Asbestosis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ASBESTOSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N...

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ASBESTOSIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Asbestosis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84339-2 1. Asbestosis-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on asbestosis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ASBESTOSIS ............................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Asbestosis...................................................................................... 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ASBESTOSIS...................................................................................... 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Finding Nutrition Studies on Asbestosis..................................................................................... 47 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 48 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON ASBESTOSIS ................................................................................. 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Dissertations on Asbestosis.......................................................................................................... 51 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 51 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ASBESTOSIS ............................................................................ 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Recent Trials on Asbestosis.......................................................................................................... 53 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 54 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ASBESTOSIS................................................................................................ 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 57 Chapters on Asbestosis................................................................................................................. 58 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 61 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 63 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 65 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 67 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 71 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 73 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 73 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 73 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 79 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 81 ASBESTOSIS DICTIONARY ........................................................................................................ 83 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 109

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with asbestosis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about asbestosis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to asbestosis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on asbestosis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to asbestosis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on asbestosis. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ASBESTOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on asbestosis.

Federally Funded Research on Asbestosis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to asbestosis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to asbestosis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore asbestosis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for asbestosis: •

Project Title: CELL PROLIFERATION IN MODELS OF FIBROSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Heintz, Nicholas H.; Professor; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, Vt 05405 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Progression through G1 and entry into the S phase are carefully regulated during the eukaryotic cell cycle. Induction of cell proliferation involves several

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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sequential steps that include: 1) activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), 2) expression of early response genes such as c- fos and c-jun, 3) transcriptional licensing and S phase entry. Asbestos, reactive oxygen, and reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) influence progression through G1 and entry into the S phase by activating or perturbing MAPK cascades, altering the activity of G1 cyclins or alt4ering the activation of E2F. Here, we propose specific aims to examine progression through G1 and S phase entry in models of allergic airway hyperresponsiveness/fibrosis and asbestosis. First, we will document the relationship between cell cycle progression and patterns of MAPK activation, expression of cyclin D1, and origin licensing by Cdc6 in synchronized murine alveolar type II (C1) cells in response to asbestos, RO2 and cationic proteins. Second, we will use homologous recombination of bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) to generate alleles of cyclin D1 and cfdc6 that contain internal ribosome entry sites (IRES)enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression cassettes in the 3' untranslated regions of the genes. Using a novel gene transfer technique, these alleles will be transferred into cells in cultured, and regulated expression during the cell cycle of dicistonic mRNAs from the BAC alleles will be assessed. Third, those BAC alleles displaying proper expression of dicistonic mRNAs encoding cyclin D1-IRES-EGFP and Cdc6-IRES-EGFP will be used to generate transgenic reporter mice. Mice bearing these transgenic BAC alleles will be used to study progression through G1 and commitment to S phase in epithelial cells in inhalation models used in projects 1-3. Finally, backcrossing of BAC transgenic mice with mice expressing dominant negative MEK1 will be used to define the role of ERKs in governing progression through G1 and S phase entry, as well as their relationship to the development of epithelial cell proliferation and fibrosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INHALATION DOSIMETRY/EXPOSURE INDEX OF FIBER AEROSOL Principal Investigator & Institution: Cheng, Yung-Sung; Lovelace Biomedical & Environmental Res Environmental Research Inst Albuquerque, Nm 87185 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Exposures to airborne asbestos and man-made vitreous fibers (MMVFS) increase the incidence of lung cancer, asbestosis, and mesothelioma. Fibers that deposit in the bronchial and alveolar regions, subsequently translocating to the parenchyma, are thought to be responsible for the development of these diseases. Physico-chernical properties of fibers, including length, diameter, and durability in the lung, are major factors in the etiology of these lung diseases. Because inhalation is the main route of exposure, the deposition pattern in the respiratory tract as a function of fiber dimensions is new information critical to understanding respiratory dosimetry and defining the index of exposure for health protection purposes. Controlled studies of fiber deposition in human volunteers are not available because of ethical concerns. However, total and regional depositions of inhaled fibers have been estimated from postmortem measurement, mathematical modeling, and animal toxicity studies. Increasingly, mathematical deposition models have been used to assess the dosimetry of inhaled MMVFS. However, current lung dosimetric models for fibers in the human respiratory tract are based on theoretical equations, which have not been verified with experimental data. This proposal has three objectives: (1) to develop experimental information on the deposition of fibrous aerosols as a function of fiber diameter and length in realistic human respiratory tract replicas, (2) to verify and improve the prediction of fiber dose estimate in human lungs using both empirical data as well as a computational fluid dynamic technique, and (3) to define,.a size-selective

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exposure index based on fiber penetration data. Because lung diseases caused by inhaled fibers occur in the bronchial, alveolar, and parachymal regions, a thoracic fraction defined as the fraction of particles penetrating the larynx and reaching the lung must be established and will be defined from experimental data obtained in this study. This research will generate essential information on the dosimetry of inhaled fibers in the human lung, data for an improved mathematical lung deposition model, and a definition of the thoracic fraction of fibers for exposure assessment. Sampling devices based on this size-selection definition can be developed in the future for improved assessment of worker exposure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR AND CELL BIOLOGY IN ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Reibman, Joan; Associate Professor; Medicine; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-1992; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) New York University Medical Center is a leader in producing academicians through interdisciplinary training programs in biomolecular medicine. Three academic programs (Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Environmental Medicine, and Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences) interact on the Environmental/Occupational Pulmonary Medicine training program in the basic sciences of cell and molecular biology research. The Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine has 50 full-time faculty, eight laboratories, and 15 NIH and CDCP grants. The Department/ Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine has 60 full-time faculty and is in the 38th year of a NIEHS Center grant. The Sackler Institute has 112 faculty in the basic science departments and is expanding into the new Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine. We propose a two year research fellowship emphasizing environmental lung disease with patient-oriented research of asthma, fibrosis, lung cancer, and the pulmonary response to environmental toxicants. Studies are basic science oriented with emphases on cytokine and growth factor gene regulation, receptor expression and signal transduction, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes. The investigators recruited 29 preceptors with expertise in research fellowship training in mechanisms of disease pertinent to their mission in the environmental health sciences. They will continue to train physicians who have completed internal medicine residency and pulmonary clinical rotations in patient-oriented research of environmental lung disease. Nineteen of 22 research follows continue to pursue academic careers and 13 individuals are members of under-represented minorities. The principal investigator and co-principal investigator utilize a Research Training Committee to assist selecting, advising, and monitoring the progress of the trainees. Research fellows develop their own projects and practically all have presented their research at national meetings with publications appearing in peer-reviewed journals covering asthma, ozone, asbestosis, tuberculosis, lung cancer, silicosis, and gene therapy. The goal of the investigators? program is to train academicians to provide Environmental Occupational Pulmonary Medicine leadership for the 21st century. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ARDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Christiani, David C.; Professor; Epidemiology; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, Ma 02115

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. In the United States alone there are 150,000 cases per year. Although there have been significant scientific advances in understanding the clinical and pathophysical aspects of the syndrome, there is as yet no specific therapy for ARDS. Moreover, although major risk factors for the development of ARDS include sepsis, aspiration, and multiple trauma, only a minority of patients with these risk factors develop ARDS. Individual differences in susceptibility to chronic disease have been a subject of active molecular epidemiologic investigations for the past decade. In particular, risk factors for cancer conferred by heritable polymorphisms and various metabolic functions have been reported. More recently, a polymorphism of endothelial nitrate oxide synthase has been associated with an increased susceptibility to coronary-artery disease, and polymorphisms in GSTM1 have been associated with an increased risk of developing asbestosis. A recent study of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) polymorphisms has been associated with poor outcome in ARDS. The purpose of this proposal, therefore, is to examine the association between specific polymorphisms in several genes coding for specific inflammatory responses and for surfactant protein and their potential association with increased susceptibility to ARDS. Our first objective will be to assess the role of candidate-gene polymorphisms as risk factors for ARDS in a case-control study. Our second objective will be to assess the relationship between genotype and phenotype for candidate markers in cases and controls. Our third objective will be to assess the role of these polymorphisms in clinical outcome (survival, recovery) using patients from both the proposed case-control study and the multicenter case series and clinical trial sponsored by the NHLBI ARDS network. By combining both a large casecontrol study and case series from the network, we have the advantages of sufficient case ascertainment, statistical power, diagnostic standardization, uniform outcome criteria and study efficiency. Overall, the results of this study will provide new insights into the epidemiology of ARDS and allow for possible preventive strategies as well as possible modifications of therapeutic interventions for the Network Phase III trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: P53 BIOMAKER AND INTERVENTION IN OCCUPATIONAL CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Brandt-Rauf, Paul W.; Professor and Chairman; Environmental Health Sciences; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Research Methods for Occupational Cancer are needed to develop early markers of adverse health effects from workplace exposures and to devise ways for interrupting the pathways between workplace exposures and resultant cancers. The p53 tumor suppressor gene product is a potential target for both of these approaches. Certain occupational exposures can produce mutations in p53 which cause the generation of an immune response with circulating p53 auto-antibodies, even before the occurrence of clinically detectable cancers, so that these antibodies may serve as useful early markers of adverse effects. In addition, certain short peptide sequences from p53 have been demonstrated in cell culture to be able to cause mutant p53 to revert to normal function, resulting in the death of cancer cells containing mutant p53 but with no effect on normal cells with wild-type p53, suggesting that this may be a useful approach for interrupting the pathway between workplace exposures that produce p53 mutations

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and resultant cancers. The purpose of the proposed research is to examine both of these approaches for occupational cancers caused by asbestos exposure in two related projects. For the first project, banked serum samples from a cohort of workers with asbestosis will be examined for the presence of p53 auto-antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and ininiunoblotting to determine if the presence of the antibodies correlates with the subsequent development of cancer, as well as with the presence of p53 mutations in the resultant tumors. For the second project, the effects in cell culture of a p53 peptide sequence (delivered as the peptide or as a plasmid-based mini-gene) on asbestos-associated lung cancer and mesothelioma cell lines with and without p53 mutations and corresponding non-cancer cell lines with wild-type p53 will be investigated, as well as determining the mechanism of action of the peptide for inducing death in these cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: REGULATION OF ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hunninghake, Gary W.; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This study is evaluating how uncoated asbestos fibers activate normal alveolar macrophages, evaluate mechanisms that might explain the release of cytokines by alveolar macrophages in patients with asbestosis, determine if the p42/p44 kinase and p38 kinase pathways are activated by uncoated or coated asbestos fibers in alveolar macrophages and monocytes, and determine if uncoated or coated asbestos triggers activation of NFkB-alpha transcription factor necessary for cytokine gene expression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SCAVANGER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

RECEPTOR-LIGAND

BINDING

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Krieger, Monty; Biology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Ma 02139 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1994; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: Scavenger receptors (SR) are cell surface proteins which bind chemically modified lipoproteins and exhibit broad ligand binding specificities. We have identified three classes of vertebrate and invertebrate SRs: class A (SR-A), class B (SR-B) and class C (SR-C). They participate in lipoprotein metabolism, development, host defense (pathogen recognition for innate immunity, protection against septic shock and viral infection), and possibly asbestosis and the recognition and clearance of damaged (apoptotic) cells and macromolecules. Many of their functions are directly related to health and disease and are consequences of their broad ligand binding specificities. One of these, SR-BI, was the first physiologically relevant HDL receptor to be identified. It controls the levels and fates of plasma HDL cholesterol, including delivery to the liver and steroidogenic tissues. SR-BI mediates selective uptake of HDL cholesterol, a poorly understood mechanism which is distinct from classic lipoprotein endocytic uptake. The overall goals of this proposal are 1) to elucidate the biochemical and structural bases for the high affinity, broad ligand binding specificities of these receptors by determining how their ligand binding domains (e.g., collagenous and alpha-helical coiled-coil domains of SR-AI-II) recognize diverse arrays of structurally distinct ligands, 2) to provide additional insights into the novel molecular mechanism underlying selective lipid uptake, and 3) to provide both experimental tools and a biochemical framework

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with which to assess further the functions of these unusual receptors. The work will rely on the generation and functional analysis of mutant receptors, including domain-swap chimeras. The design of the mutants will depend, in part, on the unusual structures of these receptors, which will be explored using a variety of methods. Detailed characterization of the structures and distinctive binding properties of mammalian and invertebrate scavenger receptors will provide important tools for the analysis of scavenger receptor function and will probably suggest new approaches for the treatment and prevention of at least some of the related diseases (e.g., atherosclerosis, infectious disease). The proposed work may lead to methods for predicting which physiologically relevant molecules are receptor ligands; this would provide additional avenues for exploring receptor function and, possibly, the design of pharmacologic reagents. In addition, clarification of the molecular bases of the broad binding specificities of scavenger receptors may provide insight into other biological systems in which broad binding specificity is important, e.g., multidrug resistance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SIGNALING IN EPITHELIAL INJURY, PROLIFERATION & FIBROSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mossman, Brooke T.; Professor of Pathology; Pathology; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, Vt 05405 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: Activation, injury and proliferation of airway and alveolar epithelial cells are critical to the development and/or repair of fibroproliferative lung diseases. Understanding the cell signaling cascades that occur in pulmonary epithelial cells and their causal relationship to these epithelial outcomes are vital to understanding the pathogenesis and these diseases and therapeutic strategies. The central hypothesis to be addressed in this Program pathogenesis of these diseases and therapeutic strategies. The central hypothesis to be addressed in this Program Project is that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are causally linked to epithelial cell injury and proliferation in models of allergic airway hyperresponsiveness/fibrosis and asbestosis. Project #1 (Mossman) will define the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNKs) in expression/transactivation of fos/jun (AP-1 family members) and their respective roles in epithelial cell proliferation in a murine inhalation model of asbestosis. Project #2 (Irvin) tests the hypothesis that activation of Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF- kappaB) in bronchiolar epithelial cells plays an initiating role in inflammation in a murine model of allergic airway fibrosis, a consequence being inflammation and the elaboration of cationic proteins that trigger epithelial injury via MAPK pathways. Project #3 (Jaken) will elucidate the role of PKC in modulation of MAPK pathways, AP-1 transactivation, and epithelial cell proliferation in a murine model of asbestosis. Lastly, Project #4 (Heintz), using both models of fibrosis, will test the hypothesis, with a novel bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) gene transfer technology, that activation of MAPK cascades leading to cell proliferation can be discriminated from those critical to cell injury by expression of cyclin D1 and the origin licensing factor cdc6. An Administrative Core (Mossman), an Inhalation/Transgenic Mouse Core (Hemenway/Rincon) and Cell Imaging and Analysis Core (Taatjes) will be critical to the success of all projects. All project and core leaders have pre-existing research collaborations and jointly authored publications. This multi-disciplinary team includes cell and molecular biologists, a physiologist, an inhalation toxicologist, a biostatistician, and an expert in approaches for development of transgenic mice.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with asbestosis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “asbestosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for asbestosis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A clinical diagnostic model for the assessment of asbestosis: a new algorithmic approach. Author(s): Schwartz A, Rockoff SD, Christiani D, Hyde J. Source: Journal of Thoracic Imaging. 1988 October; 3(4): 29-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3184241&dopt=Abstract

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A comparative study of mesothelioma and asbestosis using computed tomography and conventional chest radiography. Author(s): Rabinowitz JG, Efremidis SC, Cohen B, Dan S, Efremidis A, Chahinian AP, Teirstein AS. Source: Radiology. 1982 August; 144(3): 453-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7100456&dopt=Abstract

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A comparative study of mesothelioma and asbestosis using computed tomography and conventional chest radiography. Author(s): Solomon A. Source: Radiology. 1983 July; 148(1): 316. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6856860&dopt=Abstract

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A diagnostic approach to asbestosis, utilizing clinical criteria, high resolution computed tomography, and gallium scanning. Author(s): Klaas VE. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1993 May; 23(5): 801-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8338599&dopt=Abstract

3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A landmark case in asbestosis. Author(s): Selikoff IJ, Greenberg M. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1991 February 20; 265(7): 898-901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1825122&dopt=Abstract

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A study on the dose-response relationship between asbestos exposure level and asbestosis among workers in a Chinese chrysotile product factory. Author(s): Huang JQ. Source: Biomed Environ Sci. 1990 March; 3(1): 90-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2331328&dopt=Abstract

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Airways obstruction from asbestos exposure and asbestosis revisited. Author(s): Kilburn KH, Warshaw RH. Source: Chest. 1995 June; 107(6): 1730-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7781376&dopt=Abstract

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Airways obstruction from asbestos exposure. Effects of asbestosis and smoking. Author(s): Kilburn KH, Warshaw RH. Source: Chest. 1994 October; 106(4): 1061-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7924474&dopt=Abstract

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Alveolar dust clearance capacity as determinant of individual susceptibility to asbestosis: new experimental observations. Author(s): Begin R, Masse S, Sebastien P. Source: The Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 1989; 33(2): 279-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2757326&dopt=Abstract

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Alveolitis of pulmonary asbestosis. Bronchoalveolar lavage studies in crocidolite- and chrysotile-exposed individuals. Author(s): Robinson BW, Rose AH, James A, Whitaker D, Musk AW. Source: Chest. 1986 September; 90(3): 396-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3017641&dopt=Abstract

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An autopsy case of malignant mesothelioma associated with asbestosis. Author(s): Watanabe M, Kimura N, Kato M, Iwami D, Takahashi M, Nagura H. Source: Pathology International. 1994 October-November; 44(10-11): 785-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7834080&dopt=Abstract

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An early study of pulmonary asbestosis among manufacturing workers: original data and reconstruction of the 1932 cohort. Author(s): Borron SW, Forman SA, Lockey JE, Lemasters GK, Yee LM. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1997 March; 31(3): 324-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9055956&dopt=Abstract

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An overview of the role of mineral solubility in silicosis and asbestosis. Author(s): Erdogdu G, Hasirci V. Source: Environmental Research. 1998 July; 78(1): 38-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9630443&dopt=Abstract

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Application of pulmonary function tests to the evaluation of asbestosis. Author(s): Miller A. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1991 December 31; 643: 145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1809125&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestos bodies and the diagnosis of asbestosis in chrysotile workers. Author(s): Holden J, Churg A. Source: Environmental Research. 1986 February; 39(1): 232-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2417833&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestos bodies in carcinoma of colon in an insulation worker with asbestosis. Author(s): Ehrlich A, Rohl AN, Holstein EC. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1985 November 22-29; 254(20): 2932-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4057514&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestos bodies or fibers and the diagnosis of asbestosis. Author(s): Warnock ML, Wolery G. Source: Environmental Research. 1987 October; 44(1): 29-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3653068&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestos disease in sheet metal workers: II. Radiologic signs of asbestosis among active workers. Author(s): Michaels D, Zoloth S, Lacher M, Holstein E, Lilis R, Drucker E. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1987; 12(5): 595-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3687953&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestos exposure and asbestosis. Author(s): Black JA. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1996 April; 89(4): 240. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8676332&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestos exposure and asbestosis: clarifying terminology and avoiding confusion. Author(s): Woodard PK, McAdams HP, Putman CE. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1995 December; 88(12): 669-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8786585&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestos exposure, asbestosis, and asbestos-attributable lung cancer. Author(s): Jones RN, Hughes JM, Weill H. Source: Thorax. 1996 August; 51 Suppl 2: S9-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8869346&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestos exposure, asbestosis, and lung cancer. Author(s): Banks DE, Wang ML, Parker JE. Source: Chest. 1999 February; 115(2): 320-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10027425&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestos exposure, lung cancer and asbestosis. Author(s): Billings CG, Howard P. Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2000 April; 55(2): 151-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10949878&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestos fiber analysis in seven asbestosis cases. Author(s): Murai Y, Kitagawa M, Yasuda M, Okada E, Koizumi F, Miwa A. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1994 January-February; 49(1): 67-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8117151&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestos inhalation, not asbestosis, causes lung cancer. Author(s): Abraham JL. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1994 December; 26(6): 839-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7892836&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestos lung burden and asbestosis after occupational and environmental exposure in an asbestos cement manufacturing area: a necropsy study. Author(s): Magnani C, Mollo F, Paoletti L, Bellis D, Bernardi P, Betta P, Botta M, Falchi M, Ivaldi C, Pavesi M. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1998 December; 55(12): 840-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9924446&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestos related diseases without asbestosis. Author(s): Davies D. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1983 July 16; 287(6386): 164-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6223683&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestos, asbestosis, and lung cancer. Author(s): Churg A. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 1993 September; 6(5): 509-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8248104&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestos, asbestosis, and lung cancer: observations in Quebec chrysotile workers. Author(s): Case BW, Dufresne A. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1997 September; 105 Suppl 5: 1113-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9400709&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestos, asbestosis, pleural plaques and lung cancer. Author(s): Hillerdal G, Henderson DW. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 1997 April; 23(2): 93-103. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9167232&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis among electricians. Author(s): Hodgson MJ, Parkinson DK, Sabo S, Owens GR, Feist JH. Source: J Occup Med. 1988 August; 30(8): 638-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3262731&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis and asbestos-related disease. Author(s): Dark DS, Pingleton SK. Source: J Kans Med Soc. 1983 July; 84(7): 392-6, 413. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6886517&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: a radiological and functional comparison. Author(s): Cookson WO, Musk AW, Glancy JJ. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1984 October; 14(5): 626-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6597709&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: comparison of thin-section CT features. Author(s): Copley SJ, Wells AU, Sivakumaran P, Rubens MB, Lee YC, Desai SR, MacDonald SL, Thompson RI, Colby TV, Nicholson AG, du Bois RM, Musk AW, Hansell DM. Source: Radiology. 2003 December; 229(3): 731-6. Epub 2003 October 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14576443&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis and lobar site of lung cancer. Author(s): Weiss W. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2000 May; 57(5): 358-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10769303&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis and lung cancer. Author(s): Weiss W. Source: Chest. 1986 August; 90(2): 307-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3731914&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis and old incubators. Author(s): Fuenfer MM. Source: Pediatrics. 1984 April; 73(4): 571-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6709444&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis and silicosis. Author(s): Wagner GR. Source: Lancet. 1997 May 3; 349(9061): 1311-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9142077&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis and small cell lung cancer in a clutch refabricator. Author(s): Levin JL, O'Sullivan MF, Corn CJ, Williams MG, Dodson RF. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1999 September; 56(9): 602-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10615292&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis and the serratus anterior muscle. Author(s): Collins JD, Brown RK, Batra P. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1983 March; 75(3): 296-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6854665&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis and tuberculosis. Author(s): Segarra-Obiol F, Lopez-Ibanez P, Perez Nicolas J. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1983; 4(6): 755-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6606358&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis as a precursor of asbestos related lung cancer: results of a prospective mortality study. Author(s): Hughes JM, Weill H. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1991 April; 48(4): 229-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2025587&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis criteria. Author(s): Becklake MR. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1984 February; 108(2): 93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6546497&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis in long-term employees of an Ontario asbestos-cement factory. Author(s): Finkelstein MM. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982 May; 125(5): 496-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7081805&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis in Malaysia: report on first two cases. Author(s): Lim HH, Rampal KG, Joginder S, Bakar CM, Chan KH, Vivek TN. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1999 September; 54(3): 364-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11045065&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis in New Jersey. Author(s): Stanbury M, Tepper A, Ramaprasad R, Solice-Sample G. Source: N J Med. 1991 March; 88(3): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2034404&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis mortality in Italy. Author(s): Merler E, Capocaccia R. Source: Med Lav. 1993 July-August; 84(4): 286-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8255259&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis occurring after brief inhalational exposure: usefulness of bronchoalveolar lavage in diagnosis. Author(s): Barbers RG, Abraham JL. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1989 February; 46(2): 106-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2538140&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis, endobronchial Aspergillus infection, and bronchocentric granulomatosis presenting with hemoptysis. Author(s): Dikman SH. Source: Lung. 1991; 169(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2011042&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis, laryngeal carcinoma, and malignant peritoneal mesothelioma in an insulation worker. Author(s): Fischbein A, Luo JC, Pinkston GR. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1991 May; 48(5): 338-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2039746&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis, pleural plaques and diffuse pleural thickening: three distinct benign responses to asbestos exposure. Author(s): Gevenois PA, de Maertelaer V, Madani A, Winant C, Sergent G, De Vuyst P. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1998 May; 11(5): 1021-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9648950&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis, pulmonary symptoms and functional impairment in shipyard workers. Author(s): Kilburn KH, Warshaw R, Thornton JC. Source: Chest. 1985 August; 88(2): 254-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3926394&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis, the nervous system and cancer. Author(s): Juntunen J, Huuskonen MS, Matikainen E, Kemppainen R, Suoranta H, Tukiainen P, Korhonen O, Jarvisalo J, Partanen T. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1984 April; 13(2 Suppl): 353-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6497337&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis. Author(s): Kotin P. Source: Ala J Med Sci. 1985 October; 22(4): 388-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4073386&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis. Author(s): Halkic N, Gintzburger D, Gillet M. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1999 September; 68(3): 1087. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10510023&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid proteins and their relationship to pulmonary epithelial permeability. Author(s): Gellert AR, Perry D, Langford JA, Riches PG, Rudd RM. Source: Chest. 1985 November; 88(5): 730-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3902389&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis: a marker for the increased risk of lung cancer among workers exposed to asbestos. Author(s): Weiss W. Source: Chest. 1999 February; 115(2): 536-49. Review. Erratum In: Chest 1999 May; 115(5): 1485. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10027457&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis: assessment by bronchoalveolar lavage and measurement of pulmonary epithelial permeability. Author(s): Gellert AR, Langford JA, Winter RJ, Uthayakumar S, Sinha G, Rudd RM. Source: Thorax. 1985 July; 40(7): 508-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4035617&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis: clinical spectrum and pathogenic mechanisms. Author(s): Kamp DW, Weitzman SA. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1997 January; 214(1): 12-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9012357&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis: diagnostic dilution. Author(s): Harber P, Smitherman J. Source: J Occup Med. 1991 July; 33(7): 786-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1890489&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis: high-resolution CT-pathologic correlation. Author(s): Akira M, Yamamoto S, Yokoyama K, Kita N, Morinaga K, Higashihara T, Kozuka T. Source: Radiology. 1990 August; 176(2): 389-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2367652&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis: inhalation disease of the lungs. Author(s): Shubin H. Source: Pa Med. 1985 January; 88(1): 54, 56, 58. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3975053&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestosis: interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and pleural fibrosis in a cohort of asbestos insulation workers: influence of cigarette smoking. Author(s): Lilis R, Selikoff IJ, Lerman Y, Seidman H, Gelb SK. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1986; 10(5-6): 459-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3812490&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestos-related disease without asbestosis--why not pleural asbestosis? Author(s): Beritic T, Kovac S. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1985; 8(6): 517-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4073050&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestos-related pleural disease and asbestosis: a comparison of CT and chest radiography. Author(s): Friedman AC, Fiel SB, Fisher MS, Radecki PD, Lev-Toaff AS, Caroline DF. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1988 February; 150(2): 269-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3257311&dopt=Abstract

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Asbestos-related pleuropulmonary diseases: asbestosis, mesothelioma and lung cancer. Author(s): Henderson DW. Source: Pathology. 1982 July; 14(3): 239-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6290964&dopt=Abstract

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Asymmetric rapidly progressive lung fibrosis: a cause of pseudotumour in asbestosis. Author(s): Cookson WO, Glancy JJ, Frost FA. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1985 May; 42(5): 350-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3986147&dopt=Abstract

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Autopsy cases of asbestosis in Japan: a statistical analysis on registered cases. Author(s): Murai Y, Kitagawa M. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2000 November-December; 55(6): 447-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11128884&dopt=Abstract

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BAL in asbestosis. Author(s): Yernault JC, De Vuyst P, Dumortier P. Source: Chest. 1987 June; 91(6): 932-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3581948&dopt=Abstract

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Benign asbestosis: words and thoughts. Author(s): Beritic T. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1988 July; 45(7): 433-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3395579&dopt=Abstract

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Benign manifestations of asbestosis. Author(s): Murthy JH, Hiremagalur SR. Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1995 February; 88(2): 64-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7861786&dopt=Abstract

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Bronchoalveolar lavage and 99mTc-DTPA clearance as prognostic factors in asbestos workers with and without asbestosis. Author(s): al Jarad N, Gellert AR, Rudd RM. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1993 July; 87(5): 365-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8209056&dopt=Abstract

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Bronchoalveolar lavage and clearance of 99m-Tc-DTPA in asbestos workers without evidence of asbestosis. Author(s): Gellert AR, Langford JA, Uthayakumar S, Rudd RM. Source: Br J Dis Chest. 1985 July; 79(3): 251-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3893510&dopt=Abstract

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Bronchoalveolar lavage in asbestosis. Author(s): Rebuck AS, Braude AC. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1983 May; 143(5): 950-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6383245&dopt=Abstract

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Cancer incidence and mortality among Finnish asbestos sprayers and in asbestosis and silicosis patients. Author(s): Oksa P, Pukkala E, Karjalainen A, Ojajarvi A, Huuskonen MS. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1997 June; 31(6): 693-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9131223&dopt=Abstract

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Carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen in ELF: elevation in asbestosis, but not in pleural plaque disease. Author(s): Lammi L, Ryhanen L, Lakari E, Risteli J, Paakko P, Ruotsalainen EM, Lahde S, Kinnula VL. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1999 September; 14(3): 560-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10543275&dopt=Abstract

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Carcinosarcoma of lung associated with asbestosis. Author(s): Farrell DJ, Cooper PN, Malcolm AJ. Source: Histopathology. 1995 November; 27(5): 484-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8575744&dopt=Abstract

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Case of the month No. 64: calcified pleural plaques asbestosis. Author(s): Fitzgerald D, Jogerst G, Flores R, Crowe JK. Source: Ariz Med. 1983 February; 40(2): 104, 109. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6847394&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic constrictive pericarditis associated with asbestosis. Author(s): Fischbein L, Namade M, Sachs RN, Robineau M, Lanfranchi J. Source: Chest. 1988 September; 94(3): 646-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3409754&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical and pathological aspects of lung cancer associated with asbestosis and other pneumoconiosis. Author(s): Yokoyama K, Morinaga K, Yamamoto S, Sera Y. Source: J Uoeh. 1983 March 20; 5 Suppl: 75-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6679676&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical predictors of mortality from asbestosis in the North American Insulator Cohort, 1981 to 1991. Author(s): Markowitz SB, Morabia A, Lilis R, Miller A, Nicholson WJ, Levin S. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1997 July; 156(1): 101-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9230732&dopt=Abstract

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Cohort mortality study of women compensated for asbestosis in Italy. Author(s): Germani D, Belli S, Bruno C, Grignoli M, Nesti M, Pirastu R, Comba P. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1999 July; 36(1): 129-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10361597&dopt=Abstract

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Collagenolytic activity from circulating polymorphonuclear leucocytes of patients with asbestosis. Author(s): Lemaire I, Grondin C, Begin R. Source: Experientia. 1984 July 15; 40(7): 736-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6086383&dopt=Abstract

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Commentary regarding the article by Fischer et al.: Fibre years, pulmonary asbestos burden and asbestosis. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 205, 245-248 (2002). Author(s): Henderson DW. Source: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2003 June; 206(3): 249-50; Author Reply 251-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12872537&dopt=Abstract

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Commentary regarding the article by Fischer et al.: Fibre years, pulmonary asbestos burden and asbestosis. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 205, 245-248 (2002). Author(s): Rodelsperger K, Woitowitz HJ. Source: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2003 June; 206(3): 245-7; Author Reply 251-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12872536&dopt=Abstract

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Compensation, radiographic changes, and survival in applicants for asbestosis compensation. Author(s): Cookson WO, Musk AW, Glancy JJ, de Klerk NH, Yin R, Mele R, Carr NG, Armstrong BK, Hobbs MS. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1985 July; 42(7): 461-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2990524&dopt=Abstract

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Computed tomography in the early detection of asbestosis. Author(s): Begin R, Ostiguy G, Filion R, Colman N, Bertrand P. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1993 August; 50(8): 689-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8398855&dopt=Abstract

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Computed tomography--a reliable diagnostic modality in pulmonary asbestosis. Author(s): Sperber M, Mohan KK. Source: Comput Radiol. 1984 May-June; 8(3): 125-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6734159&dopt=Abstract

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Concurrent mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma of the lung in a patient with asbestosis. Author(s): Cagle PT, Wessels R, Greenberg SD. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 1993 July; 6(4): 438-41. Review. Erratum In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8415588&dopt=Abstract

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Consequences of long-lasting asbestos-exposure: peripheral blood parameters in shipyard workers with and without asbestosis. Author(s): Trosic I, Pisl Z. Source: Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology : Official Journal of the Gesellschaft Fur Toxikologische Pathologie. 1995 May; 47(2-3): 212-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7580111&dopt=Abstract

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Contributions of experimental asbestosis in sheep to the understanding of asbestosis. Author(s): Begin R, Cantin A, Masse S, Sebastien P. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1991 December 31; 643: 228-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1809135&dopt=Abstract

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Controversies and uncertainties concerning the pathologic features and pathologic diagnosis of asbestosis. Author(s): Hammar SP. Source: Semin Diagn Pathol. 1992 May; 9(2): 102-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1609152&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation of asbestos bodies and fibers in lungs of subjects with and without asbestosis. Author(s): Warnock ML, Prescott BT, Kuwahara TJ. Source: Scan Electron Microsc. 1982; (Pt 2): 845-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6188199&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation of bronchoalveolar lavage and clinical and functional findings in asbestosis. Author(s): Yernault JC, De Vuyst P, Dumortier P. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986 December; 134(6): 1335-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3789536&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation of bronchoalveolar lavage and clinical and functional findings in asbestosis. Author(s): Xaubet A, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Bombi JA, Marin A, Roca J, Agusti-Vidal A. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986 May; 133(5): 848-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3706896&dopt=Abstract

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Correspondence Re: P.T. Cagle, R. Wessels, and S.D. Greenberg. Concurrent mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma of the lung in a patient with asbestosis. Mod Pathol 6:438, 1993. Author(s): Suzuki Y. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 1994 October; 7(8): 888-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7838847&dopt=Abstract

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Correspondence re: Philip T. Cagle, Robert Wessels, and S. Donald Greenberg. Concurrent mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma of the lung in a patient with asbestosis. Mod Pathol 6:438, 1993. Author(s): Cagle PT. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 1994 January; 7(1): 148-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8159646&dopt=Abstract

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Crackles in the early detection of asbestosis. Author(s): Murphy RL Jr, Gaensler EA, Holford SK, Del Bono EA, Epler G. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984 March; 129(3): 375-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6367573&dopt=Abstract

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CT features of an unusual hypervascular lung carcinoma complicating chronic asbestosis related pleural disease. Author(s): Coleman BG, Epstein DM, Arger PH, Miller WT. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1985 May-June; 9(3): 554-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2985664&dopt=Abstract

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CT findings in pulmonary asbestosis. Author(s): Gamsu G, Aberle DR. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1995 August; 165(2): 486-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7618590&dopt=Abstract

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CT for asbestosis: value and limitations. Author(s): Lynch DA. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1995 January; 164(1): 69-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7998571&dopt=Abstract

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CT quantification of interstitial fibrosis in patients with asbestosis: a comparison of two methods. Author(s): Gamsu G, Salmon CJ, Warnock ML, Blanc PD. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1995 January; 164(1): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7998570&dopt=Abstract

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Current concepts about the pathogenesis of silicosis and asbestosis. Author(s): deShazo RD. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1982 July; 70(1): 41-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6282950&dopt=Abstract

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Current imaging of asbestosis. Author(s): Aberle DR. Source: Curr Opin Radiol. 1989 June; 1(1): 9-15. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2701517&dopt=Abstract

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Current issues regarding the pathobiology of asbestosis: a chronologic perspective. Author(s): Kagan E. Source: Journal of Thoracic Imaging. 1988 October; 3(4): 1-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3054134&dopt=Abstract

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Current perspectives in asbestosis. Author(s): Kagan E. Source: Ann Allergy. 1985 June; 54(6): 464-73. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3893229&dopt=Abstract

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Dehydroepiandrosterone inhibits the spontaneous release of superoxide radical by alveolar macrophages in vitro in asbestosis. Author(s): Rom WN, Harkin T. Source: Environmental Research. 1991 August; 55(2): 145-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1651223&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of asbestosis with high-resolution CT. Author(s): Friedman AC, Radecki PD, Fiel SB. Source: Radiology. 1989 January; 170(1 Pt 1): 278-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2909112&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and management of asbestosis. Author(s): Kuku O, Parker DL. Source: Minn Med. 2000 November; 83(11): 47-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11126482&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of asbestosis by a time expanded wave form analysis, auscultation and high resolution computed tomography: a comparative study. Author(s): al Jarad N, Strickland B, Bothamley G, Lock S, Logan-Sinclair R, Rudd RM. Source: Thorax. 1993 April; 48(4): 347-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8511731&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of asbestosis. Clinical, radiological and lung function data in 42 patients. Author(s): Picado C, Roisin RR, Sala H, Agusti-Vidal A. Source: Lung. 1984; 162(6): 325-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6527564&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of asbestosis. Primum non nocere. Author(s): Beckett WS. Source: Chest. 1997 May; 111(5): 1427-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9149605&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic value of exercise testing in asbestosis. Author(s): Zejda J. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1989; 16(3): 305-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2782318&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in occupational mortality from pleural cancer, peritoneal cancer, and asbestosis. Author(s): Coggon D, Inskip H, Winter P, Pannett B. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1995 November; 52(11): 775-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8535500&dopt=Abstract

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Different patterns of gas exchange response to exercise in asbestosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Author(s): Agusti AG, Roca J, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Xaubet A, Agusti-Vidal A. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1988 June; 1(6): 510-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3169220&dopt=Abstract

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Differentiation of the ILO boundary chest roentgenograph (0/1 to 1/0) in asbestosis by high-resolution computed tomography scan, alveolitis, and respiratory impairment. Author(s): Harkin TJ, McGuinness G, Goldring R, Cohen H, Parker JE, Crane M, Naidich DP, Rom WN. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1996 January; 38(1): 46-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8871331&dopt=Abstract

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Do silica and asbestosis cause lung cancer? Author(s): Browne K. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1992 November; 116(11): 1103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1332640&dopt=Abstract

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Does asbestos or asbestosis cause carcinoma of the lung? Author(s): Roggli VL, Hammar SP, Pratt PC, Maddox JC, Legier J, Mark EJ, Brody AR. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1994 December; 26(6): 835-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7892835&dopt=Abstract

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Does asbestosis increase the risk of lung cancer? Author(s): Edelman DA. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1990; 62(5): 345-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2228253&dopt=Abstract

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Early asbestosis: evaluation with high-resolution CT. Author(s): Akira M, Yokoyama K, Yamamoto S, Higashihara T, Morinaga K, Kita N, Morimoto S, Ikezoe J, Kozuka T. Source: Radiology. 1991 February; 178(2): 409-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1987601&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of tobacco smoking on the presence of asbestosis at postmortem and on the reading of irregular opacities on roentgenograms in asbestos-exposed workers. Author(s): Kraut A, Godbold J, Lilis R. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 June; 139(6): 1567-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2729762&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of tobacco smoking on the presence of asbestosis at postmortem and on the reading of irregular opacities on roentgenograms in asbestos-exposed workers. Author(s): Hnizdo E, Sluis-Cremer GK. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 November; 138(5): 1207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3202481&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated histamine content of lung lavage in human asbestosis. Author(s): Begin R, Desmarais Y, Martel M, Boileau R, Vezina Y, Masse S. Source: Lung. 1986; 164(4): 199-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3091964&dopt=Abstract

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Environmental asbestosis complicated by lung cancer. Author(s): De Vuyst P, Dumortier P, Jacobovitz D, Emri S, Coplu L, Baris YI. Source: Chest. 1994 May; 105(5): 1593-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8181367&dopt=Abstract

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Enzyme activities of lung lavage in asbestosis. Author(s): Begin R, Drapeau G, Boileau R, Vezina Y, Cantin A, Desmarais Y, Martel M. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 1986 August; 19(4): 240-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2428541&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluating computed tomography and broncho alveolar lavage in early diagnosis of pulmonary asbestosis. Author(s): Nair P, Rupawate RU, Prabhakaran LC, Bijur S, Kamat SR. Source: Sarcoidosis. 1991 September; 8(2): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1669975&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for an amphibole asbestos threshold exposure for asbestosis assessed by autopsy in South African asbestos miners. Author(s): Sluis-Cremer GK, Hnizdo E, du Toit RS. Source: The Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 1990 October; 34(5): 443-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2281889&dopt=Abstract

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Examination of lungs for asbestosis and asbestos bodies. Author(s): Hunter-Craig C, Penman HG. Source: Pathology. 1994 July; 26(3): 347. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7991297&dopt=Abstract

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Excess mortality from stomach cancer, lung cancer, and asbestosis and/or mesothelioma in crocidolite mining districts in South Africa. Author(s): Botha JL, Irwig LM, Strebel PM. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1986 January; 123(1): 30-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3940441&dopt=Abstract

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Experimental lesions in rats corresponding to advanced human asbestosis. Author(s): Davis JM, Bolton RE, Brown D, Tully HE. Source: Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 1986 April; 44(2): 207-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3699139&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal asbestosis 50 years after brief high intensity exposure in a vermiculite expansion plant. Author(s): Wright RS, Abraham JL, Harber P, Burnett BR, Morris P, West P. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2002 April 15; 165(8): 1145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11956059&dopt=Abstract

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Fibre-years, pulmonary asbestos burden and asbestosis. Author(s): Fischer M, Gunther S, Muller KM. Source: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2002 April; 205(3): 245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12040923&dopt=Abstract

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Fibroblast mitogens in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from asbestos-exposed subjects with and without clinical evidence of asbestosis: no evidence for the role of PDGF, TNF-alpha, IGF-1, or IL-1 beta. Author(s): Mutsaers SE, Harrison NK, McAnulty RJ, Liao JY, Laurent GJ, Musk AW. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1998 June; 185(2): 199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9713348&dopt=Abstract

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Fine structural changes in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and asbestosis. Author(s): Corrin B, Dewar A, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Turner-Warwick M. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1985 October; 147(2): 107-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4067730&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up of asbestosis patients and predictors for radiographic progression. Author(s): Oksa P, Huuskonen MS, Jarvisalo J, Klockars M, Zitting A, Suoranta H, Tossavainen A, Vattulainen K, Laippala P. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1998 October; 71(7): 465-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9826079&dopt=Abstract

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Functional similarities of asbestosis and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Author(s): Markos J, Musk AW, Finucane KE. Source: Thorax. 1988 September; 43(9): 708-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3194877&dopt=Abstract

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Gamma/delta T-lymphocytes in advanced pulmonary asbestosis. Author(s): Mutti L, Piacenza A, Guaschino R, Castagneto B, Betta PG. Source: Sarcoidosis. 1993 September; 10(2): 169-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8140322&dopt=Abstract

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Generalized fibrosis associated with pulmonary asbestosis. Author(s): Kobayashi H, Okamura A, Ohnishi Y, Kondo A, Yamamoto T, Ozawa H, Morita T. Source: Acta Pathol Jpn. 1983 November; 33(6): 1223-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6670555&dopt=Abstract

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High resolution computed tomographic assessment of asbestosis and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: a comparative study. Author(s): al-Jarad N, Strickland B, Pearson MC, Rubens MB, Rudd RM. Source: Thorax. 1992 August; 47(8): 645-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1412123&dopt=Abstract

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High resolution pulmonary computed tomography scans quantified by analysis of density distribution: application to asbestosis. Author(s): Eterovic D, Dujic Z, Tocilj J, Capkun V. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1993 June; 50(6): 514-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8329317&dopt=Abstract

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High-resolution computed tomography in the early detection of asbestosis. Author(s): Oksa P, Suoranta H, Koskinen H, Zitting A, Nordman H. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1994; 65(5): 299-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8175184&dopt=Abstract

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High-resolution CT of asbestosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Author(s): Akira M, Yamamoto S, Inoue Y, Sakatani M. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 July; 181(1): 163-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12818850&dopt=Abstract

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Histopathological features of pulmonary asbestosis with particular emphasis on the comparison with those of usual interstitial pneumonia. Author(s): Yamamoto S. Source: Osaka City Med J. 1997 December; 43(2): 225-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9540344&dopt=Abstract

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Immunogenetic factors as determinants of asbestosis. Author(s): Begin R, Menard H, Decarie F, St-Sauveur A. Source: Lung. 1987; 165(3): 159-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3108592&dopt=Abstract

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Immunologic aberrations in asbestos cement workers: dissociation from asbestosis. Author(s): deShazo RD, Hendrick DJ, Diem JE, Nordberg JA, Baser Y, Bevier D, Jones RN, Barkman HW, Salvaggio JE, Weill H. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1983 November; 72(5 Pt 1): 454-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6355248&dopt=Abstract

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Immunological aspects of asbestosis: patients' neurological signs and asbestosis progression. Author(s): Huuskonen MS, Rasanen JA, Juntunen J, Partanen T. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1984; 5(6): 461-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6328978&dopt=Abstract

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Immunopathogenesis of asbestosis, silicosis, and coal workers' pneumoconiosis. Author(s): Doll NJ, Stankus RP, Barkman HW. Source: Clinics in Chest Medicine. 1983 January; 4(1): 3-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6340926&dopt=Abstract

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Incipient cases of asbestosis in a Kenyan factory. Author(s): Sakari WD, Mubisi AS. Source: East Afr Med J. 1983 November; 60(11): 748-54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6671435&dopt=Abstract

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Increased alveolar plasminogen activator in early asbestosis. Author(s): Cantin A, Allard C, Begin R. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 March; 139(3): 604-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2923358&dopt=Abstract

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Increased pulmonary gamma interferon production in asbestosis. Author(s): Robinson BW, Rose AH, Hayes A, Musk AW. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 August; 138(2): 278-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3143284&dopt=Abstract

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Inhalant granulomas: silicosis, asbestosis, berylliosis. Author(s): Berlinger NT. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1982 August; 15(3): 561-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7133715&dopt=Abstract

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Inherited glutathione-S-transferase deficiency is a risk factor for pulmonary asbestosis. Author(s): Smith CM, Kelsey KT, Wiencke JK, Leyden K, Levin S, Christiani DC. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1994 September; 3(6): 471-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8000297&dopt=Abstract

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Is asbestos or asbestosis the cause of the increased risk of lung cancer in asbestos workers? Author(s): Browne K. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1986 March; 43(3): 145-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3511951&dopt=Abstract

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Is there an association between pleural plaques and lung cancer without asbestosis? Author(s): Nurminen M, Tossavainen A. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 1994 February; 20(1): 62-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8016601&dopt=Abstract

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k-ras mutation and occupational asbestos exposure in lung adenocarcinoma: asbestosrelated cancer without asbestosis. Author(s): Nelson HH, Christiani DC, Wiencke JK, Mark EJ, Wain JC, Kelsey KT. Source: Cancer Research. 1999 September 15; 59(18): 4570-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10493509&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of correlation between serum angiotensin-converting enzyme levels and asbestosis in man, sheep and guinea-pig. Author(s): Forget G, Brault C, Cadieux A, Begin R, Sirois P. Source: Lung. 1983; 161(3): 157-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6308362&dopt=Abstract

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Letter from Dust Diseases Board of New South Wales. Examination of lungs for asbestosis and asbestosis bodies. Author(s): Lynch T, Warren BA. Source: Pathology. 1994 January; 26(1): 76-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8165035&dopt=Abstract

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Lung and blood lymphocyte subsets in asbestosis and in mixed dust pneumoconiosis. Author(s): Costabel U, Bross KJ, Huck E, Guzman J, Matthys H. Source: Chest. 1987 January; 91(1): 110-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3792062&dopt=Abstract

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Lung asbestos burden in shipyard and construction workers with mesothelioma: comparison with burdens in subjects with asbestosis or lung cancer. Author(s): Warnock ML. Source: Environmental Research. 1989 October; 50(1): 68-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2792062&dopt=Abstract

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Lung cancer and asbestos exposure: asbestosis is not necessary. Author(s): Egilman D, Reinert A. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1996 October; 30(4): 398-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8892544&dopt=Abstract

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Lung crackle characteristics in patients with asbestosis, asbestos-related pleural disease and left ventricular failure using a time-expanded waveform analysis--a comparative study. Author(s): al Jarad N, Davies SW, Logan-Sinclair R, Rudd RM. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1994 January; 88(1): 37-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8029512&dopt=Abstract

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Lung function and nervous system involvement in asbestosis. Author(s): Korhonen O, Juntunen J, Huuskonen M. Source: European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1983; 50(2): 207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6297883&dopt=Abstract

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Lymphocyte B and T cell subsets in peripheral blood from patients with asbestosis. Author(s): Peng L, Wang X. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1993 February; 50(2): 183-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8382078&dopt=Abstract

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Magnetic resonance imaging of the thorax in the evaluation of asbestosis. Author(s): Bekkelund SI, Aasebo U, Pierre-Jerome C, Holmboe J. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1998 January; 11(1): 194-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9543293&dopt=Abstract

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Measuring lung volumes in advanced asbestosis: comparability of plethysmographic and radiographic versus helium rebreathing and single breath methods. Author(s): Kilburn KH, Miller A, Warshaw RH. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1993 February; 87(2): 115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8497680&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanisms in the pathogenesis of asbestosis and silicosis. Author(s): Mossman BT, Churg A. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1998 May; 157(5 Pt 1): 1666-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9603153&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanisms of colchicine effect in the treatment of asbestosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Author(s): Addrizzo-Harris DJ, Harkin TJ, Tchou-Wong KM, McGuinness G, Goldring R, Cheng D, Rom DW. Source: Lung. 2002; 180(2): 61-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12172901&dopt=Abstract

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Mineralogical analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as an aid to diagnosis of “imported” pleural asbestosis. Author(s): De Vuyst P, Mairesse M, Gaudichet A, Dumortier P, Jedwab J, Yernault JC. Source: Thorax. 1983 August; 38(8): 628-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6612654&dopt=Abstract

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Mortality among workers receiving compensation for asbestosis in Ontario. Author(s): Finkelstein M, Kusiak R, Suranyi G. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1981 August 1; 125(3): 259-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6456056&dopt=Abstract

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Mortality in cases of asbestosis diagnosed by a pneumoconiosis medical panel. Author(s): Coutts II, Gilson JC, Kerr IH, Parkes WR, Turner-Warwick M. Source: Thorax. 1987 February; 42(2): 111-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3433233&dopt=Abstract

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Mortality study of workers compensated for asbestosis in Poland, 1970-1997. Author(s): Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Urszula W, Szymczak W, Strzelecka A. Source: International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 2002; 15(3): 267-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12462454&dopt=Abstract

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Neurological signs in relation to cancer in patients with asbestosis. Author(s): Juntunen J, Oksa P, Pukkala E, Laippala P. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1997 October; 54(10): 746-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9404323&dopt=Abstract

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New technologies in diagnosing occupational asbestosis. Author(s): Vujovic M, Vujovic I, Kuzmanic I. Source: Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 1998 September; 49(3): 251-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10376357&dopt=Abstract

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NK cell activity in asbestosis. Author(s): Yoneda T, Kitamura H, Narita N, Mikami R, Yokoyama K. Source: Eur J Respir Dis. 1986 January; 68(1): 64-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3948935&dopt=Abstract

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Of asbestosis, smoking, and mesothelioma. Author(s): Berger H. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1988 May 30; 23(5A): 17. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3131367&dopt=Abstract

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Pathology of pulmonary asbestosis in asbestos--exposed industrial workers in the Czech Socialist Republic. Author(s): Dobias J. Source: Acta Univ Carol [med] (Praha). 1982; 28(3-4): 169-236. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7171067&dopt=Abstract

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Pathology standards for asbestosis. Author(s): Green FH, Attfield M. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 1983 April; 9(2 Spec No): 162-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6648414&dopt=Abstract

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Patterns of asbestosis in New Jersey. Author(s): Henneberger PK, Stanbury MJ. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1992; 21(5): 689-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1609815&dopt=Abstract

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Pi*S and Pi*Z alpha 1 antitrypsin polymorphism and the risk for asbestosis in occupational exposure to asbestos. Author(s): Lafuente MJ, Casterad X, Laso N, Mas S, Panades R, Calleja A, Hernandez S, Turuguet D, Ballesta A, Ascaso C, Lafuente A. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2002 November 15; 136(1): 9-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12368052&dopt=Abstract

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Pleural fibrosis and asbestosis. Author(s): Rosenberg DM. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1991 January; 70(1): 473-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2010408&dopt=Abstract

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Pleural plaques do not predict asbestosis: high-resolution computed tomography and pathology study. Author(s): Ren H, Lee DR, Hruban RH, Kuhlman JE, Fishman EK, Wheeler PS, Hutchins GM. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 1991 March; 4(2): 201-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2047383&dopt=Abstract

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Pleural thickening and gas transfer in asbestosis. Author(s): Cookson WO, Musk AW, Glancy JJ. Source: Thorax. 1983 September; 38(9): 657-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6623418&dopt=Abstract

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Prediction of mesothelioma, lung cancer, and asbestosis in former Wittenoom asbestos workers. Author(s): Rogers A. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1992 June; 49(6): 451-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1606035&dopt=Abstract

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Prediction of mesothelioma, lung cancer, and asbestosis in former Wittenoom asbestos workers. Author(s): Berry G. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1991 December; 48(12): 793-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1663385&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence and features of advanced asbestosis (ILO profusion scores above 2/2). International Labour Office. Author(s): Kilburn KH. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2000 March-April; 55(2): 104-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10821510&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of radiographic asbestosis in crocidolite miners and millers at Wittenoom, Western Australia. Author(s): Cookson WO, De Klerk NH, Musk AW, Armstrong BK, Glancy JJ, Hobbs MS. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1986 July; 43(7): 450-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3013280&dopt=Abstract

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Professor Matthew Stewart: asbestosis research 1929-1934. Author(s): Greenberg M. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1997 November; 32(5): 562-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9327084&dopt=Abstract

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Progression of asbestosis predicts lung cancer. Author(s): Oksa P, Klockars M, Karjalainen A, Huuskonen MS, Vattulainen K, Pukkala E, Nordman H. Source: Chest. 1998 June; 113(6): 1517-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9631787&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary “mainline” granulomatosis: talcosis secondary to intravenous heroin abuse with characteristic x-ray findings of asbestosis. Author(s): Davis LL. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1983 December; 75(12): 1225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6655726&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary asbestosis associated to pleural non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Author(s): Parisio E, Bianchi C, Rovej R, Sparacio F, Ferrari A, Scanni A. Source: Tumori. 1999 January-February; 85(1): 75-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10228504&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary asbestosis: CT study of subpleural curvilinear shadow. Author(s): Pilate I, Marcelis S, Timmerman H, Beeckman P, Osteaux MJ. Source: Radiology. 1987 August; 164(2): 584. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3602408&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary asbestosis: CT study of subpleural curvilinear shadow. Work in progress. Author(s): Yoshimura H, Hatakeyama M, Otsuji H, Maeda M, Ohishi H, Uchida H, Kasuga H, Katada H, Narita N, Mikami R, et al. Source: Radiology. 1986 March; 158(3): 653-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3945733&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary asbestosis: radiologic-pathologic brief report. Author(s): Ahn CS, Kim SJ, Oh SJ, Park KJ, Kim HJ, Ahn CM, Kim HK, Shin DH, Cho SH, Yang KM. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 1997 October; 38(5): 323-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9409196&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary asbestosis--an example of industrial diffuse lung disease. Author(s): Musk AW, Henderson DW. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1984 October; 14(5 Suppl 3): 776-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6099715&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary function in asbestosis and asbestos-related pleural disease. Author(s): Miller A. Source: Environmental Research. 1993 April; 61(1): 1-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8472663&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary function in workers with asbestosis. Author(s): Pavlovic M, Butkovic M, Jezdimirovic D, Sustran B, Perunicic B. Source: Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 1988 December; 39(4): 441-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3273137&dopt=Abstract

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Pulmonary function of nonsmoking female asbestos workers without radiographic signs of asbestosis. Author(s): Wang XR, Yano E, Nonaka K, Wang M, Wang Z. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1998 July-August; 53(4): 292-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9709994&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative analysis of 8-hydroxyguanine in peripheral blood cells: an application for asbestosis patients. Author(s): Hanaoka T, Tsugane S, Yamano Y, Takahashi T, Kasai H, Natori Y, Watanabe S. Source: International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1993; 65(1 Suppl): S215-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8406929&dopt=Abstract

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Radiographic (ILO) readings predict arterial oxygen desaturation during exercise in subjects with asbestosis. Author(s): Lee YC, Singh B, Pang SC, de Klerk NH, Hillman DR, Musk AW. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2003 March; 60(3): 201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12598668&dopt=Abstract

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Radiographic asbestosis is not a prerequisite for asbestos-associated lung cancer in Ontario asbestos-cement workers. Author(s): Finkelstein MM. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1997 October; 32(4): 341-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9258387&dopt=Abstract

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Radiographic progression of asbestosis. Author(s): Suoranta H, Huuskonen MS, Zitting A, Juntunen J. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1982; 3(1): 67-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7124744&dopt=Abstract

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Radiological case of the month. Asbestosis-related round atelectasis. Author(s): Pierce WB, Schultz JC, Loebl E, Nokes SR. Source: J Ark Med Soc. 1993 April; 89(11): 571-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8486591&dopt=Abstract

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Re: “Excess mortality from stomach cancer, lung cancer, and asbestosis and/or mesothelioma in crocidolite mining districts in South Africa”. Author(s): Hart HP. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1987 March; 125(3): 542-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3812464&dopt=Abstract

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Re: An early study of pulmonary asbestosis among manufacturing workers: original data and reconstruction of the 1932 cohort. Author(s): Markowitz G, Rosner D. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1998 October; 34(4): 405-6; Author Reply 409-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9750949&dopt=Abstract

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Reactivity of bronchoalveolar space cells in lung asbestosis. Author(s): Czarnobilska E, Kopinski P, Pituch-Noworolska A, Chlap Z. Source: Patol Pol. 1992; 43(1): 19-23. Erratum In: Patol Pol 1992; 43(2): 50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1296169&dopt=Abstract

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Recent advances in the early diagnosis of asbestosis. Author(s): Begin R, Ostiguy G, Filion R, Groleau S. Source: Semin Roentgenol. 1992 April; 27(2): 121-39. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1609300&dopt=Abstract

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Recent advances in the pathogenesis and clinical assessment of mineral dust pneumoconioses: asbestosis, silicosis and coal pneumoconiosis. Author(s): Begin R, Cantin A, Masse S. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1989 November; 2(10): 988-1001. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2691279&dopt=Abstract

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Recent trends of age-specific pneumoconiosis mortality rates in the United States, 1985-1996: coal workers' pneumoconiosis, asbestosis, and silicosis. Author(s): Bang KM, Althouse RB, Kim JH, Game SR. Source: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health : Official Journal of the International Commission on Occupational Health. 1999 OctoberDecember; 5(4): 251-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10633240&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced killer cell activity of lymphocytes from patients with asbestosis. Author(s): Kubota M, Kagamimori S, Yokoyama K, Okada A. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1985 April; 42(4): 276-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3978049&dopt=Abstract

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Regional distribution of pulmonary epithelial permeability in normal subjects and patients with asbestosis. Author(s): Gellert AR, Lewis CA, Langford JA, Tolfree SE, Rudd RM. Source: Thorax. 1985 October; 40(10): 734-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3904072&dopt=Abstract

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Relation between asbestosis and bronchial cancer in amphibole asbestos miners. Author(s): Rudd RM. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1990 March; 47(3): 215-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2158342&dopt=Abstract

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Relation between asbestosis and bronchial cancer in amphibole asbestos miners. Author(s): Sluis-Cremer GK, Bezuidenhout BN. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1989 August; 46(8): 537-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2550049&dopt=Abstract

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Relation between pathological grading and lung fibre concentration in a patient with asbestosis. Author(s): Gylseth B, Skaug V. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1986 November; 43(11): 754-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3539176&dopt=Abstract

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Retention of asbestos fibres in lungs of workers with asbestosis, asbestosis and lung cancer, and mesothelioma in Asbestos township. Author(s): Dufresne A, Begin R, Masse S, Dufresne CM, Loosereewanich P, Perrault G. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1996 December; 53(12): 801-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8994398&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for asbestosis in workers of asbestos mills. Author(s): Polzik EV, Kogan FM, Kochneva MJu, Potanin NI. Source: Med Lav. 1989 September-October; 80(5): 363-9; Discussion 369-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2622410&dopt=Abstract

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Risk of asbestosis in crocidolite and amosite mines in South Africa: an erratum. Author(s): Irwig LM, du Toit RS, Sluis-Cremer GK, Thomas RG. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1984; 5(6): 479-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6328979&dopt=Abstract

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Roentgenographic underestimation of early asbestosis by International Labor Organization classification. Analysis of data and probabilities. Author(s): Rockoff SD, Schwartz A. Source: Chest. 1988 May; 93(5): 1088-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3359826&dopt=Abstract

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Roentgenological criteria for early diagnosis of pleuropulmonary asbestosis. Author(s): Markovic D, Dodic S. Source: Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 1988 December; 39(4): 433-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3273135&dopt=Abstract

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Sarcoid-like pulmonary lesions during asbestosis. A case report. Author(s): Granel B, Serratrice J, Disdier P, Weiller PJ, Juhan V, Garbe L, Astoul P. Source: Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2000 October; 17(3): 297. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11033848&dopt=Abstract

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Science or public relations? The inside story of the Asbestosis Research Council, 1957-1990. Author(s): Tweedale G. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2000 December; 38(6): 723-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11071693&dopt=Abstract

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Screening and pathological diagnosis of asbestosis and mesothelioma: a review. Author(s): Zalay Z, Nemeth L, Sugar J. Source: Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology : Official Organ of the International Society for Environmental Toxicology and Cancer. 1992 SeptemberOctober; 11(5-6): 317-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1464814&dopt=Abstract

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Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme and lysosomal enzymes in asbestosis. Author(s): Huuskonen MS, Javisalo J, Koskinen H, Kivisto H. Source: Lung. 1986; 164(3): 165-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3014231&dopt=Abstract

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Serum interferon levels and natural killer cell activity in patients with asbestosis. Author(s): Kagamimori S, Watanabe M, Kubota M, Okada A, Yokoyama K, Nobutomo K. Source: Thorax. 1984 January; 39(1): 65-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6198742&dopt=Abstract

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Serum lysosomal enzyme activities in silicosis and asbestosis. Author(s): Koskinen H, Jarvisalo J, Huuskonen MS, Koivula T, Mutanen P, Pitkanen E. Source: Eur J Respir Dis. 1983 April; 64(3): 182-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6840231&dopt=Abstract

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Serum oncoproteins and growth factors in asbestosis and silicosis patients. Author(s): Brandt-Rauf PW, Smith S, Hemminki K, Koskinen H, Vainio H, Niman H, Ford J. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1992 April 1; 50(6): 881-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1313398&dopt=Abstract

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Serum oncoproteins in asbestosis patients. Author(s): Partanen R, Koskinen H, Oksa P, Hemminki K, Carney W, Smith S, BrandtRauf P. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1995 December; 41(12 Pt 2): 1844-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7497643&dopt=Abstract

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Severity of pulmonary asbestosis as classified by International Labour Organisation profusion of irregular opacities in 8749 asbestos-exposed American workers. Those who never smoked compared with those who ever smoked. Author(s): Kilburn KH, Warshaw RH. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1992 February; 152(2): 325-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1739361&dopt=Abstract

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Sherlock Holmes, Albrecht Durer, and Socrates: The International Labour Office radiographic Classification of Pneumoconioses reassessed for asbestosis. Author(s): Miller A. Source: Chest. 1998 June; 113(6): 1439-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9631773&dopt=Abstract

•

Significance of finger clubbing in asbestosis. Author(s): Coutts II, Gilson JC, Kerr IH, Parkes WR, Turner-Warwick M. Source: Thorax. 1987 February; 42(2): 117-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3433234&dopt=Abstract

•

Signs of asbestosis and impaired pulmonary function in women who worked in shipyards. Author(s): Kilburn KH, Warshaw R, Thornton JC. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1985; 8(6): 545-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4073052&dopt=Abstract

•

Smoking, exposure to crocidolite, and the incidence of lung cancer and asbestosis. Author(s): de Klerk NH, Musk AW, Armstrong BK, Hobbs MS. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1991 June; 48(6): 412-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1648376&dopt=Abstract

•

Special neutrophil elastase inhibitory activity in BAL fluid from patients with silicosis and asbestosis. Author(s): Scharfman A, Hayem A, Davril M, Marko D, Hannothiaux MH, Lafitte JJ. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1989 September; 2(8): 751-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2806498&dopt=Abstract

•

Specificity of high-resolution CT findings in pulmonary asbestosis: do patients scanned for other indications have similar findings? Author(s): Bergin CJ, Castellino RA, Blank N, Moses L. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1994 September; 163(3): 551-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8079842&dopt=Abstract

•

Stress associated with asbestosis: the trauma of waiting for death. Author(s): Barak Y, Achiron A, Rotstein Z, Elizur A, Noy S. Source: Psycho-Oncology. 1998 March-April; 7(2): 126-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9589511&dopt=Abstract

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•

Surgical and pathologic aspects of asbestosis. Author(s): Sasser WF, Bari WA. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1981 October; 74(10): 1178-9, 1185. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7292052&dopt=Abstract

•

The association of carcinoma, tuberculosis, asbestosis, and fibrosing alveolitis of the lung: report of a case and review of the literature. Author(s): Gordon CI. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1987 October; 87(10): 677-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3679907&dopt=Abstract

•

The cigarette factor in asbestosis. Author(s): Weiss W. Source: Chest. 1990 April; 97(4): 769-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2323242&dopt=Abstract

•

The clinical diagnosis of asbestosis in this century requires more than a chest radiograph. Author(s): Ross RM. Source: Chest. 2003 September; 124(3): 1120-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12970045&dopt=Abstract

•

The detection of increased amounts of the extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor in serum during carcinogenesis in asbestosis patients. Author(s): Partanen R, Hemminki K, Koskinen H, Luo JC, Carney WP, Brandt-Rauf PW. Source: J Occup Med. 1994 December; 36(12): 1324-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7884573&dopt=Abstract

•

The diagnosis of asbestosis. Author(s): Jones RN. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 September; 144(3 Pt 1): 477-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1892281&dopt=Abstract

•

The diagnosis of asbestosis. Author(s): Churg A. Source: Human Pathology. 1989 February; 20(2): 97-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2914704&dopt=Abstract

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The discriminatory value of the P(A-a)O2 during exercise in the detection of asbestosis in asbestos exposed workers. Author(s): Smith DD, Agostoni PG. Source: Chest. 1989 January; 95(1): 52-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2642412&dopt=Abstract

•

The glutathione S-transferase theta and mu deletion polymorphisms in asbestosis. Author(s): Kelsey KT, Nelson HH, Wiencke JK, Smith CM, Levin S. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1997 March; 31(3): 274-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9055949&dopt=Abstract

•

The molecular epidemiology of oncoproteins. Serum p53 protein in patients with asbestosis. Author(s): Hemminki K, Partanen R, Koskinen H, Smith S, Carney W, Brandt-Rauf PW. Source: Chest. 1996 March; 109(3 Suppl): 22S-26S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8598138&dopt=Abstract

•

The natural history of asbestosis in former crocidolite workers of Wittenoom Gorge. Author(s): Cookson W, De Klerk N, Musk AW, Glancy JJ, Armstrong B, Hobbs M. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986 June; 133(6): 994-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3013058&dopt=Abstract

•

The occurrence of leukemia in a patient with pulmonary asbestosis. Author(s): Chinushi M, Koyama S, Takahashi M, Shibata A, Emura I. Source: Jpn J Med. 1990 November-December; 29(6): 607-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2101411&dopt=Abstract

•

The relation of asbestos burden to asbestosis and lung cancer. Author(s): Warnock ML, Kuwahara TJ, Wolery G. Source: Pathol Annu. 1983; 18 Pt 2: 109-45. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6674859&dopt=Abstract

•

The silent epidemic: asbestosis and related diseases. Author(s): Cassingham B. Source: Occup Health Nurs. 1985 July; 33(7): 360-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3847844&dopt=Abstract

•

Total lung capacity in asbestosis: a comparison of radiographic and body plethysmographic methods. Author(s): Kilburn KH, Warshaw RH. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1993 February; 305(2): 84-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8427297&dopt=Abstract

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Total lung capacity. An insensitive measure of impairment in patients with asbestosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Author(s): Barnhart S, Hudson LD, Mason SE, Pierson DJ, Rosenstock L. Source: Chest. 1988 February; 93(2): 299-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3338295&dopt=Abstract

•

Tumor markers and neurological signs in asbestosis patients. Author(s): Jarvisalo J, Juntunen J, Huuskonen MS, Kivisto H, Aitio A. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1984; 6(2): 159-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6087658&dopt=Abstract

•

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in patients who have asbestosis and develop cancer. Author(s): Partanen R, Koskinen H, Hemminki K. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1995 May; 52(5): 316-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7795753&dopt=Abstract

•

Utilization of the cytologic examination of sputum as a screening test in appraising the asbestosis risk. Author(s): Constantinescu V. Source: Sante Publique (Bucur). 1988 July-September; 31(3): 269-73. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3175811&dopt=Abstract

•

Validation of clinical criteria for diagnosing asbestosis in asbestos-cement workers. Author(s): Zejda J, Marek K, Szymczykiewicz K, Kujawska A, Romaniec B. Source: Pol J Occup Med. 1989; 2(1): 62-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2489415&dopt=Abstract

•

Variability in interpretation of radiographs for asbestosis abnormalities: problems and solutions. Author(s): Ducatman AM. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1991 December 31; 643: 108-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1809123&dopt=Abstract

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What is asbestosis? Author(s): Smith DD. Source: Chest. 1990 October; 98(4): 963-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2209157&dopt=Abstract

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Women with asbestosis in a medical clinic: under reported women workers, delayed diagnosis and smoking. Author(s): Stoeckle JD, Oliver LC, Hardy HL. Source: Women & Health. 1982 Spring; 7(1): 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7179998&dopt=Abstract

•

X-ray films and asbestosis. Author(s): David A. Source: Chest. 1989 October; 96(4): 952. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2791698&dopt=Abstract

47

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ASBESTOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and asbestosis.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Asbestosis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “asbestosis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “asbestosis” (or a synonym): •

Changes in lymphocyte function and lung histology during the development of asbestosis and silicosis in the mouse. Author(s): Immunology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada. Source: Bissonnette, E Dubois, C Rola Pleszczynski, M Res-Commun-Chem-PatholPharmacol. 1989 August; 65(2): 211-27 0034-5164

•

Mechanisms of colchicine effect in the treatment of asbestosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Author(s): Bellevue Chest Service, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA. Source: Addrizzo Harris, D J Harkin, T J Tchou Wong, K M McGuinness, G Goldring, R Cheng, D Rom, D W Lung. 2002; 180(2): 61-72 0341-2040

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

Nutrition

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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51

CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON ASBESTOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to asbestosis. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “asbestosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on asbestosis, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Asbestosis ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to asbestosis. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Pulmonary Peptides and Autacoids in Experimentally Induced Asbestosis in Rats by Day, Robert; PhD from Universite De Sherbrooke (Canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL20922

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ASBESTOSIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning asbestosis.

Recent Trials on Asbestosis The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to asbestosis.5 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Specialized Center of Research in Occupational and Immunologic Lung Disease Condition(s): Lung Diseases, Obstructive; Asbestosis; Silicosis; Pneumoconiosis; Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: The overall objective of the Center was to develop a scientific data base for the control and prevention of acute and chronic lung injury caused by the inhalation of a variety of agents in the workplace and in the environment. There were two epidemiologic studies. Respiratory Effects of Exposures to Irritant Gases: To collect longitudinal lung function and symptom data in chemical manufacturing workers who were exposed to chemical irritants such as ammonia, chlorine, phosgene, isocyanates, sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxide, formaldehyde, organic acids, hydrochloric acid fluorides, other aldehydes, and acid anhydrides. Workers in the Cotton Textile Industry: To detect and quantitate the risk for the development of chronic obstructive airways disease which occurred in workers exposed to cotton dust in textile manufacturing. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005280

5

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “asbestosis” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

•

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

Clinical Trials 55

•

For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

•

For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ASBESTOSIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to asbestosis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on asbestosis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “asbestosis” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “asbestosis” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “asbestosis” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Asbestos and asbestosis (SuDoc LC 33.10:92-2) by U.S. Library of Congress; ISBN: B00010D6O6; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010D6O6/icongroupinterna

•

Asbestos and asbestosis : a medical subject survey dictionary and research index with bibliography by Walter Omar Braun; ISBN: 0941864855; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0941864855/icongroupinterna

•

Asbestosis : a comprehensive bibliography by Alberta D. Berton; ISBN: 0306651769; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306651769/icongroupinterna

•

Industrial Diseases Series: Asbestosis (MacDuff Series Practice Guides) by Alistair MacDuff QC; ISBN: 1858111242; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1858111242/icongroupinterna

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Chapters on Asbestosis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to asbestosis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and asbestosis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “asbestosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute6: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

6

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.7 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:8 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

7

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 8 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway9 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.10 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “asbestosis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3678 102 14 1 26 3821

HSTAT11 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.12 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.13 Simply search by “asbestosis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

9

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

10

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 11 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 12 13

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists14 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.15 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.16 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

14 Adapted 15

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 16 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on asbestosis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to asbestosis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to asbestosis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “asbestosis”:

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•

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Other guides Asbestos http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asbestos.html Breathing Problems http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breathingproblems.html Lung Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lungcancer.html Occupational Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/occupationalhealth.html Respiratory Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/respiratorydiseases.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to asbestosis, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Asbestos Source: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts61.html Public Health Statement for Asbestos Source: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/phs9004.html Sources of Indoor Air Pollution - Asbestos Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/iaq/asbestos.html Tox Town Source: National Library of Medicine http://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/ TOXNET Databases Source: National Library of Medicine http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ What Is Asbestos? Source: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/asbestos/asbestos_whatis.html

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms Diagnosis and Treatment of Asbestos-Related Illnesses Source: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/asbestos/asbestos_risks.html

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Asbestos in School Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/aherafaq.html

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Asbestos in Your Home Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/ashome.html Current Best Practices for Vermiculite Attic Insulation Source: Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/insulation.html Health Effects of Exposure to Asbestos Source: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/asbestos/asbestos_effects.html Mesothelioma: Questions and Answers Source: National Cancer Institute http://cis.nci.nih.gov/fact/6_36.htm NIOSH Recommendations for Limiting Potential Exposures of Workers to Asbestos Associated with Vermiculite from Libby, Montana Source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-141/ Questions and Answers - Exposure to Asbestos in Sources Other than Insulation Source: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/NEWS/asbestosnoins.html Vermiculite Consumer Products Source: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/NEWS/vermiculite051603.html World Trade Center Asbestos Findings Source: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/asbestos/asbestos_WTC.html •

Children ABCs of Asbestos in Schools http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/abcsfinal.pdf

•

From the National Institutes of Health Asbestos Exposure: Questions and Answers Source: National Cancer Institute http://cis.nci.nih.gov/fact/3_21.htm

•

Latest News 10,000 a Year Will Die of Asbestos Exposure Source: 03/03/2004, Scripps Howard News Service http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_16394 .html Mesothelioma Drug Approved Source: 02/07/2004, American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Mesothelioma_Drug_ Approved.asp

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Law and Policy National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Asbestos Source: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water http://www.epa.gov/safewater/dwh/c-ioc/asbestos.html

•

Organizations American Lung Association http://www.lungusa.org/ Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html Occupational Safety and Health Administration http://www.osha.gov/

•

Research Mesothelioma Drug Approved Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Mesothelioma_Drug_ Approved.asp

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Occupational Lung Disease Summary: Information about a variety of occupational lung and respiratory diseases, including brown lung, silicosis, asbestosis and occupational lung cancer. Source: American Lung Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4171

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71

The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to asbestosis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to asbestosis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with asbestosis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about asbestosis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “asbestosis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “asbestosis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “asbestosis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “asbestosis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.17

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

17

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)18: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

18

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

75

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on asbestosis: •

Basic Guidelines for Asbestosis Asbestosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000118.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Asbestosis Chest pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003079.htm Clubbing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003282.htm Cough Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Cyanosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003215.htm

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Dyspnea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Edema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Nail abnormalities Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003247.htm Shortness of breath Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Asbestosis ACE levels Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003567.htm ALT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003473.htm ANA Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003535.htm Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Chest X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003804.htm CT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003330.htm CT scan of the lungs Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003788.htm Diffusing capacity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003854.htm ESR Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003638.htm Pulmonary function Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003443.htm Pulmonary function tests Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003853.htm RF Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003548.htm

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X-ray Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003337.htm •

Nutrition for Asbestosis Fibers Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002470.htm

•

Background Topics for Asbestosis Auscultation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002226.htm Cigarette smoking Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002032.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Insidious Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002382.htm Lung disease - support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002158.htm Percussion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002281.htm Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Smoking Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002032.htm Smoking cessation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001992.htm Support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002150.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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ASBESTOSIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]

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Alveolitis: Inflammation of an alveolus. Called also odontobothritis. [EU] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino-terminal: The end of a protein or polypeptide chain that contains a free amino group (-NH2). [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anhydrides: Chemical compounds derived from acids by the elimination of a molecule of water. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU]

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Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Asbestos: Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms. [NIH] Asbestosis: A lung disorder caused by constant inhalation of asbestos particles. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Atelectasis: Incomplete expansion of the lung. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Auscultation: Act of listening for sounds within the body. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Berylliosis: A lung disease caused by exposure to metallic beryllium or its soluble salts. [NIH]

Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as berylliosis. [NIH]

Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to

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fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biomolecular: A scientific field at the interface between advanced computing and biotechnology. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchoalveolar Lavage: Washing out of the lungs with saline or mucolytic agents for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It is very useful in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients. [NIH] Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid: Fluid obtained by washout of the alveolar compartment of the lung. It is used to assess biochemical and inflammatory changes in and effects of therapy on the interstitial lung tissue. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH]

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Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Chimeras: Organism that contains a mixture of genetically different cells. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH]

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Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clubbing: A proliferative change in the soft tissues about the terminal phalanges of the fingers or toes, with no constant osseous changes. [NIH] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine.

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Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other healthrelated variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the

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abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Dosimetry: All the methods either of measuring directly, or of measuring indirectly and computing, absorbed dose, absorbed dose rate, exposure, exposure rate, dose equivalent, and the science associated with these methods. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health.

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[NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of

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other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fumigation: The application of smoke, vapor, or gas for the purpose of disinfecting or destroying pests or microorganisms. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the gastrointestinal system. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. [NIH]

Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Granulomas: Small lumps in tissues caused by inflammation. [NIH]

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Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemoptysis: Bronchial hemorrhage manifested with spitting of blood. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hypervascular: Having a large number of blood vessels. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH]

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Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incubators: Insulated enclosures in which temperature, humidity, and other environmental conditions can be regulated at levels optimal for growth, hatching, reproduction, or metabolic reactions. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of

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diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Isocyanates: Organic compounds that contain the -NCO radical. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood

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and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lung volume: The amount of air the lungs hold. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant mesothelioma: A rare type of cancer in which malignant cells are found in the sac lining the chest or abdomen. Exposure to airborne asbestos particles increases one's risk of developing malignant mesothelioma. [NIH] Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Mesothelioma: A benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) tumor affecting the lining of the chest or abdomen. Exposure to asbestos particles in the air increases the risk of developing malignant mesothelioma. [NIH]

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MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases: A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate mitogen-activated protein kinases and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP kinase kinase kinases. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily. EC 2.7.10.- [NIH] Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases: A superfamily of protein-serine-threonine kinases that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP kinase kinase kinases). Families of these mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) include extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) (also known as c-jun terminal kinases (JNKs)), and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinases. EC 2,7,1.- [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mucolytic: Destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. [EU] Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Multiple Trauma: Physical insults or injuries occurring simultaneously in several parts of the body. [NIH] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle

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known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream. [NIH]

Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Oncogenes: Genes which can potentially induce neoplastic transformation. They include genes for growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. When these genes are constitutively expressed after structural and/or regulatory changes, uncontrolled cell proliferation may result. Viral oncogenes have prefix "v-" before the gene symbol; cellular oncogenes (proto-

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oncogenes) have the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parenchyma: The essential elements of an organ; used in anatomical nomenclature as a general term to designate the functional elements of an organ, as distinguished from its framework, or stroma. [EU] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Particle Accelerators: Devices which accelerate electrically charged atomic or subatomic particles, such as electrons, protons or ions, to high velocities so they have high kinetic energy. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived

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from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pneumoconiosis: Condition characterized by permanent deposition of substantial amounts of particulate matter in the lungs, usually of occupational or environmental origin, and by the tissue reaction to its presence. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH]

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Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Procollagen: A biosynthetic precursor of collagen containing additional amino acid sequences at the amino-terminal ends of the three polypeptide chains. Protocollagen, a precursor of procollagen consists of procollagen peptide chains in which proline and lysine have not yet been hydroxylated. [NIH] Profusion: Profusion is the number of small rounded opacities per unit area, that is, per zone. [NIH] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Kinase C: An enzyme that phosphorylates proteins on serine or threonine residues in the presence of physiological concentrations of calcium and membrane phospholipids. The additional presence of diacylglycerols markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by phorbol esters and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters. EC 2.7.1.-. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.10. [NIH] Proto-Oncogenes: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Proto-

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oncogenes have names of the form c-onc. [NIH] Pseudotumour: An enlargement that resembles a tumour. [EU] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Public Relations: Relations of an individual, association, organization, hospital, or corporation with the publics which it must take into consideration in carrying out its functions. Publics may include consumers, patients, pressure groups, departments, etc. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Fibrosis: Chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the pulmonary alveolar walls, with steadily progressive dyspnea, resulting finally in death from oxygen lack or right heart failure. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH]

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Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Silicosis: A type of pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of particles of silica, quartz, ganister or slate. [NIH] Small cell lung cancer: A type of lung cancer in which the cells appear small and round when viewed under the microscope. Also called oat cell lung cancer. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels.

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[NIH]

Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a

Dictionary 105

smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tear Gases: Gases that irritate the eyes, throat, or skin. Severe lacrimation develops upon irritation of the eyes. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle

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(pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translocating: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Untranslated Regions: The parts of the messenger RNA sequence that do not code for product, i.e. the 5' untranslated regions and 3' untranslated regions. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection

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and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

109

INDEX A Abdominal, 83, 90, 99 Adenocarcinoma, 21, 22, 30, 83 Adverse Effect, 6, 83, 103 Aerobic, 83, 91 Aerosol, 83, 98 Affinity, 7, 83 Agar, 83, 100 Airway, 4, 8, 83 Aldehydes, 53, 83 Algorithms, 83, 86 Alkaline, 83, 84, 86 Alkaloid, 83, 88 Alleles, 4, 83 Alternative medicine, 83 Alveolitis, 10, 13, 25, 27, 28, 42, 84 Amine, 84, 93 Amino Acid Sequence, 84, 101 Amino Acids, 84, 99, 100, 101, 102 Amino-terminal, 84, 101 Ammonia, 53, 84 Anal, 84, 91 Analgesic, 84, 98 Anatomical, 84, 94, 99 Anesthesia, 83, 84 Anhydrides, 53, 84 Antibacterial, 84, 104 Antibiotic, 84, 104 Antibodies, 6, 84, 93, 96, 100 Antibody, 83, 84, 91, 93, 94, 104 Antigen, 83, 84, 91, 93, 94 Apolipoproteins, 85, 95 Aqueous, 85, 89 Arterial, 36, 85, 87, 101 Arteries, 85, 86, 89, 96, 97 Asphyxia, 85, 98 Aspiration, 6, 85 Atelectasis, 37, 85 Attenuated, 85, 90 Auscultation, 24, 81, 85 Autopsy, 10, 18, 26, 85 B Bacteria, 84, 85, 90, 97, 100, 103, 104, 105 Bacteriophage, 85, 100, 105 Base, 53, 85, 89, 95 Benign, 16, 18, 85, 96 Berylliosis, 30, 85 Beryllium, 85

Bewilderment, 85, 89 Bile, 85, 92, 96 Biochemical, 7, 83, 85, 86 Biological response modifier, 85, 86, 94 Biological therapy, 85, 93 Biomolecular, 5, 86 Biotechnology, 9, 63, 86 Blood vessel, 86, 87, 93, 96, 103, 104, 105, 106 Bone Marrow, 86, 96, 97 Bone scan, 86, 103 Bowel, 84, 86, 90, 99 Bowel Movement, 86, 90 Branch, 77, 86, 99, 104 Breakdown, 86, 90, 92 Bronchi, 86, 105 Bronchial, 4, 38, 86, 93 Bronchitis, 86, 87 Bronchoalveolar Lavage, 15, 17, 22, 27, 32, 86 Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid, 32, 86 C Calcium, 85, 86, 101, 103 Carbon Dioxide, 86, 89, 92 Carcinogenesis, 42, 87 Carcinoma, 11, 15, 23, 25, 42, 87 Cardiovascular, 87, 91 Case report, 39, 87 Case series, 6, 87 Causal, 8, 87, 91 Cell Cycle, 3, 87, 89, 101 Cell Differentiation, 87, 103 Cell Division, 85, 87, 93, 103 Cell proliferation, 3, 8, 87, 98, 103 Cell Survival, 87, 93 Chimeras, 8, 87 Chlorine, 53, 87 Cholesterol, 7, 85, 87, 88, 95, 96 Cholesterol Esters, 87, 95 Chromosomal, 87, 100 Chromosome, 8, 87, 103, 106 Chronic, 6, 19, 23, 44, 53, 87, 94, 102, 104 Chronic Disease, 6, 87 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 44, 53, 87 Chylomicrons, 88, 95 CIS, 69, 88 Clinical Medicine, 88, 101

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Clinical trial, 3, 6, 53, 54, 63, 88 Cloning, 86, 88 Clubbing, 41, 79, 88 Coal, 29, 38, 88 Cohort Studies, 88, 91 Colchicine, 32, 48, 88 Collagen, 88, 101 Computational Biology, 63, 88 Computed tomography, 9, 21, 24, 25, 26, 28, 34, 88, 89, 103 Computerized axial tomography, 88, 89, 103 Computerized tomography, 88 Confusion, 12, 89, 90 Connective Tissue, 86, 88, 89, 92, 96 Consciousness, 84, 89, 90 Contraindications, ii, 89 Coronary, 6, 89, 97 Coronary Thrombosis, 89, 97 Crossing-over, 89, 102 Cross-Sectional Studies, 89, 91 Cutaneous, 89, 95 Cyclin, 4, 8, 89 Cytokine, 5, 7, 89 Cytoplasm, 89, 92, 97, 102 Cytotoxic, 89, 103 D Databases, Bibliographic, 63, 89 Decarboxylation, 89, 93 Deletion, 43, 89 Density, 28, 89, 95, 99 Depolarization, 89, 103 Diagnostic procedure, 89 Diaphragm, 89, 100 Diffusion, 90 Digestion, 85, 86, 90, 96, 104 Digestive system, 54, 90 Dilution, 17, 90 Direct, iii, 88, 90, 102 Disorientation, 89, 90 Dissociation, 29, 83, 90 Dissociative Disorders, 90 Dosimetry, 4, 90 Duodenum, 85, 90, 104 Dyspnea, 80, 90, 102 E Electrons, 85, 90, 95, 99, 102 Emphysema, 87, 90 Empirical, 4, 90 Endotoxin, 90, 106 Environmental Exposure, 12, 90

Environmental Health, 5, 6, 12, 13, 18, 20, 25, 27, 28, 33, 34, 36, 38, 62, 64, 90 Enzymatic, 86, 91, 93 Enzyme, 7, 26, 30, 40, 91, 93, 100, 101, 103, 105, 106 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 7, 91 Epidemic, 43, 91 Epidemiologic Studies, 53, 91 Epidermal, 42, 91 Epidermal Growth Factor, 42, 91 Epidermis, 91 Epithelial, 4, 8, 16, 17, 38, 83, 91 Epithelial Cells, 4, 8, 91 Esophagus, 90, 91, 104 Exercise Test, 24, 91 Extracellular, 8, 42, 89, 91, 97 F Family Planning, 63, 91 Fat, 86, 91, 95, 104, 105 Fibrinogen, 91, 100 Fibrosis, 4, 5, 8, 17, 18, 23, 28, 34, 92, 102 Flatus, 92 Fumigation, 92 G Gallbladder, 83, 90, 92 Gallium, 9, 92 Ganglia, 92, 98 Gas, 25, 34, 84, 86, 87, 90, 92, 93, 97, 98 Gas exchange, 25, 92 Gastric, 91, 92, 93 Gastrointestinal, 85, 92 Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, 85, 92 Gene, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 83, 86, 92, 98, 103 Gene Expression, 7, 92 Genotype, 6, 92, 99 Glycoprotein, 91, 92, 97, 106 Gout, 88, 92 Governing Board, 92, 101 Grade, 92 Grading, 38, 92 Graft, 92, 93 Granule, 92, 102 Granulocytes, 92, 103, 107 Granulomas, 30, 92 Growth, 5, 40, 84, 87, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 98, 106 Growth factors, 40, 93, 98 H Haptens, 83, 93 Heart failure, 93, 102 Hemoptysis, 15, 93

Index 111

Hemorrhage, 93, 104 Heredity, 92, 93 Heterogeneity, 83, 93 Histamine, 26, 93 Histidine, 93 Histology, 48, 93 Homologous, 4, 83, 89, 93, 101, 103, 105, 106 Hormone, 93, 103 Horseradish Peroxidase, 91, 93 Host, 7, 85, 93, 106 Hydrochloric Acid, 53, 93 Hydrogen, 84, 85, 93, 97 Hydrophobic, 93, 95 Hypervascular, 23, 93 I Id, 48, 71, 76, 78, 93 Idiopathic, 13, 25, 28, 32, 48, 94 Immune response, 6, 84, 93, 94, 106 Immune system, 85, 94, 96, 106 Immunity, 7, 94 Immunoassay, 91, 94 Immunology, 23, 29, 48, 83, 93, 94 Impairment, 16, 25, 44, 85, 94, 96 In vitro, 24, 94 In vivo, 94 Incubators, 14, 94 Indicative, 57, 94, 99, 106 Infarction, 89, 94, 97 Infection, 7, 15, 85, 86, 94, 96, 104, 106 Inflammation, 8, 84, 86, 92, 94, 95, 99, 102 Inhalation, 4, 8, 12, 17, 53, 83, 85, 94, 103 Insight, 8, 94 Interferon, 30, 40, 94 Interferon-alpha, 94 Internal Medicine, 5, 19, 40, 94 Interstitial, 17, 23, 29, 86, 95 Intracellular, 94, 95, 103 Intravenous, 35, 95 Intrinsic, 83, 95 Invasive, 94, 95, 96 Ionizing, 90, 95, 96 Ions, 85, 90, 93, 95, 99 Irritants, 53, 95 Isocyanates, 53, 95 K Kb, 62, 95 L Large Intestine, 90, 95, 102 Laryngeal, 15, 95 Larynx, 5, 95, 105 Lavage, 10, 16, 18, 19, 26, 95

Leukemia, 43, 95 Leukocytes, 86, 92, 94, 95, 97, 106 Library Services, 76, 95 Ligaments, 89, 95 Ligands, 7, 95 Lipid, 7, 85, 95 Lipoprotein, 7, 95, 96 Liver, 7, 83, 85, 90, 92, 95, 96, 103 Liver scan, 96, 103 Localized, 94, 96, 100 Low-density lipoprotein, 95, 96 Lung volume, 32, 96 Lymphatic, 94, 96 Lymphocyte, 31, 48, 84, 96 Lymphocyte Subsets, 31, 96 Lymphoid, 84, 96 Lymphoma, 35, 96 Lysine, 96, 101 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 96, 103 Malignant, 10, 15, 83, 96 Malignant mesothelioma, 10, 96 Man-made, 4, 96 MEDLINE, 63, 96 Membrane, 89, 95, 96, 99, 100, 101, 103 Mental Disorders, 55, 96 Mental Processes, 90, 96, 102 Mesenchymal, 91, 96 Mesothelioma, 4, 7, 9, 15, 18, 21, 22, 27, 31, 33, 34, 37, 39, 40, 69, 70, 96 MI, 81, 97 Microbe, 97, 105 Microorganism, 97, 99, 106 Mitochondrial Swelling, 97, 98 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases, 97 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, 4, 97 Modeling, 4, 97 Molecular, 5, 6, 7, 8, 27, 43, 63, 65, 86, 88, 91, 97, 100, 105, 106 Molecule, 84, 85, 89, 90, 97, 100, 102, 103 Monocytes, 7, 95, 97 Mononuclear, 97, 106 Mucolytic, 86, 97 Multidrug resistance, 8, 97 Multiple Trauma, 6, 97 Mustard Gas, 95, 97 Myocardium, 97 N Narcotic, 98 NCI, 1, 54, 61, 69, 88, 98 Necrosis, 44, 94, 97, 98

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Asbestosis

Need, 58, 72, 83, 98 Neoplastic, 96, 98 Nerve, 84, 98, 100, 104 Nervous System, 16, 31, 92, 98 Neutrophil, 41, 98 Nitrogen, 4, 83, 84, 98 Nitrous Oxide, 53, 98 Nuclear, 8, 90, 96, 98 Nucleic acid, 98 Nucleolus, 98, 102 Nucleus, 89, 97, 98 O Occupational Exposure, 6, 34, 98 Oncogenes, 5, 98, 101 Opacity, 89, 99 Organelles, 89, 97, 99 Oxygen Consumption, 91, 99 P Pancreas, 83, 90, 99 Parenchyma, 4, 99 Parietal, 99, 100 Particle, 96, 99, 105 Particle Accelerators, 96, 99 Pathogen, 7, 99 Pathogenesis, 8, 23, 32, 38, 99 Pathologic, 17, 21, 36, 42, 89, 99 Peptide, 6, 99, 100, 101 Pericarditis, 19, 99 Pericardium, 99 Peripheral blood, 21, 31, 36, 94, 99 Peritoneal, 15, 24, 99 Peritoneum, 99 Pharmacologic, 8, 84, 99, 105 Phenotype, 6, 99 Phospholipases, 99, 103 Phospholipids, 91, 95, 99, 101 Phosphorylation, 97, 100, 101 Physiologic, 100, 102 Plaque, 19, 100 Plasma, 7, 84, 87, 91, 100 Plasma cells, 84, 100 Plasmid, 7, 100 Plasmin, 100 Plasminogen, 29, 100 Plasminogen Activators, 100 Platelet Activation, 100, 103 Pleura, 100 Pleural, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 23, 24, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 100 Pneumoconiosis, 20, 29, 31, 32, 38, 53, 100, 103 Polymorphism, 6, 34, 100

Polypeptide, 84, 88, 91, 100, 101 Postsynaptic, 100, 103 Potentiation, 100, 103 Practice Guidelines, 64, 101 Precursor, 14, 91, 100, 101 Procollagen, 19, 101 Profusion, 34, 40, 101 Prognostic factor, 18, 101 Progression, 3, 27, 29, 35, 37, 101 Progressive, 18, 87, 93, 98, 100, 101, 102, 106 Proline, 88, 101 Proportional, 91, 101 Protein C, 84, 85, 95, 101 Protein Kinase C, 97, 101 Protein Kinases, 97, 98, 101 Protein S, 86, 101, 102 Proteins, 4, 7, 8, 16, 84, 85, 88, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105 Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases, 97, 101 Proto-Oncogenes, 99, 101 Pseudotumour, 18, 102 Psychology, 90, 102 Public Policy, 63, 102 Public Relations, 39, 102 Pulmonary Edema, 87, 102 Pulmonary Fibrosis, 13, 17, 25, 28, 32, 48, 102 R Radiation, 90, 95, 96, 102, 103, 107 Radioactive, 86, 93, 96, 98, 102, 103 Radiography, 9, 18, 102 Radiological, 13, 24, 37, 102 Radiology, 9, 13, 17, 24, 25, 35, 102 Reagent, 87, 93, 102 Receptor, 5, 7, 42, 84, 101, 102, 103 Recombination, 4, 102 Rectum, 86, 90, 92, 95, 102 Refer, 1, 102 Refraction, 102, 104 Respiratory distress syndrome, 6, 102 Ribosome, 4, 102 Risk factor, 6, 30, 39, 91, 102 S Saline, 86, 102 Salivary, 90, 103, 104 Salivary glands, 90, 103 Scans, 28, 103 Screening, 40, 44, 88, 103 Sebaceous, 95, 103 Sebaceous gland, 95, 103 Secretion, 91, 93, 103

Index 113

Segregation, 102, 103 Sepsis, 6, 103 Septic, 7, 103 Serum, 7, 30, 40, 42, 43, 96, 103, 106 Shock, 7, 103, 106 Side effect, 83, 86, 103, 105 Signal Transduction, 5, 103 Silicosis, 5, 11, 14, 19, 23, 29, 30, 32, 38, 40, 41, 48, 53, 70, 103 Small cell lung cancer, 14, 103 Smooth muscle, 93, 103 Soft tissue, 86, 88, 104 Specialist, 71, 104 Species, 4, 88, 104, 106 Specificity, 8, 41, 83, 104 Spectrum, 17, 104 Sperm, 87, 104 Sphincter, 95, 104 Spinal cord, 87, 98, 104 Sputum, 44, 104 Staging, 103, 104 Stimulant, 93, 104 Stimulus, 104, 105 Stomach, 27, 37, 83, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 104 Stress, 41, 80, 97, 104 Stroke, 55, 62, 104 Stroma, 99, 104 Subacute, 94, 104 Subclinical, 94, 104 Submaxillary, 91, 104 Subspecies, 104 Substrate, 91, 105 Superoxide, 24, 105 Support group, 81, 105 Surfactant, 6, 105 Synaptic, 103, 105 Systemic, 94, 105 T Tear Gases, 95, 105 Thermal, 85, 90, 105 Thoracic, 5, 9, 16, 23, 89, 100, 105 Thorax, 12, 17, 24, 28, 32, 34, 38, 40, 41, 105

Threshold, 26, 105 Thrombolytic, 100, 105 Thrombosis, 101, 104, 105 Tissue, 84, 85, 86, 89, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 103, 104, 105, 106 Tomography, 23, 105 Toxic, iv, 68, 69, 90, 94, 105 Toxicity, 4, 105 Toxicology, 34, 40, 64, 105 Toxins, 84, 94, 105 Trachea, 86, 95, 105 Transcription Factors, 98, 105 Transduction, 103, 105 Transfection, 86, 106 Translocating, 4, 106 Trauma, 41, 98, 106 Tuberculosis, 5, 14, 42, 106 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 6, 106 Tumor suppressor gene, 5, 6, 106 Tumour, 44, 102, 106 U Unconscious, 93, 106 Untranslated Regions, 4, 106 Urine, 91, 106 V Vascular, 94, 100, 106 Vasodilator, 93, 106 Vein, 95, 98, 106 Ventricle, 106 Ventricular, 31, 106 Veterinary Medicine, 63, 106 Viral, 7, 98, 101, 105, 106 Virulence, 85, 105, 106 Virus, 85, 94, 100, 105, 106 Vitro, 106 W White blood cell, 84, 95, 96, 98, 100, 106 X X-ray, 35, 45, 80, 81, 88, 96, 98, 102, 103, 107 Y Yeasts, 99, 107

114

Asbestosis

Index 115

116

Asbestosis

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