APHASIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
ii
ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Aphasia: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84335-X 1. Aphasia-Popular works. I. Title.
iii
Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
[email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.
iv
Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on aphasia. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
v
About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
vi
About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
vii
Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON APHASIA ................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Aphasia ....................................................................................... 10 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 52 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND APHASIA ......................................................................................... 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 Finding Nutrition Studies on Aphasia ........................................................................................ 97 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 100 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 100 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND APHASIA ................................................................. 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 101 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 107 General References ..................................................................................................................... 108 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON APHASIA ................................................................................... 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Dissertations on Aphasia ........................................................................................................... 111 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 116 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND APHASIA .............................................................................. 117 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 117 Recent Trials on Aphasia ........................................................................................................... 117 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 118 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON APHASIA .............................................................................................. 121 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 121 Patents on Aphasia .................................................................................................................... 121 Patent Applications on Aphasia................................................................................................. 123 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 124 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON APHASIA ................................................................................................. 125 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 125 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 125 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 128 Chapters on Aphasia .................................................................................................................. 135 Directories.................................................................................................................................. 142 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON APHASIA ....................................................................................... 143 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 143 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 143 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON APHASIA .................................................................... 147 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 147 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 147 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 149 Academic Periodicals covering Aphasia..................................................................................... 150 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 153 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 153 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 153 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 155 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 157 The Genome Project and Aphasia .............................................................................................. 157 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 161 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 161
viii Contents
Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 161 Associations and Aphasia .......................................................................................................... 170 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 170 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 173 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 173 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 173 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 173 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 173 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 179 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 179 APHASIA DICTIONARY ............................................................................................................ 181 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 219
1
FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with aphasia is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about aphasia, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to aphasia, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on aphasia. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to aphasia, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on aphasia. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
3
CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON APHASIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on aphasia.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and aphasia, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “aphasia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Treatment of Aphasia Source: Archives of Neurology. 55(11): 1417-1419. November 1998. Contact: Available from American Medical Association. Subscriber Services, P.O. Box 10946, Chicago, IL 60610-0946. (800) 262-3250 or (312) 670-7827. Fax (312) 464-5831. Email:
[email protected]. Website: www.ama-assn.org/neuro. Summary: Approximately one million people have aphasia in the U.S. today, yet with properly targeted therapy in selected patients, effective communication can be restored. This review article addresses three issues: the relevance of aphasia therapy to neurologists, the current state of the art, and future trends. Linguistic and nonlinguistic cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, and executive system functions, are interdependent and may be affected to different degrees in patients with aphasia.
4
Aphasia
Knowledge of how language can be influenced by nonlinguistic cognitive functions (traditionally assigned to the right hemisphere or considered to be linked to frontosubcortical systems) has been useful in developing new approaches to the treatment of aphasia. The author reviews current approaches to the treatment of aphasia, including psycholinguistic theory driven therapy, cognitive neurorehabilitation, computer aided techniques, psychosocial management, and (still on an experimental basis) pharmacotherapy. 27 references. (AA-M). •
Communicating with the Aphasic Dental Patient Source: SCD. Special Care in Dentistry. 13(4): 143-145. July-August 1993. Summary: In this article, the author describes the language impairments commonly experienced by stroke victims, and discusses how dentists can best communicate with their patients who are aphasic. Aphasia is one of the most common types of language disorders experienced by the elderly and is usually caused by a cerebrovascular accident or stroke, but can also be caused by head trauma and tumors. The author provides a list of ten suggestions for facilitating communication with aphasic patients. The author stresses that the growing number of dental patients with this language disorder will challenge the dental team to understand and evaluate aphasia and develop effective communication strategies to deal with this population. 9 references. (AA-M).
•
Psychogenic Impact: Reduced Opportunities for Communication Following Aphasia Can Lead to Feelings of Depression Source: ADVANCE for Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists. 8(24): 12-14. June 15, 1998. Summary: Psychosocial assessments and intervention are often necessary for patients with aphasia because of reduced opportunities for socialization and a change in role that typically follows stroke. This article, from a professional newsletter for audiologists and speech language pathologists, examines how these reduced opportunities for communication following aphasia can lead to feelings of depression. The article considers several techniques that exist for measuring the psychosocial adjustment of a person with aphasia. The article then describes the programs available through the Aphasia Center at North York, Ontario, Canada. The article also discusses aphasia therapy and its four typical stages: acute, intensive, maintenance, and adaptation. The adaptation phase of rehabilitation is particularly appropriate for intervention related to psychosocial issues because as therapy ends, the family must confront the fact that the patient has reduced opportunities to participate in social and community life. The article concludes with the contact information for the clinicians interviewed, as well as the phone number of the National Aphasia Association (800-922-4622).
•
Quality of Life with Aphasia Source: Seminars in Speech and Language. 20(1): 5-17. 1999. Contact: Available from Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001. (800) 782-3488. Fax (212) 947-1112. Website: www.thieme.com. Summary: This article considers quality of life (QOL) issues for people with aphasia (impairment of language comprehension). The author first reviews the problems surrounding definition and measurement of QOL. Dimensions of QOL that have been suggested include elements relating to physical problems, the toxicity dimension (of drug therapy and other therapeutic interventions), body image and mobility,
Studies
5
communication, and psychological, interpersonal, spiritual, and financial issues. These issues are placed in the context of wider dimensions of satisfaction and life quality related to individuality, culture, and philosophical and time elements. Research on the illness experience is related to QOL. The author reviews research on QOL after stroke and aphasia. Clinical approaches that integrate models of betterment of life quality in aphasia are suggested. The author focuses on notions of coping in the discussion of adjustment and accommodation to life with aphasia. The article concludes with a section of self assessment questions. 36 references. •
Landau-Kleffner Syndrome or 'Acquired Aphasia With Convulsive Disorder': Longterm Follow-up of Six Children and a Review of the Recent Literature Source: Archives of Neurology. 49(4): 354-359. April 1992. Summary: This article describes six cases of acquired aphasia with convulsive disorder (Landau-Kleffner syndrome) and distills the main clinical features from a review of the recent literature. This series of patients showed that the clinical picture can vary at onset, as well as during the course of the illness and that the long-term outcome of the aphasia is quite unpredictable, despite the fact that epilepsy and electroencephalographic abnormalities usually regress or disappear over time. The authors call attention to the electroencephalographic phenomenon of electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep, and suggest that the course of the aphasia may well be linked to the appearance and disappearance of this phenomenon. They conclude that their findings did not demonstrate the beneficial effect of treatment with anti-convulsants on the aphasia, but note that recent studies have shown that treatment with corticosteroids can be effective. 1 table. 58 references. (AA-M).
•
Patterns of Language Preservation and Loss in Global Aphasia Source: Seminars in Speech and Language. 15(1): 37-52. February 1994. Summary: This article explores patterns of language preservation and loss in global aphasia. Global aphasia is defined as a severe impairment in all language modalities that results in significant communication difficulty. The study described in this article was designed to identify patterns of spared and impaired abilities in a large group of globally aphasic patients tested with the Boston Assessment of Severe Aphasia (BASA). The authors present their findings and then report a case of one patient with global aphasia, to illustrate how test results can be used clinically. Subjects for the study were 51 stroke patients (50 males and one female) diagnosed as having global aphasia. The BASA was administered as part of each patient's clinical evaluation. The authors conclude that although patients with global aphasia may have severely compromised language skills, this group of 51 patients, exemplified by the case study (Mr. F), showed islands of preserved ability that could be exploited therapeutically. Many of the areas of preservation observed in the BASA performances of globally aphasic patients are associated with right hemisphere functions, that is, visuospatial processing, interpretation and expression of emotional stimuli, and perhaps single-word auditory and reading comprehension skills. Conversely, the most difficult items on the BASA appear to depend on intact left hemisphere language functions, such as naming and complex verbal expression. The BASA and other tests designed specifically for people with global aphasia may provide clinicians with valuable information that can enhance treatment planning and management for this group of patients. 10 figures. 3 tables. 24 references. (AA-M).
6
•
Aphasia
Determining the Use of Communication Aids in Severe Aphasia Source: Seminars in Speech and Language. 15(1): 85-99. February 1994. Summary: This article explores the issues involved in using communication aids in severe aphasia. The author describes a process approach to evaluation and treatment, focusing on four areas of the clinician's job: assessing the patient's communication needs and skills, assessing the family's communication needs and skills; matching the patient's and the family's needs and skills to an appropriate communication aid; and integrating the information collected into a comprehensive therapy plan. The author provides a brief review of the literature as background for this model. The latter half of the article discusses finding and evaluating communication aids, including low-technology aids and high-technology aids, including computerized equipment. The article concludes with a list of self-assessment questions for the reader. 1 figure. 16 references.
•
Theory as the Base on Which to Build Treatment of Aphasia Source: American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 3(1): 8-10. January 1994. Summary: This article is an installment of a regular feature that offers readers the opportunity to have a question answered by a clinical expert. This column discusses the use of theory as a base on which to build treatment for aphasia. Topics covered include theories of language comprehension and formulation; cognition; the nature of theory; some traditional barriers to a satisfactory theory of aphasia; dispelling the myth that theory has no practical value; and the importance of knowing how to evaluate proposed theories. The author concludes that training in theoretically-based clinical problemsolving is as valuable as clinical experience for the purpose of tackling new versions of basic clinical problems. 6 references.
•
Treatment Efficacy: Aphasia Source: Journal of Speech and Hearing Research (JSHR). 39(5): S27-S36. October 1996. Summary: This article presents a brief overview of aphasia, followed by a summary of research studies and program evaluation data that supports the efficacy of treatment for aphasia. Selected studies are reviewed in terms of the quality of evidence they present. In addition, the authors discuss a number of questions in this area that remain unanswered. Several tables are included, listing several aspects of research design, including number and types of patients studied, examples of well-designed small-group or single-subject studies, and clinical techniques for which efficacy data are available. The authors conclude that generally, treatment for aphasia is efficacious. 4 tables. 60 references. (AA-M).
•
Phonological and Orthographic Approaches to the Treatment of Word Retrieval in Aphasia Source: International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders. 36(Supplement): 7-12. 2001. Contact: Available from Taylor and Francis Inc. 1900 Frost Road, Suite 101, Bristol, PA 19007. Summary: This article presents a preliminary report on a study of the treatment of word finding difficulties in aphasia (a disorder of language comprehension) using phonological and orthographic cues. These techniques, although often used to cue word finding in the immediate term, have seldom been evaluated in terms of therapy
Studies
7
designed to improve word retrieval in the long term. The first phase, using cued word retrieval in a picture naming task, was followed by a second phase designed to facilitate use of treated words in real life contexts. The results from both phases were encouraging, with improved word retrieval for three out of the four participants. The authors discuss the implications for clinical practice, noting that generalization effects are particularly encouraging, as they might not be expected in a treatment such as that used here when participants are encouraged to reflect upon an individual word's form (sound or letter) and not to think more widely about words in general. Treatments that can engender a generalized improvement are, however, more beneficial to the individual with aphasia, and are more cost effective in terms of treatment hours. 3 tables. 14 references. •
Communication is Primary Issue in Treating Patients with Aphasia Source: Advance for Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists. 4(23): 7. October 10, 1994. Contact: Available from Merion Publications, Inc. 650 Park Avenue West, King of Prussia, PA 19406. (800) 355-1088. Summary: This article reinforces the idea that communication is the primary issue when treating patients with aphasia. Topics covered include the prevalence of aphasia; possible causes, including stroke; agnosia; non-verbal treatment options; establishing a mode of communication; the role of the team approach, including the occupational therapist; different types of aphasia, including expressive, receptive, and global types; auditory agnosia; the role of the family; and the importance of expression, tone of voice, and inflection. The authors stress that before speech-language pathologists, occupational therapists, and physical therapists begin to consider treatment and rehabilitation for patients with aphasia, the health care team must first establish basic patient-therapist communication.
•
Qualitative Study of Feedback in Aphasia Treatment Source: American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 8(3): 218-230. August 1999. Contact: Available from American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). Subscription Sales Coordinator, 10801 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852-3279. (888) 498-6699. Fax (301) 897-7358. Website: www.asha.org. Summary: This article reports on a qualitative research study that was completed using ethnographic and conversation analysis methodologies to explore characteristics and functions of feedback in traditional aphasia treatment sessions. The investigators identified and described multiple functions of clinician feedback based on analysis of 15 aphasia treatment sessions. Feedback not only provided general motivation and shaped targeted language behavior, but also assisted in establishing the discourse structure of treatment and in managing important interactional aspects of the exchange (such as the social functions of treatment). For example, liberal use of feedback might be programmed in order to mediate specific responses, or feedback might be sacrificed when practice within more natural conversational discourse is targeted. The authors conclude that understanding the multiple roles of feedback in treatment interactions might help clinicians improve the efficiency and effectiveness of aphasia treatment and assist in training student clinicians. The authors include 18 examples of client and clinician interchanges and describe what they demonstrate. 1 table. 69 references.
8
•
Aphasia
Training Volunteers as Conversation Partners Using 'Supported Conversation for Adults with Aphasia' (SCA): A Controlled Trial Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 44(3): 624-638. June 2001. Contact: Available from American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). Subscription Sales Coordinator, 10801 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852-3279. (888) 498-6699. Fax (301) 897-7358. Website: www.asha.org. Summary: This article reports the development and evaluation of a new intervention termed 'Supported Conversation for Adults with Aphasia' (SCA). The approach is based on the idea that the inherent competence of people with aphasia can be revealed through the skills of a conversation partner. The intervention approach was developed at a community based aphasia center where volunteers interact with individuals with chronic aphasia and their families. The experimental study was designed to test whether training improves the conversational skills of volunteers and, if so, whether the improvements affect the communication of their conversation partners with aphasia. Twenty volunteers received SCA training, and 20 control volunteers were merely exposed to people with aphasia. Comparisons between the groups' scores provide support for the efficacy of SCA. Trained volunteers scored significantly higher than untrained volunteers on ratings of acknowledging competence and revealing competence of their partners with aphasia. The training also produced a positive change in ratings of social and message exchange skills of individuals with aphasia, even though these individuals did not participate in the training. The authors discuss the implications of this study for the treatment of aphasia and as an argument for a social model of intervention. 2 appendices. 4 tables. 47 references.
•
Supporting Partners of People with Aphasia in Relationships and Conversation (SPPARC) Source: International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders. 36(Supplement): 25-30. 2001. Contact: Available from Taylor and Francis Inc. 1900 Frost Road, Suite 101, Bristol, PA 19007. Summary: This article reviews new theoretical and practical developments in working with partners of people with aphasia and describes the development of a clinician's resource entitled, 'SPPARC: Supporting Partners of People With Aphasia in Relationships and Conversation.' The authors focus particularly on one part of that resource: the SPPARC Conversation Training Programme, which adapts conversation analysis for clinical use. The authors describe the stages involved in assessing and working on conversation in everyday life. Because conversation is an orderly and finely organized activity, the authors assess and treat the conversation of people with aphasia and their partners not only for what it call tell about language functioning, functional communication or psychosocial issues, but as an activity worthy of attention in its own right. The six steps involved are: preparation, recording the conversation, preliminary viewing of the recording and transcription, conversation assessment, moving from assessment to training, and conversation training. 15 references.
•
Emotional Impact of Aphasia Source: Seminars in Speech and Language. 20(1): 19-31. 1999. Contact: Available from Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001. (800) 782-3488. Fax (212) 947-1112. Website: www.thieme.com.
Studies
9
Summary: This article reviews the negative impact of aphasia (impairment of language comprehension) on emotional well being. Depression is the emotional response that has been examined most, and the authors examine the different causes of depression for people with aphasia. They discuss the relationships between recovery and emotional state and the clinical implications of these relationships, then briefly review issues of drug treatment for depression. The authors conclude that the emotional impact of aphasia can have a marked negative impact on recovery, response to rehabilitation, and psychosocial adjustment. The article concludes with a series of self assessment questions. 1 figure. 1 table. 81 references. •
Crossed Aphasia Source: ADVANCE for Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists. 8(24): 7-9. June 15, 1998. Summary: This article, from a professional newsletter for audiologists and speech language pathologists, discusses aphasia resulting from a right hemisphere lesion. Most people depend on the left hemisphere of the brain for language, but a right-hemisphere lesion can cause aphasia. Crossed aphasia is a rare syndrome in which a right hemisphere cerebrovascular accident (stroke) in a right handed person causes speaking and writing difficulty; this type occurs in about 5 percent of all people with aphasia. The author presents a case report of crossed aphasia in which a two-month course of speech and language therapy remediated deficits in auditory comprehension, verbal and written expression, reading comprehension, and overall speech pattern. This case report is used as an example to discuss other topics including the neurolinguistic characteristics of crossed aphasia, the prognosis for crossed aphasia, goals for speech language therapy with these patients, reading comprehension, and written expression. The article concludes with the contact information for the clinician interviewed.
•
Development of Aphasia, Apraxia, and Agnosia and Decline in Alzheimer's Disease Source: American Journal of Psychiatry. 150(5): 742-747. May 1993. Summary: This case series study examined whether the rate of clinical decline varied among persons with Alzheimer's disease who showed early development of aphasia (dysfunction in using language), apraxia (dysfunction in ability to carry out actions), and/or agnosia (dysfunction in recognizing what should be familiar). Study participants were administered the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) every 6-12 months; each participant was assessed at least three times. Results showed that participants who developed aphasia and apraxia declined more rapidly on the MMSE than those who did not. These results suggest that Alzheimer's disease does not progress through a series of stages. Rather, they support the notion that there are distinct subtypes of Alzheimer's disease, each of which may have its own pattern of decline. In this case, it seems that accelerated decline is associated with the relatively early onset of certain neurological signs. 22 references.
•
Dementia in the Severely Aphasic: Global Aphasia Without Hemiparesis -- A Stroke Subtype Simulating Dementia Source: American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 14(2): 74-78. March-April 1999. Summary: This journal article provides case reports of four patients who were referred for evaluation of probable dementia and were found to have severe aphasia over 3 or more years without a history of any other neurological impairment such as hemiplegia. The study examined the utility of several commonly used dementia scales in patients
10
Aphasia
with severe aphasia and possible dementia. Findings identify the limitations of verbal and non-verbal cognitive tests and the reliance on informant reports. Additionally, the authors suggest appropriate weighting of these tests may help in arriving at a more accurate diagnosis; and until guidelines for reliable criteria are established, the clinician should assess the patient in a holistic way rather than in only one aspect of the patient's symptomatology. Data are provided from test results using the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination at onset, 3 years, and past 3 years. 1 table, 24 references. •
Aphasia Management During the Early Phases of Recovery Following Stroke Source: American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 10(1): 19-28. February 2001. Contact: Available from American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). Subscription Sales Coordinator, 10801 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852-3279. (888) 498-6699. Fax (301) 897-7358. Website: www.asha.org. Summary: Training in speech language pathology seldom distinguishes treatment of aphasia (complete or partial impairment in language comprehension) in its early phases from treatment that occurs when aphasia has become more chronic. This article proposes an approach to therapy for the early phases of recovery following stroke that emphasizes the provision of support, prevention, and education, rather than structured language therapy. The authors first define the period of treatment under discussion, then review the literature in this area. The next section reviews the medical considerations of the newly aphasic patient, and the psychological considerations for both patients and their families. The authors then discuss clinicians' roles with patients in the areas of assessment, the setting of therapy (in the patient's room, generally), early therapy, the conversational approach, the functions of counseling, and aphasia management with families. Other topics include modeling communication strategies for family members, team communication, and reimbursement issues. The authors reiterate that, whenever possible, and to the best of patients', families' and therapists' abilities, positive emotions such as warmth, grace, good humor, and laughter should be sought and cherished in the early aftermath of stroke. 2 tables. 34 references.
Federally Funded Research on Aphasia The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to aphasia. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to aphasia. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
Studies
11
animals or simulated models to explore aphasia. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for aphasia: •
Project Title: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE TRACE DELETION HYPOTHESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Caplan, David N.; Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The goal of the proposed studies is to investigate the "Trace Deletion Hypothesis" (TDH), a proposal made by Yosef Grodzinsky concerning the functional localization of one aspect of syntactic processing. The proposed research will investigate this hypothesis by testing Broca's aphasics and fluent aphasics on a series of tasks that identify off-line and on-line disorders affecting co-indexation. The position of the investigators is that this study will provide definitive evidence that the TDH is incorrect and that a more complex model of the functional neuroanatomy of syntactic processing is needed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: ANALYSIS AND REMEDIATION OF LANGUAGE PRODUCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Berndt-Sloan, Rita S.; Professor; Neurology; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 02-MAY-2003; Project End 29-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Aphasia strikes approximately one in 250 Americans. The reduced ability to communicate with language represents, in most cases, a catastrophic loss of self-sufficiency and a source of profound social isolation. No treatment for aphasia reported to date has reliably brought about changes in language production that migrate from highly constrained laboratory tasks such as single picture description to more challenging and socially functional tasks such as the production of entire narratives. The current climate in health care limits access to speech therapy, and thus it is imperative to develop approaches to treatment which allow patients to supplement 1:1 clinical treatment with intensive independent home practice. We have developed two computer programs to address the need for effective aphasia treatments that can be used semi-independently. One is a communication system (CS), which allows aphasic users to record spoken sentences a single word or phrase at a time, to replay these words or phrases, and to build them into sentences and narratives by manipulating visual icons on a computer screen. The other program is a language therapy system (TS) incorporating speech recognition and natural language understanding technology, which allows the computer to 'understand' the patient's spoken sentence and to provide feedback about whether it correctly describes a picture on the screen. This allows independent home practice of spoken language. The goals of this project are: (1) to replicate pilot results showing measurably more structured language production by aphasic patients using the CS, and to link these effects to characteristics of subjects' language processing impairments (Exp. 1); (2) to assess the impact of enhancing the CS with word-finding support for more severely impaired patients (Exp. 2); (3) to replicate the positive outcomes in pilot studies which used the TS and CS to improve aphasic patients' spoken language production, and to use the TS to train subjects on grammatical structures that provide tests of specific hypotheses about the impact of impaired short term memory on aphasic production (Exp. 3); and (4) to use data automatically collected by the CS to investigate the nature of the underlying disruption and to motivate the most effective approaches to remediation (Exp. 4).
12
Aphasia
Information obtained from these studies will provide a basis for the further development of novel, theoretically motivated approaches to aphasia treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANATOMICAL BASIS OF MEMORY AND LANGUAGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Tranel, Daniel T.; Professor; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The overall goal of this project is to contribute to the understanding of the neural basis for memory and language. The two topics are combined in this project because the aspects of memory and language we propose to investigate are closely related theoretically and experimentally. The experimental approaches uses the lesion method to interrelate neuropsychological and neuroanatomical findings. The principal aim is to define further the neural basis for the retrieval of concepts and words, in regard to different domains of knowledge, while addressing important issues of interpretation and method. The proposed experiments were planned to answer three main questions: (1) Are the systems underlying the retrieval of concepts neuroanatomically separable from those underlying the retrieval of the corresponding worlds? (2) Are the neural systems required to retrieve knowledge for different conceptual categories (actions, spatial relationships, concrete entities, abstractions) partially segregated, and if so, does the segregation obtain for both concepts and words? (3) What is the influence of various factors related to the stimuli, subjects, and experimental tasks, on the retrieval of concepts and words? By testing specific hypotheses associated with each of these questions, we hope to identify systematic relationships between multi-component neural systems and different domains and processing levels, and to identify cognitive and neural factors which underlie those relationships. Our approach capitalizes on the unique opportunities afforded by the modern investigation of focal lesions in humans. The results will contribute to a more precise formulation of the neural basis of memory and language, at systems levels, and to specification of the neural and cognitive architectures pertaining to representation and access of concepts and words. The results will complement those obtained with other approaches (functional imaging, electrophysiology), shed light on the diagnosis and physiopathology of the amnesias and aphasias, and assist in the development of programs to rehabilitated the large numbers of neurological patients with conditions such as stroke, head injury, and Alzheimer's disease, who develop memory and language impairments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: ATTENTION AND APHASIA: IDENTIFYING THE ROLE OF BINDING Principal Investigator & Institution: Shisler, Rebecca J.; School of Professional Studies; University of Georgia 617 Boyd, Gsrc Athens, Ga 306027411 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): This project is designed to assess the role of perceptual binding (combining identity and location information) in language and how attentional constraints may affect this. This includes looking at behavioral processes in stroke and non-stroke individuals on tasks that require binding as well as tasks that do not require binding. Accordingly, the specific aims of the project focus on determining if individuals with aphasia perform less accurately on tasks that require binding versus
Studies
13
those that do not. The long-term goal of this project is to provide a better understanding of the role of binding and attention in language, which will lead to further imaging studies of the functional neurocognitive underpinnings for these processes. Together, these behavioral tasks provide complimentary data that should demonstrate a more complete picture of the processes of attention and binding in individuals with aphasia. Experiment 1 is designed to investigate whether the phenomenon of extinction is present for individuals with aphasia and non-brain damaged controls on tasks that require binding. Experiment 2 will use the same stimuli from Experiment 1; however, binding will no longer be required. On these tasks, individuals with aphasia and control participants will be required to count only and will therefore not have to bind together identification and localization. Experiment 3 will control for the amount of resources to be allocated, while still not requiring binding. This will occur by having patients identify and count the items presented, as opposed to localizing. By investigating the role of attention and binding in aphasia, a further understanding of the underlying deficits that may contribute to aphasia may emerge. In addition, such information could impact the field by leading to further development of efficient and efficacious rehabilitation strategies through a better understanding of the theoretical underpinnings of aphasia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: AUTISM, BIOLOGICAL STUDIES
APHASIA,
AND
DEVELOPMENT
DISABILITIES--
Principal Investigator & Institution: Cohen, Donald J.; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BASIS OF INTONATION DISTURBANCE FOLLOWING BRAIN DAMAGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Seddoh, Samuel K.; Communication Sciences and Disorders; University of North Dakota 264 Centennial Drive Grand Forks, Nd 58202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This research project is aimed at understanding the basis of intonation disturbance in patients with aphasia. Specifically, it seeks to determine whether the root of intonation disorder in this population is attributable to primary linguistic deficit or to underlying speech timing problems related to utterance length. Three experiments, two acoustic and one perceptual, are proposed. In the acoustic studies, subjects will be presented matched statements and echo questions of two lengths to produce. Fundamental frequency (F0) contours associated with the productions will be decomposed into linguistically and nonlinguistically relevant components in order to determine if intonation abnormalities exhibited by the patients are related to linguistic or nonlinguistic underlying deficit. In addition to the F0 evaluation, aspects of duration will be measured to assess speech timing. To understand whether intonation disorder is attributable to primary speech timing problems related to utterance length, the performance of subjects on spectral and temporal measures across the two stimulus lengths will be compared. The perceptual experiment will be in three sessions. In session one, subjects will be presented tape recorded statements and (echo) questions to discriminate. In session two, the same sentences sliced into two parts that correspond to terminal and preterminal F0 regions will be presented to subjects to
14
Aphasia
identify each as part of a statement or part of a question. This approach is intended to determine if the acoustic (F0) information in one part of the sentence is more difficult for the patients to process compared to the information in the other part. In session 3, subjects will be presented tape recorded nonsense stimuli structured as statements and questions to identify as 'statement-like' or 'question-like' utterances. This is in order to understand whether problems of intonation perception for the patients are related to nonlinguistic underlying deficit. Few studies have examined the basis of intonation disturbance in aphasia. Given that the study of a language disorder can shed light on the normal form of that aspect of language, this study will contribute to the elucidation of the nature of not only intonation disorder, but also normal intonation. The proposed paradigm involving decomposition of the F0 contours into linguistically and nonlinguistically relevant components is a unique approach that has ramifications for diagnosis and management of the disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BOSTON UNIVERSITY APHASIA RESEARCH CORE CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Albert, Martin L.; Professor; Neurology; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The principal objectives of the Aphasia Research Core Center are to recruit research participants and to provide clinical assessment and data management and analysis services for research projects that advance the theoretical understanding, clinical evaluation, and treatment of language disorders produced by injury or dysfunction of the brain in adults. The Aphasia Research Core Center consists of two cores: a Clinical Assessment Core and a Data Management and Analysis (DAMA) Core, together with administrative support for these cores. The Clinical Assessment Core recruits research participants, provides comprehensive assessments of aphasic, right brain damaged, and healthy elderly subjects, and coordinates their participation in all research projects associated with the Core Center. Assessment Core examinations include four major components: a medical/neurological evaluation by a behavioral neurologist, a language evaluation, a neuropsychological evaluation, and a neuroimaging evaluation. The Data Management and Analysis Core provides a comprehensive database of all assessment and research data for each research participant. The primary objectives of this core are to manage the data obtained by members of the Clinical Assessment Core and all research projects, to make the data accessible to all ARC researchers, and to provide research design and statistical support for on-going analysis of data and development of new research protocols. The DAMA core has three major service areas: data management, research design and statistical analysis, and education of research investigators. To achieve the overall goals of the Core Center, we intend to support research on language and aphasia within different, but interrelated, disciplines simultaneously. The unifying agenda of the Core Center will be to integrate these various approaches to arrive at a coherent picture of how language is represented in the brain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: BRAIN ORGANIZATION--CLUES FROM SIGN APHASIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Bellugi, Ursula; Research Professor; Salk Institute for Biological Studies 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd La Jolla, Ca 920371099 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1983; Project End 31-JUL-2004
Studies
15
Summary: (adapted from the investigator's abstract): The general objective of this research is to study the neurobiology of language using ASL, a language which displays complex linguistic structure but (unlike spoken language) does so in large part by manipulating spatial relations. Space is used in ASL to encode grammatical relations, discourse relations, and spatial layouts. The investigators plan to explore the properties of each of these uses of space, their interaction, and their neurobiological substrates, using new methods of brain imaging, and language and cognitive probes specially developed for these studies. The studies involve deaf life-long signers who have focal lesions to the left or right hemisphere. The proposal has three foci. (1) Left hemisphere organization for ASL grammar. Having shown in previous work that the core aspects of ASL grammar are predominantly left hemisphere functions, the investigators now focus on the neural organization of ASL within the left hemisphere. The goals are to specify the neural systems and pathways underlying ASL grammar, and to investigate relations between language and nonlanguage aspects of cognition. (2) Right hemisphere organization for spatialized discourse and mapping. Signers with lesions in their right hemispheres have no difficulty with the grammatical aspects of ASL but do often show impairments for extragrammatical functions that involve space. The goal is to investigate selective impairments of specific components of ASL spatialized discourse, and to illuminate the functions of the right hemiphere in processing linguisticallyencoded spatial relations. (3) Neural systems underlying sign language. Five fMRI experiments that complement the lesion studies are propose to further probe the basis of sign language structure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COGNITIVE & NEURAL IMPAIRMENT IN FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Grossman, Murray; Associate Professor; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (Adapted from the application): The overall purpose of this study is to assess in vivo cognitive and neural impairments in patients with Frontotemporal Degeneration (FTD). This will also serve as the clinical core for the program project. In specific aim l, the applicants will administer a battery of cognitive and behavioral measures to distinguish FTD from Alzheimer?s disease (AD). They will test the specific hypothesis that core characteristics of FTD seen in patient subgroups include: l) an inattentive state with poor initiative, 2) a dysexecutive syndrome with poor strategic processing, 3) a progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA) with non-fluent speech, and 4) a disinhibited bizarre affect. They will follow these patients longitudinally with this battery and a "Brief Frontotemporal Exam" abstracted from the full battery. They will also test the hypothesis that dissociable executive components contribute to the cognitive and behavioral limitations of FTD subgroups such as poor attention, impaired strategic processing, limited short-term memory, and poor control over inhibition. In specific aim 2, they will use a quantitative, whole-brain, perfusion fMRI technique to demonstrate the differing anatomic distributions of resting cerebral perfusion defects in FTD and AD. They will assess the hypothesis that each FTD subgroup is associated with a core anatomic distribution of perfusion defect, including: l) reduced activity in superior and mesial frontal cortex in inattentive patients, 2) limited dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) activity in dysexecutive patients, 3) diminished activity in inferior frontal and anterior superior temporal cortex (IFC) in PNFA patients, and 4) reduced anterior temporal and ventral frontal activity in patients with a bizarre affect. Correlative studies will test the
16
Aphasia
hypothesis that dissociable executive components monitored by the cognitive battery are related to relatively specific neural substrates. Specific aim 3 focuses on the sentence comprehension deficit in FTD. Based on their model of sentence processing, they hypothesize that multiple factors contribute to FTD patients? difficulty, including a grammatical comprehension deficit on an on-line measure of sentence processing, impaired comprehension of verbs presented as film loops and definitions, and difficulty with strategic processing and short-term memory components of sentence comprehension on a dual-task procedure. They will assess the distribution of these deficits in FTD subgroups. Specific aim 4 seeks converging evidence from multiple sources for the neural basis of sentence comprehension. Correlative studies with perfusion fMRI in FTD patients, BOLD fMRI activation studies in younger and older healthy adults, and BOLD activation studies in FTD patients will be used to test the hypothesis that left IFC contributes to specific grammatical and short-term memory processes, and left DLPFC helps support strategic processing during sentence comprehension. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COGNITIVE REHABILITATION RESEARCH NETWORK Principal Investigator & Institution: Whyte, John; Director; Albert Einstein Healthcare Network 5501 Old York Rd Philadelphia, Pa 191413098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 28-SEP-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: Cognitive impairment is common after brain damage, and is a major source of long-term disability. Cognitive rehabilitation, even when delivered long after injury, may improve functional, but much of the evidence for this comes from methodologically compromised studies. We propose to form a regional network to conduct clinical trials of cognitive rehabilitation interventions. Initial studies will focus on interventions derived from promising laboratory research based on theoretical models of cognitive function and dysfunction. The proposed network will conduct controlled clinical trials at a central Research Clinic and, for those that appear to have value, will promote more naturalistic effective trials in clinical settings throughout the region. Studies that begin by focusing on impairment and functional limitation-level outcomes, will be followed by those that emphasize societal participation and quality of life. To accomplish these regional goals, we proposal to establish: an Administrative ore to oversee the overall operation of the Network; a Clinical Trials Core to centralize subject recruitment and screening across 3 large rehabilitation hospitals, to operate a central Research Clinic with staff trained to conduct the clinical trials; a Neuroimaging Core, to conduct research on the methodological problems that limit the application of fMRI to cognitive rehabilitation research, and to support the use of fMRI in current and future research projects; and an Information Technology Core, that will oversee the main information dissemination and collaborator recruitment activities of the Network. Three initial projects are proposed. Two focus on impairment-based treatments for TBIrelated attention deficits and stroke-related hemispatial neglect and will make use of both the Clinical Trials and Neuroimaging Cores. The third focuses on a functional limitation based treatment for aphasia and relies on the Clinical Trials Core. The experience of the applicants as well as the specific communication structures put in place, ensure that the proposed activities and research will function as the nucleus of an enlarging focus of research activity throughout the region and beyond. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies
•
17
Project Title: COGNITIVELY BASED TREATMENTS OF ACQUIRED DYSLEXIAS Principal Investigator & Institution: Friedman, Rhonda B.; Professor; Neurology; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Acquired disorders of reading (acquired dyslexia) are common in patients with aphasia subsequent to left hemisphere stroke. Even when language functions recover sufficiently to enable the patient to return to work, an unrecovered dyslexia often interferes significantly with job performance. Patients who cannot return to work may be left with little to occupy their time; the ability to read for pleasure could make a significant difference in their quality of life. The purpose of this project is to test a set of therapy programs for the treatment of acquired dyslexia, based upon a cognitive neuropsychological model of reading. A comprehensive and detailed battery of reading and reading-related tests is used to determine the underlying impairment causing the reading deficit in each patient. This proposal focuses on three specific deficits: 1) impaired access to the visual word form from the visual modality (pure dyslexia); 2) impaired orthographic-phonologic connections (phonologic/deep dyslexia); 3) poor lector/affixed word reading in text (phonological text alexia)). A set of experimental treatment programs has been devised for each of these reading deficits. These therapy programs derive in part from cognitive models of reading, in part from differences in general approach to treatment, and in part from the results of previous treatment studies. A set of general external probe tests are administered to all subjects before and after treatment There are additional external probes for each of the three deficit types, consisting of a list of words targeted for improvement but never trained. Measures include both accuracy and speed of reading. Group studies will examine the efficacy of treatments that have been successful in prior single case studies, and in some instances will compare the efficacy of two treatments with each other. Single case studies will be implemented to explore new treatment protocols or variations on old treatment protocols. Treatment programs are evaluated for efficacy by comparing the accuracy and speed of reading the treatment-specific probe words pre- and posttreatment, and examining performance on the general external probes pre- and posttreatment. The results of this project will increase our understanding of reading and its breakdown, leading to more effective methods of teaching reading to both normal and developmentally dyslexic children, in addition to providing a scientific basis for the choice of effective intervention strategies for the treatment of acquired dyslexia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: COMPUTER MEDIATED SPEECH ASSESSMENT IN APHASIA AND AOS Principal Investigator & Institution: Haley, Katarina L.; Allied Health Sciences; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 21-FEB-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Few tools are available for objective and sensitive quantification of speech involvement in persons with aphasia and other language disorders. This situation limits both the pursuit of theoretically motivated research on speech production and the clinical management of speech disorders associated with left hemisphere pathology. The assessment of perceptual consequences and magnitude of involvement are particularly challenging in individuals who present with coexisting apraxia of speech (AOS). The purpose of the proposed research is to develop interactive
18
Aphasia
and customized elicitation, recording, and testing procedures for perceptual and basic acoustic assessment of speech in this population. Useful applications are anticipated to the evaluation of speech in other communication disorders as well. The first year will be devoted to software development. The program will include five components: (1) selection and preparation of target utterances; (2) elicitation and recording of a speech sample; (3) duration measurement and editing of the recorded signal; (4) perceptual testing; and (5) sample storage and data management. Initial programming will target maximal flexibility and efficiency of the system. Preliminary testing will identify areas for improvement and the software will be modified accordingly. During the second and third years, a series of experiments will assess the suitability of the procedures for persons with aphasia and AOS. Speakers with a range of speech and language severity will be included. Data will be collected for critical components of the assessment protocol with regard to procedural efficiency, successful step completion, observer and test-retest reliability, and participants' perception of the protocol. Comparisons will be made between and among alternate administration procedures to allow further development of the tool and specific recommendations to maximize reliability, efficiency, and sensitivity. Finally, the validity of the procedure as a severity indicator will be evaluated. The correspondence among the duration measures and speech intelligibility scores generated by the procedure and other measures of articulatory severity will be examined. These will include clinicians' and everyday listeners' ratings of speech severity, estimation of speaking rate, and frequency of errors identified on broad phonetic transcription. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CONCEPTS AND LANGUAGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Chatterjee, Anjan K.; Associate Professor; Neurology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of the proposed research is to understand the relationship between thought, perception and language. If we derive considerable knowledge of the world through our sensory and motor systems and this knowledge can be expressed in language, then the obvious question is how are sensory-motor systems linked to language? We will examine this question in the context of knowledge of events, which are described in language by verbs and thematic relations. The central hypothesis driving these studies is that simple spatial schemas can represent events 'prelinguistically'. The following specific aims will test this general hypothesis and investigate the derivation and general utility of these schemas: 1) To establish that conceptual knowledge of events is distinct from linguistic knowledge of events. We will study patients with left and right hemisphere brain damage to test the hypotheses that patients may have deficits of knowledge of events at either a linguistic or a pre linguistic conceptual level. 2) To determine if conceptual knowledge of events is structured spatially and whether this structure derives from cultural habits or from properties of a lateralized brain. Normal US and Israeli subjects (including those that only read a rightto-left language) will be investigated on cognitive behavioral tasks, to ascertain if the spatial schemas that underlie event knowledge are derived from cultural habits or properties of a lateralized brain. 3) To determine if brain regions dedicated to visualspatial processing in part mediate knowledge of events. Normal US subjects will be investigated in fMRI experiments on several tasks involving knowledge of events. This information in concert with lesion location data from patient investigations will help identify the neural substrate mediating this knowledge. 4) To determine whether spatial
Studies
19
schemas used to represent events also serve other cognitive domains. Normal US and Israeli subjects will be investigated on memory tasks to help determine if directions of action influence recall and recognition of events. The proposed studies will advance our theoretical understanding of the functional architecture and neural mediation of simple spatial schemas and knowledge of events. These studies will have theoretical implications for models of conceptual development and reasoning and practical implications for the treatment of aphasic patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CONNECTIONIST MODELING OF SENTENCE PROCESSING Principal Investigator & Institution: Rohde, Douglas L.; Psychology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Ma 02139 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAR-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Gaining a greater understanding of the mechanisms by which we acquire and process language is a critical first step in the development of strategies to aid those with acquired or developmental language deficits. Many direct methods for investigating the neural basis of language are unavailable because, unlike other domains of cognitive psychology such as vision or memory, language has no real non-human correlate. Therefore, we must rely more heavily on computational models, in conjunction with behavioral measures, to induce the workings of the language system. Connectionist models, in particular, offer the potential to provide novel explanations for many critical questions in the study of language, including the means by which children are able to learn language in noisy environments with limited feedback, how learning of a second language differs in adulthood and childhood, and how semantic, pragmatic, and discourse information is rapidly integrated with syntactic knowledge during comprehension. But connectionist models have so far been applied to only a limited number of the many complex aspects of language. The main goal of this proposal is to further develop, refine, and evaluate a connectionist model aimed at accounting for a broad range of sentence processing phenomena. Predictions of the model will be tested using self-paced reading-time and possibly eye-tracking measures. The model will also be studied to determine the general principles that characterize its behavior. Additional parts of the proposed project will study the induction of word meaning from large text corpora and explore the effects of experience on second language learning in connectionist networks. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: CONTRASTING TREATMENT FOR SENTENCE PRODUCTION DEFICITS Principal Investigator & Institution: Maher, Lynn M.; Associate Professor; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The syndrome of agrammatism is a form of language impairment that affects sentence processing and results from acquired brain damage. Treatment studies which have taken the complexity of the underlying system into account have demonstrated improvements in sentence processing. What has not been determined is how the underlying physiology of the recovering system effects or interacts with this type of intervention. Furthermore, while there is a developing body of evidence to suggest that learning environments which encourage accurate responses and prevent error responses (i.e. errorless learning) are more efficacious than traditional models of errorful learning,
20
Aphasia
there has been minimal application of this learning theory towards the rehabilitation of acquired brain damage, except in the area of memory (Wilson et al., 1994). The purpose of this subproject is to apply recent advances in learning theory and cognitive linguistics to the rehabilitation of the sentence production deficits observed in this syndrome. We will test the application of errorless learning, an approach supported by parallel distributed models of learning and cognition, to the rehabilitation of sentence production deficits. We will do this by comparing the effectiveness of this approach so that of more traditional, errorful learning. Furthermore, we will compare the impact of vicariative substitutive treatment method (i.e. one designed to encourage alternative processes to assume damaged functions) that is derived from current cognitive linguistic models of sentence production, with a restitutive approach (i.e. designed to restore function) that is more typical of traditional aphasia therapy. In so doing we can address the relative limitations of the underlying physiology of the damaged system since current therapies of brain repair suggest that the potential for recovery of function may be time-dependent. By comparing errorless and errorful learning strategies and their interactions with substitutive versus restitutive treatment approaches in a single subject design, we may identify rehabilitation environments which can maximize the individual's response to rehabilitation. It is also the goal of this project to determine if improvements observed in the controlled rehabilitation environment generalize and have an effect on the individual's functional ability to communicate. Generalized improvement in sentence production would contribute to greater independence and improved quality of life. Finally, we will attempt to associate functional changes in sentence production as a result of rehabilitation with observable changes in neural activity using fMRI. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CONTRASTING IMPAIRMENTS
TREATMENT
FOR
WORD
RETRIEVAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Raymer, Anastasia; Associate Professor; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: A prominent symptom seen in individuals with aphasia due to left cerebral hemisphere disease is difficulty with word retrieval affecting either nouns or verbs. Recent investigation of treatments for word retrieval impairments have been influenced by cognitive neuropsychological models which recognize that word retrieval involves a complex set of lexical processes including semantic and phonologic stages. Subsequently, studies have incorporated restitutive semantic or phonologic treatments and have demonstrative improvements in word retrieval abilities in some individuals, particularly for nouns. Less attention has been given to examining the effects of substitutive word retrieval treatments that might invoke other cognitive processes, no treatment effects for verbs, and to comparing different treatments in the same individuals with aphasia. In our studies, we propose to develop normative data for a battery of lexical tasks assessing comprehension and production of nouns and verbs. We will later administer the battery the battery to patients with aphasia to document the nature of the word retrieval impairments. We then will complete a series of studies in which we contrast two word retrieval treatments. The restitutive treatment will encourage the use of typical semantic and phonologic word retrieval processes, whereas the substitutive verbal+ gestural treatment will encourage the use of pantomimes to evoke a corresponding verbal response. We will compare treatment effects for both nouns and verbs. We will assess performance in structural word retrieval tasks as well
Studies
21
as in conversational and functional measures of treatment outcome. In a final experiment, we will study the neural correlates of treatment effects using fMRI. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CONTRIBUTION OF NEURAL MEMORY CIRCUITS TO LANGUAGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Ullman, Michael T.; Associate Professor; None; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: The long-term objective of this project is to understand the brain bases of the mental lexicon, which contains memorized words, and the mental grammar, which contains rules that combine lexical forms into larger words, phrases, and sentences. We propose that the memorization and use of words is subserved by temporal-lobe circuits previously implicated in the learning and use of fact knowledge, whereas the acquisition and use of grammatical rules is subserved by frontal/basal-ganglia circuits previously implicated in the learning and expression of motor, perceptual, and cognitive "skills," such as riding a bicycle. Thus we posit that lexicon and grammar are linked to distinct brain systems, each of which is domain-general in that it subserves nonlanguage as well as language domains. This novel view contrasts with the two main competing theoretical frameworks. Although we share the perspective of traditional dual-system theories in positing that lexicon and grammar are subserved by distinct systems, we diverge from these theories where they assume components dedicated (domain-specific) to each of the two capacities. Conversely, while we share with singlesystem theories the view that the two capacities are subserved by domain-general circuitry, we diverge from them where they link both capacities to a single system with broad anatomic distribution. To distinguish our theory from the other two, we will probe the brain bases of irregular and regular word transformations, in which lexicon and grammar can be contrasted, while other factors are held constant. Irregular forms (e.g., dig-dug) are retrieved from memory, whereas regular forms (e.g., look-looked) require a suffixation rule. We predict, and have found in our preliminary studies, links among irregulars (lexicon), facts, and temporal- lobe circuits, and among regulars (grammar), skills, and frontal/basal-ganglia circuits. Single-system models do not make this set of predictions, and traditional dual-system theories do not predict the links with fact and skill use. Patients with either temporal-lobe or frontal/basal-ganglia damage will be given tasks probing the production and judgment of irregular and regular past tense inflection, plural inflection (mice, bees), and derivational morphology (solemnity, awkwardness), as well as measures of fact and skill use. Our specific aims are to test three hypotheses by probing for double dissociations between irregulars and regulars, and between facts and skills: (1) Lexicon is linked to temporal-lobe circuits, and grammar to frontal/basal-ganglia circuits. (2) These circuits also subserve fact and skill use, respectively. (3) The basal ganglia play a similar role in motor activity and grammatical rule use. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: CORE--CLINICAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Weintraub, Sandra; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Research Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): During the first 4 years of its existence, the Clinical Core evaluated 1600 cases of suspected dementia and 370 controls, received 6000 patient
22
Aphasia
visits, enrolled 753 subjects into active and archival cohorts, and fostered 51 intramural and extramural collaborations which have already led to 50 publications. During the next cycle, the Clinical Core will maintain an active cohort of at least 600 demented men and women of diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds and their non-demented controls in order to facilitate clinical research on age-related cognitive change, mild cognitive impairment, AD, and other dementias. The Clinical Core will obtain neuropsychological, neurological, and psychiatric data to establish a "dementia profile" for subsequent correlation with pathological and neurochemical markers. A major goal will be to enroll patients and controls in a brain donation program that will provide a source of clinically well-characterized post-mortem material for the Neuropathology Core. Specialized programs will be developed for primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and ALS-dementia with an emphasis on the selective vulnerability of the neurocognitive system to specific dementing diseases. Activities of the Clinical Core will be integrated with patient care activities within the context of "therapeutic encounters." The Clinical Core will also be responsible for maintaining a multidimensional database and providing biostatistical support for the entire ADC. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--CLINICAL ASSESSMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Zurif, Edgar B.; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Clinical Assessment Core of the Aphasia Research Core Center recruits and provides comprehensive assessments of research participants, and coordinates their participation in all research projects associated with the Core Center. Brain-damaged individuals may be quite dissimilar in their patterns of cognitive dysfunction. Research projects affiliated with the Aphasia Research Core Center are thus dependent on a comprehensive understanding of each participant?s neurological, neurobehavioral, neuropsychological, and language status. The Clinical Assessment Core examination includes four major components: (1) a medical/neurological evaluation conducted by a behavioral neurologist, (2) a speech/language evaluation conducted by a speech-language pathologist, (3) a neuropsychological evaluation conducted by a neuropsychologist, and (4) neuroimaging performed by the radiology service of the VA Boston Healthcare System or Boston Medical Center and interpreted by the assessment core neuroimaging experts. In addition to the recruitment and testing of participants with left-or right-hemispheric brain damage, the Clinical Assessment Core also recruits and screens control subjects. The Aphasia Research Center has been providing recruitment and clinical assessment services to Boston-area aphasia researchers associated with the Center since its founding in the 1960s and is internationally recognized for its expertise in the assessment and treatment of people with aphasia. Researchers rely on these services to identify appropriate candidates for their experimental investigations of aphasia; and design their research proposals on the assumption that the Aphasia Research Center will be there to provide needed recruitment and assessment services. The current proposal for the Aphasia Research Core Center allows for the continued collaboration between clinicians and researchers that has proven to be so fruitful in years past. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies
•
23
Project Title: CORE--DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS (DAMA) Principal Investigator & Institution: Milberg, William; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The primary responsibilities of the Data Management and Analysis Core (DAMA) are to manage the data obtained by members of the Clinical Assessment Core and all research projects; to make these data accessible to all Aphasia Research Center personnel; and to provide statistical and methodological assistance and guidance in the design of studies and in analysis and interpretation of data. To meet its responsibilities, the DAMA Core encompasses 3 domains. (1) Data Management includes maintenance, modification, extension, and documentation of our database, as well as continuing development and maintenance of our computer network, (2) Design and Analysis includes assistance to investigators with methodological and research design questions, data analysis, power analysis, and review of papers being prepared for publication. (3) Training and Education involves weekly seminars and monthly tutorials on selected topics in research design and methodology. These seminars and tutorials illustrate the appropriate use of statistical and graphical techniques for analyzing current and previously collected ARC data and improving presentation of data and results using state of the art graphical and research design methods. In addition, the DAMA Core will conduct developmental research, to illustrate new methods for broader application, as well as to use ARC data to maximal advantage to address questions not considered by individual research projects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: CORE--NEUROIMAGING Principal Investigator & Institution: Briggs, Richard W.; Professor; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The purpose of Neuroimaging Core B is to provide the subprojects of this program project grant with the facilities, technical expertise, and methodology, to successfully apply fMRI to the study and treatment of aphasia and related disorders caused by stroke and other neurological disorders. This will include all aspects of data acquisition (including interface of task presentation and performance monitoring with the MR scanning), data transfer, data archiving, and data analysis (including statistics). In particular, it will be the function of the core to provide optimized MRI sequences for anatomic, angiographic and functional images of the brain for subjects selected for fMRI. In this program project proposal, fMRI will be used by the various subprojects to answer two types of questions. Every fMRI component of the subprojects in this proposal will address one or both of the following questions for the relevant language and cognitive functions. (1) How do damaged brain systems operate differently from normal brain systems in performing various tasks? To answer this question, functional brain maps of brain- damaged patients will be compared to those of neurologically normal controls on relevant cognitive tasks. (2) How does rehabilitation change brain systems responsible for relevant cognitive activities in brain- damaged individuals? To anser this question, functional brain maps will be acquired for relevant cognitive activities before and after the individual patient receives rehabilitation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
24
•
Aphasia
Project Title: CORTICAL DISTINCTIONS IN VISUAL AND AUDITORY NAMING Principal Investigator & Institution: Serafini, Sandra; Psychiatry; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 16-SEP-2002 Summary: (Verbatim from applicant?s abstract): It is well established that word finding tasks can predict performance in several measures of expressive speech, and that deficits in word finding are considered sensitive to language deficits in several types of aphasia. Conventional measures of word finding are currently almost exclusively comprised of visual confrontation naming tasks, which have been shown to have limited accuracy and may not reflect abilities or deficits in auditory word finding. When resecting pathological tissue in the brain, one goal of the neurosurgeon is to assess and identify not only the boundaries of pathological tissue, but to identify the location of functional cortex that is dedicated to language processing in order that it be spared. The long term objective of this proposal is to combine standard (visual) and novel (auditory) word finding paradigms that will provide neurosurgeons with a more complete language localization map from which to decide resection margins that spare eloquent cortex. Specifically, this project proposes to develop an auditory object naming paradigm to examine regional distinctions between visual and auditory object naming in both the fMRI and the intraoperative cortical stimulation setting for patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. A method for utilizing a frameless stereotaxy system to accurately co-register the brain across the two techniques will be developed and implemented to monitor the reliability of using fMRI as a non-invasive pre-surgical language localization technique. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: CROSS-LINGUISTIC STUDIES OF APHASIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Bates, Elizabeth A.; Professor; Ctr for Research in Language; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1983; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: Cross-linguistic studies of aphasia permit us to separate universal mechanisms from language-specific content. By uncovering the range of variations that are possible under normal and abnormal conditions, cross-language studies also address the critical issues of behavioral and neural plasticity. In this proposal, we outline new comparative studies of language processing and language breakdown in aphasic patients and controls in three languages (English, Italian and Chinese) that differ dramatically in their lexical and grammatical structure (e.g. amounts of word order variation, inflectional morphology, constituent omission, consistency vs. irregularity of words and morphemes, potential for lexical ambiguity, and the internal structure of words). Patient studies (the classical method of lesion-behavior mapping) are complemented by brain-imaging studies of normals in the same three languages (using functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI). The same materials are used in behavioral and fMRI experiments, in 'on-line', computer- controlled tasks that yield information about the temporal dynamics of word and sentence processing. Nonverbal control tasks are designed to match linguistic tasks in key respects (visual, auditory, and motor activation; demands on memory, attention, decision-making), testing hypotheses about the contributions of modality and sensorimotor demands to language activation (fMRI) and language breakdown (lesion studies). We also expand the concept of "normal control" to include comparisons of normal tested under adverse processing conditions (perceptual degradation, temporal compression, cognitive overload), to
Studies
25
uncover 'breakpoints' in processing and to 'simulate' processing disorders in patients. Selection of word and picture stimuli is based on massive norming information collected at all sites in the last funding cycle. The aphasia subgroups under study include nonfluent Broca's aphasics, fluent Wernicke's aphasics, and anomic patients who commit few overt grammatical errors but still struggle to 'find the right word'. Acknowledging the limitations of traditional aphasia categories, we also take a new multivariate approach, analyzing patients' performance on experiments within a continuous, multidimensional symptom space, defined for each language by using large archival data sets (more than 200 patients per language). Results are interpreted within a merger of two theoretical frameworks: the Competition Model (a processing model that assumes interactive activation over distributed, probabilistic representations) and Embodiment Theory (a theory of neural organization for language). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TREATMENT
C-SPEAK
APHASIA
ALTERNATIVE
COMMUNICATION
Principal Investigator & Institution: Nicholas, Marjorie L.; Neurology; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This study investigates communicative performance in people with severe restriction in verbal output due to non- fluent aphasia. Such individuals are trained to use an alternative communication program called C-Speak Aphasia. This program is picture-based and operated on a Mackintosh computer. Using C-Speak, patients learn to select icons from semantic-category groups and combine them to form novel messages that can be spoken aloud by the computer s speech synthesizer. This project proposes to conduct a controlled study of treatment outcomes in people with aphasia who are trained to use C-Speak. The study uses a multiple baseline design to determine whether patients improve communication on several tasks while using CSpeak, compared to communication without C-Speak. Communication performance is probed repeatedly during a 4-6 month training period with 5 tasks; providing autobiographical information, describing pictures and observed events, communicating via writing, and telephone communication. Linguistic factors related to semantic processing and cognitive factors related to executive functioning are hypothesized to be related to individual aphasic patients abilities to communicate using C-Speak. These factors will be assessed during baseline testing, and used as predictors in a multiple regression analysis to investigate whether they predict changes in participants ability to use C- Speak for functional communication. Finally, two experiments relating to semantic functioning and executive system function will also be completed using the subjects who undergo C-Speak training. Scores on these measures will also be used as predictors of successful C-Speak usage. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DISORDERS OF LEXICAL ACCESS IN SPEECH PRODUCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Caramazza, Alfonso; Professor; Psychology; Harvard University Holyoke Center 727 Cambridge, Ma 02138 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: The goal of the proposed research is to understand the nature of naming and word-finding difficulties in aphasia. The objective is to explain patterns of word production deficits in terms of damage to the cognitive/linguistic mechanisms that
26
Aphasia
underlie normal word production, and then to use this knowledge toward the development of a theory of the functional organization of the brain. Two general questions will be addressed: 1) What are the causes of the grammatical class deficits? And, 2) what are the causes of the different error types in naming deficits? More specific questions include: 1) Are there different subtypes of grammatical class disorders? 2) What is the relationship between impairments in the production of nouns and the ability to produce noun phrase structure? 3) Are the causes of access failure for nouns and verbs the same as for failure to retrieve adjectives? What are the causes of failure to access function words and inflectional morphology? 4) Are different mixtures of error types the result of global lesions that affect equally all stages of the lexical access process or are they the result (at least in some cases) of different lesions to different stages of the process? 5) What relationship is there between the distribution of error types in naming and other tasks (such as reading, repetition, comprehension, etc.)? These and related questions will be addressed through a three-pronged program of research. The most important part involves the detailed investigation of the word and phrase processing performance of English and Italian monolingual aphasics and Spanish-Catalan bilingual aphasics. The two other components of the research involve the computational modeling of the patients' patterns of word production deficits and the experimental investigation of normal subjects' word and phrase production performance. This integrated approach to the study of lexical access deficits should provide important information about the organization and processing structure of the lexicon and about the functional causes of word production disorders in aphasia. These are necessary components of the larger goal of understanding the functional architecture of the brain and for developing intervention strategies for remedial training of aphasia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECTS OF BROMOCRIPTINE ON APHASIA TREATMENT OUTCOME Principal Investigator & Institution: Cherney, Leora R.; Rehabilitation Institute Research Corp Research Corporation Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of this planning grant is to develop the methods and protocols for clinical trials that will evaluate the effectiveness of the pharmacological agent, bromocriptine, on the language outcome of patients with nonfluent aphasia. There is preliminary evidence that bromocriptine (BRC), a dopaminergic agent, can improve specific deficits of aphasia following stroke. However, it has been studied mostly in the chronic phases, and results have been mixed. Furthermore, most studies have used bromocriptine as a monotherapy but there is evidence that BRC may be more effective if given in combination with aphasia language treatment. Carefully designed randomized clinical trials with adequate numbers of patients are needed to adequately explore the optimum timing and duration of BRC for both acute and chronic aphasia, and to assess whether the combination of BRC with speech-language treatment is more effective than either one of them given as a monotherapy. Accordingly, the specific aims of the proposed clinical trials are (1) to assess whether low dose bromocriptine in combination with speech-language treatment results in greater improvements in language performance than speech-language treatment plus placebo; (2) to assess whether the effectiveness of low dose bromocriptine differs depending on the intensity of the speech-and-language treatment with which it is combined; (3) to assess whether any resultant changes in language performance are maintained over time; and (4) to assess whether the maintenance of
Studies
27
these language skills is dependent on continued use of bromocriptine. Two randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials (one for acute and one for chronic aphasia) are proposed, each with the following four arms (1) BRC plus low intensity aphasia treatment; (2) BRC plus high intensity aphasia treatment; (3) BRC placebo plus low intensity aphasia treatment; and (4) BRC placebo plus high intensity aphasia treatment. The primary outcome measure for each comparison in the trials will be the change in the Aphasia Quotient (AQ) score on the Western Aphasia Battery (Kertesz, 1982) from pretreatment to post-treatment. Other language performance and cognitive measures will be collected pre- and post-treatment to provide a comprehensive assessment of the changes in language performance. Language performance will also be measured at three and six months after completion of treatment to answer the secondary questions regarding maintenance of language improvements. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EYE MOVEMENTS AND LINGUISTIC COMPREHENSION IN APHASIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Hallowell, Brooke; Associate Professor; School of Hearing, Speech, and Language Sciences; Ohio University Athens Athens, Oh 45701 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Candidate: The candidate has clinical expertise in neurogenic communication disorders and interdisciplinary training in cognitive science, neuroscience, psycholinguistics, experimental design, and statistics. She became assistant professor of neurogenic communication disorders at Ohio University (OU) two years ago in order to focus her career efforts on clinical research. Environment: OU's School of Hearing and Speech Sciences offers one of the largest training programs in communication sciences and disorders in the US, and has an active doctoral program. Numerous sources of research support for the research and training programs proposed are offered at OU and at the institutions of the candidate's proposed mentors. Her primary goals to be facilitated by the MCDSA are: (a) to make a significant contribution, with increased independence, to clinically applicable research on neurogenic communication disorders; and (b) to enhance her role as an educator in the neuroscience of communication. Research: The distinction of competence from performance issues is often problematic in the process of differential diagnosis of communication deficits in neurologically impaired patients. A majority of patients who present with aphasia also present with motoric and/or perceptual deficits that may impair their ability to respond, or to respond correctly, when traditional tests of linguistic comprehension are administered. Linguistic comprehension deficits in many patients may be frequently overestimated by test results and clinical judgment. A series of studies focused on methodological developments for studying comprehension deficits in aphasic patients, using spontaneous eye movement responses, is proposed. Advantages of the proposed methodology include: provision of information about intact comprehension ability that is currently unavailable for many severely inexpressive patients; allowance for stimulus adaptations that may serve to control for perceptual, attentional, and oculomotor deficits in the differential diagnosis of verbal comprehension difficulties; the reduction of reliance on patients' understanding of verbal instructions prior to testing; allowance for a real-time measure of comprehension; and allowance for testing of a broad range of verbal stimulus types. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
28
•
Aphasia
Project Title: FRONTOTEMPORAL DEGENERATION: A BASIS FOR CLINICAL TRIALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Knopman, David S.; Professor; Mayo Clinic Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): In order to test drugs in patients with tauopathies, knowledge of the natural history of the frontotemporal lobar dementias (FTLD) must be expressed in terms suitable for designing clinical trials. Without valid estimates of change over 6 or 12 months, instruments appropriate for trials and sample sizes for the trials simply cannot be determined. We are proposing a 4 year, multi-site, longitudinal study of patients with FTLD in which we will recruit subjects using standardized criteria. The specific aims of this project are 1) determine the ratio between change and variance in cognitive, behavioral and functional instruments in order to estimate power to detect treatment effects with each instrument in future clinical trials; 2) perform serial MR imaging to determine the magnitude of change and its variance in global and regional frontal or temporal brain volume in order to estimate power to detect treatment effects on brain volume in future clinical trials; 3) develop a composite FTLD-subtypespecific cognitive instrument for use in clinical trials; and 4) determine whether ApoE genotype and tau haplotype are associated with rate of progression on cognitive, behavioral, functional or imaging in FTLD. We propose to involve 3 Alzheimer Disease Centers (Mayo Rochester/Jacksonville, UCLA and Arizona) plus the University of California- San Francisco to recruit 120 patients with FTLD. We shall recruit patients with the behavioral-dysexecutive syndrome of fronto-temporal dementia, patients with semantic dementia, and patients with progressive nonfluent aphasia. Operational criteria for these 3 syndromes have been developed that will meet rigorous standards suitable for clinical trial recruitment. Subjects will be examined with cognitive, behavioral, functional assessments as well as MR imaging at baseline and 12 months. Key outcomes will include estimates of change and its variability over 1 year on MR imaging, change on cognitive tasks including the composite task, and change on functional and behavioral measures. While the study will also develop a wealth of new knowledge about the relationships between cognition, behavior and brain structure in FTLD, the essential product of this study will be the principles underlying a rationale design for trials of drugs for FTLD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF CORTICAL AUDITORY DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Koh, Christine K.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 28-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed research seeks to advance knowledge about the contribution of auditory cortex to basic psychoacoustic functions (e.g. frequency discrimination) in relation to speech, music, and voice perception. The results could lead to new approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of sensory aphasia, congenital auditory disorders, and related syndromes. Prospective, quantitative analyses of perceptual deficits and pathoanatomical correlates will be undertaken in stroke patients and temporal lobectomy patients with lesions of auditory cortex and connected structures. The proposed experiments build on previous work in psychoacoustics, neurology, and neuroanatomy. Studies of control populations also will provide an opportunity to estimate the variance in psychoacoustic functions among
Studies
29
normal adults. The experimental series includes measurements of critical bandwidth, frequency discrimination, intensity discrimination, virtual pitch perception, inharmonicity detection, auditory priming, roughness detection, and frequency pattern discrimination. The location and volume of strokes and temporal lobe excisions will be analyzed using multiplanar, multisequence MRI. In addition, pre-operative PET will be used to analyze glucose hypometabolism in the superior temporal lobe of complex partial seizure patients with ipsilateral medial temporal lobe foci. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FUNCTIONAL IMAGING STUDIES OF APHASIA ACTIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Corbetta, Maurizio M.; Assistant Professor; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The long term goal of this project is to understand the neural basis of functional recovery after focal brain injury. Neuroimaging (functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI, and positron emission tomography, PET) and methods will be used to study the recovery of aphasia after focal damage to the left frontal lobe. In particular, we will assess the relative contribution to recovery of tissue surrounding the infarction, and/or of homologous regions in the contralateral hemisphere. These findings will have implications for the design of neurobiologically- oriented strategies of rehabilitation, and the evaluation of therapies aimed at salvaging brain tissue around the core of a stroke. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY OF NORMAL AND IMPAIRED LANGUAGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Small, Steven L.; Associate Professor; Neurology; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1996; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): People use language to communicate. Thus, language is always used for a purpose and always takes place in a real world context. The human brain evolved to support this type of processing, deriving from more primitive systems for sensation and movement, on one hand, and emotion and socialization, on the other. The phylogeny of this system has led to a diffuse neuroanatomy of language and a neurophysiology that interacts closely with both the more primitive systems as well as the more recent systems for attending, remembering, problem solving, and reasoning. The goal of this proposal is to integrate these two themes, the behavioral aspect (language as a cognitive and social system for purposeful communication) and the neurobiological aspect (language as a collection of interactive multi-system neural mechanisms) into an approach to the study of the functional neuroanatomy of language. The organizing principle of the present proposal is the study of language in context. By context, we include many aspects of situated language, including the physical environment (the sounds, face, and hands of the speaker), the natural alterations that occur in this environment (noise, multiple speakers), the pragmatic setting (the goals of the speaker and hearer), the social milieu (emotions), the linguistic setting (previous words and sentences), and lastly the biological setting (brain injury). Although we do not propose to study interactive dialogue, we instead focus on another natural use of language, discourse, commonly used to recall events, express ideas, explain phenomena, describe procedures, and exclaim emotional states. Our five
30
Aphasia
specific aims address the neuroanatomy of language in experimental settings designed to approximate natural and ecologically valid discourse comprehension, and to do so in as integrated a way as possible, given the methodological constraints of experimental design and image analysis for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). These aims focus on the understanding of language in contexts that represent real-world variations in communicative situations to which people naturally adjust. To achieve these goals, we propose several innovations in experimental design for functional MRI, which will allow these investigations to be conducted in simulated environments of situated, ecologically valid, cognition, and interpreted with a view of distributed networks of brain activation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORTEX
FUNCTIONAL
ORGANIZATION--NONPRIMARY
AUDITORY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Rauschecker, Josef P.; Professor; Neurology; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: Multiple cortical maps and their functional specialization have been demonstrated extensively in the visual system of primates. Much less is known about multiple representations in the auditory cortex. This is surprising because a thorough knowledge of nonprimary auditory cortex is undoubtedly necessary for the ultimate understanding of the neural basis of speech perception and of a variety of central speech and hearing disorders. The goal of my research is to identify the role different areas in the auditory cortex of the rhesus monkey play in auditory perception, in auditory scene analysis, and in the neural decoding of complex sounds, particularly those relevant for acoustic communication. Analogies to feature extraction and figure-ground discrimination in the visual system will be drawn as closely as possible. Neurons in higher cortical areas are known to be selective for more complex stimuli. The first specific aim of this proposal is, therefore, to analyze, using complex sounds, the nature of stimulus preferences in single neurons of non primary auditory cortex in the rhesus monkey and the mechanisms for generating these preferences (Hypothesis 1: Neurons in non primary auditory cortex respond to progressively more complex sounds within a hierarchy of cortical areas). The use of behaviorally relevant, species-specific vocalizations and their component elements will receive particular attention for the analysis of single neurons in the superior temporal gyrus (STG). The response will be compared to those in primary auditory cortex. The second aim is then to investigate the organization of stimulus preferences into computational maps across the cortical surface in the STG, particularly the lateral belt areas (Hypothesis 2: Stimulus preferences within a certain parameter domain is organized in an orderly fashion parallel to the cortical surface). Thirdly, the connections between different cortical areas and their input from the thalamus will be identified using anatomical tracers injected into physiologically identified regions (Hypothesis 3: regions with similar stimulus preferences are connected to regions with the same preference, whereby a convergence from wider input regions takes place in hierarchically higher areas). The laminar organization of input/output connections in the cortex will receive particular attention through careful track reconstructions. This research will advance our understanding of the functional organization and specialization of the cerebral cortex in higher mammals and its role in sensory perception. In particular, it will aid our understanding of non primary auditory cortex and of the neural mechanisms underlying the processing of complex sounds. It will rejuvenate work on the neurobiology of acoustic communication in primates and
Studies
31
thus provide an important link between the neuroethological work in more specialized species and functional brain imaging work in humans on auditory speech perception. Ultimately, it will aid the understanding of major dysfunctions of hearing, such as sensory and phonological aphasia and will enable us to design more appropriate auditory prostheses based upon processing principles in the central auditory system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HEMISPERIC: SPECIALIZATION AND INTERACTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Zaidel, Eran; Professor; Psychology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1983; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) The proposed research program aims to unravel the persisting mystery of hemispheric specialization and interhemispheric interaction in the human mind/brain. We will carry out coordinated experiments with normal subjects, hemisphere damaged patients, and split brain patients, using convergent behavioral and physiological methods. The program addresses general issues in cognitive neuroscience concerning modularity, intermodular communication, and control of parallel processing in independent modules. A core set of three lateralized behavioral experiments will investigate (1) hemispheric specialization and interdependence, (2) explicit and implicit interhemispheric transfer, and (3) interhemispheric control of parallel processing. Each experimental paradigm includes an intrahemispheric component for studying hemispheric independence, and an interhemispheric component for studying interhemispheric interaction and control. The same behavioral experiments will be administered to patients with (1) complete cerebral commissurotomy, (2) agenesis of the corpus callosum, and (3) partial callosotomy, both pre- and post-surgically. The first paradigm is dichotic listening to words and accents. It measures complementary left hemispheric specialization for linguistic phonetic analysis and right hemisphere specialization for social/pragmatic aspects of communication. The second paradigm is lexical decision of lateralized targets with distractors in the opposite visual hemifield. It measures independent word recognition, independent error monitoring in the two hemispheres, and implicit priming across the hemispheres. The third paradigm is perceptual matching of letters by shape or by name within and between the hemispheres. It measures the ability of the hemispheres to process information in parallel in complex tasks. Together, the three experimental paradigms developed in this proposal provide a compact but comprehensive and exquisitely sensitive battery of tests of interhemispheric relations. This battery can then be used for studying individual or group differences in interhemispheric relations in normal and pathological populations, such as acquired aphasia, congenital dyslexia and schizophrenia. Results promise better understanding and possible control and reversal of pathology due to abnormal cerebral activation or impaired interhemispheric communication. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: INVESTIGATING ALGORITHMS
SPEECH
DISORDERS
WITH
EMERGING
Principal Investigator & Institution: Salvatore, Anthony P.; University of Texas El Paso El Paso, Tx 79968 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2007
32
Aphasia
Summary: (provided by applicant): This project proposes to investigate various speech disorders with emerging computational algorithms. Specifically, it is in our plan to develop an expert system based upon the use of recent advances in neural networks, fuzzy logic and other computational algorithms. Although several researchers in communication disorders have already claimed some initial success with these recently emerging tools, a thorough investigation is warranted to tap the full potential of these algorithms. It is anticipated that the proposed system will be capable of objectively analyzing communication disorders based on multi-dimensional measures of speech fluency, acoustic variables, and some selected physiologic assessments. Specifically, the proposed system will be applied to differentiate between the set of data from normal and speech-language disordered individuals so that the burden of perceptual judgment by the clinician is objectively resolved by the expert system. There is significant evidence from clinical experience that this corpus of measures contain the information necessary to make the differential diagnosis. However, this information has not been mined successfully through objective means because of the multitude of simultaneous variables present in these tasks, and lack of sufficient technical thrust in this province. It is expected that this project will include a wide variety of communication disorders such as: stuttering, spasmodic dysphonia, aphasia, apraxia and dysarthria. This technology is expected to benefit clinicians in objective decision-making. Currently individual clinicians perform this task. It is subjective and time consuming. The clinical decisions on treatment methods depend upon the nature and extent of the training and any biases inherent in that training of individual clinicians. This limitation may be overcome by the unlimited learning potential of the computer. Another aim of this project is to develop a model of communication disorders based upon the underlying mechanisms of the expert system. It is anticipated that such a model will provide helpful insights into the pathophysiology of communication disorders. Furthermore, the results of this research is expected to improve the current knowledge of the comparative strengths and weaknesses of existing algorithms and develop means to combine the advantages of several computational methods within one operating system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LANGUAGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Dronkers, Nina F.; Director/Adjunct Professor; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The comprehension and production of language, common and effortless in everyday life, require the coordination of multiple linguistic and cognitive processes with millisecond accuracy. Some of these language components include speech perception, echoic verbal memory, lexical-storage, lexical retrieval, associating words with related words and concepts, applying grammatical rules, finding phonemic representations for words, and planning and executing articulator movements. New technologies support the investigation of the precise neural structures that support these components and the time course of their interactions with evergreater precision. The goal of this project is to investigate the brain areas involved in three components of language for which our previous work has isolated brain regions that appear to contribute to these functions: articulation, lexical semantics, and executive control of language processing. In the proposed study, we will investigate the specific functional roles of these brain areas, the time course with which they are recruited into the language system, the ways in which these areas interact with each other, and how they interact with other areas that support the cognitive skills necessary for language
Studies
33
(e.g., memory and executive functioning). Our proposal uses three technologies available to us in our group, lesion analysis, functional NMI, and event related potentials. Lesion analysis will be used to correlate components of language behavior of aphasic patients who exhibit deficits with the specific brain regions affected. Because lesion analysis isolates the area that disrupts a particular function, but does not specify its role in real-time processing, functional MRI experiments will parallel the tasks used with aphasic patients but will investigate the functional roles of these areas in language use by normal subjects. ERP studies will be used to examine the time course of lexical selection and executive control processes to determine the points at which they enter into language use and when they interact with other cognitive functions. Together, this rare combination of techniques will teach us more about the brain areas involved in speech and language, their functional contributions, and the time course of their involvement. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LANGUAGE AND MOTOR PLASTICITY: FMRI IN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Mueller, Ralph-Axel; Psychology; San Diego State University 5250 Campanile Dr San Diego, Ca 92182 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: Even though functional neuroimaging techniques have been available for decades, they have generated only limited evidence of developmental plasticity. In human studies, brain -organizational changes during development have been mostly inferred from structural imaging and behavioral data. Our previous positron emission tomography studies in brain-damaged children and adults suggested pronounced functional reorganization following congenital and early postnatal lesion. We propose to approach the issue of developmental plasticity by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The proposed research will examine (i) developmental changes of normal brain organization and (ii) functional reorganization following brain damage (early versus late). It will be performed in close cooperation with investigators of two existing NIH-funded centers for the study of cognitive and language development and the effects of focal brain damage. We will study 96 healthy subjects, evenly distributed across 4 age groups (6-8, 9-12, 13-17, and 18-50 years), using fMRI with two language paradigms (picture naming, syntactic decoding) and one motor task (finger movement). Studies of healthy subjects will provide reference data for the additional study of 20 pediatric and 20 adult patients with left hemisphere damage. Activation measures will be taken for multiple regions of interest, which will be traced on high-resolution anatomical MRIs of each individual brain. Our hypotheses are based on evidence of an experientially influenced interplay of constructive and regressive events in normal brain development. We expect that regressive events (e.g., synaptic pruning) may be partially suspended in reorganization after brain lesion. We specifically hypothesize that (a) task-related activations become more focal and lateralized during normal development, (b) left hemisphere lesion results in interhemispheric reorganization of language and motor processing, (c) reorganization is more pronounced after early (compared to late) lesion, and (d) regional patterns of reorganization differ between functional domains (language versus motor). Findings are expected to contribute to the understanding of compensatory plasticity in development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
34
•
Aphasia
Project Title: LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Clifton, Charles E.; Psychology; University of Massachusetts Amherst 408 Goodell Building Amherst, Ma 01003 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1984; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed research extends our existing work on the parsing of sentences to topics in sentence-interpretation. We concentrate on the processing of elliptical constructions, asking questions about how ellipses are interpreted and about the roles that focus, presupposition, processing domains, and prosody play in interpreting elliptical sentences. The immediate goal of the research is to explore how normal adult readers and listeners go beyond the process of perceiving the structure of sentences to constructing a semantic interpretation of a sentence and integrating it with discourse. Its health-related implications are long-term but substantial. Just as advances in psycholinguistic theory over the past two decades have had substantial impact on our understanding of language disorders, most notably aphasia, we expect that a better understanding of the processing of elliptical sentences and the integration of such sentences with discourse will lead to better understanding of the limitations of language use in aphasia. We propose a variety of on-line and off-line experiments to determine readers' and listeners' initial interpretations of ambiguous sentences and to determine the difficulty of comprehending unambiguous sentences with different structures. Our experiments treat a fairly wide range of topics involved in the interpretation of elliptical sentences, including the effects of the structure of the antecedent of an ellipsis, the effects of processing domains, and the effects of focus and other semantic factors. These topics are integrated by explicit hypotheses that we propose, including the copy-alpha proposal and the conjunction principle, together with claims about how a reader or listener aligns corresponding phrases of one or more sentences in the process of filling in ellipses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: LEXICAL RETRIEVAL, VERBAL SHORT TERM MEMORY AND LEARNING Principal Investigator & Institution: Martin, Nadine; Associate Professor; Neurology; Temple University 406 Usb, 083-45 Philadelphia, Pa 19122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1993; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: Almost without exception, acquired language disorders resulting from focal brain injury are accompanied by impairments of verbal short-term memory (STM) and verbal learning. Moreover, disturbances in verbal STM are generally associated with language dysfunction, in some cases mild and not disruptive to most language activities. The co-occurrence of language and mnestic deficits in the aphasic population affords the opportunity to examine their relationships. The hypothesis that motivates this project is that word retrieval, verbal STM and verbal learning are three functions linked by processes that support the activation of linguistic representations. We propose to continue to explore these relationships in the study of language-impaired populations. The long-term goals of this project include (1) development of a computational model that integrates word retrieval, verbal short-term memory and the capacity for verbal learning and (2) application of this approach to the remediation of word retrieval disorders. A common theme of both theoretically- and treatment-oriented experiments is the examination of effects of phonological and semantic impairments on the performance of tasks that involve verbal STM and verbal learning. This approach
Studies
35
will contribute to an understanding of the links between language processes and mnestic capacities that are engaged by the use of language materials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LEXICAL SEGMENTATION AND ACCESS IN APHASIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Gow, David W.; Assistant in Psychology; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): The long-term goal of this project is to examine lexical segmentation in aphasia, and to use the resulting data to help understand how humans accomplish the difficult task of recognizing individual words in connected speech. The strategy behind the research is to identify patients with specific impairments in targeted aspects of language processing including lexical access, and the discrimination of putative acoustic-phonetic word boundary cues, and examine how they interpret speech sequences known as oronyms in which positing different word boundaries leads to recognizing different words (e.g., kidnap/kid nap). It will address four issues: (1) whether lexical segmentation is the results of a discrete process, or a byproduct of lexical access, (2) how the acoustic form of word onsets affects lexical segmentation, (3) what the timecourse of segmentation disambiguation is, and (4) what factors modulate interword competition in lexical access and/or segmentation. These issues will be examined through a series of offline discrimination tasks and online paradigms including cross-modal lexical priming and word monitoring that provide implicit measures of aphasic and unimpaired listeners' interpretation of oronyms. This research will provide both individual and group studies of lexical access and segmentation and their impairment. At present there are no published studies examining lexical segmentation in aphasia. As segmentation is one of the central problems of spoken word recognition in connected speech processing, this work addresses a critical gap in our understanding of aphasic disturbances of spoken language comprehension. In addition to characterizing the nature of segmentation processes in aphasia, this work will provide a new source of converging evidence to understand the organization of spoken word recognition processes in normal listeners. It is expected that the understanding gained will ultimately be useful to clinicians, therapists and theorists. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: LINGUISTIC AND NONLINGUISTIC FUNCTIONS OF FRONTAL CORTEX Principal Investigator & Institution: Thompson-Schill, Sharon L.; Assistant Professor; Psychology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 02-DEC-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): In the past few decades, cognitive neuroscience has experienced an explosion in research investigating the functions of human prefrontal cortex (PFC). One hypothesis that we have championed is that a function of PFC, perhaps specific to the posterior part of the left, inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG), is the selection of information from competing alternatives. In the current proposal, we aim to explore the relation between this putative selection mechanism and the language deficits that have often been associated with brain damage to this region. For more than a century, it has been known that lesions to the left frontal lobe produce linguistic deficits that are characteristically described as "nonfluent," ranging from no language output to
36
Aphasia
truncated, agrammatical phrases. In recent years, however, it has been possible to move beyond broad anatomical correlations with a clinical description of aphasia syndromes, based in large part on the advent of structural and functional neuroimaging techniques. The experiments in this proposal are designed to take advantage of both of these techniques, in order to better describe structure-function relations in PFC, and to understand the link between these functions and the clinical picture of nonfluent aphasia that is associated with damage to prefrontal regions. The major aims of this line of research are as follows: (1) to further develop a unified theory of the functions of PFC; (2) to relate this theory to the clinical syndromes associated with damage to this region of cortex; (3) to clarify inconsistencies regarding symptomatology and lesion localization of nonfluent aphasias with our theoretical approach. The proposal is divided into four sections. In Section I (Verbal Fluency) we will examine the effects of competition and set size on semantic and phonemic fluency. In Section II (Picture Naming) we will examine competition and context effects on lexical retrieval. In Section III (Lexical Ambiguity) we will examine the inhibition of multiple meanings during the resolution of ambiguous words. In Section IV (Syntactic Processing) we will examine the effects of syntactic complexity and ambiguity on sentence comprehension. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LONG TERM APHASIA REHABILITATION; GROUPS, EMAIL, ASSISTED COMMUNICATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Schwartz, Myrna F.; Associate Director; Moss Rehabilitation Hospital 1200 W Tabor Rd Philadelphia, Pa 19141 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003 Summary: This scientific-project explores how functional communication and quality of life in persons with aphasia are affected by having the opportunity to form social bonds through communication groups, e-mail, and an innovative, PC-based augmentative communication system (CS). CS functions as a "processing prosthesis," enabling the aphasic speakers to construct messages piecemeal and retain elements already produced. Modifications now underway will add an e-mail component to CS (which we call c-mail) so that the vocal messages constructed with CS can be sent electronically over the Internet. The primary aim of this project is to test this global hypothesis: Hypothesis #1: The combination of supported conversation groups, Internet communication, and CS have a positive effect on language performance, functional communication, and psychological well-being in persons with aphasia. The secondary aim is to fractionate the anticipated positive outcome and evaluate the relative merits of the components of this three-pronged intervention. The following are our hypotheses: Hypotheses #2: Having the opportunity simply to participate in supported conservation groups and e-mail communication (i.e., without CS+C-mail) will itself have a measurable impact on aphasics' language use, functional communication, and/or perceived quality of life. Hypotheses #3: Introducing CS and c-mail in a subsequent phase of the study (Phase 2) will promote incremental gains. Hypothesis #4: The efficacy if CS + c-mail does not require that it be preceded by a lengthy period of conventional email use. Patients who experience CS + c-mail in Phase ` will also show gains in the language, communication, and well-being measures. Hypothesis #5: Subjects will express preference for c-mail over conventional text- or voice e-mail; and when given the opportunity to choose, will elect to use c-mail. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies
•
37
Project Title: MINORITY PREDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Fossett, Tepanta R.; Communication Sci & Disorders; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall objective of this research is to advance understanding of the cognitive, linguistic and motoric mechanisms involved in normal and pathologic speech production systems. The specific aim of this proposal is to examine the effects of speaking rate manipulations on phonologic encoding in normal and aphasic persons without dysarthria or apraxia of speech (AOS). Changes in speaking rate may affect phonologic encoding and/or motor level processes. Sound production errors frequently occur in aphasia and are often used as evidence to establish differential diagnosis among types of aphasia and other neurogenic communication disorders (e.g., AOS). The frequent co-occurrence of language and motor level deficits following stroke has caused confusion regarding what types of errors can serve as evidence for disruption of specific levels of the production system. Serial order errors, however, are generally assumed to result from disruption of phonologic encoding processes in some individuals with aphasia who are without concomitant deficits in the speech motor system. Based on a spreading-activation model, it is hypothesized that manipulating speaking rate will affect serial order errors in predictable patterns in individuals with aphasia and in unimpaired speakers. In this repeated measures design, subjects will produce sentences at three speaking rates, in response to auditorily presented tongue-twister stimuli. Phonological-level serial order error (anticipation, perseverative and exchange) ratios will serve as the primary dependent variable. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: MINORITY PREDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Anderson, Camilla L.; Speech and Hearing Sciences; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002 Summary: The proposed program of research aims to investigate spoken language processing in both normal and disordered populations, focusing on the process of lexicalization (word retrieval). Specific topics include identifying the stages, their time course, and the units entailed during spoken language production, to better understand the mechanisms through which language is transformed into speech. This research will be conducted using cross-modal picture-word interference, an online method that uses reaction time methodology to obtain information about these processes. Participants name pictures while auditory stimuli are presented at varying intervals relative to the presentation of the pictures. By manipulating types of auditory stimuli and time of presentation, inferences can be made about the time course and processing mechanisms operating within the stages of spoken language production while they are unfolding in real time. Of particular interest are the stages from phonological encoding to motor programming, as the source of breakdown in several communication disorders, including stuttering, aphasia, apraxia of speech, and developmental phonologic impairments, has been associated with these stages. Due to the fleeting nature of these processing stages, research into the time course and processing mechanisms operating within and between these stages requires online methodology. Therefore, the program of study being proposed specifically aims to develop and apply online methods to
38
Aphasia
examine these difficult-to-measure processes both among typical adults and individuals with the aforementioned communication disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MODELING NORMAL AND IMPAIRED LEXICAL PROCESSING Principal Investigator & Institution: Plaut, David C.; Associate Professor; Psychology; Carnegie-Mellon University 5000 Forbes Ave Pittsburgh, Pa 15213 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1997; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: Lexical processing is at the core of written and spoken language. The traditional view of the lexicon is akin to a "dictionary" with entries containing the phonological, orthographic, morphological and semantic information associated with each word. An alternative perspective is that lexical knowledge emerges from the dynamic interactions among distributed patterns of neural activity representing orthography, phonology, and semantics (with morphology reflecting learned systematic relationships among these representations). Computational (connectionist) models consistent with this perspective have accounted for a wide range of empirical phenomena in reading and language. Although highly successful, the models have not satisfactorily addressed cross-linguistic variation, how the orthographic, phonological, and semantic representations themselves develop, and certain specific empirical findings. Moreover, separate models address subsets of the relevant phenomena without clear evidence that their underlying assumptions are mutually consistent. To address these challenges, we propose to develop a single, longitudinal stimulation of lexical processing (Specific Aim 1), spanning early phonological development and lexical/morphological acquisition, reading acquisition in normal and dyslexic children, normal skilled reading and lexical/morphological processing, and patterns of acquired dyslexia in brain-damaged patients. Because developing a model of this breadth necessarily involves some compromise of depth, we also propose to develop focused stimulations, tightly coordinated with the longitudinal model, to address specific empirical phenomena in full detail (Specific Aim 2). Discoveries of critical design principles at this detailed level will be used to improve approximations within the longitudinal model. Focused simulations will address early phonological development and error patterns in child speech, morphological acquisition and generalization, normal skilled reading and acquired surface and phonological dyslexia, and cross-linguistic differences in morphological priming. Finally, we will carry out specific behavioral studies designed to test key assumptions of the framework (Specific Aim 3). Such studies will address the acquisition and generalization of derivational morphology, length effects in word and non-word reading, and the temporal dynamics of morphological processing. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: NARRATIVE IN AFRICAN AMERICANS & CAUCASIANS WITH APHASIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Olness, Gloria S.; Communication Disorders; University of Texas Dallas Richardson, Tx 75080 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Measures of discourse production are important for clinical assessment of functional communication of individuals with aphasia from diverse ethnic groups. Despite a higher risk for stroke and aphasia among African Americans as compared to Caucasians, little information is available on ethnically
Studies
39
sensitive clinical assessment of discourse for African Americans, nor is there an assessment tool that can systematically examine discourse production for aphasia at a variety of severity levels. This study contributes to a long-range plan to develop a clinically viable and systematic means of assessing discourse production among individuals with aphasia at a variety of severity levels from ethnically diverse backgrounds, as well as a database of narratives produced by African American and Caucasian adults with aphasia. The short-range goal of this project is to collect pilot data on a broad range of narrative discourse tasks from African Americans and Caucasians with and without aphasia. The three specific aims of the study are to pilot a range of tasks and analyses for their viability in assessing: a) narrative production for a variety of aphasia severity levels; b) ethnic features in narratives of African Americans and Caucasians; and c) robustness or vulnerability of ethnic features in narratives of African Americans who have aphasia. Six groups will participate: African Americans and Caucasians with mild aphasia, African Americans and Caucasians with moderate to moderately severe aphasia, and neurologically normal African Americans and Caucasians. Subjects will be characterized with a detailed ethnographic questionnaire and will be presented with a range of narrative tasks (single-picture elicitations, picturesequence elicitations, narrative retells, story completion, personal narratives, and narrative synopses). Analyses will include a multi-factor ranking of overall quality, characterizations of narrative structure and content, and examination of morphosyntactic contributions to the narrative structure as they vary across ethnic and clinical group boundaries. Results could hold important implications for building clinical measures based on a broader and deeper understanding of the interactions between functional discourse, ethnicity, and aphasia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEURAL BASIS OF NORMAL AND IMPAIRED PHONOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Burton, Martha W.; Assistant Professor; Neurology; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: The studies proposed here seek to contribute to the understanding of how the human brain processes and maintains the sounds of spoken and written words. A secondary goal is to investigate how focal brain injury changes normal brain activity during phonological processing. The primary method to be used is functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), which shows patterns of relative regional brain activity associated with the performances of specific cognitive operations. Results of these studies will help resolve conflicting data from previous studies, will test hypotheses concerning neural substrates associated with spoken and written word processing under different memory requirements, and will provide a basis for studying the effects of focal brain lesions on phonological processing. Separate sets of experiments will address three specific aims. One set of experiments aims to identify the brain regions involved in activating phonological information from the auditory and visual modalities. These studies will provide evidence of differences in phonological processing during the course of listening to or reading words and nonwords. A second set of studies will address the contribution of specific task requirements to neural activation differences that have been reported for phonological processing, specifically examining the contribution of orthographic effects and verbal working memory processes. These experiments will assess the neural consequences of the need for phonological information to be maintained over time, and will test the hypothesis that spoken and written sources of word sound information require different levels of involvement of
40
Aphasia
articulatory processes in word maintenance. The third set of studies uses fMRI methods to explore phonological processing in patients with focal brain lesions and resulting aphasia. These studies will determine how the functional neuroanatomy of phonological processing differs when phonological tasks can be performed with high levels of accuracy compared to when performance is impaired, thus attempting to understand the nature of selective deficits of phonological processing. The ultimate goal of these studies is to provide detailed information about the neural bases of a variety of potentially separate processes involved in the activation and maintenance of phonological information under different conditions. Better understanding of neural bases of phonological processes and of the effects of brain damage on those processes may provide a basis for improved therapies for aphasic symptoms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PROCESSING
NEURAL
SUBSTRATES
OF
MEMORY
AND
SEMANTIC
Principal Investigator & Institution: Swick, Diane; Assistant Adjunct Professor; East Bay Institute for Research and Educ and Education Martinez, Ca 945534668 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: The primary goal of this proposal is to provide further insight into the brain regions responsible for implicit and explicit memory in the verbal domain and lexicalsemantic processing at the level of single words. The project will utilize a combined neuropsychological and event-related brain potential (ERP) approach to illuminate controversies surrounding the location and duration of repetition and semantic priming effects, the time course of memory encoding and retrieval, and the nature of conceptual memory stores (i.e., amodal or modality specific). Our previous studies suggested that both left and right inferior temporal- occipital regions are critical for visual word priming. Other results demonstrated that damage to inferior prefrontal cortex and adjacent regions produces significant impairments in lexical-semantic processing and reductions in the amplitude of ERPs observed in a lexical decision task. In the current proposal, we will study groups of patients with defined deficits in memory or language abilities. These patients have focal, MRI-confirmed lesions in subregions of (1) prefrontal cortex, (2) temporal-parietal junction, (3) inferior temporal-occipital extrastriate regions, or (4) hippocampal formation. Two sets of experiments are proposed: (1) Behavioral and ERP studies in controls and patients will systematically examine the neuroanatomical and neurophysiological substrates of implicit and explicit memory; (II) Behavioral and ERP studies of semantic priming for words and pictures will compare lexical and conceptual processing in patients with and without aphasia. This project will provide a wealth of data on the neuroanatomical and elecrophysiological substrates of memory and semantic processing, which are essential for a greater understanding of how these operations are affected by aging, psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, and neurological insults. The pattern of spared cognitive abilities in these patients is of great interest with future applications in the development of improved rehabilitation strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROBIOLOGY: GENES, CHANNELS, AND BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Marder, Eve E.; Professor; Biology; Brandeis University 415 South Street Waltham, Ma 024549110 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1986; Project End 30-JUN-2006
Studies
41
Summary: (Adapted From The Abstract Provided By Applicant): This is a request for continued funding for a broadly-based post-doctoral training program in Neuroscience in the Volen National Center for Complex Systems at Brandeis University. The Program Director will continue to be Dr. Eve Marder. She will be joined by 17 additional training faculty from 4 academic departments: the Biology, Biochemistry, Psychology, and Physics Departments. Available research projects run the full range from basic molecular and cellular studies of nervous system structure and function to opportunities to work with clinical patients with neurological disorders such as aphasia and epilepsy. Topics include the biophysics of ion channels and neuronal excitability, signal transduction, neurogenetics, circadian rhythms, developmental neurobiology, neural oscillations, learning and memory, vision, motor control, synaptic and cellular properties, circuit dynamics, computational neuroscience, cognitive and behavioral neuroscience. Post-doctoral trainees will carry out mentored research and will participate in a variety of seminars, journal clubs, courses, and other activities. All trainees will attend and participate in a course in the responsible conduct of science. Funding is requested for 8 slots per year. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROCHEMICAL CHALLENGE IN HUMAN STROKE RECOVERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Lazar, Ronald M.; Neurology; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-FEB-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Most patients who have a stroke recover at least some degree of function. PET and fMRI studies have shown new regions of activation in the contralateral and ipsilateral cortex after infarction, even 1 day after stroke onset. The mechanisms by which such regions come to assume new roles in these patients are largely unknown. The long-term objective of this proposal is to determine the neurochemical systems that underlie functional recovery after cerebral vascular events in humans. In a novel baseline-sedation-postsedation design, our preliminary data have shown that a brief challenge with short-acting, commonly-used agents with specific neurochemical effects can unmask former deficits in patients whose syndromes had subsided/recovered after stroke or TIA. Midazolam, a GABAA agonist, was more effective in re-inducing motor dysfunction, and scopolamine, an anticholinergic agent, re-elicited aphasia. Over the 5-year project period, we propose to use this "induced dysfunction" model to prospectively study stroke and TIA patients at acute admission with a uniform series of aphasia, left hemineglect and motor tests, and to administer midazolam or scopolamine sedation challenges at prescribed intervals. For Specific Aim 1 we will recruit 160 patients at post-stroke Day 6 who have demonstrated a predefined increase in function in at last 1 of the 3 assessment spheres. Among the 80 patients in each drug group, there will be 40 patients in the hemiparesis group and 40 patients in the combined cognitive group comprised of 20 aphasic patients (with and without paresis) and 20 with left hemineglect (with and without paresis). After being randomized either to midazolam or scopolamine, each patient will undergo drug challenge on Days 7 and 90, during which all three spheres will be evaluated. There will also be 12 normal subjects, 6 in each drug group, to serve as controls. For Specific Aim 2, we will enroll 40 patients with a clinical history of TIA with a negative image who experienced brief aphasia (20 patients) and/or right-sided weakness (20 patients) into each of the midazolam and scopolamine groups. Drug challenges will take place on Days 4 and 90. Our hypothesis is that a GABAA agonist will more likely re-induce former motor deficits and that an anticholinergic agent will more likely unmask aphasia
42
Aphasia
or hemineglect. T-tests will provide 80% power at the.05 level (2-tailed) to show a.45 SD difference in the mean change scores in function from baseline to sedation conditions. Functional magnetic resonance imaging will take place in Specific Aim 3 for a subset of patients and for all of the normal controls from Specific Aims 1 and 2 using the sedationtesting paradigm to determine whether there is a systematic change in activation following injury from stroke or TIA. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROLINGUISTIC INVESTIGATIONS OF APHASIA AND RECOVERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Thompson, Cynthia K.; Professor; Communication Scis & Disorders; Northwestern University 633 Clark Street Evanston, Il 60208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-1992; Project End 30-NOV-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The present project is proposed to continue work toward establishing the effects of treatment for sentence deficits in agrammatic (Broca's) aphasia. In this research we examine the relevance of linguistic theory to understanding sentence breakdown and recovery patterns in aphasia and gather data to further developing accounts of normal sentence production. We plan to build on previous work highlighting the important role that linguistic structure can play in guiding treatment for aphasia. In particular, we examine and manipulate lexical and syntactic properties of sentences that are the most difficult for agrammatic aphasic subjects. We focus on (a) sentence structures (e.g., filler gap structures) in which noun phrases (NPs), and other elements (e.g., verbs and auxiliaries) have been moved out of their original d-structure positions, (b) functional categories (e.g., verb tense morphology and complementizers), and (c) verb and verb argument structure. We also continue to test the hypothesis that training more complex rather than simple structures will result in greater improvement in aspects of sentence production and comprehension. We define sentence complexity in terms of the (a) type of movement involved in sentences, i.e., wh- and NP-movement, (b) phrasal tree structure and the relation between nodes in the syntactic tree, and (c) the number and type of embeddings. In addition, we consider the lexical properties of verbs and how they impact syntactic operations in determining complexity. In this period we also extend our work to begin to understand mechanisms that generate observed recovery patterns. Using head-mounted eyetracking, we examine filler gap processing in normal participants and in aphasic patients prior to and following treatment. FMRI studies also are included to examine the neural mechanisms of recovery. While neuroimaging studies have begun to elucidate the neural correlates of language, few have examined brain sites recruited by aphasic patients, and even fewer have studied the neural mechanisms supporting recovery. FMRI studies undertaken in the previous cycle showed important changes in activation patterns from pre- to post-treatment. We, therefore, continue this effort in our continuing studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: NEUROLOGICAL PREDICTORS OF APHASIA RECOVERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Fridriksson, Julius; Communication Scis & Disorders; University of South Carolina at Columbia Byrnes Bldg., Room 501 Columbia, Sc 29208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objective of this research is to increase understanding of the relationship between brain changes and behavioral
Studies
43
recovery from stroke. Recent studies of the relationship between brain perfusion, lesion size, and early severity of aphasia (language disorder) in stroke suggest that these variables are strongly correlated. It is not clear, however, how changes in cerebral perfusion and lesion size may be related to behavioral recovery following stroke. MRI provides means for quick assessment of cerebral perfusion and lesion size in the acute stages of stroke. Along with behavioral testing, MRI makes it possible to investigate how changes in neurological factors are related to stroke recovery. The specific aims of this project are to answer the following questions: 1. Do changes in cerebral hypoperfusion and/or lesion size predict recovery from aphasia and hemispatial neglect during the first month following stroke. 2. Does the extent of cerebral hypoperfusion and/or lesion size in acute ischemic stroke predict recovery from aphasia and hemispatial neglect and clinical outcome at one-month post-onset? Answers to these questions will provide insight into how brain changes and behavioral recovery may be related in early stroke. Consequently, they provide means to improve management of early stroke and, subsequently, aphasia and hemispatial neglect. That is, if the extent of behavioral recovery can be predicted based on brain physiology in the acute care [stage?], it is possible that stroke treatment can be better calibrated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ON-LINE REFERENCE COMPREHENSION AND PRODUCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Arnold, Jennifer E.; Brain and Cognitive Sciences; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This research program aims to understand the mechanisms and representations underlying the production and comprehension of referring expressions, with a focus on how comprehenders assess the accessibility of discourse entities and integrate this with lexical information as it unfolds over time. The experiments with adults examine a set of factors not previously identified with accessibility, including features of naturally-occurring language that are often not studied experimentally, like disfluency. These and other proposed experiments explore the role of expectancy in referent accessibility, as opposed to a traditional focus on how an entity has been treated in the history of the discourse. They take a multi-faceted approach, exploring how accessibility, expectancy and anaphoric form influence the processes of choosing and understanding referring expressions, and how this affects parsing decisions. The experiments with children ask basic questions about how they assess referent accessibility during on-line processing. Comprehension experiments with both adults and children will monitor participants' eye movements while they follow instructions to move objects on a display or listen to a narrative about a picture. Eye movements provide a fine-grained picture of the hypotheses that comprehenders make during on-line reference processing. The research with adults will also draw explicit links between language comprehension and production, by investigating the types of entities that get referred to frequently (and therefore may have a relatively high expectancy), and the referential forms that speakers choose under conditions of high and low expectancy. The proposed research will provide a systematic investigation of factors that affect referent accessibility, and how they affect reference comprehension and production. The study of reference comprehension and production is critical for understanding natural language use, which could not take place if comprehenders were not able to match the speaker's referring expressions with entities and concepts in the real world. The study of reference processing also bears directly on understanding other aspects of language processing, like syntactic ambiguity resolution and lexical access,
44
Aphasia
which have recently been shown to be sensitive to the referential context. The development of explicit models of reference and other aspects of language processing is necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of language disorders, such as aphasia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RELATION BETWEEN ATTENTION AND LANGUAGE IN APHASIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Murray, Laura L.; Associate Professor; Speech and Hearing Sciences; Indiana University Bloomington P.O. Box 1847 Bloomington, in 47402 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The proposed research consists of two projects designed to examine the relation between attention and language in adults with aphasia. The working hypothesis is that aphasic adults present with deficits of attentional capacity and allocation, and that these deficits negatively interact with their comprehension and production of spoken language. The purpose of Project 1 is to determine the effects of varying attentional demands (e.g., focused attention vs. divided attention conditions) on the auditory comprehension and spoken language skills of aphasic adults, and to compare these effects to those observed in the performances of adults with no braindamage. Subjects presenting with a variety of aphasia types and severities will participate to investigate the relation between different language profiles and attentional abilities. The purpose of Project 2 is to delineate the nature of attentional deficits in aphasia; that is, to determine whether impairments of attentional capacity, its allocation, or both underlie the attention deficits of adults with aphasia. On a theoretical basis, the findings from the proposed research will inform models of aphasia, attention, and language. Clinically, this research will contribute to more timely and effective assessment and treatment of aphasia by identifying language symptoms which are more likely to reflect underlying attention as oposed to purely linguistic deficits. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM IN CLINICAL APHASIOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Tompkins, Connie A.; Professor; Communication Sci & Disorders; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application requests support for 3 years, for a package of elements that constitutes a "Research Symposium" within the annual Clinical Aphasiology Conference (CAC). The CAC is the only scientific meeting dedicated to research that has clear implications for the clinical management of aphasia and related disorders. The goals of the proposed "Research Symposium" are twofold. The first is to contribute to the vitality of ongoing investigation in clinical aphasiology. A coordinated set of keynote and topically-related platform presentations and commentary has been designed to engage attendees in the most current theory, perspectives, data, and debate on topics of relevance to contemporary research and practice. The second goal is to contribute to the development of new investigators in clinical aphasiology, particularly students who belong to traditionally underrepresented minority/ethnic groups. The bulk of the proposed budget is allocated to support travel expenses for 15 student fellows. For the student fellows supported by this grant, the Research Symposium will supplement cutting-edge topic knowledge with practice in presenting and discussing their own research, and with other specially-designed mentoring opportunities. The 2003 CAC (and Research Symposium) is scheduled for May 27-June I on Orcas Island,
Studies
45
Washington. Invited speakers on the topic of "Models of Treatment in Aphasia Rehabilitation" will discuss the language learning and processing principles that emanate from various types of models and the potential applications of these models to the conduct and evaluation of aphasia treatment. The 2004 meeting will be held on approximately the same dates in Park City, Utah, with a potential topic of "Language and the Right Hemisphere." The 2005 meeting, also at the same time of year, tentatively will focus on the "Neurobiology of Recovery from Aphasia and Related Disorders." About 100 participants attend the CAC each year, each earning an invitation by submitting to the program committee an abstract of a completed research project. Participants include speech-language pathologists, linguists, psycholinguists, and neurologists who represent the world's foremost investigators of clinically-relevant issues in aphasia and related disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SEMANTIC COMPLEXITY AND TREATMENT FOR LEXICAL ACCESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kiran, Swathi; Communication Scis & Disorders; University of Texas Austin 101 E. 27Th/Po Box 7726 Austin, Tx 78712 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): In the proposed project, we examine the effects of model based semantic treatment on improving lexical access defects in aphasia. We plan to build on previous work highlighting the role of theories of lexical processing in improving lexical access. In the proposed project, we plan to establish a data set of treatment methods for lexical access deficits that include oral confrontation naming and category fluency. All our treatment methods are focused on maximizing generalization to untrained semantically related items within the semantic category. Our treatment approach for lexical access deficits that utilizes the semantic complexity hypothesis. We define semantic complexity within a category in terms of: a) lesser degree of overlap between the item and prototype; b) greater variation of semantic features; and c) hierarchically greater distance between the prototype and item in a multidimensional space. Our previous work has demonstrated that training the more complex atypical examples of animate categories results in generalization to the less complex typical examples in aphasic patients with naming deficits. In this project, we plan to further build this hypothesis and demonstrate the effects of complexity on typicality for a variety of categories such as inanimate categories, well defined categories and ad hoc categories. We also extend our investigations to understand the mechanisms underlying the relationship between typicality and complexity in normal and brain damaged individuals. We will accomplish this through online category verification tasks across different types of semantic categories. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: SENTENCE POPULATIONS
PROCESSING
IN
NORMAL
AND
APHASIC
Principal Investigator & Institution: Shapiro, Lewis P.; Professor; Communication Disorders & Scis; San Diego State University 5250 Campanile Dr San Diego, Ca 92182 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-SEP-1988; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This program of research continues our long-term objective of charting sentence processing as it unfolds, moment-by-moment, over time. The work we propose in this continuation focuses on a more precise set of verb-
46
Aphasia
argument structure properties. We examine how these properties project from 'simple' through 'complex' constructions, allowing us to tease apart lexical from putatively structural operations. We approach our objectives from two simultaneous directions via the use of specific test populations. First, we examine language processing in normal, healthy listeners. The information gleaned from such an examination can be used to develop processing accounts that detail the activation and integration of lexical and structural information. In our second direction we aim to examine aspects of language processing in focally brain-damaged individuals who have aphasia. Our studies are designed to examine the well-known difficulties aphasic individuals have with sentence comprehension; they are designed to examine how lexical properties may be related to -indeed, may be the source of -- apparent structural processing failures. Our long-term goal continues to be to use our psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic work to help develop efficacious treatment programs for aphasic individuals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SHORT-TERM MEMORY AND SYNTACTIC DEFICITS IN APHASIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Martin, Randi C.; Elma Schneider Professor; Psychology; Rice University 6100 S Main Houston, Tx 77005 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1990; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this project is to analyze the nature of short-term memory deficits in aphasic patients and their relation to bask cognitive functions and to language comprehension and production. Short-term memory tasks will be administered to identify deficits in retaining input phonological representations, output phonological representations, and semantic representations. The patterns of short-term memory deficits will be related to patients' performance on simple cognitive tasks designed to tap components of executive functioning specifically inhibition, set shifting, and updating. The pattern of short-term memory deficits will also be related to patients' ability to understand sentences in which integration of word meanings is immediate or requires the reactivation of material from earlier in the sentence. It is predicted that patients with semantic short-term memory deficits, but not those with phonological retention deficits, will have difficulty with the sentences involving delayed integration. We will also assess patients' ability to process grammatical structure for sentences that should place heavy demands on a capacity from maintaining syntactic information. These experiments will test whether syntactic retention capacity is separate from the capacities involved in retaining semantic and phonological information. The studies on speech production will obtain further evidence on whether patients with a semantic retention deficit, but not those with a phonological retention deficit, have difficulty producing phrases containing several lexical-semantic representation preceding the head of the phrase. We will carry out studies designed to test between a phrasal scope of speech production planning versus word-by-word planning. We will also develop tests for assessing speech-production planning at the phonological level and determine whether patients with output phonological retention deficits on memory span tasks are impaired on phonological planning aspects of sentence production. Anatomical MRI data will be obtained for all the patients and lesion localization will be related to the pattern of short-term memory deficits and performance on the basic cognitive tasks. These studies will have important implications concerning whether short-term deficits are the source of the patients' other language deficits and will provide valuable information on the neural circuitry underlying the components of verbal short-term memory. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies
•
47
Project Title: SPEECH AND LANGUAGE PROCESSING IN APHASIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Blumstein, Sheila E.; Albert B. Mead Professor; Cognitive and Linguistic Scis; Brown University Providence, Ri 02912 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-1985; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: The broad goals of this research are to identify and delineate the processes and mechanisms and the neural substrates underlying speaking and understanding by investigating speech and language processing deficits in aphasic patients. The major focus of research is on sound structure and the lexicon and the processing stages that map sound to meaning and meaning to sound. With respect to the processing stages that map sound to meaning, it is hypothesized that the deficits of aphasic patients stem from the extent to which sound structure elicits activation in the lexicon. Two potential sources of such impairment will be investigate, one focusing on activation patterns within the lexicon itself and the other on the mapping from sound structure to lexical form. The influence of lexical competition on lexical processing will be investigated by exploring the effects of phonetic category 'goodness' and its influence on the activation of its lexical competitor, the effects of lexical density and frequency on lexical decision latencies, and rhyme and cohort effects on the time course of spoken word recognition. The mapping from sound structure to the lexicon will be investigated by exploring the influence of various changes to the acoustic input on lexical access including the influence of acoustic distortion and indexical features such as voice pitch and speaker. Various methods will be used including lexical decision, semantic priming, discrimination, and eye tracking. With respect to the processes and mechanisms contributing to speech production, it is hypothesized that the speech output deficits of anterior aphasics including Broca's aphasics have as their basis impairments in articulatory implementation. To further map out the nature of this impairment, three hypotheses will be tested: 1. It is proposed that deficits will emerge in the production of those sound segments that require the complex integration of articulatory movements over short periods of time. The production of manner of articulation including stops, affricates, fricatives, and glides will be investigated; 2. It is proposed that deficits in coarticulation will emerge in larger and more complex linguistic contexts, specifically across word boundaries. The influence of vowel coarticulation on a preceding consonant and consonant articulation on a preceding vowel will be explored; 3. It isproposed that phonemic paraphasias, i.e. sound substitutionerrors, produced by anterior aphasics have a phonetic orarticulatory basis. In all of these production studies,acoustic analyses are conducted of speech productions ofboth anterior and posterior aphasic patients to infer thearticulatory states giving rise to the acoustic patterns. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: TEMPORAL COORDINATION IN THE MOTOR SPEECH SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Ballard, Kirrie J.; Speech Pathology and Audiology; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 13-FEB-2004; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This research application aims to investigate how neuromotor constraints arising from normal aging and from impairment result in different dynamic organization of functional units during speech. Studies examine how multiple articulators (lips, jaw, and voice) are coordinated to achieve perceptually accurate speech under normal and mechanically perturbed speaking conditions. Individuals with the speech motor programming disorder of Apraxia of Speech (AOS) will be considered. AOS disrupts inter-articulator coordination. Research has suggested
48
Aphasia
that specific muscle groups or articulators are dynamically organized, as functional units, according to neuromotor and mechanical constraints of the speech system. As a result, it is predicted that the organization of these units will vary as a function of the neuromotor abilities of the speaker and the demands of the speaking task. Under the assumption that the neuromotor constraints arising from the normal aging process and those of AOS are different, it is predicted that different patterns of motor organization will be found in speakers with AOS versus young and older typical speakers in response to mechanical perturbation. These differences in organization will be tested by examining timing of voice offset and onset and kinematic properties (relative displacement and duration for lip closure, peak velocity and acceleration of lip closing and opening) of the lips and jaw in the production of/papa/under typical and perturbed conditions. In healthy speakers, two speaking rates will be tested to determine whether speech rate can explain any effects of normal aging or impairment. Perturbation will consist of an unexpected 50 g load applied downward on the lower lip either early (-70 msec prior to onset of lip closure) or late (-20 msec after onset of closure). It has been suggested that response to early perturbations reflects motor programming processes while response to late perturbations reflects movement execution processes. AOS is an ideal system as it only disrupts the former. The DIVA neural network model is used to develop specific predictions and results will be interpreted in the context of this and other current models of motor control. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TOP-DOWN CORTICAL FACILITATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Bar, Moshe; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The ability to recognize visual objects is a crucial component of our everyday interaction with the environment. Therefore, revealing how object recognition is accomplished is essential for any complete theory for the brain, as well as for our understanding of mental health. Here we focus on early, top-down facilitation during recognition. Anatomical studies have shown that connections between cortical areas are often bi-directional. Nevertheless, the majority of the research related to visual object recognition has concentrated on bottom-up analysis, where the visual input is processed in a cascade of cortical regions that analyze increasingly complex information. By combining imaging methods with complementary strengths to achieve superior spatio-temporal resolution, our preliminary results indicate that early top-down processing may provide a major facilitation during recognition. This facilitation may explain how visual object recognition, a faculty that is far from being realized artificially, can be accomplished strikingly fast in the cortex. We aim to characterize the mechanisms subserving top-down facilitation in object recognition by testing several specific hypotheses. The studies conducted under Specific Aim 1 represent the crucial first stage of localizing the top-down effects in the spatial and temporal domains. The studies that are proposed under Specific Aim 2 should help reveal the mechanisms that trigger the top-down processes, as well as the factors that modulate the magnitude of this facilitation. The results may have the potential of transforming the way we think about the flow of information in the cortex and, subsequently, of shifting the focus of the neurological, cognitive, physiological and computational research of visual object representation and recognition. Finally, object recognition is believed to be mediated primarily by the visual ventral pathway, with recognition itself being accomplished by the inferior temporal cortex. This proposed
Studies
49
effort would help expose the role of the prefrontal cortex in visual object recognition, and elucidate the cortical basis for naming-related neurological deficits in patients with anomia and different types of aphasia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TRAINING PROGRAM IN COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Sejnowski, Terrence J.; Professor; Institute/Neural Computation; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: The primary goal of this training program in cognitive neuroscience is to provide advanced graduate students and postdoctoral fellows with interdisciplinary research training in Cognitive Science, Neuroscience and Computation in preparation for a career in cognitive neuroscience. The training program will emphasize interdisciplinary training that involves collaborative research between laboratories using several different techniques. Fifteen faculty at The University of California at San Diego (UCSD) and The Salk Institute for Biological studies will participate in the training program, which builds on eight years of experience with a highly successful Center for Cognitive Neuroscience. Graduate students will be drawn from a large pool of high-quality applicants who are enrolled in the Departmental of Cognitive Science, the Neurosciences Graduate Program, and a new Computational Neurobiology Program in the Department of Biology at UCSD, as well as from other cognate departments including Philosophy, Psychology, and Psychiatry. The resources of several Organized Research Units at UCSD are also available for graduate and postgraduate research training including the Center for Research in Language, the Institute for Neural Computation and the Center for Human Information Processing. The advisory committee that will supervise the training program consists of T. Albright, E. Bates, U. Bellugi, S. Hillyard, M. Kutas, T. Sejnowski, L. Squire, and D. Swinney. The advisory committee will meet with the chairs of all the relevant graduate programs at UCSD to develop a coordinate infrastructure for training in cognitive neuroscience. In addition to the predoctoral training, support for postdoctoral research will focus on new research projects that develop new approaches toward understanding higher brain function. All of the major research areas are represented by the participating faculty on this training grant, including vision, memory, attention, language, sleep development, and neurophilosophy. Training will be provided in a wide variety of methods including electrophysiology, psycholinguistics, functional magnetic resonance imaging computational modeling, and developmental neurobiology. The training in basic research will directly involve studies of humans with mental health problems, including aphasia, autism, Williams syndrome, Downs syndrome and sleep disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION TO IMPROVE SPEECH Principal Investigator & Institution: Naeser, Margaret A.; Research Professor of Neurology; Neurology; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of this research is to investigate whether repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can be used to improve
50
Aphasia
speech in chronic stroke patients with nonfluent aphasia. rTMS allows non-invasive stimulation of human cortex. Slow (1 Hz) rTMS appears to decrease excitability in the targeted cortical region of interest (ROI) leading to measurable behavioral effects. A small 8-shaped coil (as will be used in the present study) affects primarily a cortical area of less than 2 x 2 cm. We have observed in fMRI studies that patients with nonfluent speech (slow, hesitant, poorly articulated, agranunatic speech) have excess blood flow (presumed abnormal increase in cortical excitability) in many right (R) perisylvian areas including R sensorimotor mouth, R Broca's homologue (BA 45) and R Wernicke's homologue(BA 22). Slow (1 Hz) rTMS will be used to suppress activation of specific ROls observed to have high blood flow (presumed overactivation) on fMRI. It is expected that suppression of activity in the directly targeted ROl will have an overall modulating effect on functionally connected elements of the distributed neural network for naming (and propositional speech) in chronic stroke patients with nonfluent aphasia, and will result in a behavioral improvement. Pilot data on four nonfluent aphasia patients support this claim and document the feasibility and safety of the study. Naming Ability (20 pictures of common objects) and reaction times are measured immediately pre- and immediately post- an rTMS treatment. There are two phases. Phase 1 includes aphasia patients (n=40) and age-matched normal controls (n=12). For normal controls, Phase 1 will provide information on the effect of slow rTMS on 7 language-related ROIs. For aphasia patients, Phase 1 will provide information regarding which of 5 ROIs is the most promising for more extensive rTMS treatment in Phase 2. Phase 2 (aphasia patients only) is a randomized, sham-controlled, incomplete crossover design. One group (n=20) receives 10 Real rTMS treatments over a two-week period; and one group (n=20), 10 Sham rTMS treatments over a two-week period. Only those who receive Sham treatments FIRST will be crossed over. It is hypothesized that 10 sessions of Real rTMS at 1 Hz given over a two week period to a specific ROl (e.g., R BA 45, supported from our pilot data) will significantly improve picture naming and propositional speech, when tested at 1-2 weeks and 2 months post- the last rTMS treatment, as compared to pre- Phase 2 testing. Sham rTMS to the same ROl is hypothesized to have no effect. This will be the first systematic rTMS study designed to improve speech in stroke patients with nonfluent aphasia. The implications could be far reaching regarding optimal treatment in aphasia with potential for combining current language therapies with rTMS to promote maximum recovery of language. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TREATMENT OF APHASIA AND RELATED DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rothi, Leslie J.; Professor; Neurology; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: The mission of the proposed Program Project shall be to foster excellence in research focusing on the rehabilitation of language and related disorders resulting from acquired brain impairment. The Program Project contains four Subprojects and two Core Units. The four Subprojects are designed to develop and study the efficacy of theoretically motivated, behavioral treatments for specified cognitive deficits associated with aphasia using multiple replications of within subject, experimental design, experimental designs. The cognitive deficits targeted for study include agrammatisms, anomia, aprosodia, and attention disorders associated with aphasia. In addition, it is our interest to embed this research into biological underpinnings in two ways. First, predictions about the efficacy of choices of treatment strategy (restitutive versus vicariative/substitutive) in a portion of the Subprojects involve an interpretation at the
Studies
51
cellular level of the physiology of the recovering system at different points in the recovery process (acute versus chronic). Second, we plan to study the nature of biological changes in the processing system that result from these experimental behavioral interventions by studying a portion of the experimental subjects using preand post-treatment fMRI. Finally, the impact that these behavioral treatment may have on the quality of the lives of participants (including their caregivers) will be monitored via a variety of methods. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TREATMENT OF ATTENTION AND INTENTION IN APHASIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Crosson, Bruce A.; Professor; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Growing evidence indicates that deficits in attention (defined as selection of one external source of information for further processing) and intention (defined as preparation to respond, including choosing one course of action as opposed to others) accompany aphasia. These deficits may exacerbate language symptoms such as naming difficulty in some instances, and language functions may improve when attention/intention manipulations are applied. Specifically, when some premorbidly right-handed patients with aphasia after left-hemisphere lesion are required to attend to stimuli in their left hemispace or gesture with their left hands, they are better able to formulate and/or understand language. In such cases, it seems likely that attending to stimuli in hemispace contralateral to the intact hemisphere or initiating an action with the hand contralateral to the intact hemisphere, engages intact attention or intention mechanisms, respectively, in that hemisphere which then compensate for dysfunctional mechanisms in the damaged hemisphere. The purpose of this subproject is to develop and apply aphasia treatments designed to recruit attention or intention mechanisms in the intact hemisphere and to engage them in language processing. Treatments will target naming; patients who have chronic difficulty in naming will be studied. In addition to assessing the effectiveness of treatments for individual patients, fMRI will be used to explore whether the effects are accomplished by shifting attention and intention demands to the mechanisms in the non-dominant hemisphere. Broader "functional" aspects of language will also be assessed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: TREATMENT OF EMOTION COMMUNICATION DEFICITS Principal Investigator & Institution: Heilman, Kenneth M.; Professor & Program Director; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This subproject seeks to evaluate two different treatment approaches to aprosodia, acquired deficits in emotional expression after stroke. The basic premise is that aprosodia may have an expressive component and a receptive component, and therefore, patients may respond differentially to feedback and repetition (targeting the expressive component) and linguistic cues (targeting the receptive component). The investigators will perform fMRI scans on normal subjects as well as patients in the study to determine whether patients with aprosodia have activation patterns different from those normal subjects while producing emotionally intoned sentences, and whether these patterns change in response to therapies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
52
•
Aphasia
Project Title: WORD RETRIEVAL IN APHASIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Wingfield, Arthur; Professor; Neurology; Boston University Medical Campus 715 Albany St, 560 Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The focus of this research is the study of the brain mechanisms in word retrieval in normal speakers as revealed by their disruption in aphasia, where these mechanisms have become damaged or dissociated. Following an examination of perceptual competition on naming objects in fluent and nonfluent aphasia, the first of a series of experiments addresses the problem of dissociation of noun and verb impairments in Broca's aphasia by adopting Luria's distinction between predicative and nominal modes of speech. The possibility is investigated that this distinction may underlie this commonly observed dissociation. The next stage of this investigation examines the role of semantic memory in word retrieval by examining patients' competence in identifying the properties of objects to be named and comparing this ability with their success in retrieving the names of these objects. The third question in the research focuses on the stages of phonological activation and implementation in word production. A model is proposed to identify the multi-staged nature of phonological activation. Predicted differences in speed of naming following from immediate versus delayed priming of picture names will be tested with the goal of distinguishing between the effects of early and late stages of phonological activation. Finally, a series of three studies using the "gating" technique examines the differences between Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics by comparing their response to priming with word onsets and with the prosody (stress pattern and duration) of target words. This research program promises clinical insights that will be useful in the differential diagnosis of aphasia as well as making theoretical contributions to understanding the mechanisms of word production and phonological realization. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with aphasia, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “aphasia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for aphasia (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):
3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
Studies
53
•
A case of primary progressive aphasia. A 14-year follow-up study with neuropathological findings. Author(s): Schwarz M, De Bleser R, Poeck K, Weis J. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1998 January; 121 ( Pt 1): 115-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9549492&dopt=Abstract
•
A case study of gesturally cued naming in aphasia: dominant versus nondominant hand training. Author(s): Pashek GV. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 1997 September-October; 30(5): 349-65; Quiz 365-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9309528&dopt=Abstract
•
A comparison of relaxation training and syntax stimulation for chronic nonfluent aphasia. Author(s): Murray LL, Heather Ray A. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 2001 January-April; 34(1-2): 87-113. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11322572&dopt=Abstract
•
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the use of amphetamine in the treatment of aphasia. Author(s): Walker-Batson D, Curtis S, Natarajan R, Ford J, Dronkers N, Salmeron E, Lai J, Unwin DH. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2001 September; 32(9): 2093-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11546902&dopt=Abstract
•
A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the role of left posterior superior temporal gyrus in speech production: implications for the explanation of conduction aphasia. Author(s): Hickok G, Erhard P, Kassubek J, Helms-Tillery AK, Naeve-Velguth S, Strupp JP, Strick PL, Ugurbil K. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2000 June 23; 287(2): 156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10854735&dopt=Abstract
•
A meta-analysis of clinical outcomes in the treatment of aphasia. Author(s): Robey RR. Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : Jslhr. 1998 February; 41(1): 172-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9493743&dopt=Abstract
54
Aphasia
•
A multinational comparison of aphasia management practices. Author(s): Katz RC, Hallowell B, Code C, Armstrong E, Roberts P, Pound C, Katz L. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 2000 April-June; 35(2): 303-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10912257&dopt=Abstract
•
A parallel licensing model of normal slips and phonemic paraphasias. Author(s): Wheeler DW, Touretzky DS. Source: Brain and Language. 1997 August; 59(1): 147-201. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9262854&dopt=Abstract
•
A survey of speech and language therapists' practice in the assessment of aphasia. Author(s): Petheram B. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 1998; 33 Suppl: 180-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10343688&dopt=Abstract
•
Acalculia, aphasia and spatial disorders in left and right brain-damaged patients. Author(s): Basso A, Burgio F, Caporali A. Source: Cortex. 2000 April; 36(2): 265-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10815710&dopt=Abstract
•
Acquired alexia in multilingual aphasia and computer-assisted treatment in both languages: issues of generalisation and transfer. Author(s): Laganaro M, Overton Venet M. Source: Folia Phoniatrica Et Logopaedica : Official Organ of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (Ialp). 2001 May-June; 53(3): 135-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11316940&dopt=Abstract
•
Acquired aphasia in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Author(s): Yoshikawa H, Oda Y. Source: Brain & Development. 1999 July; 21(5): 341-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10413023&dopt=Abstract
•
Acquired aphasia in children after surgical resection of left-thalamic tumors. Author(s): Nass R, Boyce L, Leventhal F, Levine B, Allen J, Maxfield C, Salsberg D, Sarno M, George A. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 2000 September; 42(9): 580-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11034450&dopt=Abstract
Studies
55
•
Acquired aphasia in children. Author(s): Van Hout A. Source: Semin Pediatr Neurol. 1997 June; 4(2): 102-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9195667&dopt=Abstract
•
Acquired epileptiform aphasia. Author(s): Tuchman RF. Source: Semin Pediatr Neurol. 1997 June; 4(2): 93-101. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9195666&dopt=Abstract
•
Acute aphasia and hemiplegia during karate training. Author(s): Meairs S, Timpe L, Beyer J, Hennerici M. Source: Lancet. 2000 July 1; 356(9223): 40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10892764&dopt=Abstract
•
Acute aphasia in multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Devere TR, Trotter JL, Cross AH. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2000 August; 57(8): 1207-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10927803&dopt=Abstract
•
Acute aphasia in multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Trinka E, Unterberger I, Luef G, Benke T, Berger T, Bauer G. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2001 January; 58(1): 133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11176950&dopt=Abstract
•
Acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura presenting as expressive aphasia. Author(s): D'Andrea CC, Chan L. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1998 May; 16(3): 270-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9596430&dopt=Abstract
•
Agrammatic Broca's aphasia is not associated with a single pattern of comprehension performance. Author(s): Caramazza A, Capitani E, Rey A, Berndt RS. Source: Brain and Language. 2001 February; 76(2): 158-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11254256&dopt=Abstract
•
Akinetic mutism and mixed transcortical aphasia following left thalamomesencephalic infarction. Author(s): Nagaratnam N, McNeil C, Gilhotra JS. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1999 February 1; 163(1): 70-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10223414&dopt=Abstract
56
Aphasia
•
An aphasia database on the internet: a model for computer-assisted analysis in aphasiology. Author(s): Axer H, Jantzen J, Graf von Keyserlingk D. Source: Brain and Language. 2000 December; 75(3): 390-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11112293&dopt=Abstract
•
An autopsy case of Alzheimer's disease presenting with primary progressive aphasia: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study. Author(s): Li F, Iseki E, Kato M, Adachi Y, Akagi M, Kosaka K. Source: Neuropathology : Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology. 2000 September; 20(3): 239-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11132942&dopt=Abstract
•
An evaluation of short-term group therapy for people with aphasia. Author(s): Brumfitt SM, Sheeran P. Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 1997 June; 19(6): 221-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9195139&dopt=Abstract
•
An open-label trial of bromocriptine in nonfluent aphasia: a qualitative analysis of word storage and retrieval. Author(s): Gold M, VanDam D, Silliman ER. Source: Brain and Language. 2000 September; 74(2): 141-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10950911&dopt=Abstract
•
Anomalous cerebral language organization: acquired crossed aphasia in a dextral child. Author(s): Marien P, Engelborghs S, Paquier P, De Deyn PP. Source: Brain and Language. 2001 February; 76(2): 145-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11254255&dopt=Abstract
•
Anticipatory coarticulation in aphasia: effects of utterance complexity. Author(s): Baum SR. Source: Brain and Language. 1998 July; 63(3): 357-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9672765&dopt=Abstract
•
Aphasia and the relationship of language and brain. Author(s): Saffran EM. Source: Seminars in Neurology. 2000; 20(4): 409-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11149696&dopt=Abstract
Studies
57
•
Aphasia and Wernicke's arc. Author(s): Pearce JM. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2001 May; 70(5): 699. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11309473&dopt=Abstract
•
Aphasia breaks the news. Author(s): McGuire D. Source: Neurology. 2001 October 9; 57(7): 1348. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11591872&dopt=Abstract
•
Aphasia diagrams: a new notational scheme for representing neurolinguistic deficits. Author(s): Westbury C, Bub D. Source: Brain and Language. 1998 January; 61(1): 105-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9448934&dopt=Abstract
•
Aphasia in acute stroke and relation to outcome. Author(s): Laska AC, Hellblom A, Murray V, Kahan T, Von Arbin M. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 2001 May; 249(5): 413-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11350565&dopt=Abstract
•
Aphasia in corticobasal degeneration. Author(s): Black SE. Source: Adv Neurol. 2000; 82: 123-33. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10624476&dopt=Abstract
•
Aphasia management considered in the context of the World Health Organization model of disablements. Author(s): Rogers MA, Alarcon NB, Olswang LB. Source: Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 1999 November; 10(4): 907-23, Ix. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10573715&dopt=Abstract
•
Aphasia or dementia: the cautionary tale of Dr. JJ. Author(s): Holland AL, Reinmuth OM. Source: Seminars in Speech and Language. 1998; 19(1): 41-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9519391&dopt=Abstract
•
Aphasia rehabilitation in patients with stroke. Author(s): Yavuzer G, Guzelkucuk S, Kucukdeveci A, Gok H, Ergin S. Source: International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue Internationale De Recherches De Readaptation. 2001 September; 24(3): 241-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11560241&dopt=Abstract
58
Aphasia
•
Aphasia rehabilitation: psychosocial and ethical considerations. Author(s): Sarno MT. Source: Aphasiology. 1993 July-August; 7(4): 321-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11659795&dopt=Abstract
•
Aphasia treatment. On drugs, machines, and therapies: what will the future be? Author(s): Ruiz A. Source: Brain and Language. 2000 January; 71(1): 200-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10716845&dopt=Abstract
•
Aphasia treatment: a key issue for research into the twenty-first century. Author(s): Gonzalez Rothi LJ, Nadeau SE, Ennis MR. Source: Brain and Language. 2000 January; 71(1): 78-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10716813&dopt=Abstract
•
Aphasia type, age and cerebral infarct localisation. Author(s): Ferro JM, Madureira S. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1997 August; 244(8): 505-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9309557&dopt=Abstract
•
Aphasia, depression, and non-verbal cognitive impairment in ischaemic stroke. Author(s): Kauhanen ML, Korpelainen JT, Hiltunen P, Maatta R, Mononen H, Brusin E, Sotaniemi KA, Myllyla VV. Source: Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 2000 November-December; 10(6): 455-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11070376&dopt=Abstract
•
Apolipoprotein E genotypes in primary progressive aphasia. Author(s): Mesulam MM, Johnson N, Grujic Z, Weintraub S. Source: Neurology. 1997 July; 49(1): 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9222169&dopt=Abstract
•
Application of the correct information unit analysis to the naturally occurring conversation of a person with aphasia. Author(s): Oelschlaeger ML, Thorne JC. Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : Jslhr. 1999 June; 42(3): 63648. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10391629&dopt=Abstract
Studies
59
•
Are aphasic patients who fail the GOAT in PTA? A modified Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test for persons with aphasia. Author(s): Jain NS, Layton BS, Murray PK. Source: Clin Neuropsychol. 2000 February; 14(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10855056&dopt=Abstract
•
Assessment of mood states in aphasia. Author(s): Stern RA. Source: Seminars in Speech and Language. 1999; 20(1): 33-49; Quiz 49-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10100375&dopt=Abstract
•
Attention deficits in stroke patients with aphasia. Author(s): Korda RJ, Douglas JM. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1997 August; 19(4): 525-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9342688&dopt=Abstract
•
Auditory processing in individuals with mild aphasia: a study of resource allocation. Author(s): Murray LL, Holland AL, Beeson PM. Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : Jslhr. 1997 August; 40(4): 792-808. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9263944&dopt=Abstract
•
Back to the future: reclaiming aphasia from cognitive neurolinguistics. Author(s): Milberg W, Blumstein S. Source: Brain and Language. 2000 January; 71(1): 160-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10716835&dopt=Abstract
•
Baron Larrey's description of traumatic aphasia. Author(s): Feinsod M, Aharon-Peretz J. Source: Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 1994 January; 3(1): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11618806&dopt=Abstract
•
Beliefs about effectiveness of treatment for aphasia after stroke. Author(s): Greener J, Grant A. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 1998; 33 Suppl: 162-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10343684&dopt=Abstract
60
Aphasia
•
Bilateral temporal lobe volume reduction parallels cognitive impairment in progressive aphasia. Author(s): Andersen C, Dahl C, Almkvist O, Ostberg P, Julin P, Wahlund LO. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1997 October; 54(10): 1294-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9341577&dopt=Abstract
•
Bilingual aphasia and subcortical-cortical lesions. Author(s): Moretti R, Bava A, Torre P, Antonello RM, Zorzon M, Zivadinov R, Cazzato G. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2001 June; 92(3 Pt 1): 803-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453208&dopt=Abstract
•
Bilingual aphasia: semantic organization, strategy use, and productivity in semantic verbal fluency. Author(s): Roberts PM, Le Dorze G. Source: Brain and Language. 1998 November; 65(2): 287-312. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9784272&dopt=Abstract
•
Brain plasticity in poststroke aphasia: what is the contribution of the right hemisphere? Author(s): Karbe H, Thiel A, Weber-Luxenburger G, Herholz K, Kessler J, Heiss WD. Source: Brain and Language. 1998 September; 64(2): 215-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9710490&dopt=Abstract
•
Broca's aphasia is associated with a single pattern of comprehension performance: a reply. Author(s): Drai D, Grodzinsky Y, Zurif E. Source: Brain and Language. 2001 February; 76(2): 185-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11254257&dopt=Abstract
•
Bromocriptine and speech therapy in non-fluent chronic aphasia after stroke. Author(s): Bragoni M, Altieri M, Di Piero V, Padovani A, Mostardini C, Lenzi GL. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2000 February; 21(1): 19-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10938198&dopt=Abstract
•
Brown-Sequard and cerebral localization as illustrated by his ideas on aphasia. Author(s): Koehler PJ. Source: Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 1996 April; 5(1): 26-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11619031&dopt=Abstract
Studies
61
•
Charcot and aphasia. Author(s): Bonduelle M, Goetz CG. Source: Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 1996 August; 5(2): 108-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11619038&dopt=Abstract
•
Children's acquired aphasia screening test. Author(s): Whurr R, Evans S. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 1998; 33 Suppl: 343-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10343717&dopt=Abstract
•
Clinical and pathological overlap between frontotemporal dementia, primary progressive aphasia and corticobasal degeneration: the Pick complex. Author(s): Kertesz A, Davidson W, Munoz DG. Source: Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 1999; 10 Suppl 1: 46-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10436340&dopt=Abstract
•
Clinical evaluation of conversational speech fluency in the acute phase of acquired childhood aphasia: does a fluency/nonfluency dichotomy exist? Author(s): van Dongen HR, Paquier PF, Creten WL, van Borsel J, Catsman-Berrevoets CE. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2001 May; 16(5): 345-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11392519&dopt=Abstract
•
Clinical note: acquired pragmatic impairments and aphasia. Author(s): Joanette Y, Ansaldo AI. Source: Brain and Language. 1999 July; 68(3): 529-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10441192&dopt=Abstract
•
Comment: fluorouracil-induced aphasia: neurotoxicity versus cerebral ischemia. Author(s): Serrano-Castro PJ, Aguilar-Castillo MJ. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2001 June; 35(6): 785-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11409002&dopt=Abstract
•
Communicating with people with stroke and aphasia: understanding through sensation without words. Author(s): Sundin K, Jansson L, Norberg A. Source: Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2000 July; 9(4): 481-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11261127&dopt=Abstract
62
Aphasia
•
Comparison of graphic symbol learning in individuals with aphasia and right hemisphere brain damage. Author(s): Koul RK, Lloyd LL. Source: Brain and Language. 1998 May; 62(3): 398-421. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9593616&dopt=Abstract
•
Complex partial seizures and aphasia as initial manifestations of non-ketotic hyperglycemia. Case report. Author(s): Batista MS, Silva DF, Ferraz HB, de Andrade LA. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 1998 June; 56(2): 296-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9698744&dopt=Abstract
•
Comprehension regularity in Broca's aphasia? There's more of it than you ever imagined. Author(s): Drai D, Grodzinsky Y. Source: Brain and Language. 1999 October 15; 70(1): 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10534378&dopt=Abstract
•
Conduction aphasia and the arcuate fasciculus: A reexamination of the WernickeGeschwind model. Author(s): Anderson JM, Gilmore R, Roper S, Crosson B, Bauer RM, Nadeau S, Beversdorf DQ, Cibula J, Rogish M 3rd, Kortencamp S, Hughes JD, Gonzalez Rothi LJ, Heilman KM. Source: Brain and Language. 1999 October 15; 70(1): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10534369&dopt=Abstract
•
Conduction aphasia elicited by stimulation of the left posterior superior temporal gyrus. Author(s): Quigg M, Fountain NB. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1999 March; 66(3): 393-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10084542&dopt=Abstract
•
Conduction aphasia in a 3-year-old with a left posterior cortical/subcortical abscess. Author(s): Nass R, Leventhal F, Levine B, Lebron D, Maxfield C, McCaul P, George A, Allen J. Source: Brain and Language. 1998 March; 62(1): 70-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9570880&dopt=Abstract
•
Constraint-induced therapy of chronic aphasia after stroke. Author(s): Pulvermuller F, Neininger B, Elbert T, Mohr B, Rockstroh B, Koebbel P, Taub E. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2001 July; 32(7): 1621-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11441210&dopt=Abstract
Studies
63
•
Contextual influences on phonetic identification in aphasia: the effects of speaking rate and semantic bias. Author(s): Baum SR. Source: Brain and Language. 2001 March; 76(3): 266-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11247645&dopt=Abstract
•
Controversies about CP: a comparison of language acquisition and language impairments in Broca's aphasia. Author(s): Penke M. Source: Brain and Language. 2001 June; 77(3): 351-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11386702&dopt=Abstract
•
Conversational discourse analysis as a method for evaluating progress in aphasia: a case report. Author(s): Boles L. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 1998 May-June; 31(3): 261-73; Quiz 273-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9621907&dopt=Abstract
•
Correlation of aphasia and/or neglect with cortical infarction in a subpopulation of RANTTAS. Author(s): Worrall BB, Farace E, Hillis AE, Hutson RK, Wityk R, Saver JL, Johnston KC, Haley EC; RANTTAS Investigators. Source: Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 11(3): 257-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11306777&dopt=Abstract
•
Correlations of flow velocity changes during mental activity and recovery from aphasia in ischemic stroke. Author(s): Silvestrini M, Troisi E, Matteis M, Razzano C, Caltagirone C. Source: Neurology. 1998 January; 50(1): 191-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9443479&dopt=Abstract
•
Cortical language activation in stroke patients recovering from aphasia with functional MRI. Author(s): Cao Y, Vikingstad EM, George KP, Johnson AF, Welch KM. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 1999 November; 30(11): 2331-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10548667&dopt=Abstract
•
Corticobasal degeneration presenting with nonfluent primary progressive aphasia: a clinicopathological study. Author(s): Mimura M, Oda T, Tsuchiya K, Kato M, Ikeda K, Hori K, Kashima H. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2001 January 15; 183(1): 19-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11166789&dopt=Abstract
64
Aphasia
•
Corticosteroid-responsive postmalaria encephalopathy characterized by motor aphasia, myoclonus, and postural tremor. Author(s): Schnorf H, Diserens K, Schnyder H, Chofflon M, Loutan L, Chaves V, Landis T. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1998 March; 55(3): 417-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9520017&dopt=Abstract
•
Counselling someone with severe aphasia: and explorative case study. Author(s): Cunningham R. Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 1998 September; 20(9): 346-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9664193&dopt=Abstract
•
Crossed aphasia in a dextral: a test of the Alexander-Annett theory of anomalous organization of brain function. Author(s): Osmon DC, Panos J, Kautz P, Gandhavadi B. Source: Brain and Language. 1998 July; 63(3): 426-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9672767&dopt=Abstract
•
Crossed aphasia leading to pure word deafness. Author(s): Bhaskaran R, Prakash M, Kumar PN, Srikumar B. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1998 September; 46(9): 824-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229259&dopt=Abstract
•
Crossed cerebellar diaschisis in chronic Broca's aphasia. Author(s): Abe K, Ukita H, Yorifuji S, Yanagihara T. Source: Neuroradiology. 1997 September; 39(9): 624-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9335059&dopt=Abstract
•
Crossed cerebro-cellular diaschisis in a patients with melas with aphasia but without hemiparesis. Author(s): Bohnen NI, Beran-Koehn M, Mullan B, Fulgham JR. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 1998 April; 93(3-4): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9639234&dopt=Abstract
•
Crossed nonaphasia in a dextral with left hemispheric lesions: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of mirrored brain organization. Author(s): Hund-Georgiadis M, Zysset S, Weih K, Guthke T, von Cramon DY. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2001 November; 32(11): 2703-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11692039&dopt=Abstract
Studies
65
•
Cross-modal generalization effects of training noncanonical sentence comprehension and production in agrammatic aphasia. Author(s): Jacobs BJ, Thompson CK. Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : Jslhr. 2000 February; 43(1): 5-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10668649&dopt=Abstract
•
Dementia and aphasia in motor neuron disease: an underrecognised association? Author(s): Rakowicz WP, Hodges JR. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1998 December; 65(6): 8819. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9854965&dopt=Abstract
•
Developmental delay, expressive aphasia, hypotonia and dysmorphism in two brothers: an X-linked mental retardation syndrome? Author(s): Jones KJ, North KN. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1998 November; 54(5): 443-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9843001&dopt=Abstract
•
Differences in pain medication use in stroke patients with aphasia and without aphasia. Author(s): Kehayia E, Korner-Bitensky N, Singer F, Becker R, Lamarche M, Georges P, Retik S. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 1997 October; 28(10): 1867-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9341686&dopt=Abstract
•
Differential capacity of left and right hemispheric areas for compensation of poststroke aphasia. Author(s): Heiss WD, Kessler J, Thiel A, Ghaemi M, Karbe H. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1999 April; 45(4): 430-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10211466&dopt=Abstract
•
Dr Charles Thomas Jackson's aphasia. Author(s): Patterson R. Source: J Med Biogr. 1997 November; 5(4): 228-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11619715&dopt=Abstract
•
Drawing together: evaluation of a therapy programme for severe aphasia. Author(s): Sacchett C, Byng S, Marshall J, Pound C. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 1999 July-September; 34(3): 265-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10884902&dopt=Abstract
66
Aphasia
•
Dynamic aphasia: an inability to select between competing verbal responses? Author(s): Robinson G, Blair J, Cipolotti L. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1998 January; 121 ( Pt 1): 77-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9549489&dopt=Abstract
•
Early intervention in a case of jargon aphasia: efficacy of language comprehension therapy. Author(s): Grayson E, Hilton R, Franklin S. Source: Eur J Disord Commun. 1997; 32(3 Spec No): 257-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9474292&dopt=Abstract
•
Early prediction of aphasia outcome in left basal ganglia hemorrhage. Author(s): Liang CL, Chang HW, Lu K, Lee TC, Liliang PC, Lu CH, Chen HJ. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2001 March; 103(3): 148-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11240561&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of socioeconomic status on aphasia severity and recovery. Author(s): Connor LT, Obler LK, Tocco M, Fitzpatrick PM, Albert ML. Source: Brain and Language. 2001 August; 78(2): 254-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11500074&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of bromocriptine in a patient with crossed nonfluent aphasia: a case report. Author(s): Raymer AM, Bandy D, Adair JC, Schwartz RL, Williamson DJ, Gonzalez Rothi LJ, Heilman KM. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001 January; 82(1): 139-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11239301&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of increased cholinergic activity on naming in aphasia. Author(s): Tanaka Y, Miyazaki M, Albert ML. Source: Lancet. 1997 July 12; 350(9071): 116-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9228973&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of morphological complexity on phonological output deficits in fluent and nonfluent aphasia. Author(s): Kohn SE, Melvold J. Source: Brain and Language. 2000 July; 73(3): 323-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10860560&dopt=Abstract
Studies
67
•
Effects of treatment for sound errors in apraxia of speech and aphasia. Author(s): Wambaugh JL, Kalinyak-Fliszar MM, West JE, Doyle PJ. Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : Jslhr. 1998 August; 41(4): 725-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9712122&dopt=Abstract
•
Electromagnetic articulography treatment for an adult with Broca's aphasia and apraxia of speech. Author(s): Katz WF, Bharadwaj SV, Carstens B. Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : Jslhr. 1999 December; 42(6): 1355-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10599618&dopt=Abstract
•
Electrophysiological manifestations of open- and closed-class words in patients with Broca's aphasia with agrammatic comprehension. An event-related brain potential study. Author(s): ter Keurs M, Brown CM, Hagoort P, Stegeman DF. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1999 May; 122 ( Pt 5): 839-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10355670&dopt=Abstract
•
Encephalopathy with electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep or ESES syndrome including the acquired aphasia. Author(s): Tassinari CA, Rubboli G, Volpi L, Meletti S, d'Orsi G, Franca M, Sabetta AR, Riguzzi P, Gardella E, Zaniboni A, Michelucci R. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2000 September; 111 Suppl 2: S94-S102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10996561&dopt=Abstract
•
Epileptic aphasia: a consequence of regional hypometabolic encephalopathy? Author(s): O'Regan ME, Brown JK, Goodwin GM, Clarke M. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1998 August; 40(8): 508-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9746002&dopt=Abstract
•
Evaluating the use of TalksBac, a predictive communication device for nonfluent adults with aphasia. Author(s): Waller A, Dennis F, Brodie J, Cairns AY. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 1998 January-March; 33(1): 45-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9673218&dopt=Abstract
68
Aphasia
•
Evaluation of communication device: an aphasia case study. Author(s): Salminen AL, Kaasinen E, Hannus S. Source: Stud Health Technol Inform. 1998; 48: 418-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10186561&dopt=Abstract
•
Experiences of ending aphasia therapy. Author(s): Hersh D. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 2001; 36 Suppl: 80-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340849&dopt=Abstract
•
Expressive aphasia in glioblastoma multiforme patients: an application of content methodology. Author(s): Christoffersen EP, Wells DL. Source: Can Oncol Nurs J. 1998 May; 8(2): 121-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9677917&dopt=Abstract
•
Factors predicting success in picture naming in Alzheimer's disease and primary progressive aphasia. Author(s): Kremin H, Perrier D, De Wilde M, Dordain M, Le Bayon A, Gatignol P, Rabine C, Corbineau M, Lehoux E, Arabia C. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2001 June-July; 46(1-2): 180-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11527323&dopt=Abstract
•
Family education seminars and social functioning of adults with chronic aphasia. Author(s): Hinckley JJ, Packard ME. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 2001 May-June; 34(3): 241-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11409606&dopt=Abstract
•
Fluorouracil-induced aphasia. Author(s): Bofill JS, Chaves M, Moreno JA. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000 July-August; 34(7-8): 955. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10928412&dopt=Abstract
•
Focal hyperperfusion on (99m)Tc ECD SPECT in a patient with epileptic aphasia. Author(s): Seo DW, Na DL, Kim H, Kim BJ. Source: European Neurology. 2001; 46(2): 101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11528162&dopt=Abstract
Studies
69
•
Frontal-opercular aphasia. Author(s): Taubner RW, Raymer AM, Heilman KM. Source: Brain and Language. 1999 November; 70(2): 240-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10550229&dopt=Abstract
•
Frontotemporal decreases in rCBF correlate with degree of dysnomia in primary progressive aphasia. Author(s): San Pedro EC, Deutsch G, Liu HG, Mountz JM. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2000 February; 41(2): 228-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10688104&dopt=Abstract
•
Functional magnetic resonance imaging to word generation task in a patient with Broca's aphasia. Author(s): Miura K, Nakamura Y, Miura F, Yamada I, Takahashi M, Yoshikawa A, Mizobata T. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1999 October; 246(10): 939-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10552242&dopt=Abstract
•
Functional outcome assessment of aphasia following left hemisphere stroke. Author(s): Holland AL. Source: Seminars in Speech and Language. 1998; 19(3): 249-59; Quiz 259-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9720130&dopt=Abstract
•
Gap-filling and end-of-sentence effects in real-time language processing: implications for modeling sentence comprehension in aphasia. Author(s): Balogh J, Zurif E, Prather P, Swinney D, Finkel L. Source: Brain and Language. 1998 February 1; 61(2): 169-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9468770&dopt=Abstract
•
Generalizable outcomes of bilingual aphasia research. Author(s): Paradis M. Source: Folia Phoniatrica Et Logopaedica : Official Organ of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (Ialp). 2000 January-June; 52(1-3): 54-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10474005&dopt=Abstract
•
Geriatrics photo quiz. Broca's aphasia. Author(s): Shua-Haim JR, Sabo M, Ross JS. Source: Geriatrics. 1999 July; 54(7): 17, 47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10431594&dopt=Abstract
70
Aphasia
•
Global aphasia without hemiparesis secondary to Kingella kingae endocarditis. Author(s): Lewis MB, Bamford JM. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2000 December; 57(12): 1774-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11115245&dopt=Abstract
•
Global aphasia without hemiparesis: language profiles and lesion distribution. Author(s): Hanlon RE, Lux WE, Dromerick AW. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1999 March; 66(3): 365-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10084536&dopt=Abstract
•
Global aphasia: an innovative assessment approach. Author(s): Connolly JF, Mate-Kole CC, Joyce BM. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1999 October; 80(10): 1309-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10527093&dopt=Abstract
•
Global aphasia-with and without hemiparesis. A linguistic and CT scan study. Author(s): von Keyserlingk AG, Naujokat C, Niemann K, Huber W, Thron A. Source: European Neurology. 1997; 38(4): 259-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9434084&dopt=Abstract
•
Grammatical encoding in aphasia: evidence from a “processing prosthesis”. Author(s): Linebarger MC, Schwartz MF, Romania JR, Kohn SE, Stephens DL. Source: Brain and Language. 2000 December; 75(3): 416-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11112295&dopt=Abstract
•
Group training in communication skills for carers of adults with aphasia. Author(s): Booth S, Swabey D. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 1999 July-September; 34(3): 291-309. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10884903&dopt=Abstract
•
Hemidystonia, hemichorea, and motor aphasia associated with bilateral ischemic lesions in the striatum: regional cerebral blood flow studies to clarify the pathophysiology. Author(s): Takahashi S, Oki J, Miyamoto A, Okuno A. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 1998 August; 13(8): 408-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9721899&dopt=Abstract
•
Hemiplegia and motor aphasia following scorpion sting. Author(s): Raichur DV, Magar VS, Wari PK, Chandragouda DK. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2001 July; 68(7): 669-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11519291&dopt=Abstract
Studies
71
•
Hemispheric organization of local- and global-level visuospatial processes in deaf signers and its relation to sign language aphasia. Author(s): Hickok G, Kirk K, Bellugi U. Source: Brain and Language. 1998 November; 65(2): 276-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9784271&dopt=Abstract
•
History of neurology: seminal citation. Aphasia. Author(s): Masdeu JC. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2000 June; 57(6): 892-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10867789&dopt=Abstract
•
How “regular” is sentence comprehension in Broca's aphasia? It depends on how you select the patients. Author(s): Berndt RS, Caramazza A. Source: Brain and Language. 1999 May; 67(3): 242-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10210633&dopt=Abstract
•
Ictal paraphasia induced by language activity. Author(s): Inoue Y, Mihara T, Fukao K, Kudo T, Watanabe Y, Yagi K. Source: Epilepsy Research. 1999 May; 35(1): 69-79. Erratum In: Epilepsy Res 2000 February; 38(2-3): 263. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10232796&dopt=Abstract
•
Imaging aphasia: the coming paradigm shift. Author(s): Khatri P, Hier DB. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2000 February; 42(1): 60-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10739599&dopt=Abstract
•
Imaging in primary progressive aphasia. Author(s): Abe K, Ukita H, Yanagihara T. Source: Neuroradiology. 1997 August; 39(8): 556-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9272491&dopt=Abstract
•
Impaired affective prosody in AD: relationship to aphasic deficits and emotional behaviors. Author(s): Testa JA, Beatty WW, Gleason AC, Orbelo DM, Ross ED. Source: Neurology. 2001 October 23; 57(8): 1474-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11673592&dopt=Abstract
72
Aphasia
•
Improving outcomes for persons with aphasia in advanced community-based treatment programs. Author(s): Aftonomos LB, Appelbaum JS, Steele RD. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 1999 July; 30(7): 1370-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10390309&dopt=Abstract
•
Intensive training of phonological skills in progressive aphasia: a model of brain plasticity in neurodegenerative disease. Author(s): Louis M, Espesser R, Rey V, Daffaure V, Di Cristo A, Habib M. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2001 June-July; 46(1-2): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11527328&dopt=Abstract
•
Jargonagraphia with severe aphasia due to a right hemisphere lesion: case report. Author(s): Shintani AM, Maeshima S, Nakai E, Nakai K, Itakura T, Komai N. Source: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 2001 July; 8(4): 369-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11437584&dopt=Abstract
•
Languages and aphasia. Author(s): Lecours AR. Source: Brain and Language. 2000 January; 71(1): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10716830&dopt=Abstract
•
Late acquired words in childhood are lost earlier in primary progressive aphasia. Author(s): Ukita H, Abe K, Yamada J. Source: Brain and Language. 1999 November; 70(2): 205-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10550227&dopt=Abstract
•
Lesion site patterns in severe, nonverbal aphasia to predict outcome with a computerassisted treatment program. Author(s): Naeser MA, Baker EH, Palumbo CL, Nicholas M, Alexander MP, Samaraweera R, Prete MN, Hodge SM, Weissman T. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1998 November; 55(11): 1438-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9823828&dopt=Abstract
•
Lexical and semantic factors influencing picture naming in aphasia. Author(s): Laiacona M, Luzzatti C, Zonca G, Guarnaschelli C, Capitani E. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2001 June-July; 46(1-2): 184-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11527324&dopt=Abstract
Studies
73
•
Linguistic and nonlinguistic priming in aphasia. Author(s): Bates E, Marangolo P, Pizzamiglio L, Dick F. Source: Brain and Language. 2001 January; 76(1): 62-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11161355&dopt=Abstract
•
Long-term effects of acquired aphasias in childhood. Author(s): Lees J. Source: Pediatric Rehabilitation. 1997 January-March; 1(1): 45-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9689238&dopt=Abstract
•
Magnetoencephalography in children with Landau-Kleffner syndrome and acquired epileptic aphasia. Author(s): Sobel DF, Aung M, Otsubo H, Smith MC. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2000 February; 21(2): 301-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10696012&dopt=Abstract
•
Making sense out of jargon: a neurolinguistic and computational account of jargon aphasia. Author(s): Hillis AE, Boatman D, Hart J, Gordon B. Source: Neurology. 1999 November 10; 53(8): 1813-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10563633&dopt=Abstract
•
Managing aphasia: then and now. Author(s): Lesser R. Source: Folia Phoniatrica Et Logopaedica : Official Organ of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (Ialp). 2000 January-June; 52(1-3): 24-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10474001&dopt=Abstract
•
Managing psychosocial adjustment to aphasia. Author(s): Muller D. Source: Seminars in Speech and Language. 1999; 20(1): 85-91; Quiz 92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10100379&dopt=Abstract
•
Marchiafava-Bignami disease: computed tomographic scan, 99mTc HMPAO-SPECT, and FLAIR MRI findings in a patient with subcortical aphasia, alexia, bilateral agraphia, and left-handed deficit of constructional ability. Author(s): Ferracci F, Conte F, Gentile M, Candeago R, Foscolo L, Bendini M, Fassetta G. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1999 January; 56(1): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9923769&dopt=Abstract
74
Aphasia
•
Measuring quality of life in people with aphasia: the Stroke Specific Quality of Life Scale. Author(s): Hilari K, Byng S. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 2001; 36 Suppl: 86-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340850&dopt=Abstract
•
Mechanism of short-term memory and repetition in conduction aphasia and related cognitive disorders: a neuropsychological, audiological and neuroimaging study. Author(s): Sakurai Y, Takeuchi S, Kojima E, Yazawa I, Murayama S, Kaga K, Momose T, Nakase H, Sakuta M, Kanazawa I. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1998 February 5; 154(2): 182-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9562309&dopt=Abstract
•
Mechanisms of and misconceptions about subcortical aphasia. Author(s): Wallesch CW, Johannsen-Horbach H, Bartels C, Herrmann M. Source: Brain and Language. 1997 July; 58(3): 403-9; Discussion 436-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9222519&dopt=Abstract
•
Mechanisms of recovery from aphasia. Author(s): Baron JC. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1999 February; 66(2): 136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10071090&dopt=Abstract
•
Mechanisms of recovery from aphasia: evidence from positron emission tomography studies. Author(s): Warburton E, Price CJ, Swinburn K, Wise RJ. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1999 February; 66(2): 15561. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10071093&dopt=Abstract
•
Memory and aphasia. Author(s): Burgio F, Basso A. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1997 June; 35(6): 759-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9204483&dopt=Abstract
•
Mental status change and aphasia after labor analgesia with intrathecal sufentanil/bupivacaine. Author(s): Fragneto RY, Fisher A. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2000 May; 90(5): 1175-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10781475&dopt=Abstract
Studies
75
•
Model-based semantic treatment for naming deficits in aphasia. Author(s): Drew RL, Thompson CK. Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : Jslhr. 1999 August; 42(4): 972-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10450915&dopt=Abstract
•
Modularity of prosody: autonomy of phonological quantity and intonation in aphasia. Author(s): Niemi J. Source: Brain and Language. 1998 January; 61(1): 45-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9448930&dopt=Abstract
•
Moriatic aphasia: a syndrome of acute carotid occlusion on the dominant side. Author(s): Ghika-Schmid F, Assal G, Ghika J, Bogousslavsky J. Source: Neurology. 1998 May; 50(5): 1511-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9596030&dopt=Abstract
•
Motor neurone disease, dementia and aphasia: coincidence, co-occurrence or continuum? Author(s): Bak TH, Hodges JR. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2001 April; 248(4): 260-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11374089&dopt=Abstract
•
MR perfusion imaging reveals regions of hypoperfusion associated with aphasia and neglect. Author(s): Hillis AE, Barker PB, Beauchamp NJ, Gordon B, Wityk RJ. Source: Neurology. 2000 September 26; 55(6): 782-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10993996&dopt=Abstract
•
Multifactorial processes in recovery from aphasia: developing the foundations for a multileveled framework. Author(s): Code C. Source: Brain and Language. 2001 April; 77(1): 25-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11247654&dopt=Abstract
•
Multilingual/multiliterate/multicultural studies of aphasia--the rosetta stone of neurolinguistics in the new millennium. Author(s): Karanth P. Source: Brain and Language. 2000 January; 71(1): 113-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10716822&dopt=Abstract
76
Aphasia
•
Neural correlates of recovery from aphasia after damage to left inferior frontal cortex. Author(s): Rosen HJ, Petersen SE, Linenweber MR, Snyder AZ, White DA, Chapman L, Dromerick AW, Fiez JA, Corbetta MD. Source: Neurology. 2000 December 26; 55(12): 1883-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11134389&dopt=Abstract
•
Neuroplasticity: evidence from aphasia. Author(s): Thompson CK. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 2000 July-August; 33(4): 357-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11001162&dopt=Abstract
•
Nonfluent aphasia after closed head trauma: report of a case. Author(s): Stein M, Cantrell SB. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1999 June; 57(6): 745-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10368104&dopt=Abstract
•
Nonfluent progressive aphasia and semantic dementia: a comparative neuropsychological study. Author(s): Hodges JR, Patterson K. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 1996 November; 2(6): 511-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9375155&dopt=Abstract
•
Numerical skills and aphasia. Author(s): Delazer M, Girelli L, Semenza C, Denes G. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 1999 March; 5(3): 213-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10217921&dopt=Abstract
•
On processing lexical meanings in aphasia and Alzheimer's disease: some (re)considerations. Author(s): Hillert D. Source: Brain and Language. 1999 September; 69(2): 95-118. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10447987&dopt=Abstract
•
On the status of object concepts in aphasia. Author(s): Chertkow H, Bub D, Deaudon C, Whitehead V. Source: Brain and Language. 1997 June 15; 58(2): 203-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9182748&dopt=Abstract
Studies
77
•
On-line processing of filler-gap construction in aphasia. Author(s): Blumstein SE, Byma G, Kurowski K, Hourihan J, Brown T, Hutchinson A. Source: Brain and Language. 1998 February 1; 61(2): 149-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9468769&dopt=Abstract
•
Optic aphasia with pure alexia: a mild form of visual associative agnosia? A case study. Author(s): Chanoine V, Ferreira CT, Demonet JF, Nespoulous JL, Poncet M. Source: Cortex. 1998 June; 34(3): 437-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9669108&dopt=Abstract
•
Optic aphasia: evidence of the contribution of different neural systems to object and action naming. Author(s): Ferreira CT, Giusiano B, Ceccaldi M, Poncet M. Source: Cortex. 1997 September; 33(3): 499-513. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9339331&dopt=Abstract
•
Outcome measures for aphasia therapy: it's not what you do, it's the way that you measure it. Author(s): Hesketh A, Hopcutt B. Source: Eur J Disord Commun. 1997; 32(3 Spec No): 189-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9474288&dopt=Abstract
•
Overprotection in couples with aphasia. Author(s): Croteau C, Le Dorze G. Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 1999 September; 21(9): 432-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10548079&dopt=Abstract
•
Patient Tan revisited: a case of atypical global aphasia? Author(s): Selnes OA, Hillis A. Source: Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 2000 December; 9(3): 233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11232365&dopt=Abstract
•
Patterns of sentence comprehension in aphasia: a consideration of three hypotheses. Author(s): Berndt RS, Mitchum CC, Wayland S. Source: Brain and Language. 1997 November 15; 60(2): 197-221. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9344477&dopt=Abstract
78
Aphasia
•
Perceptions of psychosocial adjustment to aphasia: applications of the Code--Muller Protocols. Author(s): Code C, Muller DJ, Herrmann M. Source: Seminars in Speech and Language. 1999; 20(1): 51-62; Quiz 63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10100376&dopt=Abstract
•
Persisting aphasia as the sole manifestation of partial status epilepticus. Author(s): DeToledo JC, Minagar A, Lowe MR. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2000 September; 102(3): 144-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10996712&dopt=Abstract
•
Pharmacological treatment for aphasia following stroke. Author(s): Greener J, Enderby P, Whurr R. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001; (4): Cd000424. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11687079&dopt=Abstract
•
Phonological and orthographic approaches to the treatment of word retrieval in aphasia. Author(s): Herbert R, Best W, Hickin J, Howard D, Osborne F. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 2001; 36 Suppl: 7-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340846&dopt=Abstract
•
Phonological naming therapy in jargon aphasia: positive but paradoxical effects. Author(s): Robson J, Marshall J, Pring T, Chiat S. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 1998 November; 4(6): 675-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10050371&dopt=Abstract
•
Phonological, semantic, and mediated priming in aphasia. Author(s): Baum SR. Source: Brain and Language. 1997 December; 60(3): 347-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9398388&dopt=Abstract
•
Picture naming of cognate and non-cognate nouns in bilingual aphasia. Author(s): Roberts PM, Deslauriers L. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 1999 January-February; 32(1): 1-22; Quiz 22-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9921457&dopt=Abstract
Studies
79
•
Postencephalitic pure anomic aphasia: 2-year follow-up. Author(s): Okuda B, Kawabata K, Tachibana H, Sugita M, Tanaka H. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2001 June 15; 187(1-2): 99-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11440751&dopt=Abstract
•
Postictal aphasia and paresis: a clinical and intracerebral EEG study. Author(s): Adam C, Adam C, Rouleau I, Saint-Hilaire JM. Source: The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques. 2000 February; 27(1): 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10676588&dopt=Abstract
•
Preserved visual lexicosemantics in global aphasia: a right-hemisphere contribution? Author(s): Gold BT, Kertesz A. Source: Brain and Language. 2000 December; 75(3): 359-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11112291&dopt=Abstract
•
Primary progressive aphasia : a case report. Author(s): Arora A, Sawhney IM, Verma SK, Lal V, Prabhakar S. Source: Neurology India. 1999 June; 47(2): 139-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10402342&dopt=Abstract
•
Primary progressive aphasia presenting as conduction aphasia. Author(s): Hachisuka K, Uchida M, Nozaki Y, Hashiguchi S, Sasaki M. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1999 August 15; 167(2): 137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10521554&dopt=Abstract
•
Primary progressive aphasia with focal glial tauopathy. Author(s): Wakabayashi K, Shibasaki Y, Hasegawa M, Horikawa Y, Soma Y, Hayashi S, Morita T, Iwatsubo T, Takahashi H. Source: Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 2000 October; 26(5): 477-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11054189&dopt=Abstract
•
Primary progressive aphasia with glial cytoplasmic inclusions. Author(s): Molina JA, Probst A, Villanueva C, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Madero S, Torres N, Bermejo F. Source: European Neurology. 1998 August; 40(2): 71-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9693235&dopt=Abstract
80
Aphasia
•
Primary progressive aphasia, left anterior atrophy, and neurofibrillary hippocampal pathology: observations in an unusual case. Author(s): Engel PA, Fleming PD. Source: Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology. 1997 July; 10(3): 213-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9297716&dopt=Abstract
•
Primary progressive aphasia. Author(s): Mesulam MM. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2001 April; 49(4): 425-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11310619&dopt=Abstract
•
Primary progressive aphasia: a case report. Author(s): Nagy TG, Jelencsik I, Szirmai I. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 1999 July; 6(4): 515-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10362910&dopt=Abstract
•
Primary progressive aphasia: a patient with stress assignment impairment in reading aloud. Author(s): Galante E, Tralli A, Zuffi M, Avanzi S. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2000 February; 21(1): 39-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10938201&dopt=Abstract
•
Primary progressive aphasia: a review of 112 cases. Author(s): Westbury C, Bub D. Source: Brain and Language. 1997 December; 60(3): 381-406. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9398390&dopt=Abstract
•
Primary progressive aphasia: analisys of 16 cases. Author(s): Radanovic M, Senaha ML, Mansur LL, Nitrini R, Bahia VS, Carthery MT, Aires FN, Mathias SC, Caramelli P. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2001 September; 59(3-A): 512-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11588627&dopt=Abstract
•
Primary progressive aphasia-The future of neurolinguistic and biologic characterization. Author(s): Kertesz A, Orange JB. Source: Brain and Language. 2000 January; 71(1): 116-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10716823&dopt=Abstract
Studies
81
•
Primary progressive semantic aphasia: a case study. Author(s): Kertesz A, Davidson W, McCabe P. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 1998 July; 4(4): 388-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9656612&dopt=Abstract
•
Problems of patients with chronic aphasia: different perspectives of husbands and wives? Author(s): Santos ME, Farrajota ML, Castro-Caldas A, de Sousa L. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 1999 January; 13(1): 23-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9972439&dopt=Abstract
•
Procedural learning in Broca's aphasia: dissociation between the implicit acquisition of spatio-motor and phoneme sequences. Author(s): Goschke T, Friederici AD, Kotz SA, van Kampen A. Source: Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2001 April 1; 13(3): 370-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11371314&dopt=Abstract
•
Progressive aphasia with rapidly progressive dementia in a 49 year old woman. Author(s): Greene JD, Hodges JR, Ironside JW, Warlow CP. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1999 February; 66(2): 23843. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10071109&dopt=Abstract
•
Prolonged “postictal” aphasia: demonstration of persistent ictal activity with intracranial electrodes. Author(s): Hirsch LJ, Emerson RG, Pedley TA. Source: Neurology. 2001 January 9; 56(1): 134-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11148257&dopt=Abstract
•
Promoting recovery in chronic aphasia with an interactive technology. Author(s): Aftonomos LB, Steele RD, Wertz RT. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1997 August; 78(8): 841-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9344303&dopt=Abstract
•
Prosody, linguistic demands, and auditory comprehension in aphasia. Author(s): Kimelman MD. Source: Brain and Language. 1999 September; 69(2): 212-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10447991&dopt=Abstract
82
Aphasia
•
Prospective and retrospective studies of recovery in aphasia. Changes in cerebral blood flow and language functions. Author(s): Mimura M, Kato M, Kato M, Sano Y, Kojima T, Naeser M, Kashima H. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1998 November; 121 ( Pt 11): 2083-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9827768&dopt=Abstract
•
Psychosocial aspects of aphasia: whose perspectives? Author(s): Parr S. Source: Folia Phoniatrica Et Logopaedica : Official Organ of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (Ialp). 2001 September-October; 53(5): 266-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11464068&dopt=Abstract
•
Pure anomic aphasia caused by a subcortical hemorrhage in the left temporo-parietooccipital lobe. Author(s): Takeda M, Tachibana H, Shibuya N, Nakajima Y, Okuda B, Sugita M, Tanaka H. Source: Intern Med. 1999 March; 38(3): 293-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10337946&dopt=Abstract
•
Quality of life with aphasia. Author(s): LaPointe LL. Source: Seminars in Speech and Language. 1999; 20(1): 5-16; Quiz 16-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10100373&dopt=Abstract
•
Rapidly progressive aphasia and motor neuron disease: a clinical, radiological, and pathological study of an autopsy case with circumscribed lobar atrophy. Author(s): Tsuchiya K, Ozawa E, Fukushima J, Yasui H, Kondo H, Nakano I, Ikeda K. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 2000 January; 99(1): 81-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10651032&dopt=Abstract
•
Reconsidering the hegemony of linguistic explanations in aphasia: the challenge for the beginning of the millennium. Author(s): McNeil MR, Doyle PJ. Source: Brain and Language. 2000 January; 71(1): 154-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10716833&dopt=Abstract
•
Recovery from aphasia and neglect. Author(s): Ferro JM, Mariano G, Madureira S. Source: Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 1999; 9 Suppl 5: 6-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10473916&dopt=Abstract
Studies
83
•
Recovery from aphasia: activating the “right” hemisphere. Author(s): Selnes OA. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1999 April; 45(4): 419-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10211464&dopt=Abstract
•
Recovery from aphasia: why and how? Author(s): Cappa SF. Source: Brain and Language. 2000 January; 71(1): 39-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10716801&dopt=Abstract
•
Recovery from moderate aphasia in the first year poststroke: effect of type of therapy. Author(s): Carlomagno S, Pandolfi M, Labruna L, Colombo A, Razzano C. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001 August; 82(8): 1073-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11494187&dopt=Abstract
•
Recruiting comparative crosslinguistic evidence to address competing accounts of agrammatic aphasia. Author(s): Beretta A, Pinango M, Patterson J, Harford C. Source: Brain and Language. 1999 May; 67(3): 149-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10210628&dopt=Abstract
•
Recurrent hypoglycemic hemiparesis and aphasia in an adolescent patient. Author(s): Kossoff EH, Ichord RN, Bergin AM. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2001 May; 24(5): 385-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11516616&dopt=Abstract
•
Relationship between semantic paraphasias and related nonverbal factors. Author(s): Lewis FC, Soares L. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2000 October; 91(2): 366-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11065295&dopt=Abstract
•
Reliability of a measure of post-stroke shoulder pain in patients with and without aphasia and/or unilateral spatial neglect. Author(s): Pomeroy VM, Frames C, Faragher EB, Hesketh A, Hill E, Watson P, Main CJ. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2000 December; 14(6): 584-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11128732&dopt=Abstract
•
Restitution of alpha-topography by piracetam in post-stroke aphasia. Author(s): Szelies B, Mielke R, Kessler J, Heiss WD. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001 April; 39(4): 152-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11332870&dopt=Abstract
84
Aphasia
•
Screening by nurses for aphasia in stroke--the Ullevaal Aphasia Screening (UAS) test. Author(s): Thommessen B, Thoresen GE, Bautz-Holter E, Laake K. Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 1999 March; 21(3): 110-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10206350&dopt=Abstract
•
Selective impairment of verb processing associated with pathological changes in Brodmann areas 44 and 45 in the motor neurone disease-dementia-aphasia syndrome. Author(s): Bak TH, O'Donovan DG, Xuereb JH, Boniface S, Hodges JR. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2001 January; 124(Pt 1): 103-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11133791&dopt=Abstract
•
Single word production in nonfluent progressive aphasia. Author(s): Croot K, Patterson K, Hodges JR. Source: Brain and Language. 1998 February 1; 61(2): 226-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9468772&dopt=Abstract
•
Single words are not enough: verbs, grammar and fluent aphasia. Author(s): Edwards S. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 1998; 33 Suppl: 190-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10343690&dopt=Abstract
•
Slowly progressive aphasia: a four-year follow-up study. Author(s): Papagno C, Capitani E. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2001; 39(7): 678-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11311298&dopt=Abstract
•
Some relationships between skills in word-category recall and factors in adults' aphasia. Author(s): Sommers RK. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1998 August; 87(1): 187-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9760646&dopt=Abstract
•
Spared comprehension of emotional prosody in a patient with global aphasia. Author(s): Barrett AM, Crucian GP, Raymer AM, Heilman KM. Source: Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology. 1999 April; 12(2): 117-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10223259&dopt=Abstract
Studies
85
•
Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke. Author(s): Greener J, Enderby P, Whurr R. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd000425. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796360&dopt=Abstract
•
Speed of lexical activation in nonfluent Broca's aphasia and fluent Wernicke's aphasia. Author(s): Prather PA, Zurif E, Love T, Brownell H. Source: Brain and Language. 1997 October 1; 59(3): 391-411. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9299070&dopt=Abstract
•
Spoken language of individuals with mild fluent aphasia under focused and dividedattention conditions. Author(s): Murray LL, Holland AL, Beeson PM. Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : Jslhr. 1998 February; 41(1): 213-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9493746&dopt=Abstract
•
Studies in neurology. 1920. Aphasia and kindred disorders of speech. 1926. Author(s): Head H. Source: Neurosurgery. 1998 April; 42(4): 944-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9574664&dopt=Abstract
•
Subcortical aphasia and the problem of attributing functional responsibility to parts of distributed brain processes. Author(s): Craver CF, Small SL. Source: Brain and Language. 1997 July; 58(3): 427-35; Discussion 436-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9222523&dopt=Abstract
•
Subcortical aphasia(s): a controversial and promising topic. Author(s): Demonet JF. Source: Brain and Language. 1997 July; 58(3): 410-7; Discussion 436-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9222520&dopt=Abstract
•
Subcortical aphasia. Author(s): Nadeau SE, Crosson B. Source: Brain and Language. 1997 July; 58(3): 355-402; Discussion 418-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9222518&dopt=Abstract
86
Aphasia
•
Subcortical aphasia: still a useful concept? Author(s): Cappa SF. Source: Brain and Language. 1997 July; 58(3): 424-6; Discussion 436-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9222522&dopt=Abstract
•
Subcortical crossed aphasia. Author(s): Ozeren A, Mavi H, Sarica Y, Karatas M. Source: Acta Neurol Belg. 1998 June; 98(2): 204-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9686282&dopt=Abstract
•
Superadditive effects of multiple lesions in a connectionist architecture: implications for the neuropsychology of optic aphasia. Author(s): Sitton M, Mozer MC, Farah MJ. Source: Psychological Review. 2000 October; 107(4): 709-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11089404&dopt=Abstract
•
Supplementary motor area aphasia: a case report. Author(s): Pai MC. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 1999 March; 101(1): 29-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10350201&dopt=Abstract
•
Supporting Partners of People with Aphasia in Relationships and Cconversation (SPPARC). Author(s): Lock S, Wilkinson R, Bryan K, Maxim J, Edmundson A, Bruce C, Moir D. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 2001; 36 Suppl: 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340791&dopt=Abstract
•
Supra- and infrasylvian conduction aphasia. Author(s): Axer H, von Keyserlingk AG, Berks G, von Keyserlingk DG. Source: Brain and Language. 2001 March; 76(3): 317-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11247647&dopt=Abstract
•
Syndrome of acquired aphasia with convulsive disorder in children. 1957. Author(s): Landau WM, Kleffner FR. Source: Neurology. 1998 November; 51(5): 1241, 8 Pages Following 1241. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9867583&dopt=Abstract
Studies
87
•
Syndromes of acquired epileptic aphasia and epilepsy with continuous spike-waves during sleep: models for prolonged cognitive impairment of epileptic origin. Author(s): Roulet Perez E. Source: Semin Pediatr Neurol. 1995 December; 2(4): 269-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9422255&dopt=Abstract
•
The anatomy of aphasia revisited. Author(s): Kreisler A, Godefroy O, Delmaire C, Debachy B, Leclercq M, Pruvo JP, Leys D. Source: Neurology. 2000 March 14; 54(5): 1117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10720284&dopt=Abstract
•
The aphasias: fall and renaissance of the neurological model? Author(s): Basso A. Source: Brain and Language. 2000 January; 71(1): 15-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10716794&dopt=Abstract
•
The basis of the neural organization for language: evidence from sign language aphasia. Author(s): Hickok G, Bellugi U, Klima ES. Source: Rev Neurosci. 1997 July-December; 8(3-4): 205-22. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9548233&dopt=Abstract
•
The Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination-Spanish version: the influence of demographic variables. Author(s): Pineda DA, Rosselli M, Ardila A, Mejia SE, Romero MG, Perez C. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 2000 November; 6(7): 802-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11105470&dopt=Abstract
•
The case of the lawyer's lugubrious language: dysarthria plus primary progressive aphasia or dysarthria plus dementia? Author(s): McNeil MR. Source: Seminars in Speech and Language. 1998; 19(1): 49-57; Quiz 57-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9519392&dopt=Abstract
•
The corticobasal degeneration syndrome overlaps progressive aphasia and frontotemporal dementia. Author(s): Kertesz A, Martinez-Lage P, Davidson W, Munoz DG. Source: Neurology. 2000 November 14; 55(9): 1368-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11087783&dopt=Abstract
88
Aphasia
•
The critical role of group studies in neuropsychology: comprehension regularities in Broca's aphasia. Author(s): Grodzinsky Y, Pinango MM, Zurif E, Drai D. Source: Brain and Language. 1999 April; 67(2): 134-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10092346&dopt=Abstract
•
The effects of varying attentional demands on the word retrieval skills of adults with aphasia, right hemisphere brain damage, or no brain damage. Author(s): Murray LL. Source: Brain and Language. 2000 March; 72(1): 40-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10716874&dopt=Abstract
•
The efficacy of group communication treatment in adults with chronic aphasia. Author(s): Elman RJ, Bernstein-Ellis E. Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : Jslhr. 1999 April; 42(2): 411-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229456&dopt=Abstract
•
The emotional impact of aphasia. Author(s): Code C, Hemsley G, Herrmann M. Source: Seminars in Speech and Language. 1999; 20(1): 19-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10100374&dopt=Abstract
•
The existence of comprehension patterns in Broca's aphasia. Author(s): Zurif EB, Pinango MM. Source: Brain and Language. 1999 October 15; 70(1): 133-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10534377&dopt=Abstract
•
The experience of Wernicke's aphasia. Author(s): Lazar RM, Marshall RS, Prell GD, Pile-Spellman J. Source: Neurology. 2000 October 24; 55(8): 1222-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11071506&dopt=Abstract
•
The future of aphasia treatment. Author(s): Small SL. Source: Brain and Language. 2000 January; 71(1): 227-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10716851&dopt=Abstract
Studies
89
•
The Grazer school of thought on the Sprachapparat and Otto Gross' theory of a 'nonorganic aphasia' (mind split). Author(s): Madison L. Source: Wurzbg Medizinhist Mitt. 1995; 13: 391-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11615312&dopt=Abstract
•
The ineluctable and interdependent evolution of the concepts of language and aphasia. Author(s): Joanette Y, Ansaldo AI. Source: Brain and Language. 2000 January; 71(1): 106-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10716820&dopt=Abstract
•
The influence of neighborhood density on phonetic categorization in aphasia. Author(s): Boyczuk JP, Baum SR. Source: Brain and Language. 1999 March; 67(1): 46-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10191000&dopt=Abstract
•
The italian determiner system in normal acquisition, specific language impairment, and childhood aphasia. Author(s): Bottari P, Cipriani P, Chilosi AM, Pfanner L. Source: Brain and Language. 2001 June; 77(3): 283-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11386697&dopt=Abstract
•
The mapping from sound structure to the lexicon in aphasia: evidence from rhyme and repetition priming. Author(s): Blumstein SE, Milberg W, Brown T, Hutchinson A, Kurowski K, Burton MW. Source: Brain and Language. 2000 April; 72(2): 75-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10722782&dopt=Abstract
•
The meaning of skilled care providers' relationships with stroke and aphasia patients. Author(s): Sundin K, Norberg A, Jansson L. Source: Qualitative Health Research. 2001 May; 11(3): 308-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11339076&dopt=Abstract
•
The measurement of chance performance in aphasia, with specific reference to the comprehension of semantically reversible passive sentences: a note on issues raised by Caramazza, Capitani, Rey, and Berndt (2001) and Drai, Grodzinsky, and Zurif (2001). Author(s): Caplan D. Source: Brain and Language. 2001 February; 76(2): 193-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11254258&dopt=Abstract
90
Aphasia
•
The measurement of psychological well-being in the person with aphasia. Author(s): Brumfitt S. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 1998; 33 Suppl: 116-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10343676&dopt=Abstract
•
The N400 event-related potential in aphasia. Author(s): Kitade S, Enai T, Sei H, Morita Y. Source: J Med Invest. 1999 February; 46(1-2): 87-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10408163&dopt=Abstract
•
The neurobiology of language recovery in aphasia. Author(s): Thompson CK. Source: Brain and Language. 2000 January; 71(1): 245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10716855&dopt=Abstract
•
The neuropsychological signature of primary progressive aphasia. Author(s): Zakzanis KK. Source: Brain and Language. 1999 October 15; 70(1): 70-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10534372&dopt=Abstract
•
The production of nominal compounds in aphasia. Author(s): Blanken G. Source: Brain and Language. 2000 August; 74(1): 84-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10924218&dopt=Abstract
•
The public awareness of aphasia: an international survey. Author(s): Code C, Mackie NS, Armstrong E, Stiegler L, Armstrong J, Bushby E, CarewPrice P, Curtis H, Haynes P, McLeod E, Muhleisen V, Neate J, Nikolas A, Rolfe D, Rubly C, Simpson R, Webber A. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 2001; 36 Suppl: 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340762&dopt=Abstract
•
The relevance of patient individuality in the evaluation and treatment of aphasia. Case report. Author(s): Ferreira RR, Timo-Iaria C. Source: Arquivos De Neuro-Psiquiatria. 1997 September; 55(3B): 650-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9629422&dopt=Abstract
Studies
91
•
The representation of inflectional morphology: evidence from Broca's aphasia. Author(s): Penke M, Janssen U, Krause M. Source: Brain and Language. 1999 June 1-15; 68(1-2): 225-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10433763&dopt=Abstract
•
The role of piracetam in the treatment of acute and chronic aphasia. Author(s): Huber W. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1999 March; 32 Suppl 1: 38-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10338107&dopt=Abstract
•
The role of speech production in auditory-verbal short-term memory: evidence from progressive fluent aphasia. Author(s): Knott R, Patterson K, Hodges JR. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2000; 38(2): 125-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10660225&dopt=Abstract
•
The role of syntactic complexity in training wh-movement structures in agrammatic aphasia: optimal order for promoting generalization. Author(s): Thompson CK, Ballard KJ, Shapiro LP. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 1998 November; 4(6): 661-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10050370&dopt=Abstract
•
The Thai version of Aachen aphasia test (THAI-AAT). Author(s): Pracharitpukdee N, Phanthumchinda K, Huber W, Willmes K. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2000 June; 83(6): 601-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10932485&dopt=Abstract
•
The Thai version of the German Aachen Aphasia Test (AAT): description of the test and performance in normal subjects. Author(s): Pracharitpukdee N, Phanthumchinda K, Huber W, Willmes K. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1998 June; 81(6): 402-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9676072&dopt=Abstract
•
The use of reaction time measures to evaluate nonword reading in primary progressive aphasia. Author(s): Dowhaniuk M, Dixon M, Roy E, Black S. Source: Brain and Cognition. 2000 June-August; 43(1-3): 168-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10857687&dopt=Abstract
92
Aphasia
•
Therapy using conversation analysis: helping couples adapt to aphasia in conversation. Author(s): Wilkinson R, Bryan K, Lock S, Bayley K, Maxim J, Bruce C, Edmundson A, Moir D. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 1998; 33 Suppl: 144-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10343681&dopt=Abstract
•
Toward a theory of therapy for aphasia. Author(s): Beeson PM, Rapcsak SZ. Source: Brain and Language. 2000 January; 71(1): 22-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10716796&dopt=Abstract
•
Training volunteers as conversation partners using “Supported Conversation for Adults with Aphasia” (SCA): a controlled trial. Author(s): Kagan A, Black SE, Duchan FJ, Simmons-Mackie N, Square P. Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : Jslhr. 2001 June; 44(3): 62438. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11407567&dopt=Abstract
•
Training-induced brain plasticity in aphasia. Author(s): Musso M, Weiller C, Kiebel S, Muller SP, Bulau P, Rijntjes M. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 1999 September; 122 ( Pt 9): 1781-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10468516&dopt=Abstract
•
Transcortical mixed aphasia from ischaemic infarcts in a non-right handed patient. Author(s): Maeshima S, Nakagawa M, Terada T, Nakai K, Itakura T, Komai N, Roger P. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1999 June; 246(6): 504-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10431781&dopt=Abstract
•
Transcortical sensory aphasia due to a left frontal subcortical haemorrhage. Author(s): Maeshima S, Kuwata T, Masuo O, Yamaga H, Okita R, Ozaki F, Moriwaki H, Roger P. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 1999 November; 13(11): 927-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10579664&dopt=Abstract
•
Transcortical sensory aphasia in a right-handed patient following watershed infarcts in the right cerebral hemisphere: a 15-month evaluation of another case of crossed aphasia. Author(s): Roebroek RM, Promes MM, Korten JJ, Lormans AC, van der Laan RT. Source: Brain and Language. 1999 November; 70(2): 262-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10550230&dopt=Abstract
Studies
93
•
Transcortical sensory aphasia: revisited and revised. Author(s): Boatman D, Gordon B, Hart J, Selnes O, Miglioretti D, Lenz F. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2000 August; 123 ( Pt 8): 1634-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10908193&dopt=Abstract
•
Transient crossed aphasia and persistent amnesia after right thalamic haemorrhage. Author(s): Maeshima S, Ozaki F, Okita R, Yamaga H, Okada H, Kakishita K, Moriwaki H, Roger P. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 2001 October; 15(10): 927-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11595089&dopt=Abstract
•
Transient high altitude expressive aphasia. Author(s): Dietz TE, McKiel VH. Source: High Altitude Medicine & Biology. 2000 Fall; 1(3): 207-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11254230&dopt=Abstract
•
Transient motor aphasia and recurrent partial seizures in a child: language recovery upon seizure control. Author(s): Jambaque I, Chiron C, Kaminska A, Plouin P, Dulac O. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 1998 June; 13(6): 296-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9660518&dopt=Abstract
•
Treating aphasia and brain injury with bromocriptine. Author(s): Petro DJ. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001 November; 82(11): 1637. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11689988&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment for aphasia following stroke: evidence for effectiveness. Author(s): Greener J, Enderby P, Whurr R, Grant A. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 1998; 33 Suppl: 158-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10343683&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of acquired epileptic aphasia with the ketogenic diet. Author(s): Bergqvist AG, Chee CM, Lutchka LM, Brooks-Kayal AR. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 1999 November; 14(11): 696-701. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10593544&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of aphasia. Author(s): Albert ML. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1998 November; 55(11): 1417-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9823824&dopt=Abstract
94
Aphasia
•
Treatment of word retrieval in aphasia: generalisation to conversational speech. Author(s): Hickin J, Best W, Herbert R, Howard D, Osborne F. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 2001; 36 Suppl: 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340768&dopt=Abstract
•
Understanding ambiguous words in sentence contexts: electrophysiological evidence for delayed contextual selection in Broca's aphasia. Author(s): Swaab TY, Brown C, Hagoort P. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1998 August; 36(8): 737-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9751439&dopt=Abstract
•
Use of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of aphasia. Author(s): Walker-Batson D. Source: Brain and Language. 2000 January; 71(1): 252-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10716857&dopt=Abstract
•
Verb movement in acquisition and aphasia: same problem, different solutionsevidence from Dutch. Author(s): Zuckerman S, Bastiaanse R, van Zonneveld R. Source: Brain and Language. 2001 June; 77(3): 449-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11386709&dopt=Abstract
•
Verb retrieval and sentence production in aphasia. Author(s): Marshall J, Pring T, Chiat S. Source: Brain and Language. 1998 June 15; 63(2): 159-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9654430&dopt=Abstract
•
Visible changes in lesion borders on CT scan after five years poststroke, and longterm recovery in aphasia. Author(s): Naeser MA, Palumbo CL, Prete MN, Fitzpatrick PM, Mimura M, Samaraweera R, Albert ML. Source: Brain and Language. 1998 March; 62(1): 1-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9570876&dopt=Abstract
•
When ottoman is easier than chair: an inverse frequency effect in jargon aphasia. Author(s): Marshall J, Pring T, Chiat S, Robson J. Source: Cortex. 2001 February; 37(1): 33-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11292160&dopt=Abstract
Studies
95
•
Why does monitoring fail in jargon aphasia? comprehension, judgment, and therapy evidence. Author(s): Marshall J, Robson J, Pring T, Chiat S. Source: Brain and Language. 1998 June 1; 63(1): 79-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9642022&dopt=Abstract
•
Working memory and aphasia. Author(s): Caspari I, Parkinson SR, LaPointe LL, Katz RC. Source: Brain and Cognition. 1998 July; 37(2): 205-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9665743&dopt=Abstract
•
Written communication in undifferentiated jargon aphasia: a therapy study. Author(s): Robson J, Pring T, Marshall J, Morrison S, Chiat S. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 1998 July-September; 33(3): 305-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10326042&dopt=Abstract
97
CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND APHASIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and aphasia.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Aphasia The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “aphasia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
98
Aphasia
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “aphasia” (or a synonym): •
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of bromocriptine in nonfluent aphasia. Author(s): Department of Behavioral Neurology, Raul Carrea Institute of Neurological Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Source: Sabe, L Salvarezza, F Garcia Cuerva, A Leiguarda, R Starkstein, S Neurology. 1995 December; 45(12): 2272-4 0028-3878
•
Acquired aphasia with convulsive disorder: a pervasive developmental disorder variant. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, New York Hospital--Cornell Medical Center, New York. Source: Nass, R Petrucha, D J-Child-Neurol. 1990 October; 5(4): 327-8 0883-0738
•
An open-label trial of bromocriptine in nonfluent aphasia. Author(s): Institute of Neurological Research Raul Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Source: Sabe, L Leiguarda, R Starkstein, S E Neurology. 1992 August; 42(8): 1637-8 00283878
•
Axonal injury within language network in primary progressive aphasia. Author(s): Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom.
[email protected] Source: Catani, M Piccirilli, M Cherubini, A Tarducci, R Sciarma, T Gobbi, G Pelliccioli, G Petrillo, S M Senin, U Mecocci, P Ann-Neurol. 2003 February; 53(2): 242-7 0364-5134
•
Bromocriptine and speech therapy in non-fluent chronic aphasia after stroke. Author(s): Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Roma La Sapienza, Italy. Source: Bragoni, M Altieri, M Di Piero, V Padovani, A Mostardini, C Lenzi, G L NeurolSci. 2000 February; 21(1): 19-22 1590-1874
•
Bromocriptine is ineffective in the treatment of chronic nonfluent aphasia. Author(s): Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Cukurova University, Balcali, Adana, Turkey. Source: Ozeren, A Sarica, Y Mavi, H Demirkiran, M Acta-Neurol-Belg. 1995 December; 95(4): 235-8 0300-9009
•
Bromocriptine treatment of nonfluent aphasia. Author(s): Neurology Service, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA. Source: Gupta, S R Mlcoch, A G Scolaro, C Moritz, T Neurology. 1995 December; 45(12): 2170-3 0028-3878
•
Bromocriptine-induced dystonia in patients with aphasia and hemiparesis. Author(s): Raul Carrea Institute of Neurological Research, Fundacion para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurologicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina. Source: Leiguarda, R Merello, M Sabe, L Starkstein, S Neurology. 1993 November; 43(11): 2319-22 0028-3878
•
Comparative observations on the curative results of the treatment of central aphasia by puncturing the yumen point versus conventional acupuncture methods. Author(s): 266th PLA Hospital. Source: Zhang, Z Zhao, C J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1990 December; 10(4): 260-3 0254-6272
•
Corticosteroid-responsive postmalaria encephalopathy characterized by motor aphasia, myoclonus, and postural tremor. Author(s): Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland.
Nutrition
99
Source: Schnorf, H Diserens, K Schnyder, H Chofflon, M Loutan, L Chaves, V Landis, T Arch-Neurol. 1998 March; 55(3): 417-20 0003-9942 •
Effects of bromocriptine in a patient with crossed nonfluent aphasia: a case report. Author(s): Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.
[email protected] Source: Raymer, A M Bandy, D Adair, J C Schwartz, R L Williamson, D J Gonzalez Rothi, L J Heilman, K M Arch-Phys-Med-Rehabil. 2001 January; 82(1): 139-44 0003-9993
•
Efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of post-stroke aphasia. Source: Zhang, Z J J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1989 June; 9(2): 87-9 0254-6272
•
Low erythrocyte zinc content in acquired aphasia with convulsive disorder (LandauKleffner syndrome). Source: Lerman Sagie, T Statter, M Lerman, P J-Child-Neurol. 1987 January; 2(1): 28-30 0883-0738
•
Motor aphasia due to prolonged hypoglycaemic coma in a patient with insulindependent diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Kusatsu Branch Hospital, Gunma University Hospital, Japan. Source: Kurabayashi, H Kubota, K Tamura, K Akiba, T Shirakura, T J-Int-Med-Res. 1996 Nov-December; 24(6): 487-91 0300-0605
•
Pharmacotherapy for aphasia. Author(s): Department of Neurology, Boston University Medical School, MA. Source: Albert, M L Bachman, D L Morgan, A Helm Estabrooks, N Neurology. 1988 June; 38(6): 877-9 0028-3878
•
Postictal mixed transcortical aphasia. Author(s): Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel. Source: Yankovsky, A E Treves, T A Seizure. 2002 June; 11(4): 278-9 1059-1311
•
Reversible aphasic disorder induced by lamotrigine in atypical benign childhood epilepsy. Author(s): Neuropsichiatria Infantile, UCSC, Policlinico Gemelli, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy. Source: Battaglia, D Iuvone, L Stefanini, M C Acquafondata, C Lettori, D Chiricozzi, F Pane, M Mittica, A Guzzetta, F Epileptic-Disord. 2001 December; 3(4): 217-22 1294-9361
•
The case of the lawyer's lugubrious language: dysarthria plus primary progressive aphasia or dysarthria plus dementia? Author(s): Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. Source: McNeil, M R Semin-Speech-Lang. 1998; 19(1): 49-57; quiz 57-8 0734-0478
•
The effect of acupuncture on apoplectic aphasia. Source: Zhang, Z J J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1989 September; 9(3): 169-70 0254-6272
•
Transient motor aphasia and recurrent partial seizures in a child: language recovery upon seizure control. Author(s): Neuropediatric Department, Hospital Saint Vincent de Paul, University Rene Descartes, Paris, France. Source: Jambaque, I Chiron, C Kaminska, A Plouin, P Dulac, O J-Child-Neurol. 1998 June; 13(6): 296-300 0883-0738
•
Treatment of acquired epileptic aphasia with the ketogenic diet. Author(s): Pediatric Regional Epilepsy Program, Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
[email protected]
100
Aphasia
Source: Bergqvist, A G Chee, C M Lutchka, L M Brooks Kayal, A R J-Child-Neurol. 1999 November; 14(11): 696-701 0883-0738
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
•
The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
•
The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
•
The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
•
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
•
Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
•
Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
101
CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND APHASIA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to aphasia. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to aphasia and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “aphasia” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to aphasia: •
A comparison of relaxation training and syntax stimulation for chronic nonfluent aphasia. Author(s): Murray LL, Heather Ray A. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 2001 January-April; 34(1-2): 87-113. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11322572&dopt=Abstract
•
An evaluation of short-term group therapy for people with aphasia. Author(s): Brumfitt SM, Sheeran P. Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 1997 June; 19(6): 221-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9195139&dopt=Abstract
•
An on-line analysis of syntactic processing in Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia. Author(s): Zurif E, Swinney D, Prather P, Solomon J, Bushell C.
102
Aphasia
Source: Brain and Language. 1993 October; 45(3): 448-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8269334&dopt=Abstract •
Aphasia and dementia in childhood chronic lead encephalopathy: a curable form of acquired mental impairment. Author(s): Romano C, Grossi-Bianchi ML. Source: Panminerva Medica. 1968 November; 10(11): 448-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4974667&dopt=Abstract
•
Aphasia in bilinguals. Author(s): Ramamurthi B, Chari P. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1993; 56: 59-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8498202&dopt=Abstract
•
Aphasia management considered in the context of the World Health Organization model of disablements. Author(s): Rogers MA, Alarcon NB, Olswang LB. Source: Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 1999 November; 10(4): 907-23, Ix. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10573715&dopt=Abstract
•
Aphasia rehabilitation resulting from melodic intonation therapy. Author(s): Sparks R, Helm N, Albert M. Source: Cortex. 1974 December; 10(4): 303-16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4452250&dopt=Abstract
•
Aphasia: a care study. Author(s): Stewart J, Creed J. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1994 March 10-23; 3(5): 2269. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8173267&dopt=Abstract
•
Application of binaural beat phenomenon with aphasic patients. Author(s): Barr DF, Mullin TA, Herbert PS. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1977 April; 103(4): 192-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=849195&dopt=Abstract
•
Averaged encephalic response of aphasics to linguistic and nonlinguistic auditory stimuli. Author(s): Greenberg HJ, Metting PJ. Source: Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 1974 March; 17(1): 113-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4364036&dopt=Abstract
Alternative Medicine 103
•
Comparative observations on the curative results of the treatment of central aphasia by puncturing the yumen point versus conventional acupuncture methods. Author(s): Zhang Z, Zhao C. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1990 December; 10(4): 260-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1703612&dopt=Abstract
•
CT scan lesion localization and response to melodic intonation therapy with nonfluent aphasia cases. Author(s): Naeser MA, Helm-Estabrooks N. Source: Cortex. 1985 June; 21(2): 203-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4028738&dopt=Abstract
•
Developmental aphasia: impaired rate of non-verbal processing as a function of sensory modality. Author(s): Tallal P, Piercy M. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1973 October; 11(4): 389-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4758181&dopt=Abstract
•
Drawing together: evaluation of a therapy programme for severe aphasia. Author(s): Sacchett C, Byng S, Marshall J, Pound C. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 1999 July-September; 34(3): 265-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10884902&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of auditory prestimulation on naming in aphasia. Author(s): Podraza BL, Darley FL. Source: Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 1977 December; 20(4): 669-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=604681&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of restricted cortical lesions on absolute thresholds and aphasia-like deficits in Japanese macaques. Author(s): Heffner HE, Heffner RS. Source: Behavioral Neuroscience. 1989 February; 103(1): 158-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2923669&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of hypnosis and imagery training on naming behavior in aphasia. Author(s): Thompson CK, Hall HR, Sison CE. Source: Brain and Language. 1986 May; 28(1): 141-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3719294&dopt=Abstract
•
Efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of post-stroke aphasia. Author(s): Zhang ZJ.
104
Aphasia
Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1989 June; 9(2): 87-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2476636&dopt=Abstract •
Electromagnetic articulography treatment for an adult with Broca's aphasia and apraxia of speech. Author(s): Katz WF, Bharadwaj SV, Carstens B. Source: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : Jslhr. 1999 December; 42(6): 1355-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10599618&dopt=Abstract
•
Espousing melodic intonation therapy in aphasia rehabilitation: a case study. Author(s): Goldfarb R, Bader E. Source: International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue Internationale De Recherches De Readaptation. 1979; 2(3): 333-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=541150&dopt=Abstract
•
Family adjustment to aphasia. Author(s): Davis GA. Source: Asha. 1990 November; 32(11): 63-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2282087&dopt=Abstract
•
Melodic intonation therapy in the verbal decoding of aphasics. Author(s): Popovici M. Source: Rom J Neurol Psychiatry. 1995 January-March; 33(1): 57-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7547372&dopt=Abstract
•
Memory disorders in aphasia--I. Auditory immediate recall. Author(s): Gordon WP. Source: Neuropsychologia. 1983; 21(4): 325-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6621861&dopt=Abstract
•
On-line syntactic processing in aphasia: studies with auditory moving window presentation. Author(s): Caplan D, Waters G. Source: Brain and Language. 2003 February; 84(2): 222-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590913&dopt=Abstract
•
Optic aphasia, optic apraxia, and loss of dreaming. Author(s): Pena-Casanova J, Roig-Rovira T, Bermudez A, Tolosa-Sarro E.
Alternative Medicine 105
Source: Brain and Language. 1985 September; 26(1): 63-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2413956&dopt=Abstract •
Profiling the membership of self-help groups for aphasic people. Author(s): Code C, Eales C, Pearl G, Conan M, Cowin K, Hickin J. Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 2001; 36 Suppl: 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340822&dopt=Abstract
•
Recovery from nonfluent aphasia after melodic intonation therapy: a PET study. Author(s): Belin P, Van Eeckhout P, Zilbovicius M, Remy P, Francois C, Guillaume S, Chain F, Rancurel G, Samson Y. Source: Neurology. 1996 December; 47(6): 1504-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8960735&dopt=Abstract
•
Rehabilitative potentialities and successes of aphasia therapy in children and young people after cerebrotraumatic lesions (author's transl)] Author(s): Emich IF. Source: Die Rehabilitation. 1980 August; 19(3): 151-9. German. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6157181&dopt=Abstract
•
Relaxation training: effects on the communicative ability of aphasic adults. Author(s): Marshall RC, Watts MT. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1976 October; 57(10): 464-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=788675&dopt=Abstract
•
Semantic processing without conscious understanding in a global aphasic: evidence from auditory event-related brain potentials. Author(s): Revonsuo A, Laine M. Source: Cortex. 1996 March; 32(1): 29-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8697750&dopt=Abstract
•
Singing as therapy for apraxia of speech and aphasia: report of a case. Author(s): Keith RL, Aronson AE. Source: Brain and Language. 1975 October; 2(4): 483-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1218380&dopt=Abstract
•
Supporting Partners of People with Aphasia in Relationships and Cconversation (SPPARC). Author(s): Lock S, Wilkinson R, Bryan K, Maxim J, Edmundson A, Bruce C, Moir D.
106
Aphasia
Source: International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. 2001; 36 Suppl: 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340791&dopt=Abstract •
The case of the lawyer's lugubrious language: dysarthria plus primary progressive aphasia or dysarthria plus dementia? Author(s): McNeil MR. Source: Seminars in Speech and Language. 1998; 19(1): 49-57; Quiz 57-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9519392&dopt=Abstract
•
The Cincinnati Communications Club- a community solution to needs of the chronic aphasic. Author(s): Ambroe ME. Source: Asha. 1974 December; 16(12): 739-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4458684&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of acupuncture on apoplectic aphasia. Author(s): Zhang ZJ. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1989 September; 9(3): 169-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2482395&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of hyperbaric oxygen on communication function in adults with aphasia secondary to stroke. Author(s): Sarno MT, Sarno JE, Diller L. Source: Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 1972 March; 15(1): 42-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5012810&dopt=Abstract
•
The effects of single versus combined cue presentations on picture naming by aphasic adults. Author(s): Weidner WE, Jinks AF. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 1983 March; 16(2): 111-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6190846&dopt=Abstract
•
The interactive nature of auditory comprehension in aphasia. Author(s): Pierce RS, DeStefano CC. Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 1987 February; 20(1): 15-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3819000&dopt=Abstract
•
The perception of stress as a semantic cue in aphasia. Author(s): Blumstein S, Goodglass H.
Alternative Medicine 107
Source: Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 1972 December; 15(4): 800-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4672047&dopt=Abstract •
The word. A neurologist's view on aphasia. Author(s): Hurwitz LJ. Source: Gerontol Clin (Basel). 1971; 13(5): 307-19. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5113982&dopt=Abstract
•
To what extent are the cognitive performances of Wernicke's aphasics disturbed by their own vocalizations? Author(s): Gandha I, Dahmen W, Hartje W, Willmes K, Weniger D. Source: Brain and Cognition. 1983 January; 2(1): 12-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6546009&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of acquired aphasia. Author(s): Darley FL. Source: Adv Neurol. 1975; 7: 111-45. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1090128&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of acquired epileptic aphasia with the ketogenic diet. Author(s): Bergqvist AG, Chee CM, Lutchka LM, Brooks-Kayal AR. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 1999 November; 14(11): 696-701. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10593544&dopt=Abstract
•
Upper extremity sensory feedback therapy in chronic cerebrovascular accident patients with impaired expressive aphasia and auditory comprehension. Author(s): Balliet R, Levy B, Blood KM. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1986 May; 67(5): 304-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3518658&dopt=Abstract
•
Wh interrogative production in agrammatic aphasia: an experimental analysis of auditory-visual stimulation and direct-production treatment. Author(s): Thompson CK, McReynolds LV. Source: Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 1986 June; 29(2): 193-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3724112&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
108
Aphasia
•
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
•
Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
•
drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
•
HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to aphasia; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Aphasia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stroke Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
•
Chinese Medicine Huatuo Zaizao Wan Alternative names: Huatuo Zaizao Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Shixiang Fansheng Wan Alternative names: Shixiang Fansheng Pills; Shixiang Fansheng Wan (Shi Xiang Fan Sheng Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page
Alternative Medicine 109
dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
111
CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON APHASIA Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to aphasia. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “aphasia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on aphasia, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Aphasia ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to aphasia. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
A Comparative Study of the Overall Validity of Tests Used for the Assessment of Bilingual/polyglot Aphasia with Particular Emphasis in German-English by Migliozzi-Kulik, Ria-Margret, EDD from University of San Francisco, 1988, 356 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8900603
•
A Comparison of Spoken Language Abilities in Children with Aphasia, Autism, Learning Disabilities, and Normal Language Abilities by McDonough, Dayle Davis, PhD from University of New Orleans, 1986, 162 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8625151
•
A Cross-Linguistic Study of Verb Inflections in Agrammatism (Icelandic, Hindi, Finnish, Morphology, Aphasia) by Lorch, Marjorie Perlman, PhD from Boston University, 1986, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8602739
112
Aphasia
•
A Method of Assessing Nonverbal Communication in Global Aphasia by Glickstein, Joan Katz, PhD from University of Pittsburgh, 1979, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8004859
•
A Multivariate Comparison of Schuell's, Howes', Weisenburg and McBride's and Wepman's Types of Aphasia by Crockett, David James; PhD from University of Victoria (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK14917
•
A Neurolinguistic Analysis of Paragrammatism: A Study of Three Hindi Aphasics by Bhatnagar, Subhash Chandra, PhD from The University of Rochester, 1979, 232 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8014318
•
A Neurolinguistic Description of Neologistic Jargon Aphasia. by Buckingham, Hugh Woodstock, Jr., PhD from The University of Rochester, 1974, 235 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7515195
•
A Psycholinguistic Appraisal of Nonfluent Aphasia: A Case Study by Dunlap, Anne Austin, PhD from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1981, 213 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8114667
•
A Semantic Analysis of Spontaneous Speech in Anomic Aphasia. by Gordon, Karen Anne, PhD from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1975, 599 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7601440
•
Amnesic Aphasia and Goldstein's Holistic Method: An Epistemological Study by Di Piazza, Joseph Salvatore; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK20594
•
An Acoustic and Perceptual Investigation of Anticipatory Coarticulation in Aphasia by Katz, William Franklin, PhD from Brown University, 1987, 135 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8715518
•
An Acoustic Investigation of Vowel Production in Aphasia (Phonetic) by Ryalls, John Herman, PhD from Brown University, 1984, 164 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8422475
•
An Analysis of the Results of a Sign Language Training Program on Selected Aphasic Children: As a Function of Degree of Aphasia, Chronological Age, and Intelligence. by Phillips, Gail Sheila Mann, EDD from The American University, 1973, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7517483
•
An Experimental Analysis of Present Tense Auxiliary and Copula Verb Generalization in Aphasia by Kearns, Kevin Patrick, PhD from University of Kansas, 1979, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8014386
•
An Exploratory Study Investigating Two Methods of Teaching Word Recognition to Aphasic/Severely Language Disordered Children by Dimeo, John Frederick, PhD from The University of Connecticut, 1982, 144 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8300126
•
An Investigation of Metalinguistic Judgments in Broca's Aphasia by ThompsonSmith, Tina, PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1989, 240 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8916314
Dissertations 113
•
Aphasia: Some Neurological, Anthropological and Postmodern Implications of Disturbed Speech (Neurological Implications, Anthropological Implications) by Doody, Rachelle Smith, PhD from Rice University, 1992, 216 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9234359
•
Auditory Recognition of Brand Name Nouns in Patients with Aphasia by Kinczel, Kristen M. K., MS from Mgh Institute of Health Professions, 2003, 77 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1414199
•
Both Lexicons (Derivation, Inflection, Aphasia) by Golston, Chris, PhD from University of California, Los Angeles, 1991, 302 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9205974
•
Changes in Depression and Self-Esteem of Spouses of Stroke Patients with Aphasia As a Result of Group Counseling by Emerson, Roger Walter, PhD from Oregon State University, 1980, 100 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8005612
•
Changes of Connotative and Denotative Meaning Associated with Aphasia by Dudley, John G; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK23061
•
Coherence Disturbances in Aphasia: The Assessment of Relevance by Christiansen, Julie Ann, PhD from Boston University, 1994, 219 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9416160
•
Cohesion and Coherence in Aphasic Conversational Discourse by Pietrosemoli, Lourdes E., PhD from Georgetown University, 1998, 280 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9924383
•
Controlled Priming Effects Via Manipulating the Relatedness Proportion in Nonfluent Aphasia (Aphasia) by Bushell, Camille Marie, PhD from City University of New York, 1993, 91 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9325072
•
Derivational Morphology in Agrammatic Aphasia: Evidence from an Oral Reading Task by Mathews, Pamela Joan, PhD from City University of New York, 2003, 190 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3103144
•
Dyspragmia in Wernicke's Aphasia and Alzheimer's Disease: an Investigation in Clinical Pragmatics by Beach, Woodford Ascher, PhD from The University of Chicago, 2002, 416 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3070156
•
Generative Phonology--Evidence from Aphasia by Schnitzer, Marc Leonard, PhD from The University of Rochester, 1971, 205 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7200762
•
Implications of Aphasia on Communicative Abilities by Feldman, Mona A., PhD from Georgetown University, 1990, 271 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9122115
•
Influence of the Stimulus on Verbal and Nonverbal Responses by Individuals with and without Aphasia by De Riesthal, Michael Robert, PhD from Vanderbilt University, 2003, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085754
114
Aphasia
•
Intra-Lexical Noun-Verb Dissociations: Evidence from Chinese Aphasia by Chen, Sylvia Shengyun, PhD from University of Southern California, 1997, 258 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9835107
•
Landscapes of Competence: A Case Study of Literacy Practices and Processes in the Life of a Man with Aphasia by Garcia Obregon, Andrea, PhD from The University of Arizona, 2002, 313 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3073224
•
Lexical Retrieval Disturbances in a Conduction Aphasic (Closed-Class Vocabulary) by Cain, Eileen, PhD from University of Hawaii, 1986, 319 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8707013
•
Linguistic Factors in Word Recognition in Aphasia. by Seguin, Margaret Elizabeth Welser, PhD from The University of Michigan, 1977, 171 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7718113
•
Morphological Deficits in Agrammatic Aphasia: a Comparative Linguistic Study by Kehayia, Eva, PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1990, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN63491
•
Naming Deficits in Anomia and Aphasia: Implications for Models of Semantic and Lexical Organization. by Buhr, Robert Drake, PhD from Brown University, 1978, 228 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7906524
•
Normal and Pathological Breakdown in Arabic (Aphasia, Slips of the Tongue) by Safistagni, Sabah, PhD from The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1992, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9301102
•
On the Representation of Language in the Human Brain: Problems in the Neurology of Language and the Linguistic Analysis of Aphasia by Whitaker, Harry Allen, PhD from University of California, Los Angeles, 1969, 180 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7008252
•
Parameter Setting: Evidence from Use, Acquisition, and Breakdown in American Sign Language (Null Arguments, Aphasia, Syntax) by Lillo-martin, Diane Carolyn, PhD from University of California, San Diego, 1986, 276 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8705634
•
Phonological Impairment in Aphasia: A Distinctive Feature Analysis of a Repetition Task by Martin, Albert Damien, EDD from Columbia University, 1972, 334 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7230336
•
Picture Naming and Verification in Aphasic and Neurologically Normal Bilingual Speakers of Spanish and English by Munoz, Maria Lucia; PhD from The University of Texas at Austin, 2001, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3008401
•
Processing of Lexical and Environmental Stimuli in Aphasia by Ogburn Yeager, Amy Catherine, PhD from University of South Alabama, 2003, 173 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091197
•
Rapid Linguistic Recovery from Aphasia by Draizar, Andrea Michele, PhD from The Pennsylvania State University, 1982, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8218896
Dissertations 115
•
Reacquisition Rates and Predicting Performance in Aphasia Treatment by Matthews, Barbara Ann Johnson, PhD from University of Florida, 1982, 233 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8226412
•
Reaction-times of Severe Broca's Aphasics to Monaurally Presented Verbal and Musical Stimuli by Rastatter, Michael Pierre, PhD from Bowling Green State University, 1980, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8106893
•
Scripts As Knowledge Representation: Evidence from Two Case Studies of Aphasia by Speicher, Barbara Lynn, PhD from Northwestern University, 1988, 280 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8902700
•
Serial Position in Auditory Verbal Short-term Memory among Conduction, Broca's and Anomic Aphasics by Kaufman, Gale, PhD from City University of New York, 1982, 201 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8222952
•
Syntactic and Symbolic Abilities in Alzheimer's Disease (Aphasia, Grammar) by Kempler, Daniel, PhD from University of California, Los Angeles, 1984, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8428531
•
Syntactic Aspects of the Production of Verbal Inflection in Aphasia by Cahanaamitay, Dalia, PhD from Boston University, 1997, 228 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9705307
•
Syntactic Processing in Aphasia (Agrammatism) by Baum, Shari R., PhD from Brown University, 1986, 164 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8617539
•
Tense-Modality-Aspect in Agrammatism: a Systemic Analysis of Verb Deficit (Aphasia) by Stapp, Yvonne Freund, PhD from Georgetown University, 1990, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9135872
•
The Anthropological Dimension in the Rehabilitation of Aphasics (Volumes I and II) by Vroman, Georgine Marie S., PhD from New School for Social Research, 1979, 391 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8017737
•
The Dative-Accusative Case Opposition in Slavic Languages: Evidence from Aphasia by Vakareliyska, Cynthia Marilyn, PhD from Harvard University, 1990, 329 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9113228
•
The Impact of the Veterans' Medical Care System on the Growth of Speech Pathology during the Years 1898-1983 (VA, Aphasia, Therapy) by Ballew, Laurie Kay, EDD from Peabody College for Teachers of Vanderbilt University, 1983, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8412718
•
The Interactive Effects of Syntax, Pragmatics and Task Difficulty in Aphasic Language Comprehension by Leslie, Claudia Marie, PhD from Columbia University, 1981, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8113528
•
The Production of ASL Signs (Aphasia, Deafness) by Whittemore, Gregory Lynn, PhD from The University of Texas at Austin, 1987, 236 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8717569
116
Aphasia
•
The Relationship between Anxiety and Children's Performance on the Reitan-Indiana Aphasia Screening Test by Kirkendall, Darrin John, PhD from Ball State University, 1997, 88 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9738289
•
The Response of an Apparently Non-Neurologically Damaged Geriatric Population to a Test for Aphasia. by Rosedale, Marilyne Yvonne, PhD from University of Pittsburgh, 1966, 63 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6613883
•
The Right Cerebral Hemisphere: Its Role in Linguistic Processing in Aphasia. by Moore, Walter H., Jr., PhD from Kent State University, 1973, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7407327
•
The Role of the Central Executive and Working Memory during Non-Lexical Reading: Evidence from a Case of Non-Fluent Primary Progressive Aphasia by Dowhaniuk, Mark Oliver, PhD from University of Waterloo (Canada), 2003, 209 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ82985
•
The Use of Native Language on Performance of Reitan-Indiana Aphasia Screening Test (Aphasia Testing, Farsi) by Vahedian, Ahmad, PhD from The University of Arizona, 1991, 105 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9123158
•
Thematic Role Assignment in Indonesian: A Case Study of Agrammatic Aphasia by Postman, Whitney Anne, PhD from Cornell University, 2002, 562 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3050397
•
Vowel Errors in Aphasia by Keller, Eric; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK32923
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
117
CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND APHASIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning aphasia.
Recent Trials on Aphasia The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to aphasia.5 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
AERs in Aphasia: Severity and Improvement Condition(s): Stroke Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Department of Veterans Affairs Purpose - Excerpt: Over one million persons in the United States are aphasic subsequent to a stroke. Most of the individuals improve through spontaneous recovery and treatment. However, there are no precise methods for predicting which patients will improve and, for those who do, how much improvement will occur. There is a need to improve prognostic precision in aphasia. The purpose of this investigation is to test the precision of auditory evoked responses (AERs) to provide a prognosis for improvement in aphasia subsequent to a left hemisphere thromboembolic infarct. We hypothesize that the presence, absence, and pattern of the AER responses will predict severity of aphasia and prognosis for improvement. Phonemic, phonologic, semantic, and syntactic language tasks will be used to elicit AERs, including the auditory late response, the mismatch negativity response (MMN), the N400, and the P600. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00013442
5
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
118
Aphasia
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “aphasia” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
•
For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
•
For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
•
For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
•
For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
•
For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
•
For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
•
For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
•
For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
•
For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
•
For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
•
For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
•
For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
Clinical Trials 119
•
For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
•
For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
121
CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON APHASIA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.6 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “aphasia” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on aphasia, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Aphasia By performing a patent search focusing on aphasia, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
6Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
122
Aphasia
will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on aphasia: •
Instrument for musical therapy Inventor(s): Kogure; Kyuya (Fukaya, JP), Nagase; Kenji (17-16, Waseda 7-chome, Misato, Saitama-ken, JP) Assignee(s): Nagase; Kenji (jp) Patent Number: 5,902,946 Date filed: August 8, 1996 Abstract: A musical instrument for musical therapy which stimulates and urges patients suffering from dementia, aphasia, and other functional disorders of the brain to voluntarily play and to sing a song comprises an indicating part for displaying the lyrics of a song or other musical indicia in a predetermined pattern, an operating panel, and a scale generator. The indicating part is mounted upon the operating panel, which is provided with a plurality of switch elements arranged in physical alignment with the respective lyrics of the song or other musical indicia. The plural switch elements are connected to the scale generator such that a musical tone or voice signal is output by the scale generator in accordance with a selected switch element. By use of the inventive device, a patient is stimulated and urged to sing the song when the patient successively activates the switch elements corresponding to the displayed lyrics of the song. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a musical instrument and, more particularly, to a musical therapy instrument for assisting in the development of verbal and musical skills in children, for the rehabilitation of such skills in the elderly, and for the treatment of patients suffering from disorders such as dementia, aphasia, and other functional disorders of the brain. The beneficial effects of musical therapy in the development of verbal and musical skills in children, in the reconstruction of the speech faculty and memory of the elderly, and in the treatment of patients suffering from disorders such as dementia, aphasia, and other functional disorders of the brain, have been widely recognized. It is well known that musical therapy has significant beneficial effects in the treatment of such disorders, and this is especially so when songs familiar to and enjoyed by the patient are used during administration of the therapy. For example, in patients suffering from dementia, musical therapy has been demonstrated to be an effective and useful therapy widely administered to assist such patients in the recovery of his or her sense of reality and to enable the patient to return to active life. In such cases, the therapy has an uplifting and positive effect on the patient, and serves to stimulate the patient's desire and ability to regain forgotten memories by use of cognitive associative functions enabled when the patient is urged to listen to or sing a song familiar to and enjoyed by him or her. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05902946__
Patents 123
•
Intraocular crystalline lens Inventor(s): Benchev; Dimiter V. (Sofia, BG), Dyakov; Nikola G. (Sofia, BG), Guguchkova-Yanchuleva; Pravoslava T. (Sofia, BG) Assignee(s): V T P "maimex" (sofia, Bg) Patent Number: 4,710,196 Date filed: September 5, 1985 Abstract: An intraocular crystalline lens to be used for intraocular correction of operational aphasia after the removal of the opaque natural crystalline lens. The intraocular crystalline lens comprises a lenticular body with frontal and lateral apertures and, parallel to one another. The lenticular body is connected with two identical and symmetrically elastic asymmetric elements which come from the lenticular body for contact with the supporting eye surface having two parallel straight extreme parts, the ends of which are inserted in the apertures of the lenticular body. Excerpt(s): This application is a National Phase corresponding to PCT/BG85/0001, filed Jan. 4, 1985 and based, in turn, upon a Bulgarian application 63804 filed Jan. 5, 1984 under the International Convention. This invention relates to an intraocular crystalline lens and can be used in medicine for intraocular correction of operational aphalsia after extraction of the opaque natural crystalline lens. An intraocular crystalline lens is known (see U.K. Pat. No. 2,118,841) which comprises a lenticular body with frontal and lateral apertures which are parallel to one another. The lenticular body is connected with two identical elastic asymmetric elements which are symmetrically disposed with respect to the center of the body, these elements extending from the lenticular body for contact with the supporting eye surface. The asymmetric elements have two parallel extreme parts, the ends of which are inserted in the lateral apertures of the lenticular body. Each elastic element consists of three consecutively connected sectors of which the middle one is supporting and the remaining two are connecting. The supporting sector consists of two steps which are separated by a concave arc. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04710196__
Patent Applications on Aphasia As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.7 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to aphasia: •
Procedures to prevent Alzheimer's or enhance recovery from brain damage by use of procedures that enhance REM sleep Inventor(s): Dewan, Edmond M.; (Lexington, MA) Correspondence: William G. Auton; Esc/jaz; 40 Wright Street; Hanscom Afb; MA; 01731-2903; US Patent Application Number: 20030150465 Date filed: July 13, 2001
7
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
124
Aphasia
Abstract: A brain damaged patient who is improving will have a higher percentage of REM sleep than one who is not. The improvement we studied is that occurring over a period of weeks and months, so it cannot be attributed to the return of function of temporarily damaged, but not destroyed, brain tissue. Improvement was therefore to be considered as new learning or programming. Patients suffering from aphasia as the result of a discrete cerebrovascular accident or of trauma are able to enhance their improvement by increasing amounts of REM sleep inducing activities (such as having a regular sleep schedule with a systematic schedule of phase changes in circadian rhythms) and diminishing REM sleep reducers such as caffeine, noise or a use of tranquilizers. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to recovery from brain disorders and more specifically to a procedure to enhance REM sleep. Alzheimer's Disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting 7% of the population over 65 years of age and characterized clinically by progressive loss of intellectual function. This impairment of function is caused by the presence of neuritic plaques in the neocortex and the loss of presynaptic markers of cholinergic neurons. Neuritic plaques are composed of degenerative axons and nerve terminals, often surrounding an amyloid core and usually containing reactive glial elements. Another characteristic pathologic feature of Alzheimer's Disease is the neurofibrillary tangle, which is an intraneuronal mass which corresponds to an accumulation of abnormally phosphorylated tau protein polymerized into fibrillar structures termed paired helical filaments. In addition, the neurofibrillary tangle also contains highly phosphorylated neurofilament proteins. Even the earliest papers on Alzheimer's Disease were clear that both "senile" plaques and neurofibrillary tangles had to be present in abundance to allow a post-mortem diagnosis of the disease. Many treatments for recovery from brain disorders center around the presumption of chemical agents. An example of this approach is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,878, May 8, 2001, Methods for treating or preventing Alzheimer's disease using substituted 2-aryl-3-morpholinopropa- nones, DeBernardis, John, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. An alternative to prescriptive chemical agents is using procedures to enhance REM sleep, as described below. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with aphasia, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “aphasia” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on aphasia. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning aphasia. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
125
CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON APHASIA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to aphasia. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on aphasia include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “aphasia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on aphasia: •
Coping with Aphasia Source: San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1998. 462 p. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1879105756. Summary: This book explains the nature of aphasia, a communication disorder that can disrupt the lives of not only those with aphasia but their families as well. The author describes in clear detail what the person with aphasia confronts over a duration of several years, and provides constructive advice to people with aphasia, their loved ones, caregivers, and therapists. Fourteen chapters cover a definition of aphasia; what to expect; the stages of hospitalization, rehabilitation, and formal care; how the brain handles speech, language, and communication changes due to aphasia; the causes of
126
Aphasia
aphasia; what may accompany aphasia and what can be done to minimize further injury; and living life productively in spite of aphasia. The book includes four appendices: a glossary of terms; a list of printed resource materials; a list of national, state, and international agencies associated with stroke and aphasia; and a list of agencies or businesses providing technical or treatment-related assistance, materials, or aids. The book concludes with a subject index. •
Living with Aphasia: Psychosocial Issues Source: San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1992. 305 p. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $47.50 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565930673. Summary: This book explores the psychosocial issues of living with aphasia. Sixteen chapters are presented in five sections: introspection; the person with aphasia; the person with aphasia and treatment; the family; and the person with aphasia and society. Specific topics covered include self-awareness of the problem of aphasia; the physical experience of the person with aphasia; the psychological effects of aphasia; aphasia and artistic creation; the dynamics of speech therapy; typical behavior of persons with aphasia and their families; the bilingual person with aphasia; workplace considerations; legal issues; ethical-moral dilemmas in aphasia rehabilitation; and associations for persons with aphasia. The book includes extensive quotations from people with aphasia, as well as numerous case examples.
•
Adult Aphasia Rehabilitation Source: Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. 1996. 413 p. Contact: Available from Butterworth-Heinemann. 225 Wildwood Avenue, P.O. Box 4500, Woburn, MA 01801-2041. (617) 928-2500; Fax (617) 933-6333. PRICE: $47.50 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0750695358. Summary: This book focuses on topics of practical relevance to clinicians and advanced graduate students specializing in the rehabilitation of adults who have acquired aphasia. Twenty chapters cover medical and rehabilitation management, rehabilitation funding, clinical descriptions, language assessment, basic hearing assessment, the management of aphasic individuals from culturally and linguistically diverse populations, models for treatment, treatment of auditory comprehension impairment, rehabilitation of acquired reading disorders, treatment of naming and writing impairments, augmentative and alternative communication, psychological adjustment following stroke, planning rehabilitation services for rural and remote communities, and stroke prevention. The last chapter provides a resource guide for aphasia and stroke. A subject index concludes the volume.
•
Approaches to the Treatment of Aphasia Source: San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1998. 274 p. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $49.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565938410.
Books
127
Summary: This book is a collection of reports from clinicians about the clinical management of specific individuals with aphasia. The volume presents readers with an opportunity to eavesdrop on some highly experienced clinicians as they grapple with the very real problems of helping their particular patients. The eight cases were originally presented to other clinicians at a conference in Cody, Wyoming in October 1996. The introductory chapter reviews the historical perspective of using case studies, particularly in the field of aphasia therapy. The other eight chapters each offer one case study, covering issues including a case of aphasia, apraxia of speech, and apraxia of phonation; a strategy for improving oral naming in an individual with a phonological access impairment; a cognitive approach to treatment of an aphasic patient; an experimental treatment of sentence comprehension; treating sentence production in agrammatic aphasia; treatment for letter by letter reading; alexia without agraphia; and treating real life functionality in a couple coping with severe aphasia. A final chapter summarizes the impact on clinical care of a changing health care system. Most chapters conclude with a list of references and the book concludes with a subject index. •
Aphasia Treatment: World Perspectives Source: San Diego, Ca: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1993. 377 p. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $55.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1879105640. Summary: This book is written by a group of international experts in aphasia treatment who describe their approaches to aphasia rehabilitation. Fourteen chapters cover therapy for aphasia in Italy, aphasia therapy in South Africa, aphasia therapy in Aachen, Germany, hypothesis testing and aphasia therapy (England), perspectives on aphasia intervention in French speaking Canada, the re-education of aphasics (Belgium), the concept of holistic rehabilitation of persons with aphasia (Poland), aphasia treatment in Japan, training conversation partners for aphasic adults, a multidisciplinary approach to aphasia therapy (the Netherlands), aphasia rehabilitation (Australia), different routes to aphasia therapy (Switzerland), psychosocial aspects in the treatment of adult aphasics and their families (Germany), and clinical intervention for aphasia in the United States. In describing treatment approaches in their respective countries, the authors find a common theme regarding pragmatic issues as well as a shared interest in cognitive neuropsychology. Many of the chapters refer to the World Health Organization's distinctions between disability, impairment, and handicap. Each chapter contains an extensive list of references. A subject index concludes the volume.
•
Assessment of Aphasia and Related Disorders. 2nd Ed Source: Malvern, PA: Lea and Febiger. 1983. [134 p.]. Contact: Available from Lea and Febiger. 200 Chester Field Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355-9725. (610) 251-2230. PRICE: $47.00 for complete package including the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination Booklet, 16 Test Stimulus Cards, Boston Naming Test, and Boston Naming Test Scoring Booklet. ISBN: 0812109015. Summary: This book offers some insights into the assessment of aphasia and related disorders that can serve as a bridge to relating test scores to the common aphasic syndromes recognized by neurologists. This book's opening two chapters describes aphasic disorders and the goals and rationale of the assessment procedure. Chapter 3 cites the statistical data available up to 1982. Chapter 4 describes the test procedure,
128
Aphasia
subtest by subtest, and is intended to serve as an instruction manual for the examiner. Chapter 5 describes additional, unstandardized, special language testing procedures, some of which are being investigated and others that are used informally at the Boston University Aphasia Research Center. Chapter 6 describes a supplementary nonverbal battery covering apraxia and the quantitative, visuospatial, and somatognostic problems that, in addition to language, are so often implicated. Chapter 7 describes the major aphasic syndromes, discusses some of the rare pure forms of selective aphasia, and shows how each pattern is reflected in the Aphasia Test score profile, with the help of selected case summaries. This book includes the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination and 16 stimulus cards. •
Aphasia: A Clinical Perspective Source: New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. 1996. 449 p. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press, Inc. 200 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. (800) 334-4249 or (212) 679-7300. PRICE: $49.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0195089340. Summary: This book presents an integrated analysis of the language disturbances associated with brain pathology. In examining the different types of aphasia, the authors combine two clinical approaches: the neurological and the neuropsychological. Although they stress the clinical aspects of aphasia syndromes, they also review assessment techniques, linguistic analyses, problems of aphasia classification, and frequently occurring related disorders such as alexia, agraphia, acalculia, and anomia. In addition, they examine commonly encountered speech disorders, neurobehavioral and psychiatric problems commonly associated with aphasia, and the language characteristics of aging and dementia. Rehabilitation and recovery are discussed, and a neural basis for aphasia and related problems is proposed. Topics of specific interest to communication disorders include the lateralization of language function, the language area in the brain, childhood language disorders, developmental language disorders, aphasia in special languages (i.e., sign language), vascular disorders, brain trauma, neoplasms, infections, miscellaneous causes of aphasia, localization techniques, conduction aphasia, Wernicke aphasia, and clinical testing for aphasia. A subject index concludes the volume. 1237 references. (AA-M).
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “aphasia” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “aphasia” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “aphasia” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
A Linguistic Investigation of Aphasic Chinese Speech (Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics, 18) by Jerome Lee Packard; ISBN: 0792324668; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792324668/icongroupinterna
Books
129
•
A Survey of Adult Aphasia and Related Language Disorders (2nd Edition) by G. Albyn Davis; ISBN: 0138780188; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0138780188/icongroupinterna
•
Acquired Aphasia in Children: Acquisition and Breakdown of Language in the Developing Brain (NATO Asi Series. Series D, Behavioural and Social Scien) by NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Acquired Aphasia in Children: Acqui, et al; ISBN: 0792313151; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792313151/icongroupinterna
•
Administrative Manual for the Minnesota Test for Differential Diagnosis of Aphasia by Hildred Schuell; ISBN: 0816611998; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816611998/icongroupinterna
•
Adult Aphasia by Jon Eisenson; ISBN: 0130087718; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0130087718/icongroupinterna
•
Adult Aphasia Rehabilitation by Gloriajean L. Wallace (Editor); ISBN: 0750695358; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0750695358/icongroupinterna
•
Adult Aphasia Rehabilitation: Applied Pragmatics by G. Albyn Davis, M. Jeanne Wilcox; ISBN: 0887441955; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0887441955/icongroupinterna
•
Adult Aphasia. by Harvey. Halpern; ISBN: 0672612801; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0672612801/icongroupinterna
•
Adult aphasia: assessment and treatment by Jon Eisenson; ISBN: 0390285897; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0390285897/icongroupinterna
•
Agrammatic Aphasia: A Cross-Language Narrative Sourcebook by Lise Menn (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1556190247; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556190247/icongroupinterna
•
An Introduction to the Psychology of Aphasia by Dennis C. Tanner; ISBN: 0787219231; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0787219231/icongroupinterna
•
Aphasia by Arnold Pick; ISBN: 0398026580; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398026580/icongroupinterna
•
Aphasia by Frederic L Darley, Frederick L. Darley; ISBN: 0721628796; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721628796/icongroupinterna
•
Aphasia by Libby Kumin; ISBN: 0822018160; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0822018160/icongroupinterna
•
Aphasia and Associated Disorders: Taxonomy, Localization and Recovery by Andrew Kertesz; ISBN: 0808911937; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0808911937/icongroupinterna
•
Aphasia and Brain Organization by Ivar Reinvang; ISBN: 0306419750; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306419750/icongroupinterna
•
Aphasia and Its Therapy by Anna Basso; ISBN: 0195135873; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195135873/icongroupinterna
•
Aphasia and Language: Theory to Practice by Leslie Gonzalez-Rothi (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1572305819; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572305819/icongroupinterna
130
Aphasia
•
Aphasia and Related Neurogenic Language Disorders by Leonard L. Lapointe; ISBN: 3137477026; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3137477026/icongroupinterna
•
APHASIA ASSOCIATED DISORDS by KERTESZ; ISBN: 0205101283; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0205101283/icongroupinterna
•
Aphasia Handbook for Adults and Children by Aleen Agranowitz; ISBN: 9992057742; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9992057742/icongroupinterna
•
Aphasia in Atypical Populations by Patrick Coppens (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0805817387; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805817387/icongroupinterna
•
Aphasia Rehabilitation; ISBN: 0398040249; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398040249/icongroupinterna
•
Aphasia Rehabilitation in Asia and the Pacific Region by Martha Taylor Sarno; ISBN: 0939986590; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0939986590/icongroupinterna
•
Aphasia Theranotes (Theranotes Series) by Dawn Scott Knauss; ISBN: 0761612114; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761612114/icongroupinterna
•
Aphasia Therapy Manual by Joseph C. Aurelia; ISBN: 0813421128; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813421128/icongroupinterna
•
Aphasia, Alexia and Agraphia by David Frank Benson; ISBN: 0443080410; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443080410/icongroupinterna
•
Aphasia: A Clinical Approach by John C. Rosenbek, et al; ISBN: 0890792704; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890792704/icongroupinterna
•
Aphasia: A Clinical Perspective by D. Frank Benson, Alfredo Ardila; ISBN: 0195089340; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195089340/icongroupinterna
•
Aphasia: A Pathophysiological Key to Memory Function and "Volitional" Naming by Robert Cohn; ISBN: 1560722347; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560722347/icongroupinterna
•
Aphasiology: Special Issue-Second International Aphasia Rehabilitation Congress, Goteborg, Sweden, June 1986 (Aphasiology Volume 1 No 3 May-June 87) by Chris Code (Editor), Dave J. Muller (Editor); ISBN: 0850669138; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0850669138/icongroupinterna
•
Approaches To Treatment Of Aphasia by Nancy Helm-Estabrooks (Editor), Audrey L., Ph.D. Holland (Editor); ISBN: 1565938410; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565938410/icongroupinterna
•
Aspects of Bilingual Aphasia by Michel Paradis (Editor); ISBN: 0080425704; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080425704/icongroupinterna
•
Assessment of Aphasia by Otfried Spreen, Anthony H. Risser; ISBN: 0195140753; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195140753/icongroupinterna
•
Assessment of Aphasia and Related Disorders; ISBN: 0000088889; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0000088889/icongroupinterna
•
Assessment of Bilingual Aphasia by Michel Paradis, Gary Libben; ISBN: 0898596505; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898596505/icongroupinterna
Books
131
•
Basic Level Workbook for Aphasia (William Beaumont Hospital Speech and Language Pathology) by Susan Howell Brubaker; ISBN: 081432620X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/081432620X/icongroupinterna
•
Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination: Record Booklet by Harold Goodglass, Kaplan; ISBN: 0683305611; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683305611/icongroupinterna
•
Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination: Stimulus Cardsshort Form by Harold, Ph.D. Goodglass, Edith, Ph.D. Kaplan; ISBN: 0683305646; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683305646/icongroupinterna
•
Card Materials for the Minnesota Test for Differential Diagnosis of Aphasia/Set 2 Packs by Hildred Schuell, Lawrence Benson; ISBN: 0816612005; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816612005/icongroupinterna
•
Case Studies in Aphasia Rehabilitation (For Clinicians by Clinicians Series) by Robert C. Marshall (Editor); ISBN: 0890791090; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890791090/icongroupinterna
•
Cases in Neurogenic Communicative Disorders: A Workbook: And Aphasia, Aprazia of Speech, and Dysarthria Samples: Audiotape, Manual and Test Stimul by James P. Dworkin; ISBN: 1565933109; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565933109/icongroupinterna
•
Challenging Aphasia Therapies: Broadening the Discourse and Extending the Boundaries by Judith F. Duchan (Editor), et al; ISBN: 184169505X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/184169505X/icongroupinterna
•
Characteristics of Aphasia: Brain Damage, Behavioral and Cognition: Developments in Clinical Neuropsychology by Chris Code (Editor); ISBN: 0850664462; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0850664462/icongroupinterna
•
Child Language Aphasia & Phonological Universals by Roman Jakobson; ISBN: 9027921032; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9027921032/icongroupinterna
•
Children with Acquired Aphasias by Janet Lees, B.G.R. Neville; ISBN: 1870332695; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1870332695/icongroupinterna
•
Cognitive Neuropsychology & Conversation Analysis as Guidelines for Aphasia Therapy: An Introductory Case-Based Workbook by Ruth Lesser, Lisa Perkins; ISBN: 1861560680; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1861560680/icongroupinterna
•
Communicating With Aphasic Adults: A Guide for Families and Caregivers by Thomas L. and Mueller, Peter B. Hintgen; ISBN: 0398049130; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398049130/icongroupinterna
•
Conduction Aphasia (Institute for Research in Behavioral Neuroscience) by Susan E. Kohn (Editor); ISBN: 0805806814; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805806814/icongroupinterna
•
Coping with Aphasia by Jon G. Lyon; ISBN: 1879105756; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879105756/icongroupinterna
•
Coursebook on Aphasia and Other Neurogenic Language Disorders by Mahabalagiri Hegde; ISBN: 1565938674; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565938674/icongroupinterna
132
Aphasia
•
Cry Babel: The Nightmare of Aphasia and a Courageous Woman's Struggle to Rebuild Her Life by April Oursler Armstrong; ISBN: 0385135297; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385135297/icongroupinterna
•
Diagnosing and Treating Aphasia: Alexander Luria's Approach to Brain-Behavior Relationship Video by Tsvetkova, et al; ISBN: 1878205285; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1878205285/icongroupinterna
•
Diagnosis and Treatment of Global Aphasia by Michael Collins; ISBN: 1879105233; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879105233/icongroupinterna
•
Diagnosis and Treatment of Global Aphasia; ISBN: 0887442072; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0887442072/icongroupinterna
•
Freud and His Aphasia Book: Language and the Sources of Psychoanalysis (Cornell Studies in the History of Psychiatry) by Valerie D. Greenberg; ISBN: 0801432847; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801432847/icongroupinterna
•
Grammatical Disorders in Aphasia: A Neurolinguistic Perspective by Roelien Bastiaanse (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1861561350; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1861561350/icongroupinterna
•
Introduction to Group Treatment for Aphasia: Design and Management by Robert C. Marshall; ISBN: 0750670134; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0750670134/icongroupinterna
•
Language Development and Aphasia in Children: New Essays and a Translation of Kindersprache and Aphasie by W. Rieber; ISBN: 0125882807; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0125882807/icongroupinterna
•
Language Intervention Strategies in Aphasia and Related Neurogenic Communication Disorders by Roberta Chapey (Editor); ISBN: 0781721334; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781721334/icongroupinterna
•
Linguistic Analysis of Aphasic Language (Springer Series in Neuropsychology) by J.A. Stark (Editor), Wolfgang U. Dressler; ISBN: 0387966927; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387966927/icongroupinterna
•
Linguistic Investigations of Aphasia: Studies in Disorders of Communication by Ruth Lesser; ISBN: 1870332776; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1870332776/icongroupinterna
•
Manual of Aphasia Therapy by Nancy Helm-Estabrooks; ISBN: 0316355232; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0316355232/icongroupinterna
•
Manual of Cooperative Group Treatment for Aphasia by Jan R. Avent; ISBN: 0750699213; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0750699213/icongroupinterna
•
Missing the Meaning? : A Cognitive Neuropsychological Study of Processing of Words by an Aphasic Patient by David Howard (Author), Sue Franklin (Author); ISBN: 0262081784; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0262081784/icongroupinterna
•
More Descripto-Cards for Adult Aphasia by Edna C. Young, et al; ISBN: 0761632174; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761632174/icongroupinterna
•
Neologistic Jargon Aphasia (Neurolinguistics Series: Vol 3) by H. W. Buckingham; ISBN: 9026502273; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9026502273/icongroupinterna
Books
133
•
Non-Fluent Aphasia in a Multilingual World (Studies in Speech Pathology and Clinical Linguistics, Vol 5) by Lise Menn, et al; ISBN: 1556193920; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556193920/icongroupinterna
•
Older Aphasic Person: Strategies in Treatment and Diagnosis by Celia Hooper, Ruth E. Dunkle; ISBN: 089443862X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089443862X/icongroupinterna
•
On Aphasia by S. Freud; ISBN: 0823637409; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823637409/icongroupinterna
•
Palpa-Psycholinguistic Assessment of Language Processing in Aphasia by Janice Kay, et al; ISBN: 0863771661; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0863771661/icongroupinterna
•
Pathways: Moving Beyond Stroke and Aphasia (William Beaumont Hospital Speech and Language Pathology) by Susan Adair Ewing, Beth Pfalzgraf; ISBN: 0814320759; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0814320759/icongroupinterna
•
Portrait of aphasia by David Knox; ISBN: 0814314392; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0814314392/icongroupinterna
•
Pragmatic Approaches to Aphasia Therapy by Sergio Carlomagno; ISBN: 1565932447; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565932447/icongroupinterna
•
Quality of Life in Aphasia: April 2003 by Linda Worrall (Editor), Audrey L. Holland (Editor); ISBN: 1841699462; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1841699462/icongroupinterna
•
Reading Workbook for Aphasia by Fred J. Vallier Jr.; ISBN: 0970607423; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0970607423/icongroupinterna
•
Recovery in aphasics; ISBN: 9026502281; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9026502281/icongroupinterna
•
Rehabilitation of Spoken Word Production in Aphasia by Lindsey Nickels (Editor); ISBN: 1841699284; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1841699284/icongroupinterna
•
Schuell's Aphasia in adults; diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment by Hildred Schuell; ISBN: 0061413569; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0061413569/icongroupinterna
•
Sourcebook for Aphasia: A Guide to Family Activities and Community Resources by Susan Howell Brubaker; ISBN: 0814316972; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0814316972/icongroupinterna
•
Spoken Word Production and Its Breakdown in Aphasia (Cognitive Neuropsychology Reviews Series) by Lyndsey Nickels; ISBN: 0863774660; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0863774660/icongroupinterna
•
Studies on Child Language and Aphasia (Janua Linguarum, Minor, No 114) by Roman Jakobson; ISBN: 9027916403; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9027916403/icongroupinterna
•
Take Time to Talk: A Resource for Apraxia Therapy, Esophageal Speech Training, Aphasia Therapy, and Articulation Therapy by Patricia F. White; ISBN: 0750697830; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0750697830/icongroupinterna
134
Aphasia
•
Talking About Aphasia: Living With Loss of Language After Stroke by Susie Parr, et al; ISBN: 0335199364; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0335199364/icongroupinterna
•
The 2002 Official Patient's Sourcebook on Aphasia by Icon Health Publications, et al; ISBN: 0597831777; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597831777/icongroupinterna
•
The Aphasia Therapy File [DOWNLOAD: MICROSOFT READER] by Sally Byng (Editor); ISBN: B0001A0IZ6; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001A0IZ6/icongroupinterna
•
The Aphasia Therapy File II by Sally Byng (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1841692700; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1841692700/icongroupinterna
•
The assessment of aphasia and related disorders by Harold Goodglass; ISBN: 0812103572; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812103572/icongroupinterna
•
The Characteristics of Aphasia by Chris Code (Editor); ISBN: 0863771858; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0863771858/icongroupinterna
•
The Pragmatic Basis of Aphasia: A Neurolinguistic Study of Morphosyntax Among Bilinguals (Neuropsychology and Neurolinguistics) by Marc L. Schnitzer; ISBN: 080580191X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/080580191X/icongroupinterna
•
The Treatment of Aphasia: From Theory to Practice by Chris Code (Editor), Dave Muller (Editor); ISBN: 1565932552; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565932552/icongroupinterna
•
The Western Aphasia Battery: Test Cards by Andrew Kertesz; ISBN: 0808914561; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0808914561/icongroupinterna
•
Transcortical Aphasias (Brain Damage, Behaviour and Cognition) by Marcelo L. Berthier; ISBN: 0863778410; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0863778410/icongroupinterna
•
Treatise on Aphasia and Other Speech Defects by Henry C. Bastian; ISBN: 0404608515; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0404608515/icongroupinterna
•
Understanding Aphasia by Harold Goodglass (Author); ISBN: 0122900405; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0122900405/icongroupinterna
•
Understanding Stroke and Aphasia by Jon Eisenson; ISBN: 0890792216; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890792216/icongroupinterna
•
Vascular Aphasia by Joseph M. Tonkonogy (Author); ISBN: 0262200546; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0262200546/icongroupinterna
•
Workbook for Aphasia by Susan Howell Brubaker; ISBN: 0814318037; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0814318037/icongroupinterna
•
Working With Aphasic Clients : A Practical Guide to Therapy for Aphasia by Margaret Fawcus, et al; ISBN: 0761674934; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761674934/icongroupinterna
Books
135
Chapters on Aphasia In order to find chapters that specifically relate to aphasia, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and aphasia using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “aphasia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on aphasia: •
Intervention Planning for Adult Aphasia Source: in Klein, H.B. and Moses, N. Intervention Planning for Adults with Communication Problems: A Guide for Clinical Practicum and Professional Practice. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. 1999. p. 197-270. Contact: Available from Allyn and Bacon. 160 Gould Street, Needham Heights, MA 02194. (800) 278-3525. Website: www.abacon.com. PRICE: $53.95. ISBN: 0205173853. Summary: Aphasia is an acquired organic communicative disorder that affects comprehension and production of spoken and written communication. This chapter on intervention planning for adult aphasia is from a textbook supporting students completing coursework for certification by the American Speech Language Hearing Association (ASHA), specifically the practicum hours in assessment and intervention with adult clients. Topics include the various categories of aphasia and associated communication characteristics; models of aphasia rehabilitation and how they are each applied to intervention planning; factors maintaining communication problems in adults with aphasia; and the formulation of a management plan that incorporates baseline data about language functioning and maintaining factors, and models of aphasia rehabilitation). The chapter offers a case study report of the course of intervention planning for an adult with aphasia. The chapter concludes with an appendix outlining a suggested hierarchy of difficulty for syntactic constructions by persons with aphasia. 15 tables. 132 references.
•
Aphasia Source: in Vinson, B.P. Essentials for Speech-Language Pathologists. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group. 2001. p. 81-98. Contact: Available from Thomson Learning Group. P.O. Box 6904, Florence, KY 41022. (800) 842-3636. Fax (606) 647-5963. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $49.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0769300715. Summary: Aphasia is an impairment of the ability to comprehend and formulate language due to damage to the central nervous system. Aphasia does not include language deficits caused by dementia, motor dysfunction, or a sensory loss. This chapter on aphasia is from a textbook that is designed to help new professionals with the transition to clinical practice in speech language pathology. The author reviews the defining characteristics of aphasia and explains why speech language pathologists are involved in the assessment and treatment of persons with aphasia. Topics include the etiology of stroke; the timing of strokes; questions to guide the evaluation of patients with neurological deficits; the components of the assessment, including the neurological exam, and language testing, including naming, fluency, paraphasias, auditory
136
Aphasia
comprehension, repetition skills, and standardized assessment tools. The author then discusses specific aphasia syndromes, including subcortical aphasias, fluent cortical aphasias, Wernicke's aphasia, conduction aphasia, and transcortical sensory aphasia; and nonfluent aphasias, including Broca's aphasia, transcortical motor aphasia, and global aphasia. The chapter then concludes with a discussion of treatment options. It discusses underlying processes; ways of promoting auditory comprehension; naming and functional communication; and specific treatment programs, including gestural reorganization, Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT), Promoting Aphasics' Communication Effectiveness (PACE), the auditory stimulation approach, and Visual Action Therapy (VAT). 13 tables. •
Adults with Severe Aphasia Source: in Beukelman, D.R. and Mirenda, P. Augmentative and Alternative Communication: Management of Severe Communication Disorders in Children and Adults. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. 1998. p. 465-499. Contact: Available from Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285. (800) 638-3775. Fax (410) 337-8539. Website: www.brookespublishing.com. PRICE: $59.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1557663335. Summary: Aphasia is the impairment of an individual's ability to interpret and formulate language as a result of brain injury (most often, a stroke). This chapter on adults with severe aphasia is from a textbook that promotes a comprehensive approach to designing and providing augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) services for people with a full range of congenital (present at birth) and acquired communication disorders, including those associated with cerebral palsy, autism, aphasia, and traumatic brain injury (TBI). The authors of the chapter focus primarily on the significant number people with of aphasia who experience permanent severe communication disorders. People in this group can sometimes use AAC intervention. Topics include the participation model, communication interaction functions, a communication classification system, assessment considerations, and teaching functional use of AAC strategies. The authors conclude that people with aphasia are increasingly receiving AAC options soon after their strokes. During rehabilitation, therapy to promote the recovery of natural speech is encouraged, and AAC systems are modified to support functional communication that cannot be managed through natural speech. The successful integration of AAC interventions depends also on flexibility and continuity of service delivery as the person with aphasia makes transitions from setting to setting. The chapter includes sidebars that offer relevant quotes from the literature, that share stories from the authors' experiences, and that pose questions for readers to consider while reading the chapter. 11 figures. 2 tables.
•
Proactive Management of Primary Progressive Aphasia Source: in Beukelman, D.R.; Yorkston, K.M.; Reichle, J., eds. Augmentative and Alternative Communication for Adults with Acquired Neurologic Disorders. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. 2000. p. 305-337. Contact: Available from Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285. (800) 638-3775. Fax (410) 337-8539. Website: www.brookespublishing.com. PRICE: $42.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1557664730. Summary: The loss of speech in adulthood due to acquired neurologic disorders causes a person enormous life changes. This chapter on the use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) strategies for individuals with primary progressive aphasia
Books
137
(PPA) is from a textbook that explores the challenges these adults face during their transition, whether gradual or immediate, from speaking to using AAC. PPA is characterized by the gradual deterioration of language abilities in the context of preserved memory, judgement, insight, and visuospatial skills (which differentiates it from dementia or Alzheimer disease). The authors offer an approach to assist people with PPA and their families to make proactive adjustments concerning how they communicate and, in some respects, structure their lives. The intervention approach described is guided by the premise that as speech and language functioning decline, the communicative competency of the person with PPA can be maintained. The speech language pathologist is the principal health care professional responsible for assisting people with PPA, in part because there is presently no medical intervention available that can cure or decelerate the disease's progression. The chapter concludes with two vignettes demonstrating successful adaptation using AAC strategies. The authors reiterate the concept that negative life experiences can be successfully managed by reducing limitations in the physical and social environment and by participation in and enjoyment of valued activities. 1 figure. 4 tables. 58 references. •
Management of Aphasic Individuals from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations Source: in Wallace, G.L., ed. Adult Aphasia Rehabilitation. Woburn, MA: ButterworthHeinemann. 1996. p. 103-119. Contact: Available from Butterworth-Heinemann. 225 Wildwood Avenue, P.O. Box 4500, Woburn, MA 01801-2041. (617) 928-2500; Fax (617) 933-6333. PRICE: $47.50 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0750695358. Summary: This article discusses the management of aphasia in individuals from culturally and linguistically diverse populations. Topics covered include the prevalence of stroke in minority populations; risk factors for stroke in minority populations; changing demographics and stroke in the community; personalizing treatment for diverse populations; the role of speech-language pathologists in managing aphasia in diverse populations; service provision; and the implementation of direct or indirect services, including the role of the bilingual speech-language pathologist and the monolingual speech-language pathologist. The author concludes with a call for additional research on diversity and its impact on the rehabilitation process. 2 tables. 68 references.
•
How Speech, Language, and Communication Change with Aphasia Source: in Lyon, J.G. Coping with Aphasia. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1998. p. 313-328. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1879105756. Summary: This chapter is from a book that explains the nature of aphasia, a communication disorder that can disrupt the lives of not only those with aphasia but their families as well. The author describes in clear detail what the person with aphasia confronts over a duration of several years, and provides constructive advice to people with aphasia, their loved ones, caregivers, and therapists. This chapter focuses on how speech, language, and communication change with aphasia. Topics include diagnostic tests that pinpoint these changes (identifying the site of the impairments), dealing with
138
Aphasia
injury deep inside the brain, dealing with injury to the outer surface of the brain, identifying the type of aphasia, distinguishing between fluent and nonfluent aphasias, types of fluent aphasias (anomic, conduction, transcortical sensory, Wernicke's), types of nonfluent aphasias (transcortical, Broca's, global), picturing the actual injury to the brain, and speech impairments that are not aphasia (apraxia of speech and dysarthria). The author provides examples and encouragement. 3 figures. (AA-M). •
Power of One: Every Aphasia Treatment Case Is a Case Study Source: in Helm-Estabrooks, N. and Holland, A.L., eds. Approaches to the Treatment of Aphasia. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1998. p. 1-9. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 521-8545 or (619) 238-6777. Fax (800) 774-8398 or (619) 238-6789. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $49.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565938410. Summary: This chapter is from a collection of reports from clinicians about the clinical management of specific individuals with aphasia. The volume presents readers with an opportunity to eavesdrop on some highly experienced clinicians as they grapple with the very real problems of helping their particular patients. This introductory chapter reviews the historical perspective of using case studies, particularly in the field of aphasia therapy. The author also discusses recent use of case studies, noting that since the early 1970s, there has been an explosion of literature pertaining to the treatment of aphasia. The author then introduces each of the eight case studies presented later in the book. The author concludes that case reports have played a strong role in the professional history of speech language pathologists and shall continue to do so in the future. 12 references.
•
Phonological Analysis of Apraxia of Speech in Broca's Aphasia Source: in Cannito, M.P.; Yorkston, K.M.; Beukelman, D.R., eds. Neuromotor Speech Disorders: Nature, Assessment, and Management. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company. 1998. p. 309-321. Contact: Available from Paul H. Brookes Publishing Company. P.O. Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285-0624. (800) 638-3775. Fax (410) 337-8539. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.brookespublishing.com. PRICE: $44.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1557663262. Summary: This chapter is from a textbook offering a compilation of research of interest to speech language pathologists, health care professionals, basic researchers, and students who treat or study pathologies of motor systems affecting speech communication. This chapter discusses the phonological analysis of apraxia of speech in Broca's aphasia. The authors present a study in which they describe the speech of 10 subjects with Broca's aphasia and apraxia of speech. The authors assume a phonological analytic vantage point to address the issue of potential linguistic explanations for observed speech output characteristics of apraxia in Broca's aphasia. Subjects had clinical characteristics of effortful, groping articulation; speech dysprosody; variable articulation errors; and other symptomatology congruent with the diagnosis of apraxia of speech. The results failed to reveal evidence that subjects with Broca's aphasia exhibit impairment in phonological ability. Error rates were low with limited use of phonological processes. The results support a motor programming interpretation of apraxia of speech as manifested in Broca's aphasia, as opposed to an underlying deficit at the phonological level of language processing. 4 figures. 2 tables. 23 references.
Books
•
139
Assessing Aphasia and Related Disorders Source: in Brookshire, R.H. Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 1997. p. 127-207. Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, P.O. Box 46908, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 426-4545; Fax (800) 535-9935; E-mail:
[email protected].; http://www.mosby.com. PRICE: $45.99 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0815110146. Summary: This chapter on assessing aphasia and related disorders is from a textbook on neurogenic communication disorders. The first section on neuroanatomic explanations of aphasia and related disorders covers language and cerebral dominance, the perisylvian region and language, how the brain performs language, aphasia caused by destruction of the cortical centers for language, aphasia caused by damage to association fiber tracts important to language, and aphasia syndromes without a clear localization. A section of related disorders covers disconnection syndromes, visual field blindness, apraxia, diagnosis of apraxia, apraxia of speech, and agnosia. The next section discusses the assessment of language and communication, including comprehensive language tests, the Minnesota Tests for Differential Diagnosis of Aphasia, the Porch Index of Communicative Ability, the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination, the Western Aphasia Battery, other comprehensive language tests, and screening tests of language and communication. A section on the assessment of auditory comprehension, includes single word comprehension and sentence comprehension, variables that may affect brain-damaged adults' comprehension, sentence comprehension and comprehension in daily life, and comprehension of spoken discourse. Other topics include assessing reading, assessing speech production, assessing written expression, and the effects of managed care on assessment of neurogenic communication disorders. 29 figures. 4 references. (AA-M).
•
Brain Damage in Aphasia Source: in Benson, D.F.; Ardila, A. Aphasia: A Clinical Perspective. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. 1996. p. 61-87. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press, Inc. 200 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. (800) 334-4249 or (212) 679-7300. PRICE: $49.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0195089340. Summary: This chapter on brain damage in aphasia is from a book that presents an integrated analysis of the language disturbances associated with brain pathology. The authors note that the underlying disease process must be recognized and treated along with the language problem; both the type of language therapy offered and the patient's prognosis depend on the basic pathology. The authors discuss some of the more common brain disorders associated with aphasia, including vascular disorders (thrombosis, embolism, hemorrhage), trauma, intracranial neoplasms, infections (including intracranial abscess), and miscellaneous causes of aphasia, including multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease, and progressive aphasia. The authors continue by discussing localization techniques (to locate the neuroanatomical site of brain damage in cases of aphasia), neuropathology, neurosurgery, posttrauma skull defects, the neurologic examination, and brain-imaging studies. The authors conclude that the localization of aphasia-producing lesions has advanced tremendously in the past several decades, particularly with the advent of noninvasive techniques that can produce accurate anatomical localizations. 10 figures. 2 tables. (AA-M).
140
•
Aphasia
Extrasylvian (Transcortical) Aphasic Syndromes Source: in Benson, D.F.; Ardila, A. Aphasia: A Clinical Perspective. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. 1996. p. 146-165. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press, Inc. 200 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. (800) 334-4249 or (212) 679-7300. PRICE: $49.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0195089340. Summary: This chapter on extrasylvian (transcortical) aphasic syndromes is from a book that presents an integrated analysis of the language disturbances associated with brain pathology. The authors note that aphasia without repetition disturbance almost invariably indicates pathology located outside the perisylvian cortical region. After a discussion of nomenclature and classification, the authors discuss the different types of extrasylvian (transcortical) motor aphasia, extrasylvian (transcortical) sensory aphasia, mixed extrasylvian (transcortical) aphasia, and anomic aphasia. For each type, the authors outline the symptoms, neurological findings, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. 1 figure. 6 tables. (AA-M).
•
Perisylvian Aphasic Syndromes Source: in Benson, D.F.; Ardila, A. Aphasia: A Clinical Perspective. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. 1996. p. 121-145. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press, Inc. 200 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. (800) 334-4249 or (212) 679-7300. PRICE: $49.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0195089340. Summary: This chapter on perisylvian aphasic syndromes is from a book that presents an integrated analysis of the language disturbances associated with brain pathology. The three perisylvian language impairment syndromes (Broca aphasia, Wernicke aphasia, and conduction aphasia) constitute the earliest-described and the bestrecognized types of aphasia. These three aphasic syndromes have two notable similarities in common. First, the sites of brain pathology consistently described are located in the vicinity of the sylvian fissure of the dominant hemisphere; second, one clinical finding, difficulty in the repetition of spoken language, is prominent in each syndrome. The authors outline the basic clinical findings for each syndrome, discuss variations within the typical symptom cluster, and describe the neuroanatomical site most commonly involved with each. 2 figures. 3 tables. (AA-M).
•
Management and Rehabilitation of Aphasia Source: in Benson, D.F.; Ardila, A. Aphasia: A Clinical Perspective. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. 1996. p. 354-364. Contact: Available from Oxford University Press, Inc. 200 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. (800) 334-4249 or (212) 679-7300. PRICE: $49.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0195089340. Summary: This chapter on the management and rehabilitation of aphasia is from a book that presents an integrated analysis of the language disturbances associated with brain pathology. The authors utilize an analogy of living in a foreign-language environment to help readers comprehend the techniques of simple grammar, clear pronunciation, and redundancy when working with patients with aphasia. Topics covered include language rehabilitation, basic factors, the effectiveness of aphasia therapy, long-term considerations, aphasia therapy methodology, the stimulus-facilitation technique,
Books
141
programmed learning techniques, deblocking, functional system reorganization, melodic intonation therapy (MIT), sign language, visual symbol communication systems, and computers in aphasia rehabilitation. The authors conclude that at present, specific, problem-directed therapy is available for only a few language deficits and their use is not imperative. MIT, the best-known and most rigidly exact language therapy technique, has proved effective for only a limited and strictly designated group of aphasic patients. (AA-M). •
Treatment of Aphasia and Related Disorders Source: in Brookshire, R.H. Introduction to Neurogenic Communication Disorders. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 1997. p. 241-289. Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, P.O. Box 46908, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 426-4545; Fax (800) 535-9935; E-mail:
[email protected].; http://www.mosby.com. PRICE: $45.99 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0815110146. Summary: This chapter on the treatment of aphasia and related disorders is from a textbook on neurogenic communication disorders. Sections cover the effectiveness of treatment for aphasia, timing intervention, the goals of treatment, candidacy for treatment, the focus and progression of treatment, treatment of auditory comprehension, treatment of single-word comprehension, understanding spoken sentences, treatment of discourse comprehension, treatment of reading comprehension, treatment of speech production, treating apraxia of speech, writing, and group activities for aphasic adults. Specific topics include answering questions, task switching activities, surface versus deep dyslexia, survival reading skills, readability formulas, commercial reading programs, facilitating volitional speech, behaviors associated with wordretrieval failure, and Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT). The author notes that some of the principles and procedures presented in this chapter may also apply, in whole or in part, to treatment of communication impairments other than aphasia. 7 figures. 3 tables. (AA-M).
•
Differentiating Dementia and Aphasia Source: in Bayles, K.A.; Kaszniak, A.W. Communication and Cognition in Normal Aging and Dementia. Boston, MA: College-Hill Press. 1987. p. 179-204. Contact: This publication may be available from your local medical library. Call for information. ISBN: 0316083976. Summary: This chapter summarizes and discusses available evidence for differentiating between aphasia, defined as a loss of expression or understanding caused by brain damage, and dementia. Aphasia is considered a general condition with many subtypes, one of which is the aphasia of dementia. Many experts apply the term aphasia to the language problems of dementia patients. Major attention is given to the nature and results of test used in the differential diagnosis of dementia and aphasia. Consideration also is given to: differentiating criteria; opposition to calling the communication impairment of dementia patients, aphasia; and considerations of what communication problems of the dementia patient should be called. Data are included on the performance of dementia patients on different aphasia tests. It is concluded that, of those patients with classic aphasia syndromes, those with fluent aphasias and preserved repetition are more likely to be confused with Alzheimer's disease patients. Clinical implications with this topic are discussed. 78 references.
142
•
Aphasia
Understanding Aphasia Source: in Dilima, S.N.; Niemayer, S., eds. Home Health Care Patient Education Manual. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc. p. 40-41. 1996. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers, Inc. 200 Orchard Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20878. (800) 638-8437; Fax (301) 417-7650. PRICE: $185.00 plus shipping and handling. Stock Number S124. Summary: This chapter, from a home health care patient education manual, provides readers with an overview of aphasia. Aphasia is defined as a partial or complete loss of one's ability to speak, gesture, understand spoken words, read, write, or calculate. Topics covered in the chapter include statistics about stroke (the most common cause of aphasia), matching impairment to the affected area of the brain, and the types of impairment. The types of aphasia defined are fluent (receptive) aphasias, nonfluent (expressive) aphasias, and mixed or global aphasias. The author notes that over half of all people who suffer strokes experience speech or language disorders that adversely affect communication.
Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to aphasia have been published that consolidate information across various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:8 •
Aphasia Community Groups Source: New York, NY: National Aphasia Association (NAA). 2003. 11 p. Contact: Available from National Aphasia Association (NAA). Response Center, 351 Butternut Ct., Millersville, MD 21108. (800) 922-4622; Fax (410) 729-5724. Website: http://www.aphasia.org. PRICE: $1.50 per copy. Summary: This directory lists aphasia community groups. Some groups consist only of persons with aphasia and their significant others. Other groups may be more inclusive and may include other family members, friends, and professionals. Some of the groups are free of charge. The most recent listing for each individual group can be accessed by calling 1-800-922-4NAA. The listing is organized alphabetically by state; a few Canadian groups are also included. The directory concludes with a brief list of resource organizations that might have additional information about groups. (AA-M).
8
You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “aphasia” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “aphasia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.
143
CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON APHASIA Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on aphasia. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on aphasia is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “aphasia” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “aphasia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on aphasia: •
Chronic Broca's Aphasia: Evidence for Right Hemisphere Language Source: Tucson, AZ: National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders. 1995. (videocassette and handout). Contact: Available from National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders. Telerounds Coordinator, Building 71, Room 500, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721. (520) 621-1819 or (520) 621-1472. PRICE: $25.00. Summary: The question regarding what anatomical structures mediate the residual language functions of individuals with chronic Broca's aphasia has been of longstanding interest. In this telerounds program, the authors describe two right-handed males who experienced massive strokes that caused extensive destruction of the left hemisphere, resulting in classic Broca's aphasia. They discuss how these individuals' language performance is consistent with right hemisphere language capacity, and conclude that Broca's aphasia can result when language is mediated exclusively by the nondominant hemisphere. The handout provided with the videotape includes an
144
Aphasia
abstract, a list of objectives, a brief outline of the program, a reference list, and an evaluation form for viewers to complete and return. (AA-M). •
Pragmatics, Syntax and Aphasia Source: Tucson, AZ: National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders, University of Arizona. November 29, 1995. (videocassette and handout). Contact: Available from National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders. University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210071, Tucson, AZ 85721-0071. (602) 621-1819 or (602) 621-1787. PRICE: $25.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: This program provides an overview of the pragmatic aspects of language, i.e., the ways that choosing different words and grammatical constructions are appropriate for different communicative goals. Most areas of pragmatics are relatively spared in aphasia; these are contrasted with the few that are impaired. The program shows how preserved pragmatics can interact with impaired syntax to produce utterances which are the opposite of what the person with aphasia means to say. The program provides suggestions for how the patient can learn to monitor for and avoid these semantically 'reversed' utterances. 10 references. (AA).
•
Aphasic Agrammatism: Underlying Nature and Overt Manifestations Source: Tucson, AZ: National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders. 1993. (videocassette and handout). Contact: Available from National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders. Telerounds Coordinator, Building 71, Room 500, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721. (520) 621-1819 or (520) 621-1472. PRICE: $25.00. Summary: This telerounds program discusses the phenomenon of agrammatism in aphasia, its clinical presentation, theories of causation, and approaches to treatment. Videotaped illustrations of agrammatic patients are analyzed to highlight the direct deficit symptoms of agrammatism and the characteristic adaptive strategies that contribute to the clinical picture of this disorder. Theoretical approaches to the understanding of agrammatism are reviewed in their historical context, and a distillation of the theories are offered and discussed by a panel of experts. Alternative approaches to the treatment of agrammatism are also presented. The handout provided with the videotape includes an abstract, a list of objectives, a brief outline of the program, a reference list, and an evaluation form for viewers to complete and return. 15 references. (AA-M).
•
Aphasia Groups: An Approach to Long-Term Rehabilitation Source: Tucson, AZ: National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders. 1994. (videocassette and handout). Contact: Available from National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders. Telerounds Coordinator, Building 71, Room 500, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721. (520) 621-1819 or (520) 621-1472. PRICE: $25.00. Summary: This telerounds program is designed to demonstrate how various aphasia group sessions might be structured to achieve the goals of maximizing communication effectiveness and lessening the negative impact of aphasia on the lives of the group members. The program notes that there is increasing interest in the group format as a means of addressing the disability caused by the aphasia, as well as a response to health
Multimedia 145
care cost containment. The panel reports on 3 years of experience with small group formats at the University of Arizona. The handout provided with the videotape includes an abstract, a list of objectives, a brief outline of the program, a reference list, and an evaluation form for viewers to complete and return. (AA-M). •
Progressive Aphasia: An Overview and Case in Point Source: Tucson, AZ: National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders. 1994. (videocassette and handout). Contact: Available from National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders. Telerounds Coordinator, Building 71, Room 500, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721. (520) 621-1819 or (520) 621-1472. PRICE: $25.00. Summary: This telerounds program provides an overview of progressive aphasia and presents a case study of an individual with this disorder. Topics covered include a definition of progressive aphasia; the results of longitudinal investigations of patients with progressive aphasia; the interplay of aphasia and Alzheimer's disease; and the neuropathological changes associated with progressive aphasia. The handout provided with the videotape includes an abstract, a list of objectives, a brief outline of the program, a reference list, and an evaluation form for viewers to complete and return. The handout also includes the details of the case study presented, as well as a chart summarizes numerous related cases presented in the literature. 33 references. (AA-M).
•
Computer Applications in Aphasia Rehabilitation Source: Tucson, AZ: National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders, University of Arizona. 1997. (videocassette). Contact: National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders, University of Arizona. P.O. Box 210071, Tucson, AZ 85721-0071. (521) 621-1472. Fax (520) 621-2226. PRICE: $40.00. Order number TR-38. Summary: This videocassette program is one in a series of Telerounds Continuing Education from the National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders at the University of Arizona (funded partly by NIDCD). This program describes research in the uses of computers in speech pathology (particularly aphasia). One presenter reviews changes in computer applications and relevant literature and concludes that computers can be beneficial, but require considerable input from clinicians. While computers fall short of replacing clinicians, they can be very useful as part of speech language therapy. Simulations (microworlds) are helpful, and are more effective than drill-and-practice type tasks. The program shows a clinician working with a patient on the computer. The program concludes by answering questions phoned in by the teleconference audience and by providing information about joining Centernet, the online forum run by the Center.
•
Cerebral Localization of Production Deficits in Aphasia Source: Tucson, AZ: National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders, University of Arizona. March 31, 1993. (videocassette and handout). Contact: Available from National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders. University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210071, Tucson, AZ 85721-0071. (602) 621-1819 or (602) 621-1787. PRICE: $25.00 plus shipping and handling.
146
Aphasia
Summary: This videotape program discusses a new method of evaluating the relationship between lesion site and specific speech and language disorders. Three new findings with regard to the neuroanatomic correlates of non-fluent production problems in aphasia are introduced. First, the consistent relationship between apraxia of speech and a particular area of the insula is presented. Next, the involvement of the arcuate fasciculus is discussed in conjunction with the severe production problems characterized by recurring utterances. Finally, the possibility that the angular gyrus might be involved in agrammatic behavior is explored. 26 references. (AA). •
Aphasia and Augmentative Communication: Strategies for Increasing Participation in Life Activities Source: Tucson, AZ: National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders, University of Arizona. 2000. (videocassette). Contact: Available from National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders, University of Arizona. P.O. Box 210071, Tucson, AZ 85721-0071. (520) 621-1472. Fax (520) 621-2226. PRICE: $25.00 plus shipping and handling. Order Number TR-54. Summary: This videotape program, which is part of the Telerounds videoconference series from the National Center for Neurogenic Communication Disorders at the University of Arizona (funded partly by NIDCD), is the third teleconference in a three part series on augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). The speaker introduces the viewer to principles of using AAC with people who have aphasia. This acquired disorder impacts receptive and expressive language. The principles of using AAC strategies include helping people with aphasia participate in meaningful adult activities, matching the AAC strategy to the cognitive and linguistic skills of the communicator, and providing learning during contextualized and interactive communication. The speaker discusses the challenges of using AAC with people who have aphasia and presents considerations for selecting and incorporating AAC strategies into an overall communication package. In addition, the speaker describes and illustrates controlled context, augmented input, and comprehensive communicators using videotaped segments. Instructional techniques are also briefly reviewed, including role playing, scripting, and trials with alternative communication partners. The program concludes by answering questions asked by the host and phoned in by the teleconference audience and by providing information about joining Centernet, the online forum operated by the Center.
147
CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON APHASIA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover aphasia.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on aphasia is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “aphasia” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to aphasia. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “aphasia” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for aphasia: •
Dextroamphetamine speeds recovery from aphasia in stroke patients Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 07, 2001
148
Aphasia
•
Recovery from aphasia due to left-lobe stroke lesion linked to activation of other areas Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 25, 2000
•
Site of infarct predicts recovery from poststroke aphasia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 23, 1998
•
Stroke-related aphasia modifiable when interventions targeted at unaffected hemisphere Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 05, 1998
•
AAN Report: Poststroke Aphasia Recovery Poorer With Right Hemispheric Activation Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 01, 1998 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “aphasia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in
Periodicals and News
149
“aphasia” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to aphasia, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “aphasia” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “aphasia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on aphasia: •
Speech After Stroke: Rehabilitation Enhances Recovery and Lifestyle Source: Mayo Clinic Health Letter. 14(8): 1-3. August 1996. Contact: Available from Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 200 First Street, S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. (800) 633-4567. PRICE: $3.00 for single copy of newsletter plus shipping and handling. Summary: This newsletter article describes advances in post-stroke speech and language rehabilitation. Topics include how stroke damages brain cells; the three main strokerelated communication disorders, aphasia, dysarthria, and apraxia; how speech rehabilitation can enhance quality of life for people who have had a stroke; diagnosing speech and language problems; the components of a speech rehabilitation program, including exercise and practice, and the use of picture cards, picture boards, workbooks, and computers; and the psychosocial impact of recovering from a stroke. One sidebar outlines the role of family and friends in the recovery process.
•
Coping with the End of Third-Party Reimbursement for Individual Speech-Language Pathology Services Source: NAA Newsletter, Volume 8, Number 2, Winter 1996. Contact: Available from National Aphasia Association. 156 Fifth Avenue, Suite 707, New York, NY 10010. Voice (800) 922-4622. Web site: www.aphasia.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This special request information summary from the National Aphasia Association (NAA) records a conversation among NAA and four speech-language pathologists about what families can do when third-party reimbursement for speechlanguage therapy services ends before therapy to recover potential communication skills
150
Aphasia
is complete. All four participants in this conversation have extensive experience related to the area of aphasia, having treated patients, trained student clinicians, conducted research, and contributed to textbooks and journals. 4pp.
Academic Periodicals covering Aphasia Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to aphasia. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering aphasia that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
151
APPENDICES
153
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
9
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
154
Aphasia
•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
155
NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
10
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
156
Aphasia
•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway12 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “aphasia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 8861 580 28 13 80 9562
HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “aphasia” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
12
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
13
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 16
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
Physician Resources
157
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
The Genome Project and Aphasia In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and aphasia. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).20 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 17 Adapted 18
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 20 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.
158
Aphasia
To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “aphasia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for aphasia: •
Mental Retardation, X-linked Nonspecific, with Aphasia Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=309545 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)
The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html
•
Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html
•
Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html
•
Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html
•
Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html
Physician Resources
159
•
Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html
•
Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez
Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •
3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
•
Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books
•
Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome
•
NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/
•
Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide
•
OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM
•
PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset
•
ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
•
Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein
•
PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
•
Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure
•
Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy
To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then
160
Aphasia
select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “aphasia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database21 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database22 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “aphasia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).
21
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 22 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.
161
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on aphasia can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to aphasia. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to aphasia. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “aphasia”:
162
•
Aphasia
Other guides Bell's Palsy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bellspalsy.html Brain Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/braindiseases.html Speech and Communication Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/speechandcommunicationdisorders.html Stroke http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stroke.html Voice Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/voicedisorders.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to aphasia, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Aphasia Source: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association http://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/Aphasia_info.htm Questions and Answers about Aphasia Source: National Aphasia Association http://www.aphasia.org/NAAquestions_and_answers.html
•
Coping Family Adjustment to Aphasia Source: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association http://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/Family-Adjustment-toAphasia.htm
•
Specific Conditions/Aspects Understanding Primary Progressive Aphasia Source: National Aphasia Association http://www.aphasia.org/NAAppa.html
•
Children Landau-Kleffner Syndrome Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/landaukleffnersyndro me_doc.htm Landau-Kleffner Syndrome Source: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/voice/landklfs.asp
Patient Resources
•
163
From the National Institutes of Health Aphasia Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/aphasia.htm Aphasia Source: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/voice/aphasia.asp
•
Law and Policy Employment Rights of People with Communication Disabilities Source: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association http://www.asha.org/public/outreach/take-action/Employment%2BRights.htm
•
Lists of Print Publications Selected Readings Appropriate for Individuals with Aphasia, Their Families, and Professionals Source: National Aphasia Association http://www.aphasia.org/NAAreadings.html Selected Readings on Psychosocial Aspects of Aphasia Source: National Aphasia Association http://www.aphasia.org/NAApsychosocial_readings.html
•
Organizations American Speech-Language-Hearing Association http://www.asha.org/ National Aphasia Association http://www.aphasia.org National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/ National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/
•
Research Adult Aphasia: Recent Research Source: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/voice/adultaphasia.asp
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search.
164
Aphasia
The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on aphasia. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Adult Has Aphasia: For the Family: The Management and Treatment of the Patient With Aphasia. 5th ed Source: Austin, TX: Pro-Ed. 1995. 32 p. Contact: Available from Pro-Ed. 8700 Shoal Creek Boulevard, Austin, TX 78757. (512) 451-3246; Fax (512) 451-8542. PRICE: $6.00 each; $49.00 for package of 10. Item Number 6925 (single copy); Item Number 6926 (package of 10). Summary: The families of people with aphasia play a vital role in their recovery. This booklet is written to help families and patients alike understand some of the problems surrounding aphasia. Aphasia is defined as an impairment in language ability after an injury to the brain. The booklet defines aphasia, then discusses the causes of aphasia, the kinds of aphasia, patient-family interactions, physical disabilities, personality changes, a comprehensive treatment program, and speech and language retraining. A final chapter presents a list of recommendations for family members. The author provides practical suggestions for everyday interactions between people with aphasia and their families.
•
Aphasia: Understanding This Language Problem Source: San Bruno, CA: Krames Communications. 1997. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from Krames Communications. 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 94066-3030. (800) 333-3032. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk rates available. Summary: This brochure presents a basic description of aphasia, a loss of language skills that may occur if the brain is damaged by injury or illness. The brochure first defines aphasia and lists the common symptoms of the condition. Other topics include the role of the speech therapist in diagnosing and treating aphasia, testing word use, setting goals for speech rehabilitation, the role of the family, and related problems including dysarthria (lose of control of some muscles in the face and mouth) and dysphagia (swallowing difficulties). One sidebar outlines recommendations for family and friends who wish to help a patient with recovery. The brochure is illustrated with full-color line drawings. 4 figures.
•
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Answers Questions About Adult Aphasia Source: Rockville, MD: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). 199x. (2 p.). Contact: Available from American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). Product Sales, 10801 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852. (888) 498-6699. TTY (301) 8970157. Website: www.asha.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk orders available. Item Number 0210114.
Patient Resources
165
Summary: This brochure provides basic information about adult aphasia. Aphasia is defined as a condition in which an individual has difficulty expressing thoughts and understanding what is said or written by others. The brochure, written in question and answer format, covers some of the language problems associated with aphasia, why it takes a person with aphasia so long to respond, swearing in individuals with aphasia, related communication problems caused by stroke or head injury, some of the physical problems connected with brain damage, spontaneous recovery, and support available for the person with aphasia. The brochure stresses both the importance of seeking therapy from a speech-language pathologist and the vital role that family and friends can play in rehabilitation. The brochure includes the toll-free telephone number of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (800-638-8255). •
Adult Aphasia Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), National Institutes of Health (NIH). June 2001. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from NIDCD Information Clearinghouse. 1 Communication Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20892-3456. Voice (800) 241-1044. TTY (800) 241-1055. Fax (301) 907-8830. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.nidcd.nih.gov. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This fact sheet covers aphasia, a communication disorder that can affect a person's ability to use and understand spoken or written words. It results from damage to the side of the brain dominant for language (the left side in most people). Aphasia usually occurs suddenly and often results from a stroke or head injury, but it can also develop slowly because of a brain tumor, an infection, or dementia. The fact sheet covers the types of aphasia, aphasia treatment options, and aphasia research at the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), including new approaches to the evaluation of patients with aphasia, new approaches to characterization, new therapeutic approaches (notably, drug therapy), and research being undertaken to understand recovery processes in the brain (with the use of magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI). In general, treatment strives to improve a person's ability to communicate. Treatment is most effective when it begins early in the recovery process and is maintained consistently over time. Major factors that influence the level of improvement include the cause of the brain damage, the area of the brain that was damaged, the extent of the injury, and the person's general health. The fact sheet notes the contact address and telephone number for the NIDCD Information Clearinghouse and lists other information resource organizations.
•
Understanding Primary Progressive Aphasia Source: New York, NY: National Aphasia Association (NAA). 199x. 2 p. Contact: Available from National Aphasia Association (NAA). Distribution Center, 351 Butternut Court, Millersville, MD 21108. (800) 922-4622 or (212) 255-4329; http://www.aphasia.org. PRICE: $0.25 each. Summary: This fact sheet explains primary progressive aphasia, a rare neurological syndrome in which language capabilities become slowly and progressively impaired. Preservation of other mental functions and of activities of daily living continues for at least two years. Although primary progressive aphasia may take a number of forms, it commonly appears initially as a disorder of speaking (articulation) and progresses to nearly total inability to speak in its most severe stage, while comprehension remains relatively preserved. A less common variety begins with impaired word finding and
166
Aphasia
progressive deterioration of naming and comprehension, with relatively preserved articulation. The fact sheet stresses the need to employ diagnostic tests to differentiate primary progressive aphasia from other neurological disorders in which progressive deterioration of language is only one component (some examples are Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, and Creutzfeld-Jakob disease). Another section of the fact sheet describes the possible use of speech language techniques to maximize the communication skills of people with progressive aphasia. The fact sheet concludes with a list of five research articles that investigate primary progressive aphasia. 5 references. (AA-M). •
Communicating with Aphasic Patients Source: in Mosby-Year Book, Inc. Mosby's Patient Teaching Guides. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 1995. p. 84. Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. PRICE: $52.95. ISBN: 0815158629. Summary: This fact sheet outlines strategies for communicating with people with aphasia. The person with aphasia may have difficulty understanding spoken or written language or may have trouble expressing herself in spoken or written language. Aphasia usually results from damage in the communication centers of the brain. The fact sheet first briefly describes seven types of aphasia: nonfluent, fluent, anomic, conduction, global, receptive (Wernicke's), and expressive (Broca's). The fact sheet emphasizes that, when aphasia occurs, it is very important that speech therapy is begun very quickly. Being unable to communicate is very frustrating and it is important to keep encouraging and helping the person to regain speech. The fact sheet then offers ten strategies for better communication with people with aphasia. These strategies cover topics including the setting, discerning the reliability of information provided, the need for patience, the use of nonverbal expression, the use of cue cards, managing fatigue, and the need to treat the person with aphasia as an intelligent adult, regardless of the communication breakdown.
•
Stroke Facts: Communicating with an Aphasic Person Source: National Stroke Association. Contact: Available from National Stroke Association. 9707 East Easter Lane, Englewood, CO 80112. Voice (800) 787-6537. (Fax) 303-649-1328. Web site: www.stroke.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This fact sheet provides basic communication strategies for stroke survivors who are aphasic and for their family members and other loved ones.
•
Aphasia: Fact Sheet Source: New York, NY: National Aphasia Association. 2001. 4 p. Contact: Available from National Aphasia Association (NAA). Response Center, 351 Butternut Ct., Millersville, MD 21108. (800) 922-4622; Fax (410) 729-5724. Website: http://www.aphasia.org. PRICE: $.50 each. Summary: This fact sheet provides basic information about aphasia, a disorder caused by brain damage which affects a person's ability to communicate. The primary symptom of aphasia is an impairment in the ability to express oneself when speaking. The understanding of speech, reading, and writing are also often impaired. The fact sheet
Patient Resources
167
answers common questions about aphasia, including a definition of aphasia, the causes of aphasia, the different types of aphasia (nonfluent and fluent), the incidence of aphasia, and the purpose of speech therapy to help patients with aphasia. The fact sheet includes the contact information, including the toll free telephone number (800-9224NAA) of the National Aphasia Association. •
Aphasia: NIDCD Fact Sheet Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD). 1997. [3 p.]. Contact: Available from National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) Information Clearinghouse. 1 Communication Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20892-3456. Voice (800) 241-1044. TTY (800) 241-1055. Fax (301) 907-8830. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.nidcd.nih.gov. PRICE: Single copy free. NIH Publication Number 97-4257. Summary: This fact sheet provides general information on aphasia, a language disorder that results from damage to portions of the brain that are responsible for language. The disorder affects the expression and understanding of language as well as reading and writing. The fact sheet describes aphasia, who has aphasia, the causes and characteristics of aphasia, the diagnosis and treatment for aphasia, and the research being done on aphasia. The fact sheet emphasizes that family involvement is important and it lists communication tips for family members. The fact sheet concludes with the contact information for eight resource organizations that readers can contact for additional information on aphasia.
•
Information on Aphasia Rehabilitation Source: New York, NY: National Aphasia Association (NAA). 1996. 2 p. Contact: Available from National Aphasia Association (NAA). P.O. Box 1887, Murray Hill Station, New York, NY 10156-0611. (800) 922-4622 or (212) 255-4329; Fax (212) 9897777; http://www.aphasia.org. PRICE: $0.25 each. Summary: This fact sheet provides information to aid families in their search to understand diagnostic, treatment, and adjustment processes involved in the rehabilitation of persons with aphasia. The first section offers suggestions for narrowing one's information search, primarily through talking with the health care professionals already involved in the patient's care. The second section describes a publication that provides a detailed overview of the complete post-stroke rehabilitation process (available from the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services at 800-358-9295 or www.ahcpr.gov). Additional sections describe other federally supported information sources, including the National Rehabilitation Information Center (NARIC), the National Clearinghouse of Rehabilitation Training Materials (NCHRTM), and the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD). Suggestions are provided for finding information on the Internet. The fact sheet includes the address, website, and toll-free telephone number for the National Aphasia Association.
•
Landau-Kleffner Syndrome (Acquired Epileptic Aphasia) Source: in DeFeo, A.B., ed. Parent Articles 2. San Antonio, TX: Communication Skill Builders. 1995. p. 151-152.
168
Aphasia
Contact: Available from Communication Skill Builders. Customer Service, 555 Academic Court, San Antonio, TX 78204-2498. (800) 211-8378; Fax (800) 232-1223. PRICE: $55.00 plus shipping and handling. Order Number 076-163-0732. Summary: This fact sheet, from a communication skills book for parents, provides information on Landau-Kleffner syndrome (acquired epileptic aphasia). Topics covered include the incidence of Landau-Kleffner, the medical aspects of the disorder, language aspects of Landau-Kleffner, testing and assessment issues, and tips for promoting language development. The author provides detailed suggestions for parent-child interaction, including recommended activities. The author encourages parents to incorporate these suggestions into everyday routines and to act as their child's advocate. 1 reference. •
Aphasia Quiz: Do You Know the Facts? Source: New York, NY: National Aphasia Association, 199x., 2 p. Contact: Available free of charge from the National Aphasia Association, P.O. Box 1887, Murray Hill Station, New York, NY 10156-0611. (800)922-4622. (212)263-7190 Fax. Summary: This fact sheet, written for the general public, contains ten true or false questions about aphasia. The answers with explanations are provided on the back of the sheet.
•
Adult Aphasia: Understanding the Disability Source: Cambridge, MA: Department of Communication Disorders, Youville Hospital and Rehabilitation Center. 1994. 12 p. Contact: Available from Youville Hospital and Rehabilitation Center. Department of Communication Disorders, 1575 Cambridge Street, Cambridge, MA 02138-4398. (617) 876-4344. PRICE: $4.00 each. Summary: This manual helps family members and caregivers understand adult aphasia, a language disability that is often the result of a stroke (cerebrovascular accident or CVA). The manual reminds readers that each individual's recovery will vary, depending on the severity of the stroke and other factors. The manual provides definitions of related terms and then discusses aphasia and its impact on expression and understanding. The authors then discuss complications, including factors that may affect the communication interaction, sensation loss, and visual field cuts. A lengthy section provides suggestions for helping the patient to remain a person and stay involved in his or her own health care. Additional sections address loss of independence, automatic (non-propositional) speech, emotional lability, the time commitments required for effective communication, perseveration, interpersonal relationships, and medical follow ups. The manual concludes with a question and answer section. Comments from patients and caregivers are included throughout the text. 3 figures. 2 references. (AA-M).
•
Aphasia: A Guide for the Patient and Family Source: Stow, OH: Interactive Therapeutics, Inc. 1993. 53 p. Contact: Available from Interactive Therapeutics, Inc. P.O. Box 1805, Stow, OH 44224. (800) 253-5111 or (216) 688-1371; Fax (330) 923-3030; E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $4.50 each for 1 to 25 copies; bulk rates available.
Patient Resources
169
Summary: This patient education booklet describes aphasia, a loss or reduction of language skills due to brain injury. The booklet presents information in eleven chapters: brain function, causes, definitions of aphasia, accompanying problems, treatment options, self-care and family participation in care, community support options, common questions and answers, and spare time activities. The booklet concludes with a glossary and a list of recommended resources for additional reading. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Adult Aphasia: Recent Research Summary: This consumer health education brochure provides basic information about aphasia, a language disorder that results from damage to portions of the brain that are responsible for language. Source: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders Information Clearinghouse http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=31 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to aphasia. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
170
•
Aphasia
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Associations and Aphasia The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to aphasia: •
National Aphasia Association Telephone: (212) 267-2814 Toll-free: (800) 922-4622 Fax: (212) 267-2812 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.aphasia.org Background: The National Aphasia Association is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to increasing public awareness of aphasia and other communication disorders and aiding persons with aphasia and their families. Aphasia is a neurological condition caused by damage to the left hemisphere of the brain in which communication and/or language skills (speaking, reading, writing, and comprehending others) are impaired. Established in 1987, the Association s activities include sponsoring support groups, promoting advocacy and legislative programs, supporting ongoing medical research, and maintaining an informational Web site. Other activities include support of a Response Center reachable at (800) 922-4622, publication of a biannual newsletter, sponsorship of biannual national gatherings, and production of fact sheets, reading lists and national listings of community-based support groups, and contact information for a national network of health care professionals who volunteer to respond to families in their area about local resources. A Young People s Network puts families in touch with one another for the purpose of peer support and information exchange. Relevant area(s) of interest: Aphasia
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to aphasia. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with aphasia. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about aphasia. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations.
Patient Resources
171
The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “aphasia” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “aphasia”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “aphasia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “aphasia” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
173
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
23
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
174
Aphasia
libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
24
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
175
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
176
Aphasia
•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
177
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
178
Aphasia
•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
179
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
181
APHASIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH]
182
Aphasia
Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Agenesis: Lack of complete or normal development; congenital absence of an organ or part. [NIH]
Agnosia: Loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning or recognize the importance of various forms of stimulation that cannot be attributed to impairment of a primary sensory modality. Tactile agnosia is characterized by an inability to perceive the shape and nature of an object by touch alone, despite unimpaired sensation to light touch, position, and other primary sensory modalities. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agraphia: A pathological lack or loss of the ability to write, usually resulting from a brain lesion. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Alexia: The inability to recognize or comprehend written or printed words. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amnesia: Lack or loss of memory; inability to remember past experiences. [EU] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]
Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH]
Dictionary 183
Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antecedent: Existing or occurring before in time or order often with consequential effects. [EU]
Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU]
184
Aphasia
Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Aphasia: A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Apraxia: Loss of ability to perform purposeful movements, in the absence of paralysis or sensory disturbance, caused by lesions in the cortex. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Articulation: The relationship of two bodies by means of a moveable joint. [NIH] Articulator: A mechanical device that represents the temporo-mandibular joints and jaw members, to which maxillary and mandibular casts may be attached. [NIH] Astrocytoma: A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Auditory Cortex: Area of the temporal lobe concerned with hearing. [NIH] Auditory Perception: The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized and interpreted by the organism; includes speech discrimination. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular
Dictionary 185
or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Barbiturate: A drug with sedative and hypnotic effects. Barbiturates have been used as sedatives and anesthetics, and they have been used to treat the convulsions associated with epilepsy. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Binaural: Used of the two ears functioning together. [NIH] Biophysics: The science of physical phenomena and processes in living organisms. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blast phase: The phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which the number of immature, abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is extremely high. Also called blast crisis. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Image: Individuals' personal concept of their bodies as objects in and bound by space, independently and apart from all other objects. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled
186
Aphasia
with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion and is used to treat amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and female infertility, and has been proposed for Parkinson disease. [NIH] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and
Dictionary 187
secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white
188
Aphasia
blood cells (called lymphocytes) are found in the body. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Chronic phase: Refers to the early stages of chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The number of mature and immature abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is higher than normal, but lower than in the accelerated or blast phase. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cohort Effect: Variation in health status arising from different causal factors to which each birth cohort in a population is exposed as environment and society change. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Communication Disorders: Disorders of verbal and nonverbal communication caused by receptive or expressive language disorders, cognitive dysfunction (e.g., mental retardation), psychiatric conditions, and hearing disorders. [NIH] Competency: The capacity of the bacterium to take up DNA from its surroundings. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin
Dictionary 189
system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH]
190
Aphasia
Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]
Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Convulsants: Substances that act in the brain stem or spinal cord to produce tonic or clonic convulsions, often by removing normal inhibitory tone. They were formerly used to stimulate respiration or as antidotes to barbiturate overdose. They are now most commonly used as experimental tools. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Convulsive: Relating or referring to spasm; affected with spasm; characterized by a spasm or spasms. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Callosum: Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortices: The outer layer of an organ; used especially of the cerebrum and cerebellum. [NIH] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it
Dictionary 191
(phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU]
192
Aphasia
Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysarthria: Imperfect articulation of speech due to disturbances of muscular control which result from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system. [EU] Dyslexia: Partial alexia in which letters but not words may be read, or in which words may be read but not understood. [NIH] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Dysphonia: Difficulty or pain in speaking; impairment of the voice. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU]
Dictionary 193
Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalomyelitis: A general term indicating inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and encephalitis in the literature. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH]
194
Aphasia
Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Expert Systems: Computer programs based on knowledge developed from consultation with experts on a problem, and the processing and/or formalizing of this knowledge using these programs in such a manner that the problems may be solved. [NIH] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH]
Dictionary 195
Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Functional Disorders: Disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome. These conditions result from poor nerve and muscle function. Symptoms such as gas, pain, constipation, and diarrhea come back again and again, but there are no signs of disease or damage. Emotional stress can trigger symptoms. Also called motility disorders. [NIH] Functional magnetic resonance imaging: A noninvasive tool used to observe functioning in the brain or other organs by detecting changes in chemical composition, blood flow, or both. [NIH]
Fuzzy Logic: Approximate, quantitative reasoning that is concerned with the linguistic ambiguity which exists in natural or synthetic language. At its core are variables such as good, bad, and young as well as modifiers such as more, less, and very. These ordinary terms represent fuzzy sets in a particular problem. Fuzzy logic plays a key role in many medical expert systems. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestures: Movement of a part of the body for the purpose of communication. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioblastoma: A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures. [NIH] Glioblastoma multiforme: A type of brain tumor that forms from glial (supportive) tissue of the brain. It grows very quickly and has cells that look very different from normal cells. Also called grade IV astrocytoma. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH]
196
Aphasia
Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Handicap: A handicap occurs as a result of disability, but disability does not always constitute a handicap. A handicap may be said to exist when a disability causes a substantial and continuing reduction in a person's capacity to function socially and vocationally. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Hearing Disorders: Conditions that impair the transmission or perception of auditory impulses and information from the level of the ear to the temporal cortices, including the sensorineural pathways. [NIH] Hemiparesis: The weakness or paralysis affecting one side of the body. [NIH] Hemiplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see paresis) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH]
Dictionary 197
Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. [NIH] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Homozygotes: An individual having a homozygous gene pair. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoglycemic: An orally active drug that produces a fall in blood glucose concentration. [NIH]
Hypotonia: A condition of diminished tone of the skeletal muscles; diminished resistance of muscles to passive stretching. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH]
198
Aphasia
In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Individuality: Those psychological characteristics which differentiate individuals from one another. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intermediate Filaments: Cytoplasmic filaments intermediate in diameter (about 10 nanometers) between the microfilaments and the microtubules. They may be composed of any of a number of different proteins and form a ring around the cell nucleus. [NIH] International Agencies: International organizations which provide health-related or other cooperative services. [NIH] Interpersonal Relations: The reciprocal interaction of two or more persons. [NIH]
Dictionary 199
Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intrathecal: Describes the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Drugs can be injected into the fluid or a sample of the fluid can be removed for testing. [NIH] Introspection: Examination by a person of his own feelings, thoughts, and mental state. [NIH]
Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iop: Intraocular pressure: pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Ipsilateral: Having to do with the same side of the body. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Ischemic stroke: A condition in which the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Also called "plug-type" strokes. Blocked arteries starve areas of the brain controlling sight, speech, sensation, and movement so that these functions are partially or completely lost. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 80 percent of all strokes. Most ischemic strokes are caused by a blood clot called a thrombus, which blocks blood flow in the arteries feeding the brain, usually the carotid artery in the neck, the major vessel bringing blood to the brain. When it becomes blocked, the risk of stroke is very high. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2.
200
Aphasia
Chemically unstable. [EU] Language Development: The gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. Stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition, and use of short sentences. [NIH] Language Development Disorders: Conditions characterized by language abilities (comprehension and expression of speech and writing) that are below the expected level for a given age, generally in the absence of an intellectual impairment. These conditions may be associated with deafness; brain diseases; mental disorders; or environmental factors. [NIH] Language Disorders: Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders. [NIH] Language Tests: Tests designed to assess language behavior and abilities. They include tests of vocabulary, comprehension, grammar and functional use of language, e.g., Development Sentence Scoring, Receptive-Expressive Emergent Language Scale, Parsons Language Sample, Utah Test of Language Development, Michigan Language Inventory and Verbal Language Development Scale, Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, Northwestern Syntax Screening Test, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Ammons Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test, and Assessment of Children's Language Comprehension. [NIH] Language Therapy: Rehabilitation of persons with language disorders or training of children with language development disorders. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Least-Squares Analysis: A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lenticular: 1. Pertaining to or shaped like a lens. 2. Pertaining to the crystalline lens. 3. Pertaining to the lenticular nucleus. [EU] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival
Dictionary 201
behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
202
Aphasia
Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]
Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mesencephalic: Ipsilateral oculomotor paralysis and contralateral tremor, spasm. or choreic movements of the face and limbs. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH]
Dictionary 203
Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microtubule-Associated Proteins: High molecular weight proteins found in the microtubules of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for tubulin assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Midazolam: A short-acting compound, water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH. It is a hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used for sedation in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. Because of its short duration and cardiorespiratory stability, it is particularly useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. [NIH]
Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]
Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular
204
Aphasia
sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mutism: Inability or refusal to speak. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myoclonus: Involuntary shock-like contractions, irregular in rhythm and amplitude, followed by relaxation, of a muscle or a group of muscles. This condition may be a feature of some central nervous systems diseases (e.g., epilepsy, myoclonic). Nocturnal myoclonus may represent a normal physiologic event or occur as the principal feature of the nocturnal myoclonus syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp102-3). [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neocortex: The largest portion of the cerebral cortex. It is composed of neurons arranged in six layers. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU]
Dictionary 205
Neuroanatomy: Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline. [NIH]
Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neurofibrillary Tangles: Abnormal structures located in various parts of the brain and composed of dense arrays of paired helical filaments (neurofilaments and microtubules). These double helical stacks of transverse subunits are twisted into left-handed ribbon-like filaments that likely incorporate the following proteins: (1) the intermediate filaments: medium- and high-molecular-weight neurofilaments; (2) the microtubule-associated proteins map-2 and tau; (3) actin; and (4) ubiquitin. As one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer disease, the neurofibrillary tangles eventually occupy the whole of the cytoplasm in certain classes of cell in the neocortex, hippocampus, brain stem, and diencephalon. The number of these tangles, as seen in post mortem histology, correlates with the degree of dementia during life. Some studies suggest that tangle antigens leak into the systemic circulation both in the course of normal aging and in cases of Alzheimer disease. [NIH] Neurofilaments: Bundle of neuronal fibers. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropsychology: A branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. The term neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. It is a more narrowly defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology. [NIH] Neurosurgeon: A doctor who specializes in surgery on the brain, spine, and other parts of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurosurgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Neurosyphilis: A late form of syphilis that affects the brain and may lead to dementia and death. [NIH] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]
Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH]
206
Aphasia
Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occipital Lobe: Posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Orderly: A male hospital attendant. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or
Dictionary 207
multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peripheral vision: Side vision; ability to see objects and movement outside of the direct line of vision. [NIH] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phonation: The process of producing vocal sounds by means of vocal cords vibrating in an expiratory blast of air. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their evolutionary history. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness,
208
Aphasia
aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin. [NIH] Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include preanesthetic medication. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH] Program Evaluation: Studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. They may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of
Dictionary 209
about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoacoustic: That branch of psychophysics dealing with acoustic stimuli. [NIH] Psycholinguistics: A discipline concerned with relations between messages and the characteristics of individuals who select and interpret them; it deals directly with the processes of encoding (phonetics) and decoding (psychoacoustics) as they relate states of messages to states of communicators. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychophysics: The science dealing with the correlation of the physical characteristics of a stimulus, e.g., frequency or intensity, with the response to the stimulus, in order to assess the psychologic factors involved in the relationship. [NIH] Psychophysiology: The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior. [NIH]
Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among
210
Aphasia
alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pure Alexia: The inability to recognize or comprehend written or printed words. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recovery of Function: A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the
Dictionary 211
cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]
Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Research Support: Financial support of research activities. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Role Playing: The adopting or performing the role of another significant individual in order to gain insight into the behavior of that person. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH]
212
Aphasia
Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Scopolamine: An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Self-Help Groups: Organizations which provide an environment encouraging social interactions through group activities or individual relationships especially for the purpose of rehabilitating or supporting patients, individuals with common health problems, or the elderly. They include therapeutic social clubs. [NIH] Semantics: The relationships between symbols and their meanings. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the
Dictionary 213
nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Shoulder Pain: Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sign Language: A system of hand gestures used for communication by the deaf or by people speaking different languages. [NIH] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Isolation: The separation of individuals or groups resulting in the lack of or minimizing of social contact and/or communication. This separation may be accomplished by physical separation, by social barriers and by psychological mechanisms. In the latter,
214
Aphasia
there may be interaction but no real communication. [NIH] Socialization: The training or molding of an individual through various relationships, educational agencies, and social controls, which enables him to become a member of a particular society. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Speech Disorders: Acquired or developmental conditions marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or generate spoken forms of language. [NIH] Speech Intelligibility: Ability to make speech sounds that are recognizable. [NIH] Speech Perception: The process whereby an utterance is decoded into a representation in terms of linguistic units (sequences of phonetic segments which combine to form lexical and grammatical morphemes). [NIH] Spike: The activation of synapses causes changes in the permeability of the dendritic membrane leading to changes in the membrane potential. This difference of the potential travels along the axon of the neuron and is called spike. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Status Epilepticus: Repeated and prolonged epileptic seizures without recovery of consciousness between attacks. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]
Dictionary 215
Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or
216
Aphasia
chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]
Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU]
Dictionary 217
Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]
Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Ubiquitin: A highly conserved 76 amino acid-protein found in all eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH]
218
Aphasia
Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Verbal Learning: Learning to respond verbally to a verbal stimulus cue. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vocal cord: The vocal folds of the larynx. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Word Processing: Automated production of typewritten documents with text editing and storage functions using computer software. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]
219
INDEX A Abscess, 62, 139, 181 Accommodation, 5, 181 Acetylcholine, 181, 187 Acoustic, 13, 18, 30, 32, 35, 47, 112, 181, 209 Actin, 181, 205 Activities of Daily Living, 165, 181 Adaptation, 4, 137, 181, 207 Adenosine, 181, 186 Adjustment, 4, 5, 9, 73, 78, 104, 126, 162, 167, 181 Adverse Effect, 181, 213 Afferent, 181, 208 Affinity, 181, 182 Age Groups, 33, 181 Aged, 80 and Over, 181, 182 Agenesis, 31, 182 Agnosia, 7, 9, 77, 139, 182 Agonist, 41, 182, 186, 192 Agraphia, 73, 127, 128, 130, 182 Alertness, 182, 186 Alexia, 17, 54, 73, 127, 128, 130, 182, 192 Algorithms, 32, 182, 185 Alkaloid, 182, 184, 186, 212 Alternative medicine, 148, 182 Amenorrhea, 182, 186 Amino Acids, 182, 206, 209 Amnesia, 59, 93, 182 Amnestic, 182, 203 Amphetamine, 53, 182, 191 Amygdala, 182, 185, 201, 216 Amyloid, 124, 182 Anaesthesia, 183, 198 Anal, 138, 183, 201 Analgesic, 183, 215 Analog, 183, 194 Anaphylatoxins, 183, 189 Anaplasia, 183, 204 Anatomical, 30, 33, 36, 46, 48, 139, 143, 183, 197, 212 Anemia, 159, 183 Anesthesia, 74, 183, 203, 215 Antagonism, 183, 186 Antecedent, 34, 183 Antibody, 181, 183, 188, 197, 198, 210 Anticholinergic, 41, 183 Antigen, 181, 183, 189, 197, 198
Antigen-Antibody Complex, 183, 189 Antimetabolite, 183, 194 Antineoplastic, 183, 194 Antispasmodic, 183, 212 Anus, 183, 184, 186, 199 Anxiolytic, 184, 203 Approximate, 30, 184, 195 Apraxia, 9, 17, 32, 37, 47, 67, 104, 105, 127, 128, 133, 138, 139, 141, 146, 149, 184 Aqueous, 184, 185, 190, 200 Arterial, 184, 209 Arteries, 184, 185, 190, 199, 202 Articulation, 32, 47, 133, 138, 165, 184, 192 Articulator, 32, 47, 184 Astrocytoma, 184, 195 Ataxia, 158, 159, 184, 187, 216 Atmospheric Pressure, 184, 197 Atrophy, 80, 82, 158, 184, 205 Atropine, 184, 212 Atypical, 45, 77, 99, 130, 184 Auditory Cortex, 28, 30, 184 Auditory Perception, 30, 184 Autoimmune disease, 184, 203 Autopsy, 56, 82, 184 Axons, 124, 184 B Bacterial Physiology, 181, 184 Bacterium, 184, 188 Barbiturate, 185, 190 Basal Ganglia, 21, 66, 184, 185, 195, 201 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 184, 185 Base, 6, 185, 191, 199, 216 Benign, 99, 185, 196, 204 Beta-pleated, 182, 185 Bewilderment, 185, 189 Bilateral, 60, 70, 73, 185, 206, 213 Binaural, 102, 185 Biophysics, 41, 185 Biotechnology, 52, 148, 155, 157, 158, 159, 185 Bladder, 185, 198, 203, 205, 209, 217 Blast phase, 185, 188 Blood Glucose, 185, 196, 197, 198 Blood pressure, 185, 203 Blood vessel, 185, 186, 187, 193, 196, 199, 201, 207, 213, 215, 216, 218 Body Image, 4, 185 Bone Marrow, 185, 188, 201
220
Aphasia
Bone scan, 186, 212 Bowel, 183, 186, 191 Bowel Movement, 186, 191 Brain Stem, 186, 187, 190, 205 Branch, 99, 177, 186, 193, 205, 206, 209, 214, 215, 216 Breakdown, 17, 24, 37, 42, 114, 129, 133, 166, 186, 195 Bromocriptine, 26, 56, 60, 66, 93, 98, 99, 186 Bupivacaine, 74, 186 C Caffeine, 124, 186 Calcium, 186, 188, 213 Capsules, 186, 194 Carcinogens, 186, 206 Cardiac, 186, 193, 194, 203, 204 Cardiorespiratory, 186, 203 Cardiovascular, 182, 186, 213 Case report, 9, 62, 63, 66, 72, 79, 80, 86, 90, 99, 138, 186, 188 Case series, 9, 186, 188 Catecholamine, 186, 192, 207 Caudal, 187, 191, 208 Causal, 187, 188, 211 Cell Differentiation, 187, 213 Cell Division, 158, 187, 202, 207, 209, 212 Cell proliferation, 187, 213 Central Nervous System, 135, 181, 182, 186, 187, 191, 195, 196, 203, 204, 212, 213 Cerebellar, 64, 184, 187, 211, 217 Cerebellar Diseases, 184, 187, 217 Cerebellum, 187, 190, 211 Cerebral hemispheres, 185, 186, 187, 195, 216 Cerebral Palsy, 136, 187 Cerebrovascular, 4, 9, 58, 63, 82, 107, 124, 168, 185, 187, 216 Cerebrum, 187, 190, 216, 217 Cervical, 187, 196 Character, 187, 191 Chemotactic Factors, 187, 189 Cholinergic, 66, 124, 187 Chromosome, 187, 212 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 187, 188 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 185, 188 Chronic phase, 26, 188 Chronic renal, 188, 208 Circadian, 41, 124, 188 Circadian Rhythm, 41, 124, 188 Clinical study, 188, 190
Clinical trial, 10, 16, 26, 28, 117, 118, 155, 188, 190, 209, 210 Clonic, 188, 190 Cloning, 185, 188 Cofactor, 188, 209 Cognition, 6, 15, 20, 28, 30, 68, 71, 72, 91, 95, 107, 131, 134, 141, 188, 200 Cohort Effect, 47, 188 Collapse, 186, 188 Competency, 137, 188 Complement, 12, 15, 183, 188, 189 Complementary and alternative medicine, 101, 109, 189 Complementary medicine, 101, 189 Computational Biology, 155, 157, 189 Computed tomography, 189, 212 Computerized axial tomography, 189, 212 Concomitant, 37, 189 Conduction, 53, 62, 74, 79, 86, 114, 115, 128, 131, 136, 138, 140, 166, 189 Confusion, 37, 189, 191 Connective Tissue, 185, 189, 194, 195 Consciousness, 183, 189, 191, 192, 214 Constipation, 189, 195, 199 Constriction, 190, 199 Continuum, 75, 190 Contraindications, ii, 190 Contralateral, 29, 41, 51, 190, 202, 210 Controlled clinical trial, 16, 190 Controlled study, 25, 53, 98, 190 Convulsants, 5, 190 Convulsions, 185, 190 Convulsive, 5, 86, 98, 99, 190 Coordination, 32, 47, 187, 190, 203 Coronary, 190, 202 Coronary Thrombosis, 190, 202 Corpus, 31, 32, 190, 216 Corpus Callosum, 31, 190, 216 Cortical, 24, 30, 48, 50, 60, 62, 63, 103, 136, 139, 140, 190, 208, 212, 216 Cortices, 190, 196 Corticosteroids, 5, 190 Cues, 6, 35, 51, 190 Curative, 98, 103, 190, 216 Cyclic, 186, 190 Cytoplasm, 190, 193, 196, 205 Cytotoxic, 191, 213 D Databases, Bibliographic, 155, 191 Degenerative, 124, 191 Dendrites, 191, 205 Dendritic, 191, 202, 214
Index
Density, 47, 89, 191, 206, 214 Dentists, 4, 191 Depolarization, 191, 213 Dextroamphetamine, 147, 182, 191 Diabetes Mellitus, 191, 196 Diagnostic procedure, 121, 148, 191 Diarrhea, 191, 195, 199 Diencephalon, 191, 205, 208, 216 Digestive system, 118, 191 Dilatation, 191, 208 Direct, iii, 19, 107, 137, 144, 191, 192, 207, 211, 215 Discrimination, 28, 30, 35, 47, 184, 191 Disorientation, 189, 191 Dissociation, 52, 81, 181, 192 Dissociative Disorders, 192 Diuresis, 186, 192 Dominance, 139, 192 Dopamine, 182, 186, 191, 192, 203 Dorsal, 192, 208 Drug Interactions, 192 Dyes, 182, 192 Dysarthria, 32, 37, 87, 99, 106, 131, 138, 149, 164, 192 Dyslexia, 17, 31, 38, 141, 192 Dysphagia, 164, 192 Dysphonia, 32, 192 Dysplasia, 159, 192 Dystonia, 98, 192 Dystrophy, 158, 192 E Effector, 181, 188, 192 Efficacy, 6, 8, 17, 36, 50, 66, 88, 99, 103, 192, 208, 217 Elective, 84, 192 Electrons, 185, 193, 199, 210 Electrophysiological, 67, 94, 193 Embolism, 139, 193 Embolus, 193, 198 Embryo, 187, 193, 198 Empirical, 38, 193 Encephalitis, 193 Encephalomyelitis, 54, 193 Encephalopathy, 64, 67, 98, 102, 193 Endocarditis, 70, 193 Endocardium, 193 Endoscopic, 193, 203 Endotoxins, 189, 193 End-stage renal, 188, 193, 208 Environmental Exposure, 193, 206 Environmental Health, 154, 156, 193 Enzymatic, 186, 189, 193
221
Enzyme, 192, 193, 194, 203, 209, 213, 215 Epidermis, 194, 210 Ergot, 186, 194 Erythrocytes, 183, 185, 194 Esophagus, 191, 194, 215 Essential Tremor, 158, 194 Ethnic Groups, 38, 44, 194 Evoke, 20, 194, 214 Excitability, 41, 50, 194 Expert Systems, 194, 195 Expiratory, 194, 207 Extracellular, 182, 189, 194 Extraction, 30, 123, 194 Extremity, 107, 194, 206 Eye Movements, 43, 194 F Family Planning, 155, 194 Fat, 185, 193, 194, 201, 203 Fatigue, 166, 194 Fibrosis, 159, 194, 212 Filler, 42, 77, 194 Fissure, 140, 190, 194, 208 Fluorouracil, 61, 68, 194 Fold, 194, 195 Frontal Lobe, 29, 35, 195, 208 Functional Disorders, 122, 195 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 24, 29, 30, 33, 42, 49, 53, 64, 69, 195 Fuzzy Logic, 32, 195 G Gallbladder, 191, 195 Ganglia, 21, 181, 185, 195, 204, 207, 215 Gas, 195, 197, 199 Gene, 159, 160, 185, 192, 195, 197, 206, 207, 212 Generator, 122, 195 Genetics, 65, 192, 195 Genotype, 28, 195 Gestures, 195, 213 Gland, 195, 206, 209, 212, 214 Glioblastoma, 68, 195 Glioblastoma multiforme, 68, 195 Glucose, 29, 158, 185, 191, 195, 196, 198 Governing Board, 195, 208 Grade, 195, 196 Graft, 196, 197 Granulocytes, 196, 213, 218 Growth, 115, 158, 183, 187, 196, 201, 204, 206, 207 H Haematoma, 196 Haemorrhage, 92, 93, 196
222
Aphasia
Handicap, 127, 196 Headache, 186, 196 Health Education, 169, 196 Health Status, 188, 196 Hearing Disorders, 30, 188, 196 Hemiparesis, 9, 41, 64, 70, 83, 98, 196 Hemiplegia, 9, 55, 70, 196 Hemoglobin, 183, 194, 196 Hemoglobinuria, 158, 196 Hemorrhage, 66, 82, 139, 196, 197, 210, 215 Hereditary, 197, 205, 211 Heredity, 195, 197 Heterozygotes, 192, 197 Hippocampus, 197, 201, 205 Histology, 197, 205 Homogeneous, 190, 197 Homologous, 29, 197, 212, 215, 216 Homozygotes, 192, 197 Hormonal, 184, 197 Hormone, 188, 190, 197, 198, 208, 213 Host, 146, 197, 218 Hydrogen, 185, 197, 203 Hyperbaric, 106, 197 Hyperbaric oxygen, 106, 197 Hyperglycemia, 62, 197 Hypnotic, 185, 197, 203 Hypoglycemic, 83, 197 Hypotonia, 65, 187, 197 I Id, 100, 108, 158, 169, 176, 178, 197 Immunodeficiency, 158, 197 Immunosuppressant, 194, 197 In vitro, 198 In vivo, 15, 198 Incision, 198, 199 Incontinence, 198, 212 Indicative, 128, 198, 206, 218 Individuality, 5, 90, 198 Induction, 19, 198, 209 Infant, Newborn, 181, 198 Infarction, 29, 41, 55, 63, 190, 198, 202 Infection, 165, 187, 193, 197, 198, 201, 215, 218 Infertility, 186, 198 Inflammation, 193, 194, 198, 214 Insight, 40, 43, 137, 198, 211 Insulator, 198, 203 Insulin, 99, 198 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 99, 198 Intermediate Filaments, 198, 205 International Agencies, 126, 198
Interpersonal Relations, 168, 198 Intestinal, 199, 201 Intestines, 199, 212 Intracellular, 186, 198, 199, 213 Intraocular, 123, 199 Intrathecal, 74, 199 Introspection, 126, 199 Invasive, 24, 50, 199, 201 Involuntary, 185, 194, 199, 204, 211, 214 Ion Channels, 41, 199 Ions, 185, 192, 197, 199 Iop, 98, 199 Ipsilateral, 29, 41, 199, 202, 211 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 195, 199 Ischemia, 61, 184, 199 Ischemic stroke, 43, 63, 199 J Joint, 184, 199, 215 K Kb, 154, 199 Kidney Disease, 118, 154, 159, 199 Kinetic, 55, 199 L Labile, 188, 199 Language Development, 33, 132, 168, 200 Language Development Disorders, 200 Language Disorders, 4, 14, 17, 34, 44, 128, 129, 130, 131, 142, 146, 188, 200 Language Tests, 139, 200 Language Therapy, 9, 10, 11, 85, 139, 141, 145, 149, 200 Large Intestine, 191, 199, 200, 210 Least-Squares Analysis, 200, 211 Lens, 123, 200 Lenticular, 123, 200 Lesion, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24, 33, 36, 43, 46, 51, 70, 72, 94, 103, 146, 148, 182, 200, 201 Leukemia, 158, 188, 200 Library Services, 176, 200 Ligament, 200, 209 Likelihood Functions, 200, 211 Limbic, 182, 200, 208 Limbic System, 182, 200, 208 Linear Models, 201, 211 Lip, 48, 201 Lipid, 198, 201, 203 Liver, 191, 195, 201, 212 Liver scan, 201, 212 Lobe, 21, 29, 148, 201 Localization, 11, 13, 24, 36, 46, 60, 103, 128, 129, 139, 145, 201 Localized, 181, 196, 198, 201, 207
Index
Logistic Models, 201, 211 Longitudinal study, 28, 201 Lymphatic, 198, 201 Lymphoid, 190, 201 Lymphoma, 158, 201 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 39, 165, 201, 212 Malabsorption, 158, 201 Malignant, 158, 183, 195, 201, 204 Malnutrition, 184, 201, 204 Manifest, 196, 202 Maxillary, 184, 202 Medial, 29, 202 Mediate, 7, 18, 143, 192, 202 MEDLINE, 155, 157, 159, 202 Meiosis, 202, 215, 216 Melanocytes, 202 Melanoma, 158, 202 Membrane, 189, 191, 194, 199, 202, 211, 213, 214, 215 Meninges, 187, 202, 214 Mental Disorders, 119, 200, 202, 209 Mental Health, iv, 10, 48, 49, 119, 154, 156, 202 Mental Processes, 192, 202, 209 Mental Retardation, 65, 158, 160, 188, 202 Mentors, 27, 202 Mesencephalic, 55, 202, 210 Meta-Analysis, 53, 202 Metastasis, 202, 204 MI, 179, 202 Microbe, 203, 217 Microbiology, 181, 184, 203 Microtubule-Associated Proteins, 203, 205 Microtubules, 198, 203, 205 Midazolam, 41, 203 Mobility, 4, 203 Modeling, 10, 26, 49, 69, 203 Modification, 23, 203, 210 Molecular, 41, 155, 157, 185, 189, 203, 205, 208 Molecule, 183, 185, 189, 192, 203, 210, 213 Monitor, 24, 43, 144, 203, 205 Monoamine, 182, 191, 203 Monotherapy, 26, 203 Morphological, 38, 66, 114, 193, 202, 203 Morphology, 21, 24, 26, 38, 42, 91, 111, 113, 203 Motility, 195, 203, 213 Motion Sickness, 203, 212 Motor Activity, 21, 190, 203
223
Motor nerve, 203, 206, 207 Multiple sclerosis, 55, 139, 203 Muscle Fibers, 203, 204 Muscular Atrophy, 158, 204 Muscular Dystrophies, 192, 204 Mutism, 55, 204 Mydriatic, 204, 212 Myelin, 203, 204, 212 Myocardium, 202, 204 Myoclonus, 64, 98, 204 Myotonic Dystrophy, 158, 204 N NCI, 1, 118, 153, 204 Necrosis, 195, 198, 202, 204 Need, 3, 11, 39, 117, 125, 135, 142, 143, 149, 166, 171, 188, 204 Neocortex, 124, 204, 205 Neoplasia, 158, 204 Neoplasms, 128, 139, 183, 186, 204, 216 Neoplastic, 183, 201, 204 Nephropathy, 199, 204 Nerve, 124, 183, 184, 191, 195, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 211, 212, 214, 217 Nervous System, 41, 158, 181, 182, 187, 204, 205, 207, 215 Networks, 19, 30, 32, 204 Neuroanatomy, 11, 28, 29, 40, 201, 205 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 40, 185, 205 Neurofibrillary Tangles, 124, 205 Neurofilaments, 205 Neurogenic, 27, 37, 130, 131, 132, 139, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146, 205 Neurologic, 136, 139, 195, 205 Neurologist, 14, 22, 107, 205 Neuronal, 41, 205 Neurons, 30, 124, 191, 195, 204, 205, 215 Neurophysiology, 29, 60, 67, 80, 191, 205 Neuropsychology, 80, 84, 86, 88, 127, 131, 132, 133, 134, 205 Neurosurgeon, 24, 205 Neurosurgery, 57, 62, 65, 70, 74, 78, 81, 85, 86, 139, 205 Neurosyphilis, 205, 206 Neurotoxicity, 61, 205 Nonverbal Communication, 112, 188, 205 Nuclear, 69, 185, 193, 195, 201, 204, 205, 216 Nuclei, 182, 193, 201, 206 Nucleus, 16, 185, 190, 198, 200, 202, 206, 208, 209, 216 O Occipital Lobe, 82, 206
224
Aphasia
Oculomotor, 27, 202, 206 Oncogene, 158, 206 On-line, 11, 16, 24, 34, 43, 77, 101, 104, 179, 206 Opacity, 191, 206 Orderly, 8, 30, 206 Overdose, 190, 206 P Palliative, 206, 216 Pancreas, 191, 198, 206 Pancreatic, 158, 206 Pancreatic cancer, 158, 206 Paralysis, 184, 196, 202, 206 Paresis, 41, 79, 196, 206 Parietal, 40, 206 Parietal Lobe, 206 Paroxysmal, 158, 206 Pathologic, 37, 124, 190, 206, 213, 214 Pathologies, 138, 206 Pathophysiology, 32, 70, 206 Patient Education, 142, 164, 169, 174, 176, 179, 206 Pelvic, 206, 209 Peptide, 206, 209 Perception, 14, 18, 28, 30, 106, 196, 206 Perfusion, 15, 43, 75, 207 Peripheral Nervous System, 192, 196, 205, 207 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 196, 207 Peripheral vision, 207, 218 Petechiae, 196, 207 Pharmacologic, 183, 207, 217 Pharmacotherapy, 4, 61, 68, 94, 99, 207 Phonation, 127, 207 Phospholipases, 207, 213 Phosphorylated, 124, 207 Phylogeny, 29, 207 Physiologic, 32, 182, 204, 207, 210, 217 Physiology, 19, 43, 51, 193, 205, 207 Pigment, 202, 207 Piracetam, 83, 91, 207 Pitch, 29, 47, 207 Plants, 182, 184, 195, 203, 207, 217 Plasticity, 24, 33, 60, 72, 92, 207 Platelet Activation, 207, 213 Polycystic, 159, 208 Posterior, 35, 47, 53, 62, 183, 184, 187, 192, 206, 208 Postnatal, 33, 208 Postsynaptic, 208, 213, 215 Postural, 64, 98, 208
Potentiation, 208, 213 Practicability, 208, 217 Practice Guidelines, 156, 208 Prefrontal Cortex, 35, 40, 49, 208 Premedication, 208, 212 Presynaptic, 124, 208, 215 Prevalence, 7, 137, 208 Probe, 15, 17, 21, 208 Problem Solving, 29, 208 Program Evaluation, 6, 208 Progression, 28, 137, 141, 208 Projection, 208, 210 Prolactin, 186, 208 Prophase, 209, 215, 216 Prospective study, 201, 209 Prostate, 158, 209 Prosthesis, 36, 70, 209 Protein S, 159, 185, 209 Proteins, 124, 182, 183, 188, 198, 203, 205, 206, 209, 213, 217 Proteolytic, 189, 209 Protocol, 18, 209 Proximal, 208, 209 Psychiatric, 22, 40, 128, 188, 202, 209 Psychiatry, 9, 24, 49, 57, 62, 65, 70, 74, 81, 98, 104, 132, 209 Psychic, 209, 212 Psychoacoustic, 28, 209 Psycholinguistics, 27, 49, 128, 209 Psychology, 19, 25, 31, 33, 34, 35, 38, 41, 46, 49, 129, 192, 205, 209 Psychophysics, 209 Psychophysiology, 205, 209 Psychotomimetic, 182, 191, 209 Public Policy, 155, 209 Pulse, 203, 210 Pure Alexia, 77, 210 Purpura, 55, 196, 210 Q Quality of Life, 4, 16, 17, 20, 36, 74, 133, 149, 210 Quaternary, 210, 212 R Radiation, 193, 197, 210, 212, 218 Radiation therapy, 197, 210 Radioactive, 186, 197, 201, 205, 210, 212 Radiological, 82, 210 Radiology, 22, 210 Radiopharmaceutical, 195, 210 Randomized, 26, 41, 50, 98, 192, 210 Randomized clinical trial, 26, 210 Reaction Time, 37, 50, 91, 210
Index
Reactivation, 46, 210 Receptor, 181, 183, 192, 210, 213 Recovery of Function, 20, 210 Rectum, 184, 186, 191, 195, 198, 200, 209, 210 Recurrence, 188, 210 Red Nucleus, 184, 210 Refer, 1, 127, 188, 201, 211 Reflex, 194, 211 Regimen, 192, 207, 211 Regression Analysis, 25, 211 Reliability, 18, 24, 83, 166, 211 Research Design, 6, 14, 23, 211 Research Support, 27, 211 Resection, 24, 54, 211 Respiration, 190, 203, 211 Restoration, 210, 211 Retina, 200, 211 Retinoblastoma, 158, 211 Retrospective, 82, 211 Retrospective Studies, 82, 211 Risk factor, 137, 201, 209, 211 Role Playing, 146, 211 S Salivary, 191, 206, 211, 212 Salivary glands, 191, 212 Scans, 51, 212 Schizophrenia, 31, 212 Sclerosis, 158, 203, 212 Scopolamine, 41, 212 Screening, 16, 61, 84, 116, 139, 188, 200, 212 Secretion, 186, 188, 198, 212 Sedative, 185, 203, 212 Segmentation, 35, 212 Segregation, 12, 212 Seizures, 62, 93, 99, 195, 206, 212, 214 Self Care, 181, 212 Self-Help Groups, 105, 212 Semantics, 32, 38, 212 Semen, 209, 212 Semisynthetic, 186, 212 Senile, 124, 212 Sensory loss, 135, 212, 216 Serotonin, 207, 213 Serum, 183, 188, 213 Sex Determination, 159, 213 Shock, 204, 213, 217 Shoulder Pain, 83, 213 Side effect, 181, 213, 217 Sign Language, 15, 71, 87, 112, 114, 128, 141, 213
225
Signal Transduction, 41, 213 Skeletal, 197, 204, 213, 214 Skeleton, 181, 199, 213 Skull, 139, 213, 216 Smooth muscle, 183, 186, 213, 214 Social Environment, 137, 210, 213 Social Isolation, 11, 213 Socialization, 4, 29, 214 Somatic, 200, 202, 207, 208, 214 Sound wave, 189, 214 Spasm, 183, 190, 202, 214 Spasmodic, 32, 214 Specialist, 170, 214 Species, 30, 202, 214, 215, 218 Speech Disorders, 17, 32, 128, 138, 214 Speech Intelligibility, 18, 214 Speech Perception, 30, 32, 214 Spike, 87, 214 Spinal cord, 184, 186, 187, 190, 193, 196, 199, 202, 204, 205, 207, 211, 214, 215 Spinal Cord Diseases, 196, 214 Sporadic, 205, 211, 214 Staging, 212, 214 Status Epilepticus, 5, 67, 78, 214 Steroids, 190, 214 Stimulant, 182, 186, 191, 214 Stimulus, 13, 27, 30, 113, 127, 128, 131, 140, 199, 209, 210, 211, 214, 216, 218 Stomach, 191, 194, 197, 199, 215 Stress, 7, 52, 80, 106, 128, 187, 195, 199, 215 Striatum, 70, 215 Subacute, 198, 215 Subclinical, 198, 212, 215 Subspecies, 214, 215 Substrate, 18, 215 Sufentanil, 74, 215 Support group, 170, 215 Suppression, 50, 215 Sympathetic Nervous System, 205, 215 Sympathomimetic, 182, 191, 192, 215 Symphysis, 209, 215 Symptomatology, 10, 36, 138, 215 Synapses, 214, 215 Synapsis, 215, 216 Synaptic, 33, 41, 213, 215 Systemic, 115, 185, 198, 205, 210, 216 T Telangiectasia, 159, 216 Telencephalon, 185, 216 Temporal, 13, 15, 21, 24, 28, 30, 38, 40, 48, 53, 60, 62, 182, 184, 196, 197, 216 Temporal Lobe, 24, 28, 60, 182, 184, 216
226
Aphasia
Thalamic, 54, 93, 184, 216 Thalamic Diseases, 184, 216 Thalamus, 30, 191, 201, 208, 216 Therapeutics, 168, 216 Thermal, 192, 216 Third Ventricle, 216 Threshold, 194, 216 Thrombosis, 139, 209, 215, 216 Thrombus, 190, 198, 199, 216 Tissue, 24, 29, 124, 183, 184, 185, 187, 189, 193, 195, 196, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, 211, 213, 214, 216 Tomography, 29, 33, 74, 189, 216 Tonic, 190, 216 Tonicity, 192, 217 Tooth Preparation, 181, 217 Torsion, 198, 217 Toxic, iv, 184, 193, 217 Toxicity, 4, 192, 217 Toxicology, 156, 217 Toxins, 183, 193, 198, 217 Transduction, 213, 217 Transfection, 185, 217 Transmitter, 181, 192, 199, 215, 217 Trauma, 4, 76, 124, 128, 139, 185, 196, 204, 210, 216, 217 Treatment Outcome, 21, 25, 217
Tremor, 64, 98, 202, 217 Tuberous Sclerosis, 159, 217 U Ubiquitin, 205, 217 Unconscious, 197, 217 Urethra, 209, 217 Urinary, 198, 212, 217 Urine, 185, 192, 196, 198, 217 Uterus, 187, 190, 217 V Vaccine, 209, 218 Vascular, 41, 128, 134, 139, 198, 214, 216, 218 Venous, 209, 218 Ventral, 15, 48, 206, 218 Verbal Learning, 34, 218 Veterinary Medicine, 155, 218 Virulence, 217, 218 Visual field, 139, 168, 218 Vivo, 218 Vocal cord, 207, 218 W White blood cell, 183, 185, 188, 201, 218 Word Processing, 39, 218 X X-ray, 189, 205, 210, 212, 218
Index
227
228
Aphasia
