning. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH]

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Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Lobectomy: The removal of a lobe. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Lung Transplantation: The transference of either one or both of the lungs from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Count: A count of the number of lymphocytes in the blood. [NIH] Lymphocyte Depletion: Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation. [NIH] Lymphogranuloma Venereum: Subacute inflammation of the inguinal lymph glands caused by certain immunotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis. It is a sexually transmitted disease in the U.S. but is more widespread in developing countries. It is distinguished from granuloma venereum (granuloma inguinale), which is caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. [NIH]

Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH]

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Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. [NIH] Marijuana Smoking: Inhaling and exhaling the smoke from Cannabis. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningioma: A type of tumor that occurs in the meninges, the membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. Meningiomas usually grow slowly. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight

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200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosporic Fungi: A large and heterogenous group of fungi whose common characteristic is the absence of a sexual state. Many of the pathogenic fungi in humans belong to this group. [NIH]

Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH]

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Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monosomy: The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multicenter Studies: Controlled studies which are planned and carried out by several cooperating institutions to assess certain variables and outcomes in specific patient populations, for example, a multicenter study of congenital anomalies in children. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Mycosis: Any disease caused by a fungus. [EU] Mycotic: Pertaining to a mycosis; caused by fungi. [EU] Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myiasis: The invasion of living tissues of man and other mammals by dipterous larvae. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH]

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Needle biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neuroretinitis: Inflammation of the optic nerve head and adjacent retina. [NIH] Neurosurgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by

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volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonmalignant: Not cancerous. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organ Transplantation: Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH]

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Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenchyma: The essential elements of an organ; used in anatomical nomenclature as a general term to designate the functional elements of an organ, as distinguished from its framework, or stroma. [EU] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Library: A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution,

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and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phorbol: Class of chemicals that promotes the development of tumors. [NIH] Physicochemical: Pertaining to physics and chemistry. [EU] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pneumonectomy: An operation to remove an entire lung. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Pneumothorax: Accumulation of air or gas in the space between the lung and chest wall, resulting in partial or complete collapse of the lung. [NIH] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA

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or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Popliteal: Compression of the nerve at the neck of the fibula. [NIH] Popliteal Vein: The vein formed by the union of the anterior and posterior tibial veins; it courses through the popliteal space and becomes the femoral vein. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH]

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Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic

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end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Quality of Health Care: The levels of excellence which characterize the health service or health care provided based on accepted standards of quality. [NIH] Rabies: A highly fatal viral infection of the nervous system which affects all warm-blooded animal species. It is one of the most important of the zoonoses because of the inevitably fatal outcome for the infected human. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement

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of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinitis: Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salvage Therapy: A therapeutic approach, involving chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or

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surgery, after initial regimens have failed to lead to improvement in a patient's condition. Salvage therapy is most often used for neoplastic diseases. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Scabies: A contagious cutaneous inflammation caused by the bite of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by pruritic papular eruptions and burrows and affects primarily the axillae, elbows, wrists, and genitalia, although it can spread to cover the entire body. [NIH]

Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH]

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Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin test: A test for an immune response to a compound by placing it on or under the skin. [NIH]

Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Skull Base: The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specific immune cells: Immune cells such as T and B lymphocytes that respond to a single, specific antigen. [NIH] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Sphenoid Sinus: One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the sphenoid bone and communicating with the highest meatus of the nasal cavity on the same side. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side

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of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Sporotrichosis: The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound. [NIH] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Standard therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of cancer, based on the results of past research. [NIH] Stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing immature blood-forming cells that were destroyed by cancer treatment. The stem cells are given to the person after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptavidin: A 60kD extracellular protein of Streptomyces avidinii with four high-affinity biotin binding sites. Unlike AVIDIN, streptavidin has a near neutral isoelectric point and is free of carbohydrate side chains. [NIH] Streptomyces: A genus of bacteria that form a nonfragmented aerial mycelium. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. This genus is responsible for producing a majority of the antibiotics of practical value. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH]

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Submucous: Occurring beneath the mucosa or a mucous membrane. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Subtilisin: A serine endopeptidase isolated from Bacillus subtilis. It hydrolyzes proteins with broad specificity for peptide bonds, and a preference for a large uncharged residue in P1. It also hydrolyzes peptide amides. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.21.62. [NIH]

Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thromboses: The formation or presence of a blood clot within a blood vessel during life.

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[NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH]

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Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Failure: A measure of the quality of health care by assessment of unsuccessful results of management and procedures used in combating disease, in individual cases or series. [NIH] Trichinosis: A disease due to infection with Trichinella spiralis. It is caused by eating undercooked meat, usually pork. [NIH] Trichuriasis: Infection with nematodes of the genus Trichuris, formerly called Trichocephalus. [NIH] Tropical Sprue: A condition of unknown cause. Abnormalities in the lining of the small intestine prevent the body from absorbing food normally. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberculosis, Pulmonary: Tuberculosis of the lungs. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs,

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administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Valganciclovir: An antiviral agent that is being studied as a treatment for AIDS-related cytomegalovirus. It is converted in the body to ganciclovir. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Vena: A vessel conducting blood from the capillary bed to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Larva Migrans: Infestation of the dermis by various larvae, characterized by bizarre red irregular lines which are broad at one end and fade at the other, produced by burrowing larvae. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vocal cord: The vocal folds of the larynx. [NIH] Voriconazole: A drug that treats infections caused by fungi. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

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Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yaws: A systemic non-venereal infection of the tropics caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zoonoses: Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to man or may be transmitted from man to non-human animals. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdominal, 53, 125, 137, 156, 157 Abscess, 26, 119, 125, 163 Acceptor, 125, 167 Acetylcholine, 125, 155 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, 31, 42, 58, 80, 125 Actin, 16, 125 Acute leukemia, 34, 49, 63, 76, 125 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 63, 66, 78, 125 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 125 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 57, 63, 77, 125 Acute myeloid leukemia, 64, 81, 125 Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 125 Acute renal, 125, 145 Adenopathy, 43, 125 Adoptive Transfer, 5, 125 Adrenal Cortex, 126, 136, 159 Adrenal Glands, 126, 127 Adverse Effect, 14, 126, 163 Aerosol, 85, 126 Affinity, 15, 126, 165 Agonist, 16, 126 Airway, 37, 126, 131 Algorithms, 126, 130 Alimentary, 126, 157 Alleles, 10, 126 Allergen, 20, 126, 137, 163 Allogeneic, 6, 10, 13, 20, 21, 23, 26, 35, 56, 63, 66, 72, 75, 126, 144, 145 Alopecia, 126, 136 Alpha Particles, 126, 161 Alternative medicine, 94, 126 Amino acid, 9, 126, 127, 128, 143, 145, 146, 157, 159, 160, 163, 166, 167, 168 Amino Acid Sequence, 127, 128 Amplification, 15, 127 Ampulla, 127, 139 Amyloidosis, 38, 127 Anaesthesia, 127, 147 Analog, 127, 143 Anaphylatoxins, 127, 134 Anatomical, 127, 129, 150, 157 Androgens, 126, 127, 136 Anemia, 60, 127, 152, 154 Anesthesia, 126, 127

Animal model, 6, 12, 14, 18, 84, 127 Annealing, 127, 159 Anomalies, 127, 154 Antiallergic, 127, 136 Antibacterial, 127, 164 Antibiotic, 128, 129, 131, 136, 138, 142, 156, 164, 166 Antibodies, 15, 20, 21, 25, 26, 31, 39, 87, 121, 122, 128, 146, 147, 151, 153, 158 Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity, 6, 128 Antifungal Agents, 12, 13, 75, 84, 128 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 128, 134 Antigen-presenting cell, 128, 137 Anti-inflammatory, 24, 128, 136, 143 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 128, 136 Antimetabolite, 128, 153 Antineoplastic, 128, 136, 138, 143, 153, 158 Antiviral, 128, 143, 148, 169 Aorta, 128 Aortic Aneurysm, 53, 128 Aplasia, 63, 128 Arginine, 8, 76, 127, 128, 155 Arrhythmia, 85, 128 Arterial, 129, 143, 146, 160 Arteries, 128, 129, 130, 135, 153 Arterioles, 129, 130, 132 Artery, 129, 135, 139, 141, 152, 157 Aspiration, 42, 129 Assay, 6, 8, 12, 17, 20, 32, 60, 129, 146 Asymptomatic, 129, 141, 157 Atmospheric Pressure, 129, 146 Atrium, 129 Attenuation, 8, 42, 129 Auricular, 50, 129 Autodigestion, 129, 157 Autologous, 34, 79, 87, 129, 145 Autologous bone marrow transplantation, 34, 129, 145 Autopsy, 8, 34, 47, 61, 129 B Bacteria, 127, 128, 129, 139, 150, 153, 163, 164, 165, 168 Bacterial Infections, 10, 110, 129, 133 Bacterium, 129, 145 Basophils, 129, 144, 150 Benign, 129, 144, 155, 161 Bilateral, 129, 162

172

Aspergillosis

Bile, 129, 142, 150, 165 Biliary, 129, 130, 157 Biliary Tract, 130, 157 Binding Sites, 130, 165 Bioassay, 12, 130 Biochemical, 9, 16, 126, 128, 130, 131, 142, 150 Biological Assay, 13, 130 Biopsy, 58, 121, 130 Biosynthesis, 9, 75, 86, 130, 163 Biotechnology, 19, 22, 94, 105, 130 Bladder, 130, 168 Blastomycosis, 92, 110, 130, 149 Blood vessel, 8, 87, 130, 139, 140, 145, 151, 164, 166, 167, 169 Blot, 68, 69, 130, 147 Blotting, Western, 130, 147 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 21, 28, 33, 36, 47, 53, 56, 75, 79, 81, 130 Bowel, 26, 38, 50, 130, 137, 149 Brachytherapy, 130, 149, 161, 170 Bradykinin, 131, 155 Broad-spectrum, 7, 15, 131 Bronchi, 131, 167 Bronchial, 27, 28, 55, 57, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 73, 80, 88, 131, 145 Bronchial Hyperreactivity, 62, 131 Bronchiectasis, 34, 37, 131 Bronchitis, 110, 131, 133 Bronchoalveolar Lavage, 7, 10, 20, 31, 131 Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid, 7, 20, 31, 131 Bronchoscope, 84, 131 Bronchoscopy, 15, 17, 27, 33, 121, 131 Bronchus, 88, 131 Bullous, 88, 131 C Calcium, 131, 134 Candidiasis, 9, 12, 14, 18, 20, 21, 29, 36, 72, 91, 110, 131, 142 Candidosis, 29, 92, 131 Capillary, 131, 132, 143, 169 Carbohydrate, 132, 136, 143, 159, 163, 165 Carcinogenic, 132, 148, 160, 165 Carcinoma, 59, 73, 80, 119, 132 Cardiac, 28, 46, 79, 85, 132, 139, 154, 165 Case report, 25, 28, 29, 39, 40, 53, 54, 55, 58, 65, 132, 141 Case series, 29, 132, 133 Cataract, 44, 132 Catheter, 42, 85, 132 Causal, 132, 149

Cavernous Sinus, 46, 132 Cell Cycle, 132, 140 Cell Division, 129, 132, 140, 158 Cell Movement, 16, 132 Cell Size, 132, 142 Cell Transplantation, 20, 79, 132 Cellulose, 132, 142, 158 Central Nervous System, 3, 14, 49, 50, 60, 65, 125, 132, 133, 143, 144, 156 Central Nervous System Infections, 133, 144 Cerebral, 29, 32, 38, 39, 43, 53, 57, 65, 80, 133, 152, 164 Cerebrum, 133 Chemotactic Factors, 133, 134 Chemotaxis, 16, 133 Chemotherapy, 7, 34, 36, 38, 62, 63, 65, 73, 77, 79, 80, 86, 87, 122, 133, 162 Chest wall, 53, 133, 158 Chlorophyll, 133, 142 Cholera, 92, 133, 169 Cholesterol, 129, 133, 165 Chorioretinitis, 133, 162 Choroid, 133, 162, 168 Choroiditis, 55, 133 Chromatin, 133, 140 Chromosomal, 127, 133 Chromosome, 133, 144, 154 Chronic Disease, 133, 150 Chronic leukemia, 133, 144 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 30, 47, 63, 65, 133 Clinical series, 79, 133 Clinical trial, 4, 6, 84, 105, 133, 138, 154, 160, 161 Clone, 87, 134 Cloning, 53, 79, 130, 134 Coccidioidomycosis, 92, 110, 134 Cofactor, 134, 160 Collagen, 25, 127, 134, 158, 160 Collapse, 134, 158 Colloidal, 134, 138 Colon, 134, 149, 150 Complement, 16, 127, 128, 134, 135, 143, 163 Complementary and alternative medicine, 75, 82, 134 Complementary medicine, 75, 135 Computational Biology, 105, 135 Computed tomography, 43, 135 Computerized axial tomography, 135 Computerized tomography, 22, 41, 135

173

Concomitant, 53, 135 Connective Tissue, 130, 134, 135, 141, 143, 151, 166 Constitutional, 135, 162 Contamination, 61, 66, 135 Contraindications, ii, 135 Convulsion, 130, 135 Cornea, 135, 149, 165 Coronary, 135, 153 Coronary Thrombosis, 135, 153 Corticosteroid, 29, 136 Cortisone, 15, 136 Cranial, 136, 141, 144, 156, 164 Craniocerebral Trauma, 136, 144 Cryptococcosis, 14, 91, 92, 136 Curative, 136, 166 Cutaneous, 31, 34, 42, 44, 55, 59, 63, 78, 85, 94, 130, 131, 136, 150, 151, 163, 165 Cyclic, 136, 144, 155 Cyclophosphamide, 21, 79, 136 Cytokine, 10, 17, 18, 52, 136 Cytomegalovirus, 17, 136, 143, 169 Cytomegalovirus Infections, 136, 143 Cytoplasm, 129, 136, 139, 140, 144 D Daunorubicin, 136, 138 Dehydration, 133, 136 Deletion, 8, 136 Dementia, 125, 137 Denaturation, 137, 159 Dendrites, 137 Dendritic, 23, 137 Dendritic cell, 23, 137 Dendritic cell vaccine, 23, 137 Density, 137, 142, 156 Deprivation, 92, 137 Dermatosis, 137, 141 Desensitization, 137, 147 Diagnostic procedure, 83, 95, 137 Dialyzer, 137, 145 Diaphragm, 137, 158 Digestion, 126, 129, 130, 137, 149, 150, 165 Digestive system, 137, 154 Digestive tract, 137, 164 Diploid, 137, 154, 158 Direct, iii, 34, 97, 137, 162 Disease Susceptibility, 88, 137 Diuretic, 137, 152, 164 Dose-dependent, 21, 137 Dose-limiting, 85, 137 Double-blind, 10, 17, 138 Doxorubicin, 79, 138

Drive, ii, vi, 5, 16, 71, 138 Drug Interactions, 7, 15, 99, 138 Drug Resistance, 7, 9, 15, 138 Drug Tolerance, 138 Duodenum, 129, 138, 139, 165 Dura mater, 132, 138, 152, 156 E Echinococcosis, 92, 138 Echocardiography, 26, 39, 138 Edema, 138, 149, 155, 168 Effector, 13, 16, 125, 128, 134, 138 Effector cell, 13, 128, 138 Efficacy, 4, 12, 19, 20, 21, 35, 36, 56, 72, 73, 77, 81, 84, 138 Elastin, 134, 138 Electrolyte, 136, 138, 153, 168 Electrons, 138, 161 Electrophoresis, 53, 138 Emaciation, 125, 139 Embolus, 139, 148 Embryo, 139, 147 Emphysema, 88, 133, 139 Empiric, 14, 15, 139 Empyema, 30, 139 Encapsulated, 139, 150 Endemic, 36, 133, 139, 152 Endocarditis, 120, 131, 139 Endophthalmitis, 36, 139 Endoscope, 139 Endoscopic, 37, 131, 139 Endothelial cell, 8, 139 Endothelium, 139, 155 Endothelium-derived, 139, 155 Endotoxins, 134, 139 Environmental Health, 104, 106, 139 Enzymatic, 9, 13, 77, 127, 131, 134, 139, 145, 159 Enzyme, 6, 22, 31, 35, 53, 60, 61, 67, 72, 138, 139, 144, 145, 158, 160, 162, 166, 167, 169 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 22, 31, 60, 61, 72, 139 Eosinophilia, 25, 62, 140 Eosinophils, 140, 144, 150 Epidemic, 36, 140 Epidermal, 72, 75, 140 Epidermis, 140, 161 Epithelial, 76, 140 Epitope, 10, 140 Erythrocytes, 127, 130, 140, 162, 163 Escalation, 77, 140 Esophageal, 14, 37, 140

174

Aspergillosis

Esophagus, 137, 140, 165 Ethnic Groups, 92, 140 Etoposide, 79, 140 Excitation, 140, 142, 155 Exhaustion, 140, 152 External-beam radiation, 140, 149, 161, 170 Extracellular, 86, 135, 140, 165 Extraction, 61, 140 Exudate, 16, 133, 140 F Facial, 141, 152, 157 Facial Nerve, 141, 157 Family Planning, 105, 141 Fat, 130, 136, 139, 141, 143, 150, 164 Fatal Outcome, 141, 161 Febrile, 14, 141, 152 Femoral, 40, 141, 159 Femoral Artery, 141 Femoral Vein, 40, 141, 159 Femur, 141 Fibrosis, 23, 32, 37, 40, 45, 48, 63, 72, 73, 88, 92, 141, 163 Filariasis, 92, 141 Filtration, 35, 141 Fine-needle aspiration, 46, 58, 141, 155 Fistula, 27, 141 Fixation, 141, 163 Fleas, 92, 142 Flow Cytometry, 15, 142 Fluconazole, 10, 76, 84, 142 Fluorescence, 32, 142 Fluorescent Dyes, 142 Follicles, 49, 142 Fractionation, 12, 142 Frontal Sinus, 47, 142 Fungemia, 34, 142 Fungi, 7, 9, 15, 85, 87, 88, 128, 129, 139, 142, 153, 154, 165, 167, 168, 169, 170 Fungicides, Industrial, 128, 142 Fungus, 3, 4, 7, 10, 11, 17, 21, 77, 85, 88, 131, 134, 136, 142, 154 G Gallbladder, 125, 129, 130, 137, 142 Gamma Rays, 142, 161 Gamma-interferon, 84, 143 Ganciclovir, 10, 17, 76, 143, 169 Gas, 143, 146, 155, 158, 166 Gastrointestinal, 37, 91, 131, 143, 152, 166, 169 Gene, 5, 8, 11, 16, 18, 40, 45, 51, 79, 87, 88, 126, 130, 143, 156

Gene Expression, 5, 45, 143 Genetic Engineering, 130, 134, 143 Genetic testing, 143, 159 Genetics, 5, 143 Genomics, 13, 143 Genotype, 10, 41, 53, 143 Giant Cells, 143, 163 Gland, 126, 136, 143, 151, 156, 157, 158, 163, 165, 167 Glomerular, 143, 152, 162 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 143, 152 Glucocorticoids, 126, 136, 143 Glycine, 127, 143, 155, 163 Glycoprotein, 44, 143, 154, 168 Gonadal, 143, 165 Governing Board, 144, 159 Graft, 5, 42, 144, 147 Graft Rejection, 144, 147 Grafting, 6, 144 Granulocytes, 144, 150, 169 Granulocytopenia, 85, 144 Granuloma, 92, 144, 151 Granuloma Inguinale, 92, 144, 151 Guanylate Cyclase, 144, 155 H Haematological, 41, 48, 60, 76, 144 Haematology, 27, 33, 38, 41, 60, 61, 76, 79, 144 Haemoptysis, 38, 85, 87, 144 Hairy cell leukemia, 80, 144 Haploid, 144, 158 Headache, 85, 144 Headache Disorders, 144 Heart Transplantation, 54, 57, 144 Hematologic Diseases, 50, 144 Hematologic malignancies, 6, 35, 46, 144 Hematology, 21, 31, 39, 43, 50, 51, 53, 60, 61, 63, 64, 67, 72, 79, 144 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, 10, 17, 26, 144 Hemodialysis, 85, 137, 145, 149 Hemoglobin, 127, 140, 145 Hemolytic, 60, 145 Hemoptysis, 55, 120, 145 Hemorrhage, 45, 60, 136, 144, 145, 161 Heredity, 143, 145 Herpes, 5, 34, 145 Herpes Zoster, 145 Heterotrophic, 142, 145 Histamine, 127, 145, 146 Histidine, 12, 18, 145 Homologous, 87, 126, 145, 163

175

Hormonal, 130, 136, 145 Hormone, 130, 136, 145, 148, 159, 167 Horseradish Peroxidase, 139, 145 Housekeeping, 9, 145 Hybrid, 5, 8, 134, 146 Hydrogen, 125, 132, 137, 146, 153, 155, 160 Hydrolysis, 146, 159, 160 Hydroxylysine, 134, 146 Hydroxyproline, 127, 134, 146 Hyperbaric, 79, 146 Hyperbaric oxygen, 79, 146 Hypersensitivity, 10, 41, 44, 88, 126, 137, 146, 163 Hypersensitivity, Immediate, 146 Hypertension, 144, 146, 168 Hypotension, 146 I Idiopathic, 146, 163 Iliac Vein, 141, 146 Immune response, 10, 13, 18, 44, 128, 136, 144, 146, 147, 163, 164, 166, 169 Immune Sera, 146 Immune system, 8, 86, 128, 138, 146, 147, 151, 157, 169 Immunization, 87, 125, 146, 147, 163 Immunoassay, 6, 35, 67, 139, 146 Immunoblotting, 22, 147 Immunocompromised, 7, 9, 11, 17, 21, 22, 35, 57, 58, 63, 72, 84, 86, 88, 94, 147 Immunocompromised Host, 17, 58, 72, 84, 147 Immunodeficiency, 26, 44, 79, 94, 110, 125, 147 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 26, 110, 147 Immunoglobulin, 20, 128, 147, 153 Immunohistochemistry, 15, 147 Immunologic, 126, 133, 146, 147, 161 Immunology, 12, 18, 24, 25, 43, 49, 54, 62, 72, 76, 77, 78, 84, 126, 142, 145, 147 Immunosuppressant, 147, 153 Immunosuppression, 13, 17, 147, 151, 156 Immunosuppressive, 86, 136, 147 Immunosuppressive Agents, 147 Immunosuppressive therapy, 147 Immunotherapy, 10, 11, 126, 137, 147 Implant radiation, 147, 149, 161, 170 In vitro, 12, 13, 18, 24, 30, 77, 84, 130, 147, 158 In vivo, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, 30, 84, 130, 147, 151 Incision, 147, 149 Induction, 7, 78, 127, 147, 148

Induction therapy, 78, 148 Infarction, 26, 38, 135, 148, 153 Infestation, 138, 148, 169 Infusion, 6, 34, 85, 148 Inhalation, 3, 37, 85, 86, 98, 99, 126, 134, 148, 158, 165 Initiator, 130, 148 Inorganic, 148, 154 Insight, 16, 148 Insulin, 130, 148 Intensive Care, 34, 45, 59, 148 Interferon, 13, 143, 148, 151 Interferon-alpha, 148 Intermittent, 148, 151 Internal radiation, 148, 149, 161, 170 Interstitial, 130, 131, 149, 162, 170 Intervention Studies, 15, 149 Intestinal, 34, 149 Intestine, 91, 130, 149 Intracellular, 144, 148, 149, 155 Intramuscular, 149, 157 Intraocular, 139, 149 Intravenous, 20, 63, 78, 85, 98, 122, 142, 148, 149, 157 Irradiation, 6, 25, 84, 149, 170 Isoelectric, 149, 165 Isoelectric Point, 149, 165 Itraconazole, 20, 23, 24, 29, 43, 56, 58, 72, 76, 78, 93, 149 K Kb, 104, 149 Keratitis, 77, 149 Kidney Failure, 149, 152 L Labile, 134, 149 Large Intestine, 137, 149, 164 Larva Migrans, 92, 149 Larynx, 150, 167, 169 Latent, 150, 159 Lavage, 15, 41, 61, 150 Lectin, 51, 77, 150 Legionellosis, 73, 150 Leishmaniasis, 92, 150 Lens, 132, 150 Lesion, 130, 144, 150, 151 Lethal, 5, 18, 65, 66, 86, 150 Leucocyte, 150, 151 Leukaemia, 38, 41, 55, 87, 150 Leukemia, 5, 8, 37, 50, 61, 77, 79, 120, 138, 144, 150 Leukocytes, 33, 129, 130, 133, 140, 144, 148, 150, 168

176

Aspergillosis

Life cycle, 142, 150 Lipid, 46, 98, 148, 150 Liposomal, 20, 28, 30, 35, 36, 49, 52, 63, 72, 77, 80, 98, 150 Liquor, 150, 161 Liver, 15, 35, 42, 46, 62, 78, 125, 127, 129, 136, 137, 138, 142, 143, 150, 151, 163 Liver Mitochondria, 78, 150 Liver Transplantation, 42, 62, 150 Lobe, 84, 151, 157 Lobectomy, 27, 151 Localization, 16, 49, 147, 151 Localized, 50, 80, 84, 125, 127, 139, 141, 148, 151, 158 Locomotion, 151, 158 Long-Term Care, 17, 151 Lung Transplantation, 54, 55, 151 Lupus, 23, 151, 166 Lymph, 125, 139, 151, 163 Lymph node, 151, 163 Lymphatic, 139, 148, 151, 164, 167 Lymphatic system, 151, 164, 167 Lymphoblasts, 125, 151 Lymphocyte, 125, 128, 147, 151 Lymphocyte Count, 125, 151 Lymphocyte Depletion, 147, 151 Lymphogranuloma Venereum, 144, 151 Lymphoid, 49, 128, 150, 151 Lymphoma, 37, 76, 77, 79, 144, 151 Lytic, 151, 163 M Macrophage, 16, 128, 151 Malaria, 39, 40, 92, 152 Malaria, Falciparum, 152 Malaria, Vivax, 152 Malignancy, 12, 58, 152 Malignant, 80, 125, 128, 152, 154, 155, 161 Malignant tumor, 152, 154 Mannans, 142, 152 Mannitol, 72, 77, 152 Marijuana Smoking, 77, 152 Meat, 152, 168 Meatus, 152, 164 Medial, 152, 164 Mediate, 16, 152 MEDLINE, 105, 152 Membrane, 16, 133, 134, 137, 150, 152, 154, 158, 162, 166, 167 Meninges, 132, 133, 136, 138, 152 Meningioma, 52, 152 Meningitis, 110, 142, 149, 152 Mercury, 142, 152

Metabolite, 9, 153 Methotrexate, 34, 153 MI, 60, 123, 153 Microbe, 88, 153, 167 Microorganism, 134, 153, 157, 169 Micro-organism, 13, 153 Mineralocorticoids, 126, 136, 153 Mitochondrial Swelling, 153, 154 Mitosporic Fungi, 129, 153 Mitotic, 140, 153 Mitoxantrone, 77, 153 Modeling, 7, 153 Modification, 127, 143, 153 Molecular, 7, 11, 12, 14, 18, 21, 53, 67, 88, 105, 107, 130, 135, 153, 166, 168 Molecule, 77, 128, 130, 134, 138, 139, 140, 146, 150, 153, 161 Monoclonal, 11, 15, 33, 147, 149, 153, 161, 170 Monoclonal antibodies, 11, 15, 147, 153 Monocyte, 128, 154 Mononuclear, 144, 154, 168 Monosomy, 54, 154 Morphological, 139, 142, 154 Morphology, 132, 144, 154 Motion Sickness, 154 Motor Activity, 154 Mucociliary, 154, 163 Mucocutaneous, 150, 154 Mucolytic, 131, 154 Mucosa, 151, 154, 166 Mucositis, 7, 154 Mucus, 88, 154 Multicenter Studies, 7, 154 Multicenter study, 154 Multiple Myeloma, 46, 154 Mycosis, 154 Mycotic, 36, 53, 54, 86, 91, 154 Myelogenous, 154 Myeloma, 56, 154 Myiasis, 92, 154 Myocardium, 153, 154 N Nasal Cavity, 154, 164 Nausea, 3, 85, 154, 168 Necrosis, 86, 139, 141, 148, 153, 154, 163 Needle biopsy, 141, 155 Neonatal, 55, 59, 155 Neoplasms, 125, 126, 128, 136, 145, 155, 161 Neoplastic, 151, 155, 163 Nephrosis, 155

177

Nephrotic, 29, 155 Nephrotic Syndrome, 29, 155 Nerve, 58, 127, 137, 141, 155, 156, 159, 165, 169 Nervous System, 132, 133, 155, 161, 166 Networks, 7, 155 Neuroretinitis, 155, 162 Neurosurgery, 45, 155 Neurotransmitter, 125, 127, 131, 143, 145, 155, 166 Neutrons, 126, 149, 155, 161 Neutropenia, 11, 50, 142, 155 Neutrophil, 10, 16, 45, 155 Nitric Oxide, 37, 155 Nitrogen, 127, 136, 141, 155, 168 Nonmalignant, 80, 156 Nosocomial, 45, 52, 56, 57, 66, 67, 156 Nuclear, 33, 40, 67, 138, 142, 154, 156 Nucleus, 129, 133, 136, 140, 142, 154, 155, 156, 160, 165 Nystatin, 49, 156 O Ocular, 44, 57, 156 Oliguria, 149, 152, 156 Opacity, 132, 137, 156 Operon, 156, 162 Opportunistic Infections, 4, 125, 156 Optic Nerve, 155, 156, 162 Oral Health, 92, 156 Orbit, 50, 156 Orbital, 47, 49, 58, 59, 80, 156 Organ Transplantation, 5, 156 Osmolarity, 152, 156 P Pachymeningitis, 152, 156 Palliative, 156, 166 Pancreas, 125, 137, 148, 156, 157 Pancreatic, 157 Pancreatitis, 23, 157 Paralysis, 49, 157 Parasite, 44, 157 Parasitic, 92, 142, 148, 157 Parenchyma, 84, 157 Parenteral, 14, 21, 157 Parietal, 157, 158 Parotid, 25, 157, 163 Partial remission, 157, 162 Pathogen, 5, 6, 8, 11, 13, 14, 86, 157 Pathogenesis, 5, 11, 17, 18, 84, 86, 91, 157 Pathologic, 26, 43, 44, 63, 130, 131, 135, 146, 157 Pathophysiology, 84, 157

Patient Education, 110, 114, 116, 123, 157 Peptide, 15, 126, 157, 159, 160, 166 Peptide Library, 15, 157 Perforation, 54, 157 Peripheral blood, 10, 145, 148, 157 Phagocyte, 16, 157 Phagocytosis, 16, 157 Pharmacokinetic, 8, 157 Pharmacologic, 127, 158, 167 Phorbol, 16, 158 Physicochemical, 13, 158 Physiologic, 7, 126, 130, 158, 161 Physiology, 9, 32, 33, 45, 51, 64, 144, 158 Pituitary Gland, 136, 158 Plants, 13, 150, 154, 158, 163, 165, 167 Plasma, 20, 28, 72, 128, 143, 145, 149, 153, 154, 158, 162 Plasma cells, 128, 154, 158 Platelet Aggregation, 127, 155, 158 Platelets, 155, 158, 167 Pleura, 158 Pleural, 29, 158 Pneumonectomy, 54, 57, 158 Pneumonia, 42, 135, 158 Pneumonitis, 44, 88, 158 Pneumothorax, 49, 158 Podophyllotoxin, 140, 158 Poisoning, 150, 153, 154, 158 Polymerase, 33, 41, 53, 60, 61, 158, 162 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 33, 41, 53, 60, 61, 158 Polymorphic, 66, 88, 159 Polymorphism, 41, 43, 159 Polypeptide, 87, 127, 134, 159 Polysaccharide, 128, 132, 159 Popliteal, 141, 159 Popliteal Vein, 141, 159 Posterior, 133, 156, 159, 164 Postnatal, 159, 165 Postoperative, 142, 159 Potentiating, 130, 159 Practice Guidelines, 106, 159 Preclinical, 14, 159 Precursor, 136, 138, 139, 159, 168 Predisposition, 88, 159 Prevalence, 8, 17, 59, 159 Probe, 16, 88, 159 Progesterone, 159, 165 Progression, 11, 17, 66, 127, 160 Progressive, 63, 137, 138, 140, 154, 160, 162 Proline, 134, 146, 160 Promoter, 5, 160

178

Aspergillosis

Prophylaxis, 6, 10, 15, 17, 58, 76, 160 Prospective study, 15, 17, 67, 160 Protease, 86, 160 Protein S, 87, 130, 160, 166 Proteins, 4, 8, 9, 126, 127, 128, 130, 133, 134, 149, 153, 156, 157, 158, 160, 163, 166, 167, 168 Proteinuria, 154, 155, 160 Proteolytic, 86, 134, 160 Protocol, 6, 160 Protons, 126, 146, 160, 161 Protozoa, 150, 153, 160, 165, 168 Protozoan, 133, 152, 160 Pruritic, 160, 163 Public Policy, 105, 160 Publishing, 19, 111, 160 Purines, 160, 163 Purpura, 23, 161 Purulent, 139, 161, 169 Pyogenic, 16, 161 Pyrimidines, 161, 163 Q Quality of Health Care, 161, 168 R Rabies, 92, 161 Radiation, 86, 140, 142, 146, 147, 149, 161, 162, 170 Radiation therapy, 86, 140, 142, 146, 149, 161, 162, 170 Radioactive, 146, 147, 148, 149, 153, 156, 161, 170 Radiography, 34, 161 Radiolabeled, 130, 149, 161, 170 Radiological, 26, 41, 62, 64, 66, 161 Radiology, 27, 28, 34, 51, 53, 58, 60, 62, 64, 77, 161 Radiotherapy, 130, 149, 161, 170 Randomized, 10, 23, 24, 76, 138, 161 Reactivation, 10, 161 Receptor, 13, 16, 18, 128, 161 Recombinant, 4, 45, 87, 161 Reconstitution, 6, 10, 161 Recurrence, 28, 162 Red blood cells, 140, 145, 162, 163 Reductase, 153, 162 Refer, 1, 134, 141, 142, 145, 151, 155, 156, 162 Refraction, 162, 164 Refractory, 11, 49, 56, 77, 84, 162 Regeneration, 161, 162 Regimen, 6, 79, 87, 138, 162 Relapse, 5, 162

Remission, 38, 162 Renal failure, 64, 162, 168 Repressor, 5, 156, 162 Resection, 24, 26, 50, 162 Retina, 133, 150, 155, 156, 162 Retinitis, 55, 162 Retrospective, 79, 162 Rhinitis, 54, 88, 162 Risk factor, 10, 24, 47, 48, 62, 160, 162 Risk patient, 16, 51, 162 S Saline, 131, 162 Salivary, 136, 137, 141, 162 Salivary glands, 136, 137, 141, 162 Salvage Therapy, 29, 162 Saponins, 163, 165 Sarcoidosis, 55, 88, 163 Scabies, 92, 163 Screening, 6, 12, 15, 66, 94, 133, 163 Secretion, 136, 143, 145, 153, 154, 163 Semisynthetic, 140, 163 Sensitization, 10, 163 Sepsis, 142, 163 Septal, 54, 163 Sequence Analysis, 53, 163 Sequencing, 8, 11, 159, 163 Serine, 79, 86, 163, 166 Serologic, 52, 146, 163 Serum, 17, 32, 41, 61, 64, 72, 77, 121, 126, 127, 134, 146, 151, 153, 162, 163, 168 Side effect, 85, 86, 97, 126, 136, 137, 163, 167 Signs and Symptoms, 162, 163, 168 Sinusitis, 54, 85, 88, 163 Skeletal, 127, 154, 164 Skeleton, 125, 141, 164 Skin test, 121, 164 Skull, 52, 136, 156, 164, 166 Skull Base, 52, 164 Small intestine, 91, 138, 145, 149, 164, 168 Smooth muscle, 127, 131, 145, 146, 164, 166 Soft tissue, 130, 164 Solid tumor, 138, 164 Sorbitol, 152, 164 Specialist, 112, 164 Specific immune cells, 6, 164 Specificity, 10, 77, 126, 164, 166 Spectrum, 10, 12, 62, 64, 164 Sphenoid, 25, 51, 57, 67, 132, 164 Sphenoid Sinus, 25, 51, 57, 67, 164

179

Spinal cord, 132, 133, 138, 152, 155, 156, 164, 166 Spleen, 127, 136, 151, 163, 164 Spores, 8, 72, 86, 88, 129, 134, 165 Sporotrichosis, 92, 165 Sputum, 45, 78, 121, 144, 165 Standard therapy, 84, 165 Stem cell transplantation, 38, 43, 72, 75, 81, 93, 145, 165 Stem Cells, 17, 144, 165 Sterility, 136, 165 Steroid, 38, 136, 163, 165 Stimulus, 131, 138, 140, 165, 166 Stomach, 125, 129, 130, 137, 140, 143, 145, 150, 154, 164, 165 Strand, 158, 165 Streptavidin, 72, 165 Streptomyces, 86, 136, 138, 156, 165, 166 Stress, 154, 159, 165 Stroma, 157, 165 Subacute, 148, 151, 163, 165 Subarachnoid, 144, 165 Subclinical, 10, 17, 148, 165 Subcutaneous, 42, 72, 75, 138, 157, 165 Submucous, 92, 166 Subspecies, 164, 166, 170 Substance P, 153, 162, 163, 166 Substrate, 139, 166 Subtilisin, 86, 166 Suction, 141, 166 Superoxide, 15, 16, 166 Suppression, 6, 11, 15, 85, 136, 166 Sympathetic Nervous System, 155, 166 Symptomatic, 87, 122, 131, 157, 166 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 23, 166 T Temporal, 18, 144, 152, 166 Tetracycline, 5, 166 Therapeutics, 99, 166 Thermal, 155, 159, 166 Thigh, 141, 166 Threonine, 163, 166 Threshold, 10, 146, 166 Thromboses, 78, 166 Thrombosis, 160, 167 Thrombus, 39, 40, 135, 148, 158, 167 Thrush, 110, 131, 167 Thymus, 6, 146, 151, 167 Thyroid, 37, 46, 167 Thyroid Gland, 37, 46, 167 Thyroid Hormones, 167 Tomography, 42, 55, 167

Torsion, 148, 167 Toxic, iv, 86, 136, 158, 167 Toxicity, 5, 7, 10, 14, 35, 85, 138, 153, 167 Toxicology, 8, 73, 106, 167 Toxins, 45, 128, 139, 148, 153, 167 Trachea, 131, 150, 167 Transfection, 130, 167 Transfer Factor, 146, 167 Transferases, 12, 167 Translation, 126, 167 Translational, 12, 167 Translocation, 7, 168 Transplantation, 5, 7, 17, 23, 26, 35, 38, 46, 56, 59, 61, 62, 64, 81, 146, 151, 168 Trauma, 154, 157, 168 Treatment Failure, 7, 168 Trichinosis, 92, 168 Trichuriasis, 92, 168 Tropical Sprue, 91, 168 Tryptophan, 134, 168 Tuberculosis, 34, 87, 88, 91, 151, 168 Tuberculosis, Pulmonary, 34, 168 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 47, 168 U Uraemia, 157, 168 Uremia, 149, 162, 168 Ureters, 168 Urethra, 168 Urinary, 66, 80, 156, 168 Urinary tract, 66, 80, 168 Urine, 7, 120, 130, 137, 156, 160, 168 Uvea, 139, 168 V Vaccines, 168, 169 Vagina, 131, 169 Vaginal, 18, 110, 169 Vaginitis, 131, 169 Valganciclovir, 10, 169 Vascular, 8, 133, 139, 144, 146, 148, 155, 167, 169 Vasculitis, 157, 169 Vasodilators, 155, 169 Vein, 141, 146, 149, 156, 157, 159, 169 Vena, 81, 146, 169 Venereal, 169, 170 Venous, 132, 160, 169 Venules, 130, 132, 169 Veterinary Medicine, 72, 105, 169 Vibrio, 133, 169 Viral, 143, 161, 169 Virulence, 8, 9, 130, 167, 169 Virus, 44, 76, 79, 125, 133, 143, 148, 169

180

Aspergillosis

Viscera, 150, 169 Visceral, 150, 169 Visceral Larva Migrans, 150, 169 Vitro, 13, 14, 169 Vivo, 5, 7, 14, 29, 151, 169 Vocal cord, 49, 169 Voriconazole, 16, 28, 35, 43, 52, 60, 63, 65, 68, 81, 94, 169 W White blood cell, 125, 128, 144, 150, 151, 154, 155, 158, 169

Windpipe, 131, 167, 170 X Xenograft, 127, 170 X-ray, 121, 122, 135, 142, 149, 156, 161, 170 X-ray therapy, 149, 170 Y Yaws, 92, 170 Yeasts, 131, 142, 170 Z Zoonoses, 161, 170