Anosmia - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ANOSMIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P ...

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ANOSMIA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Anosmia: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00073-3 1. Anosmia-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on anosmia. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ANOSMIA .................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Anosmia ........................................................................................ 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ANOSMIA ........................................................................................ 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Finding Nutrition Studies on Anosmia....................................................................................... 35 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 36 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ANOSMIA .................................................................. 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 39 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 45 General References ....................................................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON ANOSMIA .................................................................................................. 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 47 Chapters on Anosmia................................................................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ANOSMIA..................................................................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 51 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 52 Academic Periodicals covering Anosmia ..................................................................................... 53 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 57 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 59 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 61 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 63 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 67 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 69 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 69 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 69 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 75 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 75 ANOSMIA DICTIONARY............................................................................................................. 77 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 111

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with anosmia is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about anosmia, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to anosmia, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on anosmia. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to anosmia, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on anosmia. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ANOSMIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on anosmia.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and anosmia, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “anosmia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Anosmia and Chronic Sinus Disease Source: Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 115(1): 24-28. July 1996. Summary: Chronic sinus disease associated with progressive mucosal disease is often a cause for anosmia. Despite aggressive allergic, medical, and surgical intervention, longterm relief of anosmia has been difficult to document. In this study, 50 patients sought treatment for subjective anosmia and symptoms of progressive sinusitis and underwent endoscopic sinus surgery. After surgery, 52 percent maintained significant improvement in smell by subjective measures that correlated with objective olfactory results using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification test (UPSIT). Of the remaining patients, some had intermittent improvement, but most remained hyposmic or anosmic despite clinically well-healed ethmoid surgical beds. Of the preoperative and postoperative historical, clinical, and radiological data analyzed, the severity of the presenting sinus

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disease and persistent mucosal disease in the surgical bed are associated with persistent anosmia. 2 figures. 3 tables. 13 references. (AA).

Federally Funded Research on Anosmia The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to anosmia. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to anosmia. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore anosmia. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for anosmia: •

Project Title: OLFACTION

CHEMICAL

SENSORY

IRRITATION:

CONTRAST

WITH

Principal Investigator & Institution: Cometto-Muniz, J E.; Associate Research Scientist; Surgery; University of California San Diego La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1995; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) The project aims at comparing the functional properties of the human senses of smell and the chemical sensory irritation (i.e., chemesthesis) with regard to the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) singly and in mixtures, VOCs have been implicated in the production of adverse sensory effects- particularly irritation of the nose, eyes, and throat-in indoor( e.g., sick building syndrome) and occupational environments. The sensory response of interest will include: odor, nasal pungency, nasal localization, and eye irritation. Nasal pungency entails sensations like prickling, piquancy, tingling, irritation, burning, freshness, stinging, and the like. Nasal localization, or lateralization, entails the ability to pinpoint which nostril received a chemical stimulus when air is simultaneously delivered to the other nostril. Nasal pungency, nasal localization, and eye irritation rest on activation of the trigeminal nerve. Detection of nasal pungency will be tested in subjects lacking olfaction to avoid odor biases. VOCs will be selected from within and across homologous series where carbon chain length provides a convenient "unit of change" of underlying physiochemical properties. For each individual VOC, we will determine the airborne concentration range that spans the sensory response from chance detection to virtually perfect detection, thus obtaining detectability functions. With this information, we will prepare and test mixtures for which individual detectability of the components will have been measured. We will begin by studying binary mixtures and, then, proceed to ternary, quaternary, and higher order mixtures. Systematic selection of 2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

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VOCs according to gradual changes in physiochemical and measurements of detectability functions will permit to uncover the physiochemical and sensory determinants of the detection of chemical mixtures, compared to the detection of single components, in olfaction and chemesthesis. Knowledge of these determinants is vital for understanding and preventing adverse sensory reactions from air pollution. In addition, use of an improved chemical-delivery system will provide data directly applicable to environmentally realistic (i.e., whole-body) exposures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DETERMINANTS OF GLOMERULAR ORGANIZATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Greer, Charles A.; Professor of Neuroscience; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Multiple lines of evidence support the notion that the axons from olfactory receptor neurons expressing the same odor receptor (OR) largely converge onto only 2 or a few glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. To accomplish this there is an extraordinary reorganization of axons that occurs between the olfactory epithelium and the olfactory bulb. The pathfinding exhibited by axons during reorganization as well as their targeting of specific glomeruli appears to be influenced, at least in part, by the unique OR expressed by any single olfactory receptor neuron. Thus, ORS constitute a unique set of molecular tags/determinants that provide an exciting opportunity to study further the organization of the glomerulus and its role in odor processing. Moreover, because of recent advances in protein tracking technology, the opportunity is presented to investigate the spatio-temporal proteins of ORS in olfactory receptor neurons in order to understand if their intracellular distribution is consistent with a determinant role in axon guidance. Three specific aims are proposed: 1) Does one specific gene, coding an OR sequence, uniquely define all of the afferent axons projecting to one glomerulus? Using Lac-Z constructs, the synaptic organization of axons expressing specific ORS will be studied. 2) What is the distribution of mitral cells whose apical dendrites innervate a specific glomerulus? While some evidence suggests that the somata of these mitral cells should be contiguous, the hypothesis has not been addressed. Green Fluorescent Protein constructs can be employed to identify the afferent axons converging on specific glomeruli. Identified glomeruli will be infected with fluorescent or light-dense tracers to map the distribution of mitral cells whose dendrites are innervating the identified glomerulus. 3) What is the intracellular distribution of OR protein? While the evidence favoring multiple roles for ORS is compelling, it is not evident in which intracellular compartments OR protein is found. Using Green Fluorescent Protein coding sequence fusions with OR coding sequences, the spatio- temporal characteristics of OR protein products will be assessed to address this significant gap in our knowledge. Collectively, these studies will shed new light on the organization of primary olfactory projections, the role of the glomerulus in odor processing, the topography of higher order projections emerging from glomeruli and finally, the mechanisms that may govern the intracellular distribution of OR proteins. These results may be significant for people suffering from anosmia and hyposmia, Kalman's Syndrome and related diseases of axon guidance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DYSPRAXIA AND AUTONOMIC CONTROL IN VERY EARLY AD Principal Investigator & Institution: Royall, Donald R.; Psychiatry; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Alzheimer's dementia is merely the final stage of a pathological process that spans decades. Before clinicians can detect dementia, AD pathology may have already reached the insular cortex, which is related to autonomic control of heart rate and blood pressure. Insular lesions, particularly on the right, are associated with bradyarrhythmias, decreased heart rate variability (HRV), and increased mortality. Thus, preclinical AD should be considered as a possible explanation for "cardiovascular" I fall-related morbidity and mortality in non-demented elderly persons. Autopsy studies suggest that 40% of octogenarians may be at risk for this level of AD pathology. 20-40% of healthy octogenarians have unexplained "age related" supaventricular arrhythmias on 24-hour Holter records. Mortality in AD is specifically associated with right hemisphere metabolism and tests of constructional praxis. This effect is not limited to clinical AD. Survival is decreased in cases with "Mild Cognitive Impairment" (MCI) as well. We have recently observed increased mortality in nondemented, non-disabled, independent living octogenarians with mild constructional impairments. Mortality was also associated with signs of pre-emergent AD (like anosmia). This suggests that AD has significant effects on mortality at a preclinical stage in the disease process. This study will examine the association between right hemisphere dysfunction and autonomic control at three levels of cognitive impairment [e.g. frank AD, Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) (i.e. preclinical AD), and normal controls]. All subjects will be free of significant cardiac disease (CAD). Right hemisphere function will be assessed by measures of constructional praxis, and regional cerebral blood flow by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Autonomic control will be assessed by statistical analyses of HRV derived from 24 Holter records, supplemented by the frequency and severity of selected cardiac arrhythmias, orthostatic blood pressures, and symptom self-reports. A significant effect of right hemisphere function on autonomic control in non-demented persons at risk for AD would have important implications. The community prevalence of MCI has been estimated to be 38% of community dwelling elderly. Constructional tasks could help identify those at risk. Minorities may be disproportionately vulnerable. Some dementia treatments are known to reduce HRV, and possibly mortality as well. Alternatively, some psychotropics may increase arrhythmia-related mortality, possibly via a central mechanism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ESTABLISHING THE GENETIC ETIOLOGY FOR KALLMANN SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Seminara, Stephanie B.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): In all mammalian species, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is the first hormone in a complex reproductive cascade. GnRH is released by the hypothalamus and stimulates the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary; these gonadotropins then stimulate the gonads to produce sex steroids and follicles/sperm. The actions of GnRH are complex--it is secreted in a pulsatile, as opposed to constitutive, fashion, and at variable frequencies throughout the reproductive cycle. Understanding what signals modulate the developmental fate and secretory actions of GnRH neurons remains a major question for reproductive biologists. This grant proposal will address this issue using a human disease model in which GnRH secretion is defective or absent. Patients

Studies

7

with this condition, idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH), fail to undergo puberty and are infertile if untreated. Although congenital IHH is a rare disease and family sizes are typically small, a large inbred family of French Canadian descent has been identified with IHH and anosmia. A genome wide scan has been performed and a chromosomal locus for the genetic defect has been identified. In this proposal, the candidate region will be further refined, a complete transcript map for the region will be developed, and RT-PCR will be used to screen the candidate gene for the precise genetic mutation. The mutation spectrum will then be juxtaposed against the baseline clinical/biochemical features of the patients, their neuroendocrine phenotypes, as well as their responses to physiologic replacement with exogenous pulsatile GnRH to develop robust genotype/phenotype correlations. The spatiotemporal pattern of expression of the gene will be studied and in vitro model systems developed to study the physiology of the newly-identified gene. It is hoped that this information will ultimately be used to understand numerous human diseases defined by abnormalities in GnRH secretion, including constitutional delay of puberty, hypothalamic amenorrhea, and central precocious puberty. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GABA EFFECTS ON GNRH NEURONAL MIGRATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Bless, Elizabeth P.; Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2002 Summary: The proper functioning of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons is necessary for the reproductive success of an organism. During development, the migratory route of GnRH neurons proceeds from their peripheral birthplace in the olfactory placode, across the cribriform plate and to their final destination in the basal forebrain (BF). These neurons migrate along olfactory fibers. The disruption of these fibers during development results in anosmia. and hypogonadism. The mechanisms that contribute to this relatively unique migration are largely unknown. Preliminary data suggest that the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) may play a role in regulating GnRH neuronal migration. We have developed a slice preparation which maintains the integrity of the GnRH migratory pathway. The current proposal focuses on 3 specific aspects of this GABA effect. First, the involvement of the three specific GABA receptors will be investigated through localization of these receptors along the migratory route by use of immunocytochemistry and through specific receptor activation in embryonic slices in vitro. Second, the role of Ca2+ in GABA-mediated GnRH neuronal migration will be investigated through the use of Ca2+ channel blockers and Ca2+ chelators in addition to GABAergic drugs in vitro. Third, the presence of GABA in a subpopulation of GnRH neurons will be investigated in two ways. First, the process by which GABA is found in these GnRH neurons will be explored by immunocytochemistry for the synthesizing enzymes glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD 65 and GAD 67) or aldehyde dehydrogenase (AD) and the GABA transporter, GAT-1. Second, the role of GABA in GnRH neurons in GABA-mediated GnRH neuronal migration will be studied through the use of GAD and AD inhibitors, and GAT blockers in addition to GABAergic drugs in vitro. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Anosmia

Project Title: GLOMERULI AS FUNCTIONAL UNITS FOR OLFACTORY CODING Principal Investigator & Institution: Hildebrand, John G.; Regents Professor; Division of Neurobiology; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1995; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract): The primary olfactory centers in the brains of diverse animals, including humans, are characterized by an array of synaptic modules called glomeruli. These centers are thought to be organized chemotopically, such that odor information is represented spatially among glomeruli, but this important hypothesis has not been tested comprehensively in a species offering the advantages of anatomical simplicity, identifiable glomeruli, accessible receptor cells and central neurons, and chemically identified, behaviorally relevant odors. Moreover, despite dramatic advances in chemosensory research, we still do not understand how complex odor stimuli are encoded in neural activity, within and among glomeruli, that ultimately leads to appropriate behavioral responses. This project builds on a firm foundation of technical experience and knowledge about an experimentally favorable model, the olfactory system of Manduca sexta, which is comparable to its vertebrate counterpart in organization and function and permits the hypothesis of glomerular chemotopy to be tested with greater precision than has been possible in other species. This model system also offers an exceptional opportunity to unravel the synaptic neural circuitry within and between identified glomeruli in order to reveal how specific odor information is processed at its first way-station in the brain. By means of intracellular recording and staining, extracellular multichannel recording, laser-scanning confocal and transmission electron microscopy, and computer-assisted mathematical modeling, we will focus on identified glomeruli in recognizable clusters to: (1) test the hypothesis that glomeruli are organized chemotopically by determining what chemical, temporal, and intensity properties of behaviorally significant odor stimuli are analyzed and encoded by individual neurons innervating particular glomeruli; (2) characterize synaptic circuits within and between glomeruli to learn how the various types of neurons associated with glomeruli interact to shape the signas conveyed by output neurons projecting to higher centers in the brain; and (3) develop mathematical models of characterized neurons to generate testable hypotheses about their physiology and synaptic interactions. This research will promote understanding of basic olfactory mechanisms in all animals, including mankind, and promises to contribute toward explanation of sensory disorders such as parosmia, hyposmia, and anosmia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MOLECULAR RECOGNITION

AND

FUNCTIONAL

BASIS

ODORANT

Principal Investigator & Institution: Reed, Randall R.; Professor; Molecular Biology and Genetics; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: The mammalian olfactory system displays remarkable sensitivity and specificity in the detection of odorant molecules. G protein-coupled receptors present in the cilia of the olfactory neurons activate a transduction cascade leading to electrical activity and the propagation of sensory information to the brain. The discovery of a large family of olfactory receptor (OR) genes nearly a decade ago provided an explanation for the differential sensitivity of individual olfactory neurons. Moreover, the apparent expression of only a single receptor type in each cell suggests that the selectivity and specificity characteristic of each neuron reflects the functional properties

Studies

9

of the underlying receptor protein. However, until recently it had not been possible to characterize OR function by expression in heterologous systems. Preliminary analysis of a few receptors indicates that they may display relatively narrow ligand specificity. The development of functional expression systems presents an important opportunity to define the molecular mechanism underlying odorant recognition. Interestingly, the threshold for detection of some odorants differs greatly among individuals in the population. These specific anosmias and hyposmias appear to have a genetic basis and may derive from unappreciated variations in the complement and functionality of individual receptors. We propose to define the molecular logic used by odorant receptors to bind and discriminate among structurally related ligands. These experiments will characterize the ligand specificity of a large number of mouse olfactory receptors and probe key residues in the ligand recognition pocket. The evolution and structural conservation of olfactory receptors make them uniquely amenable to a systematic dissection of molecular recognition. We will utilize molecular and functional approaches to elucidate the genetic and genomic variations that lead to specific anosmias. These experiments will complement those derived from in vitro analysis by providing information on receptor genes that are functionally important in the behavioral response of an animal. These experiments will afford new insights into the basis of odorant discrimination, information coding and the genetic basis of variation in sensory perception by the mammalian brain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OLFACTORY TOXICITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ding, Xinxin; Research Scientist Viii/Professor; Wadsworth Center Empire State Plaza Albany, Ny 12237 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-1994; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) The long-term objective is to understand the impact of environmental chemicals on the olfactory system. The present proposal continues to explore the mechanisms of tissue-specific toxicity and molecular approaches to risk assessment in humans. Previous in vitro studies have indicated that nasal mucosa-predominant cytochrome P450 isoforms may be important in the olfactory epithelium-selective toxicity of many chemicals and that the regulation of these P450s may be controlled by tissue specific transcription factors which interact with unique DNA sequences in the promoter region of the P450 genes. The present specific aims are: (1). To generate knockout mice lacking Cyp2a5 or Cyp2g1 gene by homologous recombination; (2). To characterize Cyp2a5(-/-) and Cyp2g1(-/-) mice as models for studying the role of nasal P450s in microsomal metabolic activation and olfactory epithelium-selective toxicity of environmental chemicals; (3). To determine the role of a putative, conserved, nasal-predominant transcriptional activating (NPTA) element in the 5'-flanking region of rat CYP2A3 and human CYP2A6 genes in tissue-selective and developmental regulation of P450 gene expression using transgenic mice; and (4). To identify and characterize putative nasal-predominant transcription factors which bind to the NPTA element and activate transcription of CYP2A3 gene. Identification of the NPTA element and the NPTA factors will improve our understanding of the tissuespecific and developmental regulatory mechanisms for these and other genes expressed predominantly in the nasal mucosa. The knockout mice generated will be very useful for studying the role of CYP2A5 and CYP2G1 in the toxicity of numerous xenobiotics in the olfactory mucosa and adjacent tissues, such as the olfactory bulb, the pharynx, and the esophagus, which may be exposed to toxic metabolites originated from the olfactory mucosa. In future studies, possible correlations between genetic polymorphism of nasal-

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predominant P450 genes, including their regulatory sequences and transcription factors, with diseases of the head and neck area and the upper respiratory tract, such as nasopharyngeal tumors, nasal polyps, chronic nasal inflammation, asthma, and anosmia, will be explored. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OTX2 IN THE DEVELOPMENT & REGULATION OF THE GNRH NEURON Principal Investigator & Institution: Wolfe, Andrew M.; Biology; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 29-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Gonadotropin releasing-hormone (GnRH) is released from the GnRH neurons of the basal hypothalamus and represents the primary neural signal regulating the hypothalmic-pituitary-gonadal axis. GnRH neurons originate early in murine development (10.75 days post conception [pc]) and migrate across the nasal cavity and into the basal forebrain between days 11.5 and 16.5 pc. The final anatomical distribution of the 1000 or so GnRH neurons in the murine brain consists of scattered neurons from the olfactory bulbs to the rostral aspect of the median eminence with the highest concentration of GnRH neurons located at the level of the OVLT and the POA. A failure of GnRH neuronal migration from the olfactory placode results in a form of X-linked hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, associated with anosmia, Kallmann's Syndrome. The study of the molecular elements important for the regulation of neuron migration, and GnRH gene expression in the GnRH neuron has been hampered by both their scattered distribution and their low number. The Otx2 homeodomain protein has been shown to be expressed in GnRH neurons at day 13pc when GnRH neurons are migratory. Otx2 plays an important role in the organization of the forebrain, including the GnRH neuron containing regions partly through regulation of a variety of adhesion factor genes. Therefore, Otx2 is a candidate as a regulator of GnRH neuronal migration. Interestingly Otx2 consensus binding sites have been observed in the promoters of both the human GnRH gene and the mouse GnRH gene. So Otx2 may additionally exist in the GnRH neurons to regulate GnRH gene expression. The aims of these studies are to identify a role for the Otx2 protein in coordinating the migration of GnRH neurons or for the regulation of GnRH gene expression. In aim 1, further studies will be undertaken to determine the developmental stages that Otx2, and a related protein, Otx1, are expressed in GnRH neurons. These studies will be performed to provide an anatomical substrate for Otx regulation of the GnRH neuron. In aim 2, I will examine the structural, using gel mobility shift assays, and functional, using transient transfection studies, interactions of Otx2 and the GnRH promoter in vitro. The studies outlined in aim 3 are designed to construct a GnRH neuron specific targeted knock out of the Otx2 gene. Anatomical and physiological examination of these mice will provide important insights into the role that Otx2 serves in both directing appropriate migration of GnRH neurons, and in regulating GnRH gene expression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PERCEPTION OF VOLATILE CHEMICALS BY OLFACTORY AND TRIGEMINAL SYSTEMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wysocki, Charles J.; Member; Monell Chemical Senses Center 3500 Market St Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002

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Summary: Beyond smell, many odorants stimulate the trigeminal nerve, which provides the facial component of chemesthesis, the perception of sensations originating from chemicals, often takes taking the form of irritation. Using human volunteers, some of whom have no sense of smell (anosmia), we have been and wish to continue intranasal chemesthesis and its interactions with olfaction. The project proposes three broad goals. Specific Aim 1 will investigate whether anosmics are sensitive to a range of chemesthetic stimuli relative to normosmics, in whom the sense of smell is fully functional. Should anosmics have an associated diminution in sensitivity to chemical irritants, they and their physicians should be made aware of this potentially dangerous situation. Specific Aim 2 will investigate quality coding in intranasal chemesthesis by testing a variety of chemesthetic agents in normosmics and anosmics. If quality coding exists within chemesthesis, then information would be needed to determine how many qualities exist, how the perception of these qualities influence each other and how they interact with olfaction. Specific Aim 3 will explore interaction between chemesthesis and olfaction by determining the effects of exposure to and adaptation of intranasal chemesthesis on olfactory sensitivity and vice versa. At present there is some confusion about the interaction between intranasal chemesthesis and olfaction. Work in this specific aim will collect additional data on this issue which should provide for a greater understanding of olfactory and chemesthetic interactions. To these ends, we will rely upon the ability of people to adapt to stimuli and to determine which side of the nose is being stimulated when an irritant activates the trigeminal nerve unilaterally (unlikely as it may seem, olfaction per se does not provide such information). In other work we willy rely upon the qualities of the stimuli to provide cues that individuals can use to discriminate between alternative choices. Results should contribute to an overall understanding of how individuals interact with their ever-expanding chemosensory environment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PROPERTIES REGENERATION

OF

OLFACTORY

RECEPTORS--NEURAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Costanzo, Richard M.; Professor of Physiology; Physiology; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-1980; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) Damage to the olfactory nerves is thought to result in anosmia (loss of olfactory function) by preventing signals from odor receptor cells from reaching the brain. At the present time little hope is offered to those with impaired olfactory function. This project will combine molecular techniques with a nerve regeneration model to investigate the capacity of olfactory neurons to regenerate, replace, and repair damaged neurons in the central nervous system. Genetic markers introduced into a strain of transgenic mice will be used to trace regenerating olfactory nerves as they grow back to their target sites in the olfactory bulb. Experiments will determine if the regenerating nerve fibers can restore sensory maps in olfactory brain regions. Age related changes in sensory maps will also be investigated. Immunocytochemical methods will be used to determine the time course and location of new synapse formation during recovery from nerve transection. Behavioral experiments will determine the amount of reconnection needed to restore odor mediated behavior and if increasing odor exposure (odor therapy) helps to improve the time course of recovery. Results from this study could have important clinical implications for rehabilitation and recovery of function following brain injury. Findings could provide the foundation for future treatment strategies to help improve or restore function in individuals with anosmia and other brain related injuries.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ROCKY MOUNTAIN TASTE AND SMELL CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Finger, Thomas E.; Professor; Cell & Developmental Biology; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1984; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: The long-term goal of the Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center is to gain a thorough understanding of transduction and intercellular interactions in chemosensory epithelia under normal, and disease conditions. To achieve this aim, our studies are first conducted in animal mode systems, then extended to humans when feasible. The six projects contained here, which examine both human and animal systems, are interrelated by transmission, and phenotype acquisition. In four of the projects, a primary focus is stimulus transduction. Inhibitory odorant responses and sweet taste transduction will be studied using electrophysiological and functional imaging techniques in two projects; another project will examine the role that functional changes in olfactory receptor neurons may play in steroid- dependent anosmia in humans, and finally transduction of intraepithelial chemical signals mediating development of taste buds will be studied. This last project is one of three projects which focus on development and regeneration of taste buds will be studied, the proposal's second major theme. The other two projects in this group examine synaptogenesis and synaptic specificity, and the events underlying functional and anatomical recovery of taste in humans following post-irradiation dysgeusia. The third programmatic theme involves synaptic transmission between taste receptor cells and the primary functional correlates of vesicular release of neurotransmitter from taste cells and seek to identify the neurotransmitter(s) released from taste receptor cells onto their afferent nerves. The four theme, phenotype acquisition and characterization, relates four projects. This projects will study whether the morphological and histochemical phenotypes of taste cells relate to cell lineage, relative age, state of innervation or to a functional state of the receptor cells. The projects of the Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center involve collaborative, interdisciplinary efforts and address several important questions in the field of chemosensory research. The shared expertise and related interests of the investigators brought together in this Center facilitate approaches to questions hitherto intractable by a single methodology or laboratory. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SNIFF MAGNITUDE RATIO AS A MEASURE OF OLFACTORY ACUITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Gesteland, Robert C.; Professor; Emerging Concepts, Inc. 3130 Highland Ave, Ste 3115 Cincinnati, Oh 45219 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Smell loss is a health and safety problem for millions of Americans. Assessment of smell function is not routinely performed because a rapid, inexpensive and robust test of olfaction is not available. Our SBTR Phase I grant demonstrated the feasibility of a new test of olfactory function, the sniff magnitude test. The test performed well in reliability and validity studies with adults as compared to standard tests, and proved to be superior to the UPSIT in tests with children. Because the sniff test is based on reflex-like reduction of sniffing to a malodorous stimulus, it is hypothesized that it will have advantages over standard tests that require substantial

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cognitive, memory and language skills. This SBIR Phase II application aims to enhance the sniff magnitude test by (1) improving the odor delivery and sniff measurement equipment and protocol, (2) reducing the cost of the test device, (3) demonstrate the utility of the test in the clinic, and (4) providing robust demonstrations of the advantages of the test with populations who have proved difficult or time consuming to evaluate with existing olfactory acuity tests. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TARGET-BASED RATIONAL DESIGN OF NEW MOSQUITO REPELLENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Woods, Daniel F.; Inscent, Inc. 4521 Campus Dr, #317 Irvine, Ca 92612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 31-OCT-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Blood-feeding mosquitoes carry many potentially lethal diseases, including encephalitis, malaria, and Yellow Fever. Diseases that were previously considered eradicated or well under control in most developed nations, such as malaria and viral encephalitis, have now recurred and are spreading despite advances in medicine throughout the past century. For example, malaria is the leading tropical disease caused by parasites in humans. During the twentieth century, malaria was gradually restricted to under-developed or developing nations, but this may no longer be the case in the future. Although until recently the vast majority of malaria cases were limited to sub-Saharan Africa, malaria now occurs in areas where it had previously been controlled and causes illness in over 400 million people around the world each year. The appicants propose to develop novel mosquito repellents, called Arometics, that function by inducing anosmia via blocking the function of proteins directly involved in olfaction. Arometics will avoid many of the problems associated with the present generation of mosquito repellents including adverse reactions to extended epidermal exposure. The proposed product should have widespread appeal in the consumer market (estimated at more than $500 million/year worldwide for insect repellents) as well as the United States military. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TASTE AND VISCERAL INTEGRATION IN PARABRACHIAL NUCLEUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Baird, John-Paul C.; Oral Biology; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-MAR-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Feeding and metabolic disorders such as obesity, anorexia, bulimia, gastroesophageal reflux cachexia, dysgeusia, and anosmia contribute to numerous diseases including hypertension, stroke, diabetes, and heart disease, and thus account for a large proportion of health- care costs in North America and other countries. Elucidating the neural mechanisms that control feeding is, therefore, of fundamental clinical significance. Numerous behavioral studies indicate that feeding is regulated by the integration of taste and visceral afferent signals within the central nervous system; however, only a handful of neurophysiological studies have attempted to locate and characterize these mechanisms. This application will evaluate neural interactions between gustatory and visceral afferent signals in the parabrachial nucleus (PBN), a brainstem relay that receives significantly overlapping taste and visceral afferent inputs. The first experiments will use standard neurophysiological recording

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techniques to test the hypothesis that duodenal nutrient and distension signals are represented in PBN, as they have not been described at this level, and that these signals interact with gastric distension responses. The interaction of duodenal-signals with gastric distension and gustatory responses in PBN will then be neurophysiologically evaluated to test the hypothesis that a concomitant of satiation is expressed in the form of visceral suppression of palatable taste responses in PBN. The final phase of this application will further explore the visceral modulation of PBN taste responses through an attempt to identify whether particular neurotransmitters play a role in mediating the effect. Specifically, neurotransmitter antagonists will be microinjected into the discrete vicinity of single taste cells as they are recorded during visceral and taste stimulation. It is hypothesized that if the suppression of taste responses by visceral stimuli is mediated locally by the neurotransmitter in question, then antagonism of its receptor systems should reverse the taste suppression effect. Identifying the neurotransmitters that participate in the visceral suppression of taste responses in PBN may also provide insight regarding other central mechanisms that participate in feeding control. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with anosmia, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “anosmia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for anosmia (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism with anosmia (Kallmann's syndrome) in a male, with familial incidence of a small metacentric chromosome (47,XX, mat?+). Author(s): Ventruto V, Cali A, Farina L, Festa B, Ricciardi I, Sebastio L. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1976 February; 13(1): 71-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1271431

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A case of primary amenorrhea, diabetes and anosmia. Author(s): Jenkin A, Renner D, Hahn F, Larsen J. Source: Gynecological Endocrinology : the Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. 2000 February; 14(1): 65-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10813110

3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A new syndrome of anosmia, ichthyosis, hypogonadism, and various neurological manifestations with deficiency of steroid sulfatase and arylsulfatase C. Author(s): Sunohara N, Sakuragawa N, Satoyoshi E, Tanae A, Shapiro LJ. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1986 February; 19(2): 174-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3516063

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A newly recognized neuroectodermal syndrome of familial alopecia, anosmia, deafness, and hypogonadism. Author(s): Johnson VP, McMillin JM, Aceto T Jr, Bruins G. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1983 July; 15(3): 497-506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6881216

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A study of gonadotrophin release in a woman with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and anosmia. Case report. Author(s): Glass MR, Martin RH, Hancock KW, Scott JS. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1981 April; 88(4): 450-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6784746

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Adult-onset hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy accompanied by anosmia but without skin ulceration. Author(s): Sakae N, Yamada T, Arakawa K, Taniwaki T, Ohyagi Y, Furuya H, Ohnishi A, Kira J. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2001 November; 104(5): 316-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11696028

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Alopecia-anosmia-deafness-hypogonadism syndrome revisited: report of a new case. Author(s): Johnston K, Golabi M, Hall B, Ito M, Grix A. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1987 April; 26(4): 925-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3591836

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Anosmia after anterior communicating artery aneurysm surgery: comparison between the anterior interhemispheric and basal interhemispheric approaches. Author(s): Fujiwara H, Yasui N, Nathal-Vera E, Suzuki A. Source: Neurosurgery. 1996 February; 38(2): 325-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8869060

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Anosmia after doxycycline use. Author(s): Bleasel AF, McLeod JG, Lane-Brown M. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1990 April 16; 152(8): 440. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2139490

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Anosmia after nasal surgery: a malpractice emergency. Author(s): Biedlingmaier JF. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1999 October; 121(4): 510. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10504736

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Anosmia and aggression in male owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus). Author(s): Hunter AJ, Dixson AF. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1983 June; 30(6): 875-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6684305

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Anosmia and chronic sinus disease. Author(s): Downey LL, Jacobs JB, Lebowitz RA. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1996 July; 115(1): 24-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8758625

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Anosmia and hypogonadism associated with elevated luteinizing hormone levels and multiple congenital anomalies. Author(s): Check JH, Rakoff AE, Goldfarb AF, Slipyan P. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 April 15; 127(8): 889-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=851150

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Anosmia and hypogonadism with ovarian mosaicism. Author(s): Jones JR, Kemmann E, Cresci J, Solish GI. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 April 1; 121(7): 991-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1078755

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Anosmia and isolated ACTH deficiency following a road traffic accident. Case report. Author(s): Scoble JE, Havard CW. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1990 September; 73(3): 453-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2166780

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Anosmia and mouse killing by rats: a nonolfactory role for the olfactory bulbs. Author(s): Spector SA, Hull EM. Source: J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1972 August; 80(2): 354-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5065428

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Anosmia and primary amenorrhea in a young woman. Author(s): Bates GW, Raulston WR, Whitworth NS, Wiser WL. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 1979 August; 20(8): 171-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=490638

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Anosmia associated with alpha-interferon treatment. Author(s): Cocquyt VF, Van Belle SJ. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 1994 November; 5(9): 863. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7848892

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Anosmia associated with corrective rhinoplasty. Author(s): Champion R. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1966 April; 19(2): 182-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5931598

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Anosmia due to nasal administration of corticosteroid. Author(s): Whittet HB, Shinkwin C, Freeland AP. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1991 September 14; 303(6803): 651. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1932926

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Anosmia following head trauma: preliminary study of steroid treatment. Author(s): Ikeda K, Sakurada T, Takasaka T, Okitsu T, Yoshida S. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1995 December; 177(4): 343-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8928194

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Anosmia following operation for cerebral aneurysms in the anterior circulation. Author(s): Eriksen KD, Boge-Rasmussen T, Kruse-Larsen C. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1990 June; 72(6): 864-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2338570

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Anosmia in a giant anterior communicating artery aneurysm. Author(s): Manconi M, Paolino E, Casetta I, Granieri E. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2001 September; 58(9): 1474-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11559321

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Anosmia in Alzheimer disease. Author(s): Solomon GS. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1994 December; 79(3 Pt 1): 1249-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7899008

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Anosmia in Crouzon's syndrome and its recovery following cranio-facial reconstruction. Author(s): Das SK, Munro IR. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1979 January; 32(1): 55-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=427308

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Anosmia in dementia is associated with Lewy bodies rather than Alzheimer's pathology. Author(s): McShane RH, Nagy Z, Esiri MM, King E, Joachim C, Sullivan N, Smith AD. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2001 June; 70(6): 739-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11385006

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Anosmia in dementia is associated with Lewy bodies rather than Alzheimer's pathology. Author(s): Mann DM. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2001 June; 70(6): 720-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11385001

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Anosmia induced with alpha interferon in a patient with chronic hepatitis C. Author(s): Kraus I, Vitezic D. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000 July; 38(7): 360-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10919345

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Anosmia. Author(s): Knight A. Source: Lancet. 1988 August 27; 2(8609): 512. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2900434

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Anosmia: diagnosis and management. Author(s): Holbrook EH, Leopold DA. Source: Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 February; 11(1): 54-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14515104

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Anosmia: verification and etiologies. Author(s): Schneider RA. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1972 April; 81(2): 272-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5027596

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Appetite and anosmia. Author(s): Henkin RI, Smith FR. Source: Lancet. 1971 June 26; 1(7713): 1352-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4103412

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Assessing the impact of anosmia: review of a questionnaire's findings. Author(s): Toller SV. Source: Chemical Senses. 1999 December; 24(6): 705-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10587505

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Assessment of anosmia after traumatic brain injury: performance characteristics of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. Author(s): Callahan CD, Hinkebein JH. Source: The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2002 June; 17(3): 251-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12086578

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Assessment of anosmia. Author(s): Soni NK, Chatterji P. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1983 January; 31(1): 25-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6619070

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Autoimmune pancreatitis in the spectrum of autoimmune exocrinopathy associated with sialoadenitis and anosmia. Author(s): Dooreck BS, Katz P, Barkin JS. Source: Pancreas. 2004 January; 28(1): 105-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14707740

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Brief report: anosmia and remote outcome in closed head injury. Author(s): Frank Greiffenstein M, John Baker W, Gola T. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2002 August; 24(5): 705-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12187453

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Cardiac abnormalities in a female patient with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia. Author(s): Gould L, Reddy CV. Source: Journal of Electrocardiology. 1977 July; 10(3): 279-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=881609

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Cardiac abnormalities in female hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia. Author(s): Kemmann E, Conrad P, Jones JR. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1980 April 1; 136(7): 964-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7361844

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Caution urged in treating 'steroid-dependent anosmia'. Author(s): Scott AE. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1989 January; 115(1): 10910. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2909225

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Children who can't smell the coffee: isolated congenital anosmia. Author(s): Assouline S, Shevell MI, Zatorre RJ, Jones-Gotman M, Schloss MD, Oudjhane K. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 1998 April; 13(4): 168-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9568760

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Chlorine-induced anosmia. A case presentation. Author(s): Benjamin E, Pickles J. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1997 November; 111(11): 1075-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9472582

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Chronic sinusitis and anosmia: pathologic changes in the olfactory mucosa. Author(s): Kern RC. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2000 July; 110(7): 1071-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10892672

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Complete anosmia--the absence of olfaction at primary and accessory olfactory areas. Author(s): Henkin RI. Source: Life Sciences. 1966 June; 5(11): 1031-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5964410

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Congenital anosmia. Author(s): Ho TP, Carrie S. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2001 July-August; 55(6): 418-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11501236

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Congenital anosmia. Author(s): Vowles RH, Bleach NR, Rowe-Jones JM. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1997 August 20; 41(2): 207-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9306177

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Congenital anosmia. Author(s): Jafek BW, Gordon AS, Moran DT, Eller PM. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1990 May; 69(5): 331-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2379478

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Congenital anosmia: detection thresholds for seven odorant classes in hypogonadal and eugonadal patients. Author(s): Rosen SW, Gann P, Rogol AD. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1979 March-April; 88(2 Pt 1): 288-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=443722

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Decreased trigeminal sensitivity in anosmia. Author(s): Gudziol H, Schubert M, Hummel T. Source: Orl; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties. 2001 MarchApril; 63(2): 72-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11244364

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Definitive localization of X-linked Kallman syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia) to Xp22.3: close linkage to the hypervariable repeat sequence CRI-S232. Author(s): Meitinger T, Heye B, Petit C, Levilliers J, Golla A, Moraine C, Dalla Piccola B, Sippell WG, Murken J, Ballabio A. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1990 October; 47(4): 664-9. Erratum In: Am J Hum Genet 1990 November; 47(5): 883. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1977309

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Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease. Anosmia is a common finding. Author(s): Hawkes CM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 June 24; 310(6995): 1668. Erratum In: Bmj 1995 July 8; 311(6997): 129. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7795461

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Effect of D-leucine-6-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ethylamide in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia. Author(s): Guitelman A, Mancini AM, Aparicio NJ, Tropea L, Levalle O, Schally AV. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1979 September; 32(3): 308-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=385362

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Effectf of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in two brothers with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia. Author(s): Zarate A, Kastin AJ, Soria J, Canales ES, Schally AV. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1973 March; 36(3): 612-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4568177

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Effects of anosmia on apparent double alternation in the rat. Author(s): Seago JD, Ludvigson HW, Remley NR. Source: J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1970 June; 71(3): 435-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5529682

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Effects of castration, blindness and anosmia on social reactivity in the male Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Author(s): Christenson T, Wallen K, Brown BA, Glickman SE. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1973 June; 10(6): 989-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4736904

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Efficacy of systemic corticosteroid treatment for anosmia with nasal and paranasal sinus disease. Author(s): Ikeda K, Sakurada T, Suzaki Y, Takasaka T. Source: Rhinology. 1995 September; 33(3): 162-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8560170

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Electron microscopy of olfactory epithelia in two patients with anosmia. Author(s): Moran DT, Jafek BW, Rowley JC 3rd, Eller PM. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1985 February; 111(2): 122-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3977726

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Encephalopathy, myelopathy, optic neuropathy, and anosmia associated with intravenous cytosine arabinoside. Author(s): Hoffman DL, Howard JR Jr, Sarma R, Riggs JE. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1993 June; 16(3): 258-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8504443

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Endoscopic view of hidden superior meatal polyps contributing to anosmia. Author(s): Yanagisawa E, Citardi MJ. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1995 February; 74(2): 74-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7705234

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Evaluation of the hypothalamic-pituitary function in a female with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia. Author(s): Yamaguchi S, Katagiri H, Utsunomiya T, Yoshida K, Kadota T. Source: Int J Fertil. 1979; 24(2): 101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=40902

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Familial anosmia. Author(s): Singh N, Grewal MS, Austin JH. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1970 January; 22(1): 40-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5409599

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Familial hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia. Author(s): Sparkes RS, Simpson RW, Paulsen CA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1968 June; 121(6): 534-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5652405

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Father-to-son transmission of hypogonadism with anosmia: Kallmann's syndrome. Author(s): Merriam GR, Beitins IZ, Bode HH. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1977 November; 131(11): 1216-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=335879

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Gonadotropin responses to low dose pulsatile administration of GnRH in a case of anosmia with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism associated with gonadal dysgenesis 47 XXY. Author(s): Hazard J, Rozenberg I, Perlemuter L, Kestenbaum S, Vendrely E, Raoul O, Fiet J, Villete JM. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1986 December; 113(4): 593-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3098018

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Head injury and anosmia. Author(s): Mann NM. Source: Conn Med. 2003 October; 67(9): 545-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14619343

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Hereditary bimanual synkinesis combined with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia in four brothers. Author(s): Conrad B, Kriebel J, Hetzel WD. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1978 August 25; 218(4): 263-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=81275

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HLA-compatible paternity in two "fertile eunuchs" with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia (the Kallmann syndrome). Author(s): Rogol AD, Mittal KK, White BJ, McGinniss MH, Lieblich JM, Rosen SW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1980 August; 51(2): 2759. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6772660

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Hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism with anosmia. Author(s): Males JL, Schneider RA. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1972 September; 71(1): 7-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4404203

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Hypogandotropic hypogonadism with anosmia: the Kallmann syndrome. Author(s): Christian JC, Bixler D, Dexter RN, Donohue JP. Source: Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1971 May; 7(6): 166-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5317486

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Hypogonadism and life-long anosmia. Author(s): Hockaday TD. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1966 September; 42(491): 572-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5919183

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Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism with anosmia (Kallman's syndrome). Author(s): Yalaburgi SB. Source: The Practitioner. 1982 February; 226(1364): 245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6806797

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Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia (Kallmann's syndrome) associated with a marker chromosome. Author(s): Bergstrom RW, Hansen KL, Clare CN, Katz MS. Source: Journal of Andrology. 1987 January-February; 8(1): 55-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3104265

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Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism associated with anosmia in the female. Author(s): Tagatz G, Fialkow PJ, Smith D, Spadoni L. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1970 December 10; 283(24): 1326-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5478454

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Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia (Kallmann's syndrome) unresponsive to clomiphene citrate. Author(s): Schroffner WG, Furth ED. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1970 September; 31(3): 267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5453324

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Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia--Kallmann's syndrome. A disorder of olfactory and hypothalamic function. Author(s): Males JL, Townsend JL, Schneider RA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1973 April; 131(4): 501-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4540668

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Incidence of specific anosmia in Northern Germany. Author(s): Hirth L, Abadanian D, Goedde HW. Source: Human Heredity. 1986; 36(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3949355

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Interferon-induced anosmia in a patient with chronic hepatitis C. Author(s): Maruyama S, Hirayama C, Kadowaki Y, Sagayama A, Omura H, Nakamoto M. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1998 January; 93(1): 122-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9448193

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Irritant-induced anosmia. Author(s): Edwards AR. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1998 November-December; 11(6): 497. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9876009

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Is imaging necessary in the evaluation of the patient with an isolated complaint of anosmia? Author(s): Busaba NY. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2001 December; 80(12): 892-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11775525

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Isolated congenital anosmia locus maps to 18p11.23-q12.2. Author(s): Ghadami M, Morovvati S, Majidzadeh-A K, Damavandi E, Nishimura G, Kinoshita A, Pasalar P, Komatsu K, Najafi MT, Niikawa N, Yoshiura K. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 2004 April; 41(4): 299-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15060109

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Isolated neurosarcoidosis presenting as anosmia and visual changes. Author(s): Kieff DA, Boey H, Schaefer PW, Goodman M, Joseph MP. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1997 December; 117(6): S183-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9419143

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Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropism-anosmia) and Klippel-Feil anomaly in the same patient. Author(s): Zenteno JC, Venegas C, Santiago E, Kofman-Alfaro S. Source: Clinical Dysmorphology. 2000 January; 9(1): 69-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10649804

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Kallmann syndrome: adhesion, afferents, and anosmia. Author(s): MacColl G, Bouloux P, Quinton R. Source: Neuron. 2002 May 30; 34(5): 675-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12062015

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Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in patients with anosmia and hypothalamic hypogonadism (Kallmann's syndrome). Author(s): Klingmuller D, Dewes W, Krahe T, Brecht G, Schweikert HU. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1987 September; 65(3): 581-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3114308

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Measurement of specific anosmia. Author(s): Amoore JE, Venstrom D, Davis AR. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1968 February; 26(1): 143-64. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5642519

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Microscopic studies of human olfactory epithelia following traumatic anosmia. Author(s): Hasegawa S, Yamagishi M, Nakano Y. Source: Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1986; 243(2): 112-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3718322

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More on X-linked ichthyosis, steroid sulfatase deficiency, and hypogonadism and anosmia. Author(s): Andria G, Ballabio A, Parenti G. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1988 January; 23(1): 103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3422798

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MR evaluation in patients with isolated anosmia since birth or early childhood. Author(s): Abolmaali ND, Hietschold V, Vogl TJ, Huttenbrink KB, Hummel T. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2002 January; 23(1): 157-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11827889

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MR evaluation of patients with congenital hyposmia or anosmia. Author(s): Yousem DM, Geckle RJ, Bilker W, McKeown DA, Doty RL. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1996 February; 166(2): 439-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8553963

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Neuropsychological significance of anosmia following traumatic brain injury. Author(s): Callahan CD, Hinkebein J. Source: The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 1999 December; 14(6): 581-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10671703

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NeuroSPECT findings in patients with posttraumatic anosmia: a quantitative analysis. Author(s): Varney NR, Bushnell D. Source: The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 1998 June; 13(3): 63-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9582179

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Olfactory bulb removal but not anosmia increases emotionality and mouse killing. Author(s): Alberts JR, Friedman MI. Source: Nature. 1972 August 25; 238(5365): 454-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4561853

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Olfactory bulb removal vs peripherally induced anosmia: differential effects on the aggressive behavior of male mice. Author(s): Edwards DA, Thompson ML, Burge KG. Source: Behav Biol. 1972 December; 7(6): 823-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4676291

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Olfactory bulbectomy, peripheral anosmia, and mouse killing and eating by rats. Author(s): Hull EM, Homan HD. Source: Behav Biol. 1975 August; 14(4): 481-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1172433

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Olfactory event-related potentials to amyl acetate in congenital anosmia. Author(s): Cui L, Evans WJ. Source: Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1997 April; 102(4): 3036. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9146491

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Olfactory mucosal findings in patients with persistent anosmia after endoscopic sinus surgery. Author(s): Lee SH, Lim HH, Lee HM, Park HJ, Choi JO. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2000 August; 109(8 Pt 1): 720-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10961803

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Olfactory regulation of maternal behavior in rats. II. Effects of peripherally induced anosmia and lesions of the lateral olfactory tract in pup-induced virgins. Author(s): Fleming AS, Rosenblatt JS. Source: J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1974 February; 86(2): 233-46. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4590492

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Ovarian morphology in women with anosmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Author(s): Goldenberg RL, Powell RD, Rosen SW, Marshall JR, Ross GT. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1976 September 1; 126(1): 91-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=961752

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Permanent postoperative anosmia: a hitherto undescribed complication following surgery of the posterior cranial fossa in the sitting position. Author(s): Ramsbacher J, Brock M, Kombos T. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1997; 139(5): 482-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9204122

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Permanent postoperative anosmia: a serious complication of neurovascular decompression in the sitting position. Author(s): Ramsbacher J, Vesper J, Brock M. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2000; 142(11): 1259-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11201641

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Persistent high-altitude headache and aguesia without anosmia. Author(s): Kassirer MR, Such RV. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1989 March; 46(3): 340-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2919991

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Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study evaluating the efficacy of fluticasone propionate nasal spray for the treatment of patients with hyposmia/anosmia. Author(s): Blomqvist EH, Lundblad L, Bergstedt H, Stjarne P. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2003 September; 123(7): 862-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14575403

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Postoperative anosmia after anterior communicating artery aneurysms surgery by the pterional approach. Author(s): Aydin IH, Kadioglu HH, Tuzun Y, Kayaoglu CR, Takci E, Ozturk M. Source: Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery : Min. 1996 September; 39(3): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8892284

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Postoperative anosmia after removal of pituitary gland adenomas using the pterional approach. Author(s): Aydin IH, Onder A, Kadioglu HH, Tahmazoglu I, Kayaoglu GR. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1992; 119(1-4): 101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1481735

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Posttraumatic anosmia in craniofacial trauma. Author(s): Jimenez DF, Sundrani S, Barone CM. Source: J Craniomaxillofac Trauma. 1997 Spring; 3(1): 8-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11951274

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Posttraumatic anosmia. Author(s): Zusho H. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1982 February; 108(2): 90-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7059319

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Posttraumatic anosmia. Author(s): Hagan PJ. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1967 January; 85(1): 85-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6016256

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Post-traumatic anosmia. Ultrastructural correlates. Author(s): Jafek BW, Eller PM, Esses BA, Moran DT. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1989 March; 46(3): 300-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2919986

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Prognostic significance of anosmia in patients with closed-head trauma. Author(s): Varney NR. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1988 March; 10(2): 250-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3350923

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Prolonged anosmia. Author(s): MacIntyre I. Source: British Medical Journal. 1971 June 19; 2(763): 709. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5556075

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Quantitative PET findings in patients with posttraumatic anosmia. Author(s): Varney NR, Pinkston JB, Wu JC. Source: The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2001 June; 16(3): 253-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11346447

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Rapid clinical evaluation of anosmia in children: the Alcohol Sniff Test. Author(s): Davidson TM, Freed C, Healy MP, Murphy C. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1998 November 30; 855: 787-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9929685

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Rapid clinical evaluation of anosmia. The alcohol sniff test. Author(s): Davidson TM, Murphy C. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1997 June; 123(6): 591-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9193218

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Recent advances in the neuropsychology of human olfaction and anosmia. Author(s): Sullivan TE, Schefft BK, Warm JS, Dember WN, O'Dell MW, Peterson SJ. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 1995 August-September; 9(6): 641-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7581359

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Results of a study of patients with anosmia. Author(s): Taub SJ. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1967 February; 46(2): 222 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6037445

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Retinoid therapy and anosmia. Author(s): Roydhouse N. Source: N Z Med J. 1988 July 13; 101(849): 465. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3399198

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Reversible anosmia after amikacin therapy. Author(s): Welge-Luessen A, Wolfensberger M. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 2003 December; 129(12): 1331-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14676161

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Reversible anosmia after pituitary irradiation. Author(s): Carmichael KA, Jennings AS, Doty RL. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1984 April; 100(4): 532-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6703547

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Screening military aircrews for anosmia. Author(s): Bombard AT. Source: Military Medicine. 1988 November; 153(11): 596. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3150537

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Screening military aircrews for anosmia. Author(s): Nelson LM. Source: Military Medicine. 1988 May; 153(5): 257-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3138570

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Selective anosmia in Parkinson's disease? Author(s): Hawkes CH, Shephard BC. Source: Lancet. 1993 February 13; 341(8842): 435-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8094195

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Seminoma in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism associated with anosmia (Kallmann's syndrome). Author(s): Albers DD, Males JL. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1981 July; 126(1): 57-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7253079

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Sensory detection of glutaraldehyde in drinking water-emergence of sensitivity and specific anosmia. Author(s): Cain WS, Schmidt R. Source: Chemical Senses. 2002 June; 27(5): 425-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12052779

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Short stature, absent thumbs, flat facies, anosmia and combined immune deficiency (CID). Author(s): Shokeir MH. Source: Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1978; 14(6A): 103-16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=728551

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Specific anosmia: a clue to the olfactory code. Author(s): Amoore JE. Source: Nature. 1967 June 10; 214(93): 1095-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4861233

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Steroid-dependent anosmia. Author(s): Stevens MH. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 February; 111(2): 200-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11210860

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Steroid-dependent anosmia. Author(s): Jafek BW, Moran DT, Eller PM, Rowley JC 3rd, Jafek TB. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1987 May; 113(5): 547-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3566932

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Syndrome of anosmia with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (Kallmann syndrome): clinical and laboratory studies in 23 cases. Author(s): Lieblich JM, Rogol AD, White BJ, Rosen SW. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1982 October; 73(4): 506-19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6812419

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The basal cell naevus syndrome. Report of a family with anosmia and a case of hypogonadotrophic hypopituitarism. Author(s): Wallace DC, Murphy KJ, Kelly L, Ward WH. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1973 March; 10(1): 30-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4697853

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The differential effect of anosmia on maternal behaviour in the virgin and primiparous rat. Author(s): Schlein PA, Zarrow MX, Cohen HA, Denenberg VH, Johnson NP. Source: Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 1972 July; 30(1): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5064320

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The effect of anosmia on smoking habits. Author(s): Peatfield RC, Turner JA, Sillett RW, McNicol MW. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1981 January; 57(663): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7279816

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The genetic basis for specific anosmia to isovaleric acid in the mouse. Author(s): Griff IC, Reed RR. Source: Cell. 1995 November 3; 83(3): 407-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8521470

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The prevalence of androstenone anosmia. Author(s): Bremner EA, Mainland JD, Khan RM, Sobel N. Source: Chemical Senses. 2003 June; 28(5): 423-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12826538

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The syndrome of anosmia with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a genetic study of 18 new families and a review. Author(s): White BJ, Rogol AD, Brown KS, Lieblich JM, Rosen SW. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1983 July; 15(3): 417-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6881209

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Topical corticosteroid treatment of anosmia associated with nasal and sinus disease. Author(s): Mott AE, Cain WS, Lafreniere D, Leonard G, Gent JF, Frank ME. Source: Archives of Otolaryngology--Head & Neck Surgery. 1997 April; 123(4): 367-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9109781

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What a tangled web we weave: discriminating between malingering and anosmia. Author(s): Kurtz DB, White TL, Hornung DE, Belknap E. Source: Chemical Senses. 1999 December; 24(6): 697-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10587503

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Wood dust and nasal diseases: exposure to chestnut wood dust and loss of smell (pilot study). Author(s): Innocenti A, Valiani M, Vessio G, Tassini M, Giannelli M, Fusi S. Source: Med Lav. 1985 July-August; 76(4): 317-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4069066

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X-linked ichthyosis due to steroid sulfatase deficiency associated with hypogonadism and anosmia. Author(s): Andria G, Ballabio A, Parenti G. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1987 July; 22(1): 98-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3477126

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X-linked ichthyosis, due to steroid sulphatase deficiency, associated with Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia): linkage relationships with Xg and cloned DNA sequences from the distal short arm of the X chromosome. Author(s): Ballabio A, Parenti G, Tippett P, Mondello C, Di Maio S, Tenore A, Andria G. Source: Human Genetics. 1986 March; 72(3): 237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3007328

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X-linked syndrome of congenital ichthyosis, hypogonadism, mental retardation and anosmia. Author(s): Perrin JC, Idemoto JY, Sotos JF, Maurer WF, Steinberg AG. Source: Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1976; 12(5): 267-74. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=182300

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ANOSMIA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and anosmia.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Anosmia The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “anosmia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “anosmia” (or a synonym): •

Zinc-induced peripheral anosmia and behavioral responses to novelty in mice: a quantitative-genetic analysis. Source: Crusio, W E van Abeelen, J H Behav-Neural-Biol. 1987 July; 48(1): 63-82 01631047

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

Nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ANOSMIA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to anosmia. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to anosmia and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “anosmia” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to anosmia: •

A counter antigonadotrophic effect of melatonin in male rats. Author(s): Reiter RJ, Blask DE, Vaughan MK. Source: Neuroendocrinology. 1975; 19(1): 72-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1207873

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A quantitative study of the effects of early unilateral olfactory deprivation on the number and distribution of mitral and tufted cells and of glomeruli in the rat olfactory bulb. Author(s): Meisami E, Safari L. Source: Brain Research. 1981 September 21; 221(1): 81-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7272762

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Acute anosmia in the rat: a behavioral test of a peripherally-induced olfactory deficit. Author(s): Alberts JR, Galef BG Jr.

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Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1971 May; 6(5): 619-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5149455 •

Anosmia and play fighting behavior in prepubescent male and female rats. Author(s): Thor DH, Holloway WR Jr. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1982 August; 29(2): 281-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6890691

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Anosmia treated with acupuncture. Author(s): Michael W. Source: Acupuncture in Medicine : Journal of the British Medical Acupuncture Society. 2003 December; 21(4): 153-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14740813

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Antigonadal actions of olfactory and light deprivation. I. Effects of blindness combined with olfactory bulb deafferentation, transection of vomeronasal nerves, or bulbectomy. Author(s): Sanchez-Barcelo EJ, Mediavilla MD, Sanchez-Criado JE, Cos S, Cortines MD. Source: Journal of Pineal Research. 1985; 2(2): 177-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3831306

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Antigonadal actions of olfactory and light deprivation. II. Effects of pinealectomy or melatonin injections in olfactory bulb deafferented or bulbectomized male rats. Author(s): Mediavilla MD, Sanchez-Barcelo EJ, Sanchez-Criado JE, Cos S, Cortines MD. Source: Journal of Pineal Research. 1985; 2(2): 191-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3831307

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Detection and discrimination of carvone enantiomers in rats with olfactory bulb lesions. Author(s): Slotnick B, Bisulco S. Source: Neuroscience. 2003; 121(2): 451-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14522003

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Development of 5'-nucleotidase staining in the olfactory bulbs of normal and narisoccluded rats. Author(s): Clemow DB, Brunjes PC. Source: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience. 1996 November; 14(7-8): 901-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9010733

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Differential olfactory perception of enantiomeric compounds by blind subterranean mole rats (Spalax ehrenbergi). Author(s): Heth G, Nevo E, Ikan R, Weinstein V, Ravid U, Duncan H.

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Source: Experientia. 1992 September 15; 48(9): 897-902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1397188 •

Disorders of the special senses in the older patient. Author(s): Wells CE. Source: The Practitioner. 1975 November; 215(1289): 593-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1202473

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Distribution of GluR1 is altered in the olfactory bulb following neonatal naris occlusion. Author(s): Hamilton KA, Coppola DM. Source: Journal of Neurobiology. 2003 February 5; 54(2): 326-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12500308

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Effect of sensory deprivation on onset of puberty, mating, fertility and gonadal weights in rats. Author(s): Orbach J, Kling A. Source: Brain Research. 1966 December; 3(2): 141-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5971520

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Effects of early anosmia on two classes of granule cells in developing mouse olfactory bulbs. Author(s): Skeen LC, Due BR, Douglas FE. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 1985 March 15; 54(2-3): 301-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3991069

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Effects of olfactory deprivation on postnatal growth of the rat olfactory bulb utilizing a new method for production of neonatal unilateral anosmia. Author(s): Meisami E. Source: Brain Research. 1976 May 7; 107(2): 437-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1268738

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Effects of pinealectomy, anosmia and blinding alone or in combination on gonadotropin secretion and pituitary and target gland weight in intact and castrated male rats. Author(s): Ronnekleiv OK, McCann SM. Source: Neuroendocrinology. 1975; 19(2): 97-114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1241117

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Effects of pinealectomy, anosmia and blinding on serum and pituitary prolactin in intact and castrated male rats. Author(s): Ronnekleiv OK, McCann SM.

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Source: Neuroendocrinology. 1975; 17(4): 340-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1170520 •

Effects of rhidosin on expression of fibroblast growth factor on olfactory bulb in rats and its relation with senile hyposmia. Author(s): Wang Y, Guan G, Dong Z, Yang Z. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1999 August; 112(8): 731-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11601283

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Effects of the pineal gland on reproductive organ growth and fertility in dual sensory deprived female rats. Author(s): Reiter RJ. Source: Endocrinol Exp. 1972; 6(1): 3-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4536882

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Electroencephalographic olfactometry (EEGO) analysis of odour responses in dogs. Author(s): Hirano Y, Oosawa T, Tonosaki K. Source: Research in Veterinary Science. 2000 December; 69(3): 263-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11124098

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Filicidal behavior: behavioral correlates and role of sensory systems. Author(s): Schalock RL, Johnson LE, Copenhaver JH, Carver MJ. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1983 August; 31(2): 167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6227022

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Heart rate conditioning of anosmic rats. Author(s): Phillips DS, Martin GK. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1972 January; 8(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4579153

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Hypnotically-induced “anosmia” to ammonia. Author(s): BRADY JP, LEVITT EE. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1964 January; 12: 18-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14113083

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Induction and growth of mammary tumors after superior cervical ganglionectomy in sighted and blinded-anosmic rats. Author(s): Chang N, Tseng MT, Spaulding TS. Source: Life Sciences. 1986 May 19; 38(20): 1821-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3084898

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•

Influence of pinealectomy on corticotropin (ACTH). Author(s): Vaughan GM, Allen JP, Vaughan MK, Siler-Khodr TM. Source: Experientia. 1980 March 15; 36(3): 364-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6245916

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Influence of pinealectomy on serum estrogen and progesterone levels in blindanosmic female rats. Author(s): Vaughan GM, Reiter RJ, Siler-Khodr TM, Sackman JW, Allen JP, Vaughan MK, McGuire WL, Johnson LY, Starr P. Source: Experientia. 1978 October 15; 34(10): 1378-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=738436

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Inhibitory effects of superior cervical ganglionectomy on dimethylbenz(a)anthraceneinduced mammary tumors in the rat. Author(s): Chang N, Spaulding TS, Tseng MT. Source: Journal of Pineal Research. 1985; 2(4): 331-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3938483

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Interaction of photic and olfactory stimuli in mediating pineal-induced gonadal regression in adult female rats. Author(s): Reiter RJ, Sorrentino S Jr, Ellison NM. Source: General and Comparative Endocrinology. 1970 October; 15(2): 326-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5478660

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Intermediate and long-term side effects of high-dose radioiodine therapy for thyroid carcinoma. Author(s): Alexander C, Bader JB, Schaefer A, Finke C, Kirsch CM. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1998 September; 39(9): 1551-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9744341

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L-5-hydroxytryptophan does not stimulate LH secretion directly from the pituitary in patients with gonadotrophin releasing hormone deficiency. Author(s): Lado-Abeal J, Grana M, Rey C, Cabezas-Cerrato J. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1998 August; 49(2): 203-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9828908

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Learning of olfactory cues is not necessary for early lamb recognition by the mother. Author(s): Ferreira G, Terrazas A, Poindron P, Nowak R, Orgeur P, Levy F. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 2000 June 1-15; 69(4-5): 405-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10913778

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Life span changes in the verbal categorization of odors. Author(s): Russell MJ, Cummings BJ, Profitt BF, Wysocki CJ, Gilbert AN, Cotman CW. Source: J Gerontol. 1993 March; 48(2): P49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8473697

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Measuring change in the subjective experience of hypnosis. Author(s): McConkey KM, Wende V, Barnier AJ. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1999 January; 47(1): 23-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9889485

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Measuring olfactory dysfunction from cadmium in an occupational and environmental medicine office practice. Author(s): Suruda AJ. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2000 April; 42(4): 337. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10774501

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Nares occlusion eliminates heterosexual partner selection without disrupting coitus in ferrets of both sexes. Author(s): Kelliher KR, Baum MJ. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2001 August 1; 21(15): 5832-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11466455

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Odor detection in rats with 3-methylindole-induced reduction of sensory input. Author(s): Setzer AK, Slotnick B. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1998 December 1; 65(3): 489-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9877415

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Phantom smelling. Author(s): Grouios G. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 2002 June; 94(3 Pt 1): 841-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12081289

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Pineal regulation of growth hormone synthesis and release in blinded and blindedanosmic male rats. Author(s): Sorrentino S Jr, Reiter RJ, Schalch DS. Source: Neuroendocrinology. 1971; 7(4): 210-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5551030

Alternative Medicine 45

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to anosmia; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Sinus Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinusitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Pimpinella Alternative names: Anise; Pimpinella anisum (L) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page

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dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

47

CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON ANOSMIA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to anosmia. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on anosmia include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “anosmia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on anosmia: •

Disorders of Taste and Smell. 2nd ed Source: Alexandria, VA: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inc. 1996. 62 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Head and Neck Surgery, Inc. (AAOHNS). One Prince Street, Alexandria, VA 22314. (703) 836-4444. Fax (703) 683-5100. Website: www.entnet.org. PRICE: $20.00 for members; $30.00 for non-members, plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1567720242. Summary: The special senses of smell and taste, collectively known as chemosensation, are now amenable to identification, classification, and in certain instances, treatment. This self instruction packet is designed to serve as an up to date clinical reference on disorders of taste and smell. Topics include the anatomy of the olfaction (smell) system, including primary olfactory neuroepithelium, olfactory nerve fibers, vomeronasal system, trigeminal system, central olfactory pathway, and embryology; the physiology

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of the olfactory system, including odorant access to the receptor site, receptor cell neurophysiology, and neurotransmitters; the pathology of the olfactory system, including age, upper respiratory tract infection, rhinosinusitis, head trauma, surgery, chemical injury, endocrine metabolic abnormalities, neurodegenerative disorders, neoplasia (growth of new cells, including cancers), and congenital anosmia (lack of smell); determination of olfactory function; medical evaluation of the patient with an olfactory disorder; treatment of olfactory dysfunction; the anatomy of gustation (taste), including peripheral gustatory receptors, innervation of the taste buds, and central gustatory pathways; development of the gustatory apparatus; gustatory physiology, including chemosensory transduction and the role of saliva; pathology of the gustatory system, including drug effects, trauma, metabolic disturbances, infections, electrochemical taste, malnutrition, age, and cancer; the interaction of tastes among themselves and olfaction (smell); clinical assessment of gustatory function; evaluation of the patient with a taste complaint; and treatment of gustatory dysfunction. The information packet includes a pretest and posttest, interim quizzes for self evaluation, a list of references, and a form with which readers can qualify for continuing education credits. 5 figures. 3 tables. 82 references.

Chapters on Anosmia In order to find chapters that specifically relate to anosmia, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and anosmia using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “anosmia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on anosmia: •

Evaluation of Olfactory Deficits by Medical Imaging Source: in Doty, R.L., ed. Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1995. p. 395-419. Contact: Available from Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. (800) 228-1160 or (212) 696-9000; Fax (212) 685-4540. PRICE: $225.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0824792521. Summary: In this chapter, from a medical text on olfaction and gustation, the authors review the literature on the evaluation of olfactory deficits by medical imaging. Topics covered include imaging modalities and techniques, including plain radiographs, conventional tomography, computer tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear medicine, and angiography; the basic anatomy and physiology of the olfactory system; peripheral causes of olfactory disturbance, including sinonasal infectious disease, tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, allergic rhinitis, congenital or developmental abnormalities, and substance abuse; and central causes of olfactory diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Korsakoff's psychosis, schizophrenia, congenital anosmia, head trauma, brain tumors, and AIDS. The authors conclude that in assessing the peripheral causes of olfactory deficits, medical imaging studies can reveal anatomical information and structural changes, suggest differential diagnosis, and provide guidelines for surgical intervention.

Books

49

In the evaluation of central causes, imaging studies can provide information elucidating the links between olfactory dysfunction and the structural or functional changes in the living brain. 5 figures. 152 references. (AA-M). •

Taste and Smell Source: in Jafek, B.W.; Stark, A.K., eds. ENT Secrets: Questions You Will Be Asked On Rounds, In the Clinic, In the OR, On Exams. Philadelphia, PA: Hanley and Belfus. 1996. p. 345-349. Contact: Available from Hanley and Belfus. Medical Publishers, 210 South 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107. (800) 962-1892 or (215) 546-7293. Fax (215) 790-9330. PRICE: $35.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1560531592. Summary: This chapter on taste and smell is from a book that utilizes a question and answer format to review details of the specialty of otorhinolaryngology (ear, nose and throat, or ENT). Topics discussed include the different types of taste papillae, innervation of taste buds, trigeminal nerves and their role in taste and smell disorders, anosmia (inability to smell) and hyposmia (decreased sensitivity to odorants), dysgeusia (alteration in taste perception), major causes of smell disorders, diseases associated with smell disorders, Kallman's syndrome, major causes of taste disorders, head trauma, diseases associated with taste disorders, burning mouth syndrome (BMS), taste disorders associated with mouthwash use, taste and smell effects of cardiovascular drugs, evaluation of a patient with a potential taste or smell disorder, differentiating between taste and smell disorders, additional laboratory tests that may be indicated, etiologies of sinus disease and upper respiratory infection and how they impact taste and smell, three anatomic categories for loss of olfactory and gustatory sensitivity (transport losses, sensory losses, and neural losses), and role of the psyche in taste and smell disorders. The chapter focuses on helping readers acquire the vocabulary required to discuss disorders of smell and taste. 7 references.

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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ANOSMIA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover anosmia.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on anosmia is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “anosmia” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to anosmia. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “anosmia” (or synonyms). The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date

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at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “anosmia” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “anosmia” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to anosmia, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “anosmia” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “anosmia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on anosmia:

Periodicals and News

•

53

Genes, Gender, Generation: Why are Certain Odors Pleasurable to Some and Unpleasant to Others? Source: Monell Connection. p. 1, 4. Spring 1996. Contact: Available from Monell Chemical Senses Center. Monell Connection. 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3308. (215) 898-6666; Fax (215) 898-2084. Summary: This article, from a newsletter of the Monell Chemical Senses Center, discusses the role of genes, gender, and age in olfaction (smell). Topics covered include the impact of experience on how each person reacts to chemosensory events; genetic differences in smell capability; specific anosmia; differences between men and women in smell detection; tolerance of unpleasant smells; intensity of smell perception; the decline in olfaction ability as one ages; and additional influences on olfaction including frequency of exposure, early flavor experience, flavor aversions associated with illness, and environmental factors such as chemical pollutants.

Academic Periodicals covering Anosmia Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to anosmia. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering anosmia that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

55

APPENDICES

57

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

5

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

6 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “anosmia” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1979 10 623 1 99 2712

HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “anosmia” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

8

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

9

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 10 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 11 12

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

13 Adapted 14

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on anosmia can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to anosmia. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to anosmia. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “anosmia”:

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Dizziness and Vertigo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dizzinessandvertigo.html Ear Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eardisorders.html Ear Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/earinfections.html Hearing Disorders and Deafness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearingdisordersanddeafness.html Hearing Problems in Children http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearingproblemsinchildren.html Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/injuries.html Sinusitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sinusitis.html Taste and Smell Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tasteandsmelldisorders.html Vision Impairment and Blindness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/visionimpairmentandblindness.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to anosmia, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Smell and Taste Disorders Source: American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery http://www.entnet.org/healthinfo/topics/smell_taste.cfm Smell and Taste Disorders Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=NU00236

•

Nutrition Nutrition Tips to Improve Your Taste for Food Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ01135

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Loss of Taste and Smell Stinks! Source: American Rhinologic Society http://american-rhinologic.org/cgibin/menu.cgi?m=main.menu&state=1001125555100000001000000&citem=7&f=patie ntinfo.loss.phtml Sensory Dysfunction: Problems With Smell or Taste Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/489.xml

Patient Resources

•

65

From the National Institutes of Health Loss of Smell Almost Doubles Chance of Accident Source: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/smelltaste/smell_accident.asp Smell Disorders Source: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/smelltaste/smell.asp Taste Disorders Source: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/smelltaste/taste.asp

•

Research Loss of Smell Almost Doubles Chance of Accident Source: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/smelltaste/smell_accident.asp Scientist Finds the Gene That Determines Major Sensitivity to Bitter Taste Source: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/feb2003/nidcd-20.htm Taste Intensity Source: Society for Neuroscience http://www.sfn.org/content/Publications/BrainBriefings/taste.html Taste Receptor for Amino Acids Discovered Source: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/news/digest/july02_2.asp

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on anosmia. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Rhinosinusitis: Factors and Classifications Source: Bulletin [American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAOHNS)]. 17(2): 19. February 1998.

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Contact: Available from American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inc. (AAOHNS). One Prince Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-3357. (703) 836-4444. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This single-page fact sheet helps physicians diagnosis and accurately describe the different types of rhinosinusitis. The classification system offered is based on a committee consensus; there is no true pathologic classification for adult rhinosinusitis. The fact sheet encourages readers to utilize standard terminology when describing these various forms; this terminology will provide a strong communication framework for clinicians and researchers. The fact sheet lists the major and minor factors associated with chronic rhinosinusitis. Major factors include facial pain or pressure, facial congestion or fullness, nasal obstruction or blockage, nasal discharge, hyposmia (little sense of smell) or anosmia (no sense of smell), and purulence in nasal cavity on examination. The fact sheet also provides, in chart form, the classification, duration, history, and special notes for acute, subacute, recurrent acute, chronic, and acute exacerbations of chronic rhinosinusitis. 1 figure. 1 table. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to anosmia. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to anosmia. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with anosmia. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about anosmia. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “anosmia” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “anosmia”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “anosmia” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “anosmia” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

16

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

17

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

75

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

77

ANOSMIA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 5-Hydroxytryptophan: Precursor of serotonin used as antiepileptic and antidepressant. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acuity: Clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. [EU] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Agenesis: Lack of complete or normal development; congenital absence of an organ or part. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that oxidizes an aldehyde in the presence of NAD+ and water to an acid and NADH. EC 1.2.1.3. Before 1978, it was classified as EC 1.1.1.70. [NIH]

Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and

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herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from kanamycin. It is reno- and ototoxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anosmia: Absence of the sense of smell; called also anosphrasia and olfactory anaesthesia. [EU]

Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or

Dictionary 79

reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autonomic Neuropathy: A disease of the nerves affecting mostly the internal organs such as the bladder muscles, the cardiovascular system, the digestive tract, and the genital organs. These nerves are not under a person's conscious control and function automatically. Also called visceral neuropathy. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH]

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Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bulimia: Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being

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able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa). [NIH] Burning Mouth Syndrome: A group of painful oral symptoms associated with a burning or similar sensation. There is usually a significant organic component with a degree of functional overlay; it is not limited to the psychophysiologic group of disorders. [NIH] Cachexia: General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Castration: Surgical removal or artificial destruction of gonads. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Lineage: The developmental history of cells as traced from the first division of the original cell or cells in the embryo. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and

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meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chondrocytes: Polymorphic cells that form cartilage. [NIH] Chorda Tympani Nerve: A branch of the facial (7th cranial) nerve which passes through the middle ear and continues through the petrotympanic fissure. The chorda tympani nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and conveys parasympathetic efferents to the salivary glands. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clomiphene: A stilbene derivative that functions both as a partial estrogen agonist and complete estrogen antagonist depending on the target tissue. It antagonizes the estrogen receptor thereby initiating or augmenting ovulation in anovulatory women. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coitus: Sexual intercourse. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation

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occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH]

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Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cribriform: Pierced with small holes as in a sieve. Refers to the appearance of a tumor when viewed under a microscope. The tumor appears to have open spaces or small holes inside. [NIH]

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Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU]

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Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysgeusia: A condition characterized by alterations of the sense of taste which may range from mild to severe, including gross distortions of taste quality. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH]

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Embryology: The study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and fetal stages of life. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Environmental Medicine: Medical specialty concerned with environmental factors that may impinge upon human disease, and development of methods for the detection, prevention, and control of environmentally related disease. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic

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vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Ethmoid: An unpaired cranial bone which helps form the medial walls of the orbits and contains the themoidal air cells which drain into the nose. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Facial Pain: Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as facial pain syndromes. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Ferrets: Semidomesticated variety of European polecat much used for hunting rodents and/or rabbits and as a laboratory animal. [NIH] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH]

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Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism

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(gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadal Dysgenesis: Any of several developmental anomalies involving the total or partial failure of the indifferent embryonic gonad to differentiate into ovary or testis. This concept includes gonadal agenesis. [NIH] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Hay Fever: A seasonal variety of allergic rhinitis, marked by acute conjunctivitis with lacrimation and itching, regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific allergens. [NIH]

Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH]

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Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypogonadism: Condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development. [NIH] Hypophyseal: Hypophysial. [EU] Hypopituitarism: Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FSH; somatotropin; and corticotropin). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory pituitary neoplasms, metastatic tumors, infarction, pituitary apoplexy, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Ichthyosis: Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH]

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In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. [NIH]

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Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants. [NIH] Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]

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Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malingering: Simulation of symptoms of illness or injury with intent to deceive in order to obtain a goal, e.g., a claim of physical illness to avoid jury duty. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Maternal Behavior: The behavior patterns associated with or characteristic of a mother. [NIH]

Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Nerve: The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura. [NIH]

Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Median Eminence: Raised area on the infundibular hypothalamus at the floor of the third ventricle of the brain which contains the primary capillary network of the hypophyseal portal system. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by

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means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the

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same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mosaicism: The occurrence in an individual of two or more cell populations of different chromosomal constitutions, derived from a single zygote, as opposed to chimerism in which the different cell populations are derived from more than one zygote. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Naevus: A circumscribed area of pigmentation or vascularization, usually in the form of a congenital benign neoplasm occurring in the skin or in various ocular tissues. [NIH] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasal Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be in the nasal vestibule, fossae, or other areas of the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasal Polyps: Focal accumulations of edema fluid in the nasal mucosa accompanied by hyperplasia of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be neoplasms, foci of inflammation, degenerative lesions, or malformations. [NIH] Nasal Septum: The partition separating the two nasal cavities in the midplane, composed of cartilaginous, membranous and bony parts. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nephron: A tiny part of the kidneys. Each kidney is made up of about 1 million nephrons, which are the working units of the kidneys, removing wastes and extra fluids from the blood. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct

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nerve impulses. [NIH] Nerve Regeneration: Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropsychology: A branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. The term neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. It is a more narrowly defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Medicine: A specialty field of radiology concerned with diagnostic, therapeutic, and investigative use of radioactive compounds in a pharmaceutical form. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the

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information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Olfaction: Function of the olfactory apparatus to perceive and discriminate between the molecules that reach it, in gas form from an external environment, directly or indirectly via the nose. [NIH] Olfactory Bulb: Ovoid body resting on the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone where the olfactory nerve terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose dendrites the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the vomeronasal organ via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here. [NIH] Olfactory Mucosa: That portion of the nasal mucosa containing the sensory endings for olfaction; the organ of smell. [NIH] Olfactory Nerve: The 1st cranial nerve. The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. It is formed by the axons of olfactory receptor neurons which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the olfactory bulb. [NIH] Olfactory Receptor Neurons: Neurons in the olfactory epithelium with proteins (receptors, odorant) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. Olfactory receptor neurons are bipolar. They send to the surface of the epithelium apical dendrites with non-motile cilia from which project odorant receptor molecules. Their unmyelinated axons synapse in the olfactory bulb of the brain. Unlike other neurons, they can be generated from precursor cells in adults. [NIH]

Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Otorhinolaryngology: That branch of medicine concerned with medical and surgical treatment of the head and neck, including the ears, nose and throat. [EU] Ototoxic: Having a deleterious effect upon the eighth nerve, or upon the organs of hearing and balance. [EU] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons.

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[EU]

Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Paternity: Establishing the father relationship of a man and a child. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase

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"physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pineal Body: A small conical midline body attached to the posterior part of the third ventricle and lying between the superior colliculi, below the splenium of the corpus callosum. [NIH] Pineal gland: A tiny organ located in the cerebrum that produces melatonin. Also called pineal body or pineal organ. [NIH] Pituitary Apoplexy: Sudden hemorrhage or ischemic necrosis involving the pituitary gland which may be associated with acute visual loss, severe headache, meningeal signs, cranial nerve palsies, panhypopituitarism, and rarely coma. The most common cause is hemorrhage (intracranial hemorrhages) related to a pituitary adenoma. Ischemia, meningitis, intracranial hypertension, and other disorders may be associated with this condition. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Pituitary Neoplasms: Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the pituitary gland. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (adenoma, basophil; adenoma, acidophil; and adenoma, chromophobe). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the hypothalamus, several cranial nerves, and the optic chiasm. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal hemianopsia. [NIH]

Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Portal System: A system of vessels in which blood, after passing through one capillary bed, is conveyed through a second set of capillaries before it returns to the systemic circulation. It pertains especially to the hepatic portal system. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH]

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Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other

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aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychophysiology: The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior. [NIH]

Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH]

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Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Odorant: Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons, that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons. The large number of different odorant receptors appears to arise from several gene families or subfamilies rather than from DNA rearrangement. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Recovery of Function: A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Satiation: Full gratification of a need or desire followed by a state of relative insensitivity to

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that particular need or desire. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Sella: A deep depression in the shape of a Turkish saddle in the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone in the deepest part of which is lodged the hypophysis cerebri. [NIH] Sella Turcica: A bony prominence situated on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. It houses the pituitary gland. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensory Deprivation: The absence or restriction of the usual external sensory stimuli to which the individual responds. [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH]

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Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Somatotropin: A small peptide hormone released by the anterior pituitary under hypothalamic control. Somatotropin, or growth hormone, stimulates mitosis, cell growth, and, for some cell types, differentiation in many tissues of the body. It has profound effects on many aspects of gene expression and metabolism. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH]

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Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Superior Cervical Ganglion: The largest and uppermost of the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Taste Buds: Small sensory organs which contain gustatory receptor cells, basal cells, and supporting cells. Taste buds in humans are found in the epithelia of the tongue, palate, and pharynx. They are innervated by the chorda tympani nerve (a branch of the facial nerve) and the glossopharyngeal nerve. [NIH] Tear Gases: Gases that irritate the eyes, throat, or skin. Severe lacrimation develops upon irritation of the eyes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH]

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Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the

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skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trigeminal Nerve: The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the trigeminal ganglion and project to the trigeminal nucleus of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and

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kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vomeronasal Organ: A specialized part of the olfactory system located anteriorly in the nasal cavity within the nasal septum. Chemosensitive cells of the vomeronasal organ project via the vomeronasal nerve to the accessory olfactory bulb. The primary function of this organ appears to be in sensing pheromones which regulate reproductive and other social behaviors. While the structure has been thought absent in higher primate adults, data now suggests it may be present in adult humans. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenobiotics: Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc. [NIH]

X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH]

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INDEX 5 5-Hydroxytryptophan, 43, 77 A Ablation, 77, 91 Acetylcholine, 77, 97 Acuity, 13, 77 Adaptation, 11, 77 Adjustment, 77 Adrenal Cortex, 77, 84, 101 Adverse Effect, 77, 104 Afferent, 5, 12, 13, 77, 88 Agenesis, 77, 90 Agonist, 77, 82, 86 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, 7, 77 Algorithms, 77, 80 Alkaline, 77, 78, 81 Allergic Rhinitis, 48, 77, 90 Alopecia, 15, 77 Alternative medicine, 52, 77 Amenorrhea, 7, 14, 16, 78 Amikacin, 30, 78 Amino Acids, 65, 78, 99, 100, 101, 108 Ammonia, 42, 78 Ampulla, 78, 87 Anaesthesia, 78, 92 Analogous, 78, 107 Anaphylatoxins, 78, 83 Anatomical, 8, 10, 12, 48, 78, 79, 82, 91 Androgens, 77, 78, 84 Anemia, 78, 81, 94 Aneurysm, 15, 17, 78 Angiography, 48, 78 Anomalies, 16, 78, 90 Anorexia, 13, 78, 108 Antagonism, 14, 78 Antiallergic, 78, 84 Antibacterial, 78, 105 Antibiotic, 78, 79, 80, 93, 99, 105, 106 Antibody, 79, 82, 91, 92, 93, 96, 102, 103, 105, 109 Antidepressant, 77, 79 Antiepileptic, 77, 79 Antigen, 79, 83, 91, 92 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 79, 83 Anti-inflammatory, 79, 84, 90 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 79, 84 Antimicrobial, 79, 86 Antineoplastic, 79, 84

Arterial, 79, 84, 90, 91, 101, 106 Arteries, 79, 80, 102 Artery, 15, 17, 29, 78, 79 Asymptomatic, 79, 99 Atrial, 79, 84, 107 Atrioventricular, 79, 84 Atrium, 79, 84, 107, 108 Autodigestion, 79, 99 Autonomic Neuropathy, 15, 79 Axons, 5, 79, 96, 98 B Bacteria, 78, 79, 80, 95, 105, 107, 108 Bacterial Physiology, 77, 80 Basal cells, 80, 106 Base, 80, 85, 93, 106, 108 Benign, 80, 89, 90, 96, 103 Bewilderment, 80, 83 Bile, 80, 89, 93, 105 Bile Acids, 80, 89, 105 Biliary, 80, 99 Biliary Tract, 80, 99 Binding Sites, 10, 80 Biochemical, 7, 80, 104 Biological response modifier, 80, 92 Biotechnology, 14, 52, 59, 80 Bladder, 79, 80 Blastocyst, 80, 83, 100 Blood pressure, 6, 80, 90, 91, 96, 102 Blood vessel, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 87, 89, 105, 107, 108 Brachytherapy, 80, 92, 93, 102, 109 Brain Stem, 80, 108 Broad-spectrum, 78, 80 Bulimia, 13, 80 Burning Mouth Syndrome, 49, 81 C Cachexia, 13, 81 Cadmium, 44, 81 Cadmium Poisoning, 81 Calcium, 81, 83 Capillary, 81, 94, 100 Carbohydrate, 81, 84, 89 Carcinogenic, 81, 92, 101, 105 Carcinogens, 81, 96, 109 Carcinoma, 43, 81 Cardiac, 6, 19, 81, 84, 88, 105 Cardiovascular, 6, 49, 79, 81, 104 Cardiovascular System, 79, 81

112

Anosmia

Castration, 22, 81 Caudal, 81, 91, 100 Cell Lineage, 12, 81 Central Nervous System, 11, 13, 77, 81, 89, 90, 104 Central Nervous System Infections, 81, 90 Centrifugation, 82, 95 Cerebral, 6, 17, 80, 82, 88, 94, 107 Cerebrum, 82, 100 Chemotactic Factors, 82, 83 Chin, 82, 95 Cholesterol, 80, 82, 105 Chondrocytes, 82, 88 Chorda Tympani Nerve, 82, 106 Chromosomal, 7, 82, 96 Chromosome, 14, 24, 33, 82, 93, 104 Chronic, 3, 10, 16, 18, 20, 25, 66, 81, 82, 92, 99, 104, 105, 108 Chronic Disease, 81, 82 Clinical trial, 4, 59, 82, 86, 101, 103 Clomiphene, 24, 82 Cloning, 80, 82 Coitus, 44, 82 Complement, 9, 78, 82, 83 Complementary and alternative medicine, 39, 46, 83 Complementary medicine, 39, 83 Computational Biology, 59, 83 Conception, 10, 83 Concomitant, 14, 83 Confusion, 11, 83, 86, 108 Congestion, 66, 83 Conjugated, 83, 85 Conjunctiva, 83, 107 Connective Tissue, 83, 89, 90, 96 Consciousness, 83, 85 Constitutional, 7, 84 Contraindications, ii, 84 Contrast medium, 78, 84 Cor, 43, 84, 90, 91 Corneum, 84, 87, 91 Corpus, 84, 94, 100, 101, 107 Corpus Luteum, 84, 94, 101 Cortex, 6, 84, 88 Corticosteroid, 17, 22, 33, 84 Cranial, 28, 82, 84, 88, 89, 90, 94, 98, 99, 100, 105, 107, 108 Craniocerebral Trauma, 84, 90 Cribriform, 7, 84, 98 Crossing-over, 85, 103 Cues, 11, 43, 85 Curative, 85, 106

Cutaneous, 85, 93 Cytochrome, 9, 85 Cytosine, 22, 85 D Decompression, 28, 85 Decompression Sickness, 85 Degenerative, 85, 90, 96 Delusions, 85, 102 Dementia, 6, 18, 85 Dendrites, 5, 85, 97, 98 Deprivation, 39, 40, 41, 85 Diagnostic procedure, 52, 85 Diastolic, 85, 91 Digestive tract, 79, 85, 105 Direct, iii, 85, 86, 103, 106 Discrete, 14, 86 Discrimination, 9, 40, 86 Disorientation, 83, 85, 86 Dissection, 9, 86 Distal, 33, 86, 89, 102 Dopamine, 86, 97 Dorsal, 86, 100 Double-blind, 28, 86 Doxycycline, 15, 86 Drug Interactions, 86 Drug Tolerance, 86, 107 Duodenum, 80, 86, 87, 99, 105 Dysgeusia, 12, 13, 49, 86 E Edema, 86, 96, 108 Effector, 77, 82, 86 Efficacy, 22, 28, 86 Electrolyte, 84, 86, 95, 108 Embryo, 80, 81, 86, 92 Embryology, 47, 87 Encephalitis, 13, 87 Encephalitis, Viral, 87 Endemic, 87, 94 Endocrine System, 87, 97 Endorphins, 87, 97 Endoscope, 87 Endoscopic, 3, 22, 28, 87 Endothelial cell, 87, 88 Endotoxins, 83, 87 Enkephalins, 87, 97 Environmental Health, 58, 60, 87 Environmental Medicine, 44, 87 Enzymatic, 81, 83, 87 Enzyme, 77, 86, 87, 95, 101, 106, 109 Epidermal, 13, 87 Epidermis, 80, 84, 87, 91 Epinephrine, 86, 87, 97

113

Epithelial, 88, 91 Epithelial Cells, 88, 91 Epithelium, 5, 9, 88, 98 Esophagus, 9, 85, 88, 89, 93, 99, 105 Estrogen, 43, 82, 88, 101 Estrogen receptor, 82, 88 Ethmoid, 3, 88, 98, 99 Evoke, 88, 105 Excitation, 88, 97 Excitatory, 88, 90 Exhaustion, 78, 88, 94 Exogenous, 7, 88 External-beam radiation, 88, 93, 102, 109 Extracellular, 8, 83, 88 F Facial, 11, 17, 66, 82, 88, 106 Facial Nerve, 88, 106 Facial Pain, 66, 88 Family Planning, 59, 88 Fat, 84, 88, 90 Ferrets, 44, 88 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 42, 88 Follicles, 6, 89 Forearm, 80, 89 Fossa, 28, 89 G Ganglia, 77, 89, 97, 99, 106 Ganglion, 89, 108 Gap Junctions, 89, 106 Gas, 78, 85, 89, 96, 98 Gastric, 14, 79, 89 Gastrin, 89, 91 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 13, 89 Gene, 5, 7, 9, 10, 65, 80, 89, 103, 104, 105 Gene Expression, 9, 10, 89, 105 Genital, 79, 89 Genotype, 7, 89, 99 Gland, 41, 77, 89, 99, 100, 104, 105, 107 Glomerular, 8, 89 Glomeruli, 5, 8, 39, 89, 98 Glomerulus, 5, 89 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 88, 89, 106 Glucocorticoids, 77, 84, 89 Glutamate, 90 Glutamic Acid, 7, 90, 97 Glycine, 90, 97 Gonad, 90 Gonadal, 10, 23, 41, 43, 90, 105 Gonadal Dysgenesis, 23, 90 Gonadotropin, 6, 7, 10, 23, 41, 90 Governing Board, 90, 101 Granule, 41, 90

H Hay Fever, 77, 90 Headache, 28, 90, 100 Headache Disorders, 90 Hemoglobin, 78, 90, 93 Hemorrhage, 84, 90, 100, 105 Hepatitis, 18, 25, 90 Hepatocytes, 90, 91 Hereditary, 15, 23, 91 Heredity, 25, 89, 91 Homologous, 4, 9, 85, 91, 104, 106 Hormonal, 84, 91 Hormone, 6, 7, 10, 16, 21, 43, 44, 84, 87, 89, 91, 100, 101, 105, 107 Hyperplasia, 91, 96 Hypertension, 13, 90, 91, 100, 108 Hypertrophy, 84, 91, 107 Hypogonadism, 7, 10, 14, 15, 16, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 31, 32, 33, 91 Hypophyseal, 91, 94 Hypopituitarism, 32, 91 Hypothalamic, 7, 22, 25, 26, 91, 105 Hypothalamus, 6, 10, 91, 94, 100, 107 I Ichthyosis, 15, 26, 33, 91 Idiopathic, 7, 91 Immune response, 79, 84, 91, 106, 108 Impairment, 6, 64, 80, 91, 95, 102 Implant radiation, 91, 92, 93, 102, 109 Implantation, 83, 91 In vitro, 7, 9, 10, 91, 92 In vivo, 91, 92 Incompetence, 89, 92 Induction, 42, 78, 92, 101 Infarction, 91, 92 Infection, 45, 48, 49, 80, 82, 87, 92, 94, 97, 99, 105 Inflammation, 10, 77, 79, 87, 90, 92, 93, 96, 99, 100, 108 Ingestion, 81, 92 Initiation, 92, 107 Innervation, 12, 48, 49, 88, 92 Insecticides, 92, 109 Insight, 14, 92 Interferon, 17, 18, 25, 92 Interferon-alpha, 92 Intermittent, 3, 92 Internal radiation, 92, 93, 102, 109 Interstitial, 80, 92, 93, 109 Intracellular, 5, 8, 92 Intraepithelial, 12, 92 Intravenous, 22, 93

114

Anosmia

Invasive, 29, 93, 94 Involuntary, 93, 103 Ion Channels, 93, 106 Irradiation, 12, 30, 93, 109 Irritants, 11, 93 K Kanamycin, 78, 93 Kb, 58, 93 L Labile, 82, 93 Lactation, 93, 101 Lesion, 93, 108 Lethal, 13, 93, 96 Leucine, 21, 93 Ligands, 9, 93 Linkage, 21, 33, 93 Liver, 80, 90, 91, 93 Localization, 4, 7, 21, 93 Localized, 92, 93, 100, 108 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 89, 93 Lutein Cells, 94, 101 Lymphatic, 92, 94 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 6, 48, 94 Malaria, 13, 94 Malaria, Falciparum, 94 Malaria, Vivax, 94 Malingering, 33, 94 Malnutrition, 48, 81, 94 Mammary, 42, 43, 94 Manic, 94, 102 Manic-depressive psychosis, 94, 102 Mastication, 94, 108 Maternal Behavior, 28, 94 Maxillary, 94, 99, 108 Maxillary Nerve, 94, 108 Medial, 88, 94, 98, 105 Median Eminence, 10, 94 MEDLINE, 59, 94 Meiosis, 94, 106 Membrane, 77, 83, 93, 95, 96 Memory, 13, 78, 85, 95 Meninges, 81, 82, 84, 95 Menstrual Cycle, 95, 101 Menstruation, 78, 95 Mental, iv, 4, 33, 58, 60, 82, 83, 85, 86, 92, 95, 102, 104, 108 Mental Disorders, 95, 102 Mental Retardation, 33, 95 Metabolic disorder, 13, 95 Metastatic, 91, 95 Microbe, 95, 107

Microbiology, 77, 95 Microorganism, 95, 109 Microscopy, 8, 22, 95 Microsomal, 9, 95 Migration, 7, 10, 95 Mineralocorticoids, 77, 84, 95 Mobility, 10, 95 Modeling, 8, 95 Molecular, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 59, 61, 80, 83, 95, 101, 107 Molecule, 79, 80, 83, 86, 88, 95, 98, 103, 108 Monitor, 96, 97 Monoclonal, 93, 96, 102, 109 Morphological, 12, 86, 96 Morphology, 28, 96 Mosaicism, 16, 96 Mucins, 96, 103 Mucociliary, 96, 104 Mucosa, 9, 96, 101 Mustard Gas, 93, 96 Myelin, 96, 104 N Naevus, 32, 96 Nasal Cavity, 10, 48, 66, 96, 99, 109 Nasal Mucosa, 9, 96, 98 Nasal Obstruction, 66, 96 Nasal Polyps, 10, 96 Nasal Septum, 96, 109 Neonatal, 41, 96 Neoplasia, 48, 96 Neoplasm, 96 Nephron, 89, 96 Nerve Fibers, 11, 96 Nerve Regeneration, 11, 97 Nervous System, 77, 81, 82, 97, 99, 106 Neural, 8, 10, 13, 36, 49, 77, 97 Neuroendocrine, 7, 97 Neuronal, 7, 10, 97 Neurons, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 85, 88, 89, 96, 97, 98, 103, 106 Neuropathy, 22, 79, 97 Neurophysiology, 27, 48, 97 Neuropsychology, 30, 97 Neurotransmitter, 7, 12, 14, 77, 86, 90, 93, 97, 106 Neutrons, 93, 97, 102 Norepinephrine, 86, 97 Nuclear, 43, 48, 89, 97 Nuclear Medicine, 43, 48, 97 Nuclei, 94, 97 Nucleic acid, 85, 97 Nucleus, 13, 95, 97, 98, 101, 108

115

O Ocular, 96, 98 Odour, 42, 98, 108 Olfaction, 4, 11, 12, 13, 20, 30, 47, 48, 53, 98 Olfactory Bulb, 5, 9, 10, 11, 16, 39, 40, 41, 42, 98, 109 Olfactory Mucosa, 9, 20, 98 Olfactory Nerve, 11, 47, 98 Olfactory Receptor Neurons, 5, 12, 98, 103 Ophthalmic, 98, 108 Optic Chiasm, 91, 98, 100 Orofacial, 88, 98 Orthostatic, 6, 98 Otorhinolaryngology, 20, 49, 98 Ototoxic, 78, 98 Ovary, 84, 90, 98 Ovulation, 82, 98 Ovum, 84, 98, 101, 109 Oxidation, 85, 98 P Palate, 89, 99, 106 Palliative, 99, 106 Pancreas, 19, 99 Pancreatic, 89, 99 Pancreatic Juice, 89, 99 Pancreatitis, 19, 99 Paranasal Sinuses, 48, 99, 104 Particle, 99, 107 Parturition, 99, 101 Paternity, 23, 99 Pathologic, 20, 66, 99 Patient Education, 65, 70, 72, 75, 99 Penicillin, 78, 99 Peptide, 88, 99, 100, 101, 105 Perception, 9, 11, 40, 49, 53, 99 Peripheral Nervous System, 87, 97, 99, 106 Pharmacologic, 99, 107 Pharynx, 9, 89, 96, 99, 106 Phenotype, 7, 12, 99 Physiologic, 7, 77, 95, 99, 103 Physiology, 7, 8, 11, 16, 22, 40, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 97, 100 Pigmentation, 96, 100 Pilot study, 33, 100 Pineal Body, 100 Pineal gland, 42, 100 Pituitary Apoplexy, 91, 100 Pituitary Gland, 29, 84, 88, 91, 100, 104 Pituitary Neoplasms, 91, 100 Placenta, 100, 101 Plants, 96, 97, 100, 103, 107 Pneumonia, 84, 100

Polymorphism, 9, 100 Polypeptide, 100, 101 Portal System, 94, 100 Posterior, 28, 86, 89, 99, 100, 105 Postnatal, 41, 100 Postoperative, 3, 28, 29, 100 Postsynaptic, 101, 106 Practice Guidelines, 60, 101 Preclinical, 6, 101 Precursor, 77, 86, 87, 97, 98, 101 Preoperative, 3, 101 Presynaptic, 97, 101, 106 Prevalence, 6, 32, 101 Probe, 9, 101 Progesterone, 43, 101, 105 Progressive, 3, 85, 86, 101 Projection, 97, 98, 101 Prolactin, 41, 101 Promoter, 9, 10, 101 Prophase, 101, 106 Protein S, 80, 101, 106 Proteins, 5, 13, 78, 79, 82, 89, 96, 98, 99, 101, 103, 104, 107 Proteolytic, 83, 101 Protocol, 13, 101 Protozoan, 82, 94, 102 Proximal, 86, 96, 101, 102 Psychic, 95, 102 Psychology, 97, 102 Psychophysiology, 97, 102 Psychosis, 48, 102 Puberty, 7, 41, 102 Public Policy, 59, 102 Pulmonary, 80, 84, 102, 108 Pulmonary Artery, 80, 102, 108 Pulmonary hypertension, 84, 102 Q Quaternary, 4, 102 R Race, 95, 102 Radiation, 88, 91, 92, 93, 102, 103, 109 Radiation therapy, 88, 92, 93, 102, 109 Radioactive, 91, 92, 93, 97, 102, 109 Radiolabeled, 93, 102, 109 Radiological, 3, 102 Radiology, 97, 102 Radiotherapy, 80, 93, 102, 103, 109 Randomized, 28, 86, 103 Reality Testing, 102, 103 Receptor, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 48, 65, 77, 79, 86, 98, 103, 104, 106 Receptors, Odorant, 98, 103

116

Anosmia

Recombination, 9, 103 Recovery of Function, 11, 103 Refer, 1, 82, 87, 93, 97, 102, 103, 107 Reflex, 12, 103 Refraction, 103, 105 Regeneration, 12, 88, 103 Regimen, 86, 103 Regurgitation, 89, 103 Reliability, 12, 103 S Saliva, 48, 103 Salivary, 82, 88, 103 Salivary glands, 82, 88, 103 Saponins, 103, 105 Satiation, 14, 103 Schizophrenia, 48, 104 Screening, 31, 82, 104 Sebaceous, 93, 104 Sebaceous gland, 93, 104 Secretion, 6, 41, 43, 84, 90, 91, 93, 95, 96, 104 Secretory, 6, 91, 104, 106 Segregation, 103, 104 Sella, 100, 104 Sella Turcica, 100, 104 Senile, 42, 104 Sensory Deprivation, 41, 104 Sensory loss, 49, 104 Serotonin, 77, 97, 104 Serum, 41, 43, 78, 82, 90, 95, 104 Sex Characteristics, 78, 102, 104 Shock, 104, 107 Side effect, 43, 77, 104, 107 Sinusitis, 3, 20, 45, 64, 104 Skull, 84, 105, 106 Small intestine, 86, 91, 105 Somatotropin, 91, 105 Specialist, 67, 105 Species, 6, 8, 86, 87, 94, 95, 96, 102, 105, 108 Specificity, 8, 12, 105 Spectrum, 7, 19, 105 Sperm, 6, 78, 82, 105 Sphenoid, 99, 104, 105 Spinal cord, 80, 81, 82, 89, 95, 97, 99, 103, 105 Steroid, 12, 15, 17, 19, 26, 31, 32, 33, 103, 105 Stimulus, 4, 12, 88, 92, 93, 103, 105, 107 Stomach, 79, 85, 88, 89, 91, 93, 99, 105 Stroke, 13, 58, 105 Subacute, 66, 92, 104, 105

Subarachnoid, 90, 105 Subclinical, 92, 105 Subspecies, 105 Substance P, 104, 106 Substrate, 10, 106 Superior Cervical Ganglion, 42, 43, 106 Suppression, 14, 84, 106 Symptomatic, 99, 106 Synapse, 11, 98, 101, 106 Synapsis, 106 Synaptic, 5, 8, 12, 97, 106 Synaptic Transmission, 12, 106 Synergistic, 101, 106 Systemic, 22, 80, 87, 91, 92, 93, 100, 102, 106, 107, 109 Systemic disease, 91, 106 Systolic, 91, 106 T Taste Buds, 12, 48, 49, 106 Tear Gases, 93, 106 Temporal, 5, 8, 90, 106 Testis, 90, 106 Tetracycline, 86, 106 Therapeutics, 106 Third Ventricle, 91, 94, 100, 107 Threshold, 9, 91, 107 Thrombosis, 101, 105, 107 Thyroid, 43, 107 Tissue, 9, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 103, 104, 107, 109 Tolerance, 53, 107 Tomography, 48, 107 Tooth Preparation, 77, 107 Toxic, iv, 9, 97, 107 Toxicity, 9, 86, 107 Toxicology, 60, 107 Toxin, 107 Trachea, 99, 107 Transcription Factors, 9, 107 Transduction, 8, 12, 48, 107 Transfection, 10, 80, 107 Trauma, 17, 19, 27, 29, 30, 48, 49, 99, 103, 107 Tricuspid Atresia, 84, 107 Trigeminal, 4, 11, 21, 47, 49, 88, 94, 107, 108 Trigeminal Nerve, 4, 11, 49, 108 Tunica, 96, 108 U Ulcer, 108 Ulceration, 15, 108

117

Uraemia, 99, 108 Uterus, 84, 95, 101, 108 V Vaccine, 101, 108 Vascular, 90, 92, 100, 108 Vasculitis, 99, 108 Vector, 107, 108 Vein, 78, 93, 97, 108 Ventricle, 79, 84, 102, 106, 107, 108 Ventricular, 84, 107, 108 Vesicular, 12, 95, 108 Vestibule, 96, 108 Veterinary Medicine, 59, 108 Viral, 13, 87, 107, 108 Virulence, 107, 108

Virus, 82, 92, 107, 108 Visceral, 13, 79, 89, 109 Vitro, 7, 109 Vomeronasal Organ, 98, 109 W Windpipe, 99, 107, 109 Wound Healing, 88, 109 X Xenobiotics, 9, 109 X-ray, 84, 93, 97, 102, 103, 109 X-ray therapy, 93, 109 Y Yeasts, 99, 109 Z Zygote, 83, 96, 109

118

Anosmia

119

120

Anosmia

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