ANGIOEDEMA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Angioedema: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00069-5 1. Angioedema-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on angioedema. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ANGIOEDEMA ........................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Angioedema................................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 8 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ANGIOEDEMA ................................................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Finding Nutrition Studies on Angioedema ................................................................................. 53 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 55 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ANGIOEDEMA ........................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 57 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 62 General References ....................................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON ANGIOEDEMA ........................................................................................ 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Patent Applications on Angioedema............................................................................................ 65 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ANGIOEDEMA ........................................................................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 69 Chapters on Angioedema ............................................................................................................. 70 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ANGIOEDEMA.............................................................. 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 73 Academic Periodicals covering Angioedema................................................................................ 75 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 77 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 80 Researching Orphan Drugs ......................................................................................................... 80 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 85 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 87 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 89 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 91 Associations and Angioedema...................................................................................................... 93 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 93 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 95 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 95 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 95 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 101
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Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 104 ANGIOEDEMA DICTIONARY.................................................................................................. 105 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 143
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with angioedema is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about angioedema, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to angioedema, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on angioedema. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to angioedema, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on angioedema. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ANGIOEDEMA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on angioedema.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and angioedema, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “angioedema” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Multiple Episodes of Angioedema Associated with Lisinopril, an ACE Inhibitor Source: JADA. Journal of the American Dental Association. 126(2): 217-220. February 1995. Summary: In this case report, a patient under treatment for hypertension with lisonipril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, suffered repeated bouts of idiopathic angioedema that resolved when the drug was discontinued. The patient, a 51-year-old woman, had a 1 1/2 year history of recurrent swelling involving the left side of the face. The swelling was located primarily in the left masseter region, but occasionally extended to the lips and, once, even to the left side of the tongue. The patient's dentition was in reasonably good health without caries or periapical pathosis, except mild periodontal disease in the maxillary dentition. The patient and her cardiologist were alerted that the symptoms might be those of recurrent angioedema
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related to her use of the ACE inhibitor. After switching to a different antihypertensive medication, the patient, who had undergone these episodes of facial swelling at least monthly, had no further episodes. The authors conclude that this case report illustrates a potentially life-threatening allergy to a commonly used anti-hypertensive medication. They note that any one of the 15 or 20 episodes suffered by this patient could have resulted in laryngeal edema, airway obstruction, and death. 3 figures. 7 references. (AAM). •
Spontaneous Angioedema: A Case Report and Management Considerations Source: New York State Dental Journal. 68(2): 42-45. February 2002. Contact: Available from Dental Society of the State of New York. 7 Elk Street, Albany, NY 12207. (518) 465-0044. Summary: Maxillofacial angioedema (sudden fluid accumulation in the maxillofacial tissues) is a rare condition encountered by the oral and maxillofacial surgeon. The significance of this condition lies in its potential to partially or totally obstruct the upper airway secondary to the acute sudden swelling. In some individuals, angioedema is hereditary; in others, it occurs spontaneously, without warning, as an allergic reaction. This article presents a case of spontaneous perioral angioedema secondary to dental impressions. The authors review the complement system, an essential part of the human host defense system, and how this system can go awry in angioedema. The authors then discuss the origin of angioedema, its incidence, the inherited disorder (hereditary angioedema, or HAE), the denture impression material that caused this particular case of angioedema, and treatment of angioedema. Long term prophylaxis is aimed at preventing attacks rather than managing attacks that occur. 2 figures. 10 references.
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Dental Experience and Self-Perceived Dental Care Needs of Patients with Angioedema Source: SCD. Special Care in Dentistry. 21(1): 27-31. January-February 2001. Contact: Available from Special Care Dentistry. 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2660. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to investigate the self perceived dental care needs and dental experiences of patients with angioedema (a syndrome of non itchy, non pitting edema, or fluid accumulation, of the skin or submucosal tissues of the face, extremities, abdominal organs, and upper respiratory tract). At the 1998 annual meeting of the Voluntary Association for the Fight, Study, and Treatment of Hereditary Angioedema, a self administered questionnaire was distributed to participants affected by hereditary or acquired angioedema. The questionnaire was completed by 57 persons (37 females, 20 males; mean age 39 years plus or minus 17 years; range 5 to 76 years). The vast majority (91 percent) had the hereditary form of the disease. One third of the respondents had some problems in obtaining oral treatment, with one person having been refused care. About half of the group had experienced an acute attack following dental treatment. Preventive measures needed improvement in about two thirds of respondents. More than half (58 percent) of the group perceived a need for dental care. The authors conclude that persons with angioedema may experience difficulty in obtaining dental treatment, a common cause of acute attacks. 1 appendix (the questionnaire used in the study). 2 figures. 2 tables. 17 references.
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Federally Funded Research on Angioedema The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to angioedema. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to angioedema. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore angioedema. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for angioedema: •
Project Title: C1 INHIBITOR GENE AND HEREDITARY ANGIONEUROTIC EDEMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Davis, Alvin E.; Professor; Cbr Institute for Biomedical Research 800 Huntington Ave Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1987; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from investigator's abstract): C1 inhibitor (C1INH) is a serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) that regulates activation of the classical complement pathway and the contact (kinin-generating) systems by inactivation of C1r, C1s, plasma kallikrein and factor XII. Heterozygosity for C1INH deficiency or for expression of a dysfunctional C1INH protein results in hereditary angioedema (HAE). In the first Aim, an animal model for HAE will be developed using gene targeting technology. We hypothesize that C1INH-/-mice will not survive and that C1NH +/- mice will develop angioedema. To test the hypothesis that angioedema is mediated via contact system activation, deficient mice will be reconstituted with recombinant C1INH mutants with altered target proteinase specificities, and will be mated with bradykinin receptor 2 (Bk2R) and with C2 deficient mice. To test the hypothesis that inhibition of bradykinin will interfere with symptoms, the HAE mice will the treated with Bk2R antagonists. The mechanism of action of androgens in angioedema also will be analyzed. To test the hypothesis that the contact system plays a role in the pathogenesis of septic shock, the susceptibility of C1INH +/- mice to endotoxin shock will be determined. Infusions of C1INH proteins with selective inhibitory activities will define the roles of the complement and contact systems. The second Aim is directed toward structure-function analyses. To test the hypothesis that stable complex formation requires extensive insertion of the reactive center loop (RCL) into beta sheet A, RCL mutants and mutants that alter the stability of sheet A will be examined. To test the hypothesis that sites within and outside the RCL determine target protease specificity, P2 mutants, distal loop mutants, and non-RCL mutants in alpha1-antitrypsin:C1INH chimeras will be tested. To test the hypothesis that amino terminal-truncated C1INH more efficiently inhibits surface associated proteases, its ability to inhibit immune complex-mediated
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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complement activation, and inactivate high molecular weight kininogen (HK)-bound kallikrein and surface-bound factor XIIa will be examined. To compare and contrast the structure of C1INH with other serpins, recombinant truncated C1INH will be crystallized. In addition to definition of the biologic roles of C1INH and characterization of its function, these studies also may lead to improved therapy of HAE and of other diseases in which activation of the complement or contact systems plays a role. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COMPLEMENT AND HAGEMAN FACTOR IN ANGIOEDEMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Zuraw, Bruce L.; Associate Professor; Scripps Research Institute Tpc7 La Jolla, Ca 92037 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HUMAN C1 INHIBITOR IN HEREDITARY AND ACQUIRED ANGIOEDEMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Geha, Raif S.; Professor; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STCE, AN E.COLI O157:H7 PROTEASE SPECIFIC FOR C1-INH Principal Investigator & Institution: Welch, Rodney A.; Professor & Chair; Medical Microbiol & Immunology; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 16-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (Provided by applicant): Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), principally serotype O157:H7, cause an estimated 20,000 cases of diarrheal disease in the United States per year. 2-6 percent of the infected individuals, mostly young children progress to a severe renal disease, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The EHEC pathogenic factors that lead to bloody colitis and HUS are poorly understood, but knowledge of some mechanisms has recently emerged. Intimin-mediated adherence and type III effectors are encoded by a chromosomal locus termed LEE. The phage-encoded Shiga toxins (Stxs) are responsible for significant aspects of EHEC disease. EHEC strains commonly possess large plasmids, the prototype being pO157. We have identified a new pO157 gene, stcE, which encodes an extracellular zinc-metalloendoprotease (ZMP) that specifically cleaves the critical anti-inflammatory regulator C l-esterase inhibitor (C 1-Inh). C 1-Inh is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) that provides the principal inhibition of the proteolytic cascades involved in classic and mannan-binding ligand complement activation, contact activation and intrinsic coagulation. C l-Inh inhibits diverse proteases: Clr and Cls, MASP-1, MASP-2, kallikrein, FXIIa, FXIa, and plasmin. Deficiencies in Cl-Inh cause profound clinical syndromes. The best known is hereditary angioedema (HAE), a genetic deficiency in Cl-Inh, which is characterized by transient, recurrent attacks of intestinal cramps, vomiting, diarrhea and life-threatening episodes of tracheal swelling. Fluorescenated StcE binds to cultured macrophages, B- and T-cells. Thus, StcE is an example of a growing class of ZMPs such as tetanus, botulinum and
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anthrax lethal factor toxins. These ZMPs, in contrast to the homologous Pseudomonas and Vibrio ZMPs, have specific, non-extracellular matrix protein targets. We will test the hypothesis that StcE degrades soluble or cell-associated Cl-Inh, and this results in poorly regulated serine protease cascades involving complement activation, contact activation and coagulation. This dysregulation would then contribute to local inflammation, tissue damage and edema. The elucidation of StcE structure and function(s) may result in new targets for chemotherapeutic or immune prevention or treatment of EHEC infections, which now are best managed only by supportive therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE HYPEREOSINOPHILIC SYNDROMES AND MEPOLIZUMAB Principal Investigator & Institution: Gleich, Gerald J.; Professor of Medicine and Dermatology; Dermatology; University of Utah Salt Lake City, Ut 84102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 15-JUN-2004; Project End 30-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The term, hypereosinophilic syndromes (HES), refers a spectrum of patients with elevated blood eosinophils. Over the past two decades, certain categories of patients have been recognized as HES subgroups. For example, the syndromes of episodic angioedema associated with eosinophilia, the syndrome of nodules, eosinophilia, rheumatism, dermatitis and swelling, HES associated with T cell clones, and the myeloproliferative variant have been recognized. Patients with T cell clones producing TH2 cytokines show evidence of L-5 production and IL-5 stimulates bone marrow production and activation of eosinophils. Mepolizumab is a high-affinity, specific, humanized monoclonal antibody to IL-5 which rapidly depletes eosinophils from the peripheral blood. This antibody has been administered to patients with several diseases, including asthma, and it is remarkably free of side-effects. The accompanying core clinical protocol describes a trial of mepolizumab for the treatment of HES; this mechanistic proposal seeks to understand the basic mechanisms underlying the response to mepolizumab. Specifically, we will: 1. Determine whether mepolizumab modulates T-cell functions, including their differentiation and cytokine production. 2. Test whether mepolizumab treatment suppresses eosinophil activation, cytokine production and expression of the IL-5 receptor on the eosinophils of treated patients. 3. Determine whether mepolizumab reveals heterogeneity in HES not heretofore recognized. Overall, this is a unique and unprecedented opportunity to conduct a multicenter study involving investigators with considerable experience to investigate the effects of anti-IL-5 administration and to determine which markers of eosinophil activation are best correlated with disease activity. Previous studies have largely been from single institutions, and this will be the first multicenter study. We anticipate the results will shed new light on this disease by defining essentially all HES subtypes and their frequencies, by determining the ability of anti-IL-5 to alter the immunological bases of HES, by identifying and investigating patients not responsive to anti-IL-5 and by identifying the characteristics of patients who can be effectively treated with anti-IL-5. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: UNIQUE ASPECTS OF C1-- INHIBITOR STRUCTURE / FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Patston, Philip A.; Oral Med and Diagnostic Scis; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1993; Project End 30-JUN-2004
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Summary: C1-inhibitor is a plasma proteinase inhibitor of the serpin family. The physiological targets for C1-inhibitor are the activated C1r and C1s subunits of complement component C1, and enzymes of the contact system. Deficiency of C1inhibitor, either hereditary or acquired can cause angioedema, a potentially fatal condition. Although C1-inhibitor has much in common with other serpins, it has some unique characteristics which have not been investigated in detail. Firstly, it inhibits proteinases slowly compared to other serpins. The structural reasons for this are not known. Initially it will be confirmed that C1s inhibition occurs slowly when in its physiological form, as part of C1. Then the structural basis for the inhibitory activity will be studied by use of C1-inhibitor mutants and C1-inhibitor- alpha1-proteinase inhibitor chimeras. C1-inhibitor has a highly glycosylated 110 residue amino-terminal domain which has no homology with other serpins. The function of this region will be investigated, in particular testing the idea that it is essential for rapid inhibition and subsequent dissociation of C1. To test this recombinant C1-inhibitor variants lacking part or all of the amino-terminal will be made. Also single cysteines will be introduced into the amino-terminal domain which can be labeled with fluorophore to assess the interaction of this region with C1 and the target proteinases. These topics will be studied in the following three aims: Aim 1) To determine the rate of C1s inhibition when isolated and when in the C1 complex; Aim 2) To determine the structural basis for the inhibitory activity of C1-inhibitor; and Aim 3) To determine the function of the aminoterminal domain of C1-inhibitor. These studies will provide important information regarding structure-function relationships in C1-inhibitor, which has implications for the in vivo function of the protein, the therapeutic use of the protein, and for the deficiency states caused by naturally occurring dysfunctional variants. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “angioedema” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for angioedema in the PubMed Central database: •
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Complement Metabolism in Man: Hypercatabolism of the Fourth (C4) and Third (C3) Components in Patients with Renal Allograft Rejection and Hereditary Angioedema (HAE). by Carpenter CB, Ruddy S, Shehadeh IH, Muller-Eberhard HJ, Merrill JP, Austen KF.; 1969 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=322377
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Permeability-Increasing Activity in Hereditary Angioneurotic Edema Plasma. II. MECHANISM OF FORMATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION. by Donaldson VH, Ratnoff OD, Da Silva WD, Rosen FS.; 1969 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=322269
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Response of Variant Hereditary Angioedema Phenotypes to Danazol Therapy GENETIC IMPLICATIONS. by Gadek JE, Hosea SW, Gelfand JA, Frank MM.; 1979 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=372115
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Type II hereditary angioneurotic edema that may result from a single nucleotide change in the codon for alanine-436 in the C1 inhibitor gene. by Levy NJ, Ramesh N, Cicardi M, Harrison RA, Davis AE 3rd.; 1990 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=53243
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with angioedema, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “angioedema” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for angioedema (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of hereditary angioedema with recurrent arthritis, erythema marginatum-like rash and chest pain. Author(s): Ergin H, Baskan M, Akalin N, Gurses D. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 2003 July-September; 45(3): 261-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14696809
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Acquired angioedema and Helicobacter pylori infection in a child. Author(s): Varvarovska J, Sykora J, Stozicky F, Chytra I. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 October; 162(10): 707-9. Epub 2003 August 01. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12898238
6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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Angioedema
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Acute angioedema in paraphenylenediamine poisoning. Author(s): Ashar A. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 2003 March; 53(3): 120-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12779029
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Acute upper airway angioedema secondary to acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency: a case report. Author(s): Wong DT, Gadsden JC. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2003 November; 50(9): 900-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14617586
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Acute urticaria and angioedema due to ehrlichiosis. Author(s): Anliker MD, Wuthrich B. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 207(4): 417-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14657642
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An 89-year-old woman with angioedema during t-PA infusion for acute ischemic stroke. Author(s): Jahnke HK. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 2003 April; 29(2): 142-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12660697
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Angioedema and AT1 receptor blockers: proceed with caution. Author(s): MacLean JA, Hannaway PJ. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003 June 23; 163(12): 1488-9; Author Reply 1489. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12824102
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Angioedema and dysphagia caused by contact allergy to inhaled budesonide. Author(s): Pirker C, Misic A, Frosch PJ. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 August; 49(2): 77-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14641354
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Angioedema as a complication of upper endoscopy. Author(s): Lawrence C, Abdrabbo MK. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 August 5; 139(3): W-W62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12899608
Studies
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Angioedema associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use: outcome after switching to a different treatment. Author(s): Cicardi M, Zingale LC, Bergamaschini L, Agostoni A. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2004 April 26; 164(8): 910-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15111379
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Angioedema associated with eosinophilia. Author(s): Yamabe H, Takanashi S, Osawa H, Nakamura N, Shirato K, Sugawara T, Nakamura M, Tamura M, Okumura K. Source: Intern Med. 2003 July; 42(7): 626. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12879960
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Angioedema due to valsartan. Author(s): Martinez Alonso JC, Dominguez Ortega FJ, Mendez Alcalde J, Fuentes Gonzalo MJ. Source: Allergy. 2003 April; 58(4): 367. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12708991
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Angioedema induced by angiotensin II blocker telmisartan. Author(s): Borazan A, Ustun H, Yilmaz A. Source: Allergy. 2003 May; 58(5): 454. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12752339
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Angioedema of the lips and tongue induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. A report of two cases. Author(s): Stevenson HA, Steele JC, Field EA, Darroch CJ. Source: Primary Dental Care : Journal of the Faculty of General Dental Practitioners (Uk). 2004 January; 11(1): 17-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14768205
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Angioedema of the tongue due to acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency. Author(s): Dobson G, Edgar D, Trinder J. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2003 February; 31(1): 99-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12635405
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor related angioedema and the anaesthetist. Author(s): Rai MR, Amen F, Idrees F. Source: Anaesthesia. 2004 March; 59(3): 283-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14984528
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Angioedema
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced isolated visceral angioedema in a liver transplant recipient. Author(s): Rosenberg EI, Mishra G, Abdelmalek MF. Source: Transplantation. 2003 March 15; 75(5): 730-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12640318
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced unilateral tongue angioedema. Author(s): Mlynarek A, Hagr A, Kost K. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2003 November; 129(5): 593-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14595286
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Antithyroid antibodies in chronic urticaria and angioedema. Author(s): Kikuchi Y, Fann T, Kaplan AP. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 July; 112(1): 218. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12847508
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Biochemical basis of angioedema associated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator treatment: an in vitro experimental approach. Author(s): Molinaro G, Gervais N, Adam A. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2002 June; 33(6): 1712-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12053016
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Black Americans have an increased rate of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitorassociated angioedema. Author(s): Brown NJ, Ray WA, Snowden M, Griffin MR. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1996 July; 60(1): 8-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8689816
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Bladder involvement in hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Van Dellen RC, Myers RP. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1980 April; 55(4): 277-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7359956
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Blepharochalasis misdiagnosed as allergic recurrent angioedema. Author(s): Garcia-Ortega P, Mascaro F, Corominas M, Carreras M. Source: Allergy. 2003 November; 58(11): 1197-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616136
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Bradykinin and the pathophysiology of angioedema. Author(s): Cugno M, Nussberger J, Cicardi M, Agostoni A. Source: International Immunopharmacology. 2003 March; 3(3): 311-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12639808
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Bradykinin-mediated angioedema. Author(s): Nussberger J, Cugno M, Cicardi M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 August 22; 347(8): 621-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12192030
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C1 inhibitor infusion modifies platelet activity in hereditary angioedema patients. Author(s): Coppola L, Guastafierro S, Verrazzo G, Coppola A, De Lucia D, Tirelli A. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2002 July; 126(7): 842-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12088455
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C1-inhibitor deficiency and angioedema. Author(s): Carugati A, Pappalardo E, Zingale LC, Cicardi M. Source: Molecular Immunology. 2001 August; 38(2-3): 161-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11532278
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C4 deficiency in chronic angioedema. Author(s): Azofra J, Lopez-Trascasa M. Source: Allergy. 2001 November; 56(11): 1106-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11703231
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Can angiotensin receptor antagonists be used safely in patients with previous ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema? Author(s): Howes LG, Tran D. Source: Drug Safety : an International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience. 2002; 25(2): 73-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11888349
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Changes in splenoportal axis calibre and flow in a patient affected by hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Campanile E, Scuderi R, Ierna D, Neri S. Source: Panminerva Medica. 2001 December; 43(4): 307-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11677428
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Changing trends in angioedema. Author(s): Cohen EG, Soliman AM. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2001 August; 110(8): 701-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11510724
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Angioedema
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Chronic urticaria and angioedema as the first presentations of common variable immunodeficiency. Author(s): Altschul A, Cunningham-Rundles C. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 October; 110(4): 664-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12373278
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Chronic urticaria and angioedema. Author(s): Chowdhury BA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 July 18; 347(3): 220-2; Author Reply 220-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12124416
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Chronic urticaria and angioedema. Author(s): Scheindlin S. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 November 21; 347(21): 1724; Author Reply 1724. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12444198
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Chronic urticaria and angioedema. Author(s): Pfeiffer C. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 July 18; 347(3): 220-2; Author Reply 220-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12132108
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Chronic urticaria and angioedema. Author(s): Simonart T. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 July 18; 347(3): 220-2; Author Reply 220-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12132107
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Chronic urticaria and/or angioedema. Author(s): Fox RW. Source: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 2002 October; 23(2): 143-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12221860
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Chronic urticaria/angioedema and Graves' disease: Coexistence of 2 antireceptor antibody-mediated diseases. Author(s): Irani C, Gordon ND, Zweiman B, Levinson AI. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 November; 108(5): 874. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11692119
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Clinical and biological distinctions between type I and type II acquired angioedema. Author(s): Bouillet-Claveyrolas L, Ponard D, Drouet C, Massot C. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2003 October 1; 115(5): 420-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14553889
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Clinical practice. Chronic urticaria and angioedema. Author(s): Kaplan AP. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 January 17; 346(3): 175-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11796852
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Clinical studies of sudden upper airway obstruction in patients with hereditary angioedema due to C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency. Author(s): Bork K, Hardt J, Schicketanz KH, Ressel N. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003 May 26; 163(10): 1229-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12767961
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Clonal T-helper lymphocytes and elevated IL-5 levels in episodic angioedema and eosinophilia (Gleich's syndrome). Author(s): Morgan SJ, Prince HM, Westerman DA, McCormack C, Glaspole I. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2003 September; 44(9): 1623-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14565669
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Clopidogrel-associated angioedema. Author(s): Fischer TC, Worm M, Groneberg DA. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2003 January; 114(1): 77-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12543298
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Contact urticaria from hops (Humulus lupulus) in a patient with previous urticariaangioedema from peanut, chestnut and banana. Author(s): Estrada JL, Gozalo F, Cecchini C, Casquete E. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 February; 46(2): 127. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11918619
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Current concepts of pharmacotherapy in hypertension: ACE inhibitor-related angioedema: can angiotensin-receptor blockers be safely used? Author(s): Sica DA, Black HR. Source: Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.). 2002 September-October; 4(5): 375-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12368584
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Angioedema
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Danazol and stanozolol in long-term prophylactic treatment of hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Agostoni A, Cicardi M, Martignoni GC, Bergamaschini L, Marasini B. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1980 January; 65(1): 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6765962
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Danazol therapy in hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Sweet LC, Jackson CE, Yanari SS, Yott JB. Source: Henry Ford Hosp Med J. 1980; 28(1): 31-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7026512
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Danazole in the treatment of hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Hosea SW, Frank MM. Source: Drugs. 1980 May; 19(5): 370-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6993183
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Delayed diagnosis of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor induced angioedema and urticaria. Author(s): Bhalla M, Thami GP. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2003 May; 28(3): 333-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12780733
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Delayed drug-induced periorbital angioedema. Author(s): Gonnering RS, Hirsch SR. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1990 November 15; 110(5): 566-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2240144
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Dental experience and self-perceived dental care needs of patients with angioedema. Author(s): Lodi G, Sardella A, Bez C, Demarosi F, Cicardi M, Carrassi A. Source: Spec Care Dentist. 2001; 21(1): 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11795449
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Dental management of patients with hereditary angioedema: report of case. Author(s): Malmstrom HS, Hock JM, Sanford C. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1985 December; 111(6): 957-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2933439
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Detection of active kallikrein in induced blister fluids of hereditary angioedema patients. Author(s): Curd JG, Prograis LJ Jr, Cochrane CG. Source: The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1980 September 1; 152(3): 742-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6902743
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Detection of C1 inhibitor (SERPING1/C1NH) mutations in exon 8 in patients with hereditary angioedema: evidence for 10 novel mutations. Author(s): Blanch A, Roche O, Lopez-Granados E, Fontan G, Lopez-Trascasa M. Source: Human Mutation. 2002 November; 20(5): 405-6. Erratum In: Hum Mutat. 2003 January; 21(1): 102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12402344
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Development of an immunochemical test to assess C1 inactivator function in human serum and its use for the diagnosis of hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Ziccardi RJ, Cooper NR. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1980 March; 15(3): 465-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6768480
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Diagnosis and management of hereditary angioedema: an American approach. Author(s): Zuraw BL. Source: Transfusion and Apheresis Science : Official Journal of the World Apheresis Association : Official Journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis. 2003 December; 29(3): 239-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14572816
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Diagnostic testing in chronic urticaria and angioedema. Author(s): Singh JN. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1993 November 15; 149(10): 1378. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8221416
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Diagnostic testing in chronic urticaria and angioedema. Author(s): Knight A. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1993 February 1; 148(3): 375-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8439905
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Diagnostic testing in chronic urticaria and angioedema. Author(s): Dolovich J. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1992 May 1; 146(9): 1528. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1571864
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Angioedema
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Different patterns of angioedema in patients with and without angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor therapy. Author(s): Herkner H, Temmel AF, Mullner M, Havel C, Hirschl MM, Kofler J, Laggner AN. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2001 March 15; 113(5-6): 167-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11293945
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Differential diagnosis of angioedema. Author(s): Charlesworth EN. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2002 September-October; 23(5): 337-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12476544
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Dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity in patients with ACE-inhibitor-associated angioedema. Author(s): Lefebvre J, Murphey LJ, Hartert TV, Jiao Shan R, Simmons WH, Brown NJ. Source: Hypertension. 2002 February; 39(2 Pt 2): 460-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11882590
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Does heparin prophylaxis prevent exacerbations of hereditary angioedema? Author(s): Weiler JM, Quinn SA, Woodworth GG, Brown DD, Layton TA, Maves KK. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 June; 109(6): 995-1000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12063530
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Drug-induced angioedema without urticaria. Author(s): Agostoni A, Cicardi M. Source: Drug Safety : an International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience. 2001; 24(8): 599-606. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11480492
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Elevated plasmin-alpha 2-antiplasmin complex levels in hereditary angioedema: evidence for the in vivo efficiency of the intrinsic fibrinolytic system. Author(s): Nilsson T, Back O. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1985 December 15; 40(6): 817-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2935973
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Elevated serum levels of interleukin-5 in patients with the syndrome of episodic angioedema and eosinophilia. Author(s): Butterfield JH, Leiferman KM, Abrams J, Silver JE, Bower J, Gonchoroff N, Gleich GJ. Source: Blood. 1992 February 1; 79(3): 688-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1732010
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Enalapril induced angioedema. Author(s): Gianos ME, Klaustermeyer WB, Kurohara M, Tarnasky P, Gordon E. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1990 March; 8(2): 124-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2302280
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Epidemiological study of angioedema and ACE inhibitors. Author(s): Gabb GM, Ryan P, Wing LM, Hutchinson KA. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1996 December; 26(6): 777-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9028507
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Episodes of severe dyspnea caused by snoring-induced recurrent edema of the soft palate in hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Bork K, Koch P. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 December; 45(6): 968-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11712054
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Episodic angioedema associated with eosinophilia. Author(s): Gleich GJ, Schroeter AL, Marcoux JP, Sachs MI, O'Connell EJ, Kohler PF. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1984 June 21; 310(25): 1621-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6727934
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Episodic angioedema associated with eosinophilia. Author(s): Gleich GJ, Schroeter AL, Marcoux JP, Sachs MI, O'Connell EJ, Kohler PF. Source: Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1984; 97: 25-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6535342
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Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia (Gleich syndrome). Author(s): Schiavino D, Gentiloni N, Murzilli F, Gebreselassie M, La Rocca LM, Patriarca G. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1990 July-August; 18(4): 233-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2148252
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Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia. Author(s): Wolf C, Pehamberger H, Breyer S, Leiferman KM, Wolff K. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1989 January; 20(1): 21-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2521494
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Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia: a case associated with T cell activation and cytokine production. Author(s): Putterman C, Barak V, Caraco Y, Neuman T, Shalit M. Source: Ann Allergy. 1993 March; 70(3): 243-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8452319
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Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia: precursor lesions and relevance of histology. A case report. Author(s): Kuhne U, Marsch WC. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1991; 71(1): 83-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1676228
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Episodic macroglossia as the sole manifestation of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced angioedema. Author(s): Elinav E, Rabinowitz Y, Lorberbaum M, Nisanewitz V. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2004 March; 113(3 Pt 1): 223-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15053206
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Episodic swelling in a pregnant woman from Bangladesh: evaluation and management of angioedema in pregnancy. Author(s): Hsieh FH, Sheffer AL. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2002 March-April; 23(2): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12001796
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Erythema multiforme and angioedema with indapamide and sertraline. Author(s): Gales BJ, Gales MA. Source: Am J Hosp Pharm. 1994 January 1; 51(1): 118-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8135249
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Estrogen-dependent inherited angioedema. Author(s): Binkley KE, Davis AE 3rd. Source: Transfusion and Apheresis Science : Official Journal of the World Apheresis Association : Official Journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis. 2003 December; 29(3): 215-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14572812
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Evaluation of a clinical guideline for the diagnoses of physical and chronic urticaria and angioedema. Author(s): Kozel MM, Moein MC, Mekkes JR, Meinardi MM, Bossuyt PM, Bos JD. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2002; 82(4): 270-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12361131
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Examination of baseline levels of carboxypeptidase N and complement components as potential predictors of angioedema associated with the use of an angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor. Author(s): Sigler C, Annis K, Cooper K, Haber H, Van deCarr S. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1997 August; 133(8): 972-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9267242
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Exercise-induced angioedema and asthma. Author(s): Leung AK, Hegde HR. Source: The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1989 May-June; 17(3): 442-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2729498
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Exercise-induced urticaria and angioedema: reports of two cases. Author(s): Kato T, Komatsu H, Tagami H. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 1997 March; 24(3): 189-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9114618
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Exon 1 polymorphism of the B2BKR gene does not influence the clinical status of patients with hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Freiberger T, Vyskocilova M, Kolarova L, Kuklinek P, Krystufkova O, Lahodna M, Hanzlikova J, Litzman J. Source: Human Immunology. 2002 June; 63(6): 492-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12039525
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Facial nerve palsy due to angioedema in systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Cuenca R, Simeon CP, Montalban J, Bosch JA, Vilardell M. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1991 January-February; 9(1): 89-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2054973
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Familial angioedema associated with C1 esterase-inhibitor deficiency. A new genetic variant in hereditary angioedema? Author(s): Chiu JT. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1982 March 26; 247(12): 1734-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7062481
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Fatal angioedema associated with captopril. Author(s): Jason DR. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1992 September; 37(5): 1418-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1402766
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Fatal angioedema associated with enalapril. Author(s): Oike Y, Ogata Y, Higashi D, Matsumura T, Numata Y. Source: Intern Med. 1993 April; 32(4): 308-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8358121
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Fatal angioedema associated with enalapril. Author(s): Giannoccaro PJ, Wallace GJ, Higginson LA, Williams WL. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 1989 October; 5(7): 335-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2555035
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Fatal angioedema associated with lisinopril. Author(s): Ulmer JL, Garvey MJ. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1992 October; 26(10): 1245-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1330096
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Fatal haemorrhagic pulmonary oedema and associated angioedema after the ingestion of rofecoxib. Author(s): Kumar NP, Wild G, Ramasamy KA, Snape J. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2002 July; 78(921): 439-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12151676
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Fever, rash, and angioedema after a course of allopurinol. Author(s): Yale SH, Yale ES, Mann DS. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1996 March 15; 31(3): 92-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8596012
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First case of acquired functional C1(-) INH deficiency: association with angioedema during Churg and Strauss vasculitis. Author(s): Pasquali JL, Christmann D, Modert F, Belval PC, Storck D, Hauptmann G. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1984; 74(3): 284-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6724721
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Five novel mutations in the C1 inhibitor gene (C1NH) leading to a premature stop codon in patients with type I hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Freiberger T, Kolarova L, Mejstrik P, Vyskocilova M, Kuklinek P, Litzman J. Source: Human Mutation. 2002 April; 19(4): 461. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11933207
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Food intake in combination with a rise in body temperature: a newly identified cause of angioedema. Author(s): Zuberbier T, Bohm M, Czarnetzki BM. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1993 June; 91(6): 1226-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8509582
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Four Japanese cases of episodic angioedema with eosinophilia. Author(s): Take C, Kurasawa T, Ikeda K, Yamane Y. Source: Intern Med. 1992 April; 31(4): 470-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1633350
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Frequent de novo mutations and exon deletions in the C1inhibitor gene of patients with angioedema. Author(s): Pappalardo E, Cicardi M, Duponchel C, Carugati A, Choquet S, Agostoni A, Tosi M. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 December; 106(6): 114754. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11112899
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Fresh frozen plasma prophylaxis for hereditary angioedema during pregnancy. A case report. Author(s): Galan HL, Reedy MB, Starr J, Knight AB. Source: J Reprod Med. 1996 July; 41(7): 541-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8829070
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Fresh-frozen plasma as a treatment for life-threatening ACE-inhibitor angioedema. Author(s): Karim MY, Masood A. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 February; 109(2): 370-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11842313
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Fulminant and fatal angioedema caused by bleomycin treatment. Author(s): Khansur T, Little D, Tavassoli M. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1984 November; 144(11): 2267. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6208860
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Functional airway obstruction mimicking tongue angioedema. Author(s): Nordness ME, Zacharisen MC. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1999 December; 83(6 Pt 1): 540-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10619346
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Generation of plasmin during acute attacks of hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Cugno M, Hack CE, de Boer JP, Eerenberg AJ, Agostoni A, Cicardi M. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1993 January; 121(1): 38-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8426080
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Glomerulonephritis and hereditary angioedema: report of 2 cases. Author(s): Hory B, Haultier JJ. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 1989 May; 31(5): 259-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2736814
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Glottic angioedema, ciprofloxacin, and ACE inhibitors. Author(s): Langauer Messmer S, Schiller P, Bircher AJ. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1996 June; 72(848): 383. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8758027
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Guillain-Barre syndrome following danazol and corticosteroid therapy for hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Hory B, Blanc D, Boillot A, Panouse-Perrin J. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1985 July; 79(1): 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4014294
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Hemi-orolingual angioedema and ACE inhibition after alteplase treatment of stroke. Author(s): Hill MD, Lye T, Moss H, Barber PA, Demchuk AM, Newcommon NJ, Green TL, Kenney C, Cole-Haskayne A, Buchan AM. Source: Neurology. 2003 May 13; 60(9): 1525-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12743244
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Hemostatic analysis of a patient with hereditary angioedema undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Author(s): Chaney JD, Adair TM, Lell WA, McGiffin DC, Nielsen VG. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 December; 93(6): 1480-2, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11726426
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Hereditary and acquired angioedema: experience with patients in Puerto Rico. Author(s): Santaella ML, Martino A. Source: P R Health Sci J. 2004 March; 23(1): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15125214
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Hereditary angioedema and hormones. Author(s): Kashyap AS, Kashyap S. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2002 October 14; 162(18): 2142; Author Reply 2142. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12374528
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Hereditary angioedema and normal C1-inhibitor activity in women. Author(s): Kranke B, Salmhofer W, Aberer W. Source: Lancet. 2000 October 21; 356(9239): 1440-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11052609
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Hereditary angioedema as a cause of transient abdominal pain. Author(s): Nzeako UC, Frigas E, Tremaine WJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2002 January; 34(1): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11743247
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Hereditary angioedema first apparent in the ninth decade during treatment with ACE inhibitor. Author(s): Berkun Y, Shalit M. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2001 August; 87(2): 138-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11527246
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Hereditary angioedema type III, angioedema associated with angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and female sex. Author(s): Bork K, Dewald G. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2004 May 1; 116(9): 644-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15093766
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Hereditary angioedema type III: an additional French pedigree with autosomal dominant transmission. Author(s): Martin L, Degenne D, Toutain A, Ponard D, Watier H. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 April; 107(4): 747-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11295676
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Hereditary angioedema with a de novo mutation of exon 8 in the C1 inhibitor gene showing recurrent edema of the hands around the peripheral joints: importance for the differential diagnosis of joint swelling. Author(s): Sugiyama E, Ozawa T, Taki H, Maruyama M, Yamashita N, Ohta M, Hirata M, Kobayashi M. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2001 April; 44(4): 974-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11315937
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Hereditary angioedema with recurrent abdominal pain. Author(s): Seth AK, Nair V, Singh J, Dhand VP. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2002 March-April; 21(2): 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11990338
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Hereditary angioedema. Long-term follow-up of 88 patients. Experience of the Argentine Allergy and Immunology Institute. Author(s): Fabiani JE, Avigliano A, Dupont JC, Fabiana JE. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 2000 September-October; 28(5): 267-71. Erratum In: Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2000 November-December; 28(6): 306. Fabiana Je [corrected to Fabiani Je]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11270087
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Hereditary angioedema: a broad review for clinicians. Author(s): Nzeako UC, Frigas E, Tremaine WJ. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2001 November 12; 161(20): 2417-29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11700154
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Hereditary angioedema: a case report and literature review. Author(s): Tricker ND, Malone KM, Ellis MM. Source: Gen Dent. 2002 November-December; 50(6): 540-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12572187
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Hereditary angioedema: a rare but potentially lethal disease. Author(s): Kamboj S, Lillis RA, Wegmann M, Wild LG, Lopez FA, Kumar P. Source: J La State Med Soc. 2002 May-June; 154(3): 121-4; Quiz 125. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12139356
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Hereditary angioedema: case report of a family. Author(s): Yilmaz M, Kendirli SG, Altintas D, Bingol G. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 2000 July-September; 42(3): 230-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11105624
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Hereditary angioedema: report of a case. Author(s): Joynt GM, Abdullah V, Wormald PJ. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2001 May; 80(5): 321, 324. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11393912
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Histamine inhalation challenge in recurrent uvula angioedema. Author(s): Bucca CB, Brussino L, Cavalot A, Cicolin A, Cortesina G, Baron P, Pagano M, Rolla G. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 October; 112(4): 799-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14564367
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How do we treat patients with hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Cicardi M, Zingale L. Source: Transfusion and Apheresis Science : Official Journal of the World Apheresis Association : Official Journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis. 2003 December; 29(3): 221-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14572813
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Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis with angioedema, a rare presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus: rapid response to rituximab. Author(s): Saigal K, Valencia IC, Cohen J, Kerdel FA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 November; 49(5 Suppl): S283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14576655
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Identification of a new P1 residue mutation (444Arg----Ser) in a dysfunctional C1 inhibitor protein contained in a type II hereditary angioedema plasma. Author(s): Aulak KS, Cicardi M, Harrison RA. Source: Febs Letters. 1990 June 18; 266(1-2): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2365061
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IgA nephropathy in hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Srinivasan J, Beck P. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1993 February; 69(808): 95-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8506211
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IgE-mediated urticaria/angioedema after ingestion of mussels. Author(s): Nettis E, Pannofino A, Dambra P, Loria MP, Di Maggio G, Damiani E, Ferrannini A, Tursi A. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 2001 January-February; 81(1): 62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11411923
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Image of the month. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor angioedema of the intestine. Author(s): Oudit GY, Dill-Macky MJ, Allard JP. Source: Gastroenterology. 2000 November; 119(5): 1190, 1424. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11185460
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Images in clinical medicine. Uvular angioedema (Quincke's disease). Author(s): Kestler A, Keyes L. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 August 28; 349(9): 867. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12944572
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Immunoadsorption in acquired angioedema: a therapeutic misadventure. Author(s): Boyar A, Zuraw BL, Beall G. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1993 February; 66(2): 181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8453789
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Immunoblotting of plasma in a pregnant patient with hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Chhibber G, Cohen A, Lane S, Farber A, Meloni FJ, Schmaier AH. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1990 January; 115(1): 112-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1688910
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Immunodiffusion assay of C1 inhibitor function in serum: prospective analysis in angioedema-urticaria. Author(s): Yelvington M, Prograis LJ Jr, Pizzo CJ, Curd JG. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1983 September; 80(3): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6410904
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Immunological and genetic studies on hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Madalinski K, Chorazykiewicz M, Prokopowicz K, Kramer J, Zychowicz C. Source: Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 1995; 40(3): 634-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8775319
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In vitro release of interferon-gamma and macrophage migration inhibition factor in drug-induced urticaria and angioedema. Author(s): Livni E, Lapidoth M, Halevy S. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1999 January; 79(1): 18-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10086852
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Increased expression of C1-inhibitor mRNA in patients with hereditary angioedema treated with Danazol. Author(s): Pappalardo E, Zingale LC, Cicardi M. Source: Immunology Letters. 2003 May 1; 86(3): 271-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12706530
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Increased interleukin-6 production during the acute phase of the syndrome of episodic angioedema and hypereosinophilia. Author(s): Tillie-Leblond I, Gosset P, Janin A, Salez F, Prin L, Tonnel AB. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 April; 28(4): 491-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9641577
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Increased plasma beta-endorphin levels in hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Perricone R, Moretti C, De Carolis C, De Sanctis G, Gnessi L, Fabbri A, Fraioli F, Panerai AE, Fontana L. Source: Immunopharmacology. 1989 September-October; 18(2): 89-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2553641
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Increased serum level of interleukin-5 in a patient with episodic angioedema and eosinophilia syndrome. Author(s): Murakami T, Kato J, Kogawa K, Watanabe N, Sakamaki S, Kohgo Y, Hamabe K, Ishiyama N, Enokihara H, Niitsu Y. Source: Intern Med. 1993 April; 32(4): 343-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8358129
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Interferon alpha 2a therapy for urticarial vasculitis with angioedema apparently following hepatitis A infection. Author(s): Matteson EL. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1996 February; 23(2): 382-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8882052
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Intestinal permeability in patients with chronic urticaria-angioedema with and without arthralgia. Author(s): Paganelli R, Fagiolo U, Cancian M, Scala E. Source: Ann Allergy. 1991 February; 66(2): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1994789
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Intravenous heparin did not prevent exacerbations of hereditary angioedema in a patient on maintenance hemodialysis. Author(s): Perricone R, De Carolis C, Fontana L. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 May; 111(5): 1137; Reply 1137. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12743585
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Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy suppresses manifestations of the angioedema with hypereosinophilia syndrome. Author(s): Orson FM. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2003 August; 326(2): 94-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12920441
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Isolated uvular angioedema associated with ACE inhibitor use. Author(s): Kuo DC, Barish RA. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1995 May-June; 13(3): 327-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7673623
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Isolated visceral angioedema: an underdiagnosed complication of ACE inhibitors? Author(s): Byrne TJ, Douglas DD, Landis ME, Heppell JP. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2000 November; 75(11): 1201-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11075752
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Kiss-induced facial urticaria and angioedema in a child allergic to fish. Author(s): Monti G, Bonfante G, Muratore MC, Peltran A, Oggero R, Silvestro L, Mussa GC. Source: Allergy. 2003 July; 58(7): 684-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12823137
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Laboratory tests and identified diagnoses in patients with physical and chronic urticaria and angioedema: A systematic review. Author(s): Kozel MM, Bossuyt PM, Mekkes JR, Bos JD. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 March; 48(3): 409-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12637921
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Laryngeal edema and death from asphyxiation after tooth extraction in four patients with hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Bork K, Barnstedt SE. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2003 August; 134(8): 1088-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12956349
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Late angioedema caused by ACE inhibitors underestimated. Author(s): Pavletic A. Source: American Family Physician. 2002 September 15; 66(6): 956, 958. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12358222
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Late onset angiotensin-converting enzyme induced angioedema: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Guo X, Dick L. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 1999 February; 92(2): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10024785
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Late-onset angioedema after interruption of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy. Author(s): Dyer PD. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994 May; 93(5): 947-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8182239
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Late-onset life-threatening angioedema and upper airway obstruction caused by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor: report of a case. Author(s): Weng PK, Wang HW, Lin JK, Su WY. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 1997 June; 76(6): 404-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9210809
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Life threatening tongue angioedema associated with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Author(s): Yanturali S, Ergun N, Eminoglu O, Kalkan S, Tuncok Y. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 2004 April; 46(2): 85-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15080211
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Life-threatening angioedema in systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Thong BY, Thumboo J, Howe HS, Feng PH. Source: Lupus. 2001; 10(4): 304-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11341109
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Life-threatening angioedema. Author(s): Barna JS, Frable MA. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1990 November; 103(5 ( Pt 1)): 795-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2126103
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Lingual angioedema after perindopril use. Author(s): Lapostolle F, Borron SW, Bekka R, Baud FJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1998 February 15; 81(4): 523. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9485152
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Lisinopril-induced isolated visceral angioedema: review of ACE-inhibitor-induced small bowel angioedema. Author(s): Abdelmalek MF, Douglas DD. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1997 April; 42(4): 847-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9125659
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Literature reports of angiotensin receptor antagonist-induced angioedema in patients with a history of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced angioedema. Author(s): Flais MJ. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003 June 23; 163(12): 1488; Author Reply 1489. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12824101
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Loa loa infection as a cause of migratory angioedema: report of three cases from the Texas Medical Center. Author(s): Rakita RM, White AC Jr, Kielhofner MA. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 1993 October; 17(4): 691-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8268351
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Loa loa. An unusual case of chronic urticaria and angioedema in the United States. Author(s): Van Dellen RG, Ottesen EA, Gocke TM, Neafie RC. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1985 April 5; 253(13): 1924-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3856039
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Long-acting ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema. Author(s): Bielory L, Lee SS, Holland CL, Jaker M. Source: Allergy Proc. 1992 March-April; 13(2): 85-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1316863
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Long-term prophylaxis with C1-inhibitor (C1 INH) concentrate in patients with recurrent angioedema caused by hereditary and acquired C1-inhibitor deficiency. Author(s): Bork K, Witzke G. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1989 March; 83(3): 677-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2926086
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Long-term treatment of hereditary angioedema with attenuated androgens: a survey of a 13-year experience. Author(s): Cicardi M, Bergamaschini L, Cugno M, Hack E, Agostoni G, Agostoni A. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1991 April; 87(4): 768-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2013670
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LTC4-synthase A-444C polymorphism: lack of association with NSAID-induced isolated periorbital angioedema in a Spanish population. Author(s): Torres-Galvan MJ, Ortega N, Sanchez-Garcia F, Blanco C, Carrillo T, Quiralte J. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2001 December; 87(6): 506-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11770699
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Lymphoproliferative disease causing angioedema--an uncommon association. Author(s): Ng K, Sutherland D, Tierney A. Source: Aust N Z J Med. 2000 December; 30(6): 732-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11198588
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Malignant glaucoma due to drug-related angioedema. Author(s): Hille K, Hille A, Ruprecht KW. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003 February; 135(2): 224-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12566029
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Management of children with hereditary angioedema: a report of two cases. Author(s): Webb MD, Hakimeh S, Holly LK. Source: Pediatr Dent. 2000 March-April; 22(2): 141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10769859
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Management of hereditary angioedema: a Canadian approach. Author(s): Bowen T, Hebert J, Ritchie B, Burnham J, MacSween M, Warrington R, Yang W, Issekutz A, Karitsiotis N, McCombie N, Giulivi T. Source: Transfusion and Apheresis Science : Official Journal of the World Apheresis Association : Official Journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis. 2003 December; 29(3): 205-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14572811
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Management of the airway in patients with angioedema. Author(s): Pruet CW, Kornblut AD, Brickman C, Kaliner MA, Frank MM. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1983 June; 93(6): 749-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6134220
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Management of urticaria and angioedema. Author(s): Mathews KP. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1980 November; 66(5): 347-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6160171
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Masqueraders of angioedema and urticaria. Author(s): Van Dellen RG, Maddox DE, Dutta EJ. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 January; 88(1): 10-14; Quiz 15, 41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11814272
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Mast cell activation in acquired chronic urticaria-angioedema. Author(s): Bruno G, Andreozzi P, Magrini L, Graf U, Santangelo G, Zaino S. Source: The Science of the Total Environment. 2001 April 10; 270(1-3): 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11327402
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Mediators of urticaria and angioedema. Author(s): Kaplan AP. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1977 November; 60(5): 324-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=144147
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Menstruation-related angioedema treated with tranexamic acid. Author(s): Hakansson OM. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1988; 67(6): 571-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3071076
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Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis associated with hereditary angioedema. Author(s): van Bommel EF, Ouwehand AJ, Mulder AH, Weimar W. Source: Nephron. 1995; 69(2): 178-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7723907
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Methyltestosterone therapy in hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Sheffer AL, Fearon DT, Austen KF. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1977 March; 86(3): 306-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=320930
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Midazolam-induced angioedema and bronchoconstriction. Author(s): Yakel DL Jr, Whittaker SE, Elstad MR. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1992 February; 20(2): 307-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1737464
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Modification of peripheral blood T-lymphocyte surface receptors and Langerhans cell numbers in hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Cillari E, Misiano G, Arico M, La Rocca E, Lio D, di Leonardo S, Brai M. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1986 March; 85(3): 305-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2944374
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Molecular defects of the C1-inhibitor gene in hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Tosi M, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Carter P, Meo T. Source: Behring Inst Mitt. 1989 July; (84): 173-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2572212
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Morniflumate-induced urticaria-angioedema. Author(s): Matheu V, Sierra Z, Gracia MT, Caloto M, Alcazar MM, Martinez MI, Zapatero L. Source: Allergy. 1998 August; 53(8): 812-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9722233
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Morphologic evaluation of the liver in hereditary angioedema patients on long-term treatment with androgen derivatives. Author(s): Cicardi M, Bergamaschini L, Tucci A, Agostoni A, Tornaghi G, Coggi G, Colombi R, Viale G. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1983 September; 72(3): 294-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6886261
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MR imaging and thermography of facial angioedema: a case report. Author(s): Ogasawara T, Kitagawa Y, Ogawa T, Yamada T, Kawamura Y, Sano K. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2001 October; 92(4): 473-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11598587
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Multiple episodes of angioedema associated with lisinopril, an ACE inhibitor. Author(s): Frontera Y, Piecuch JF. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1995 February; 126(2): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7860891
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Mutation screening of the C1 inhibitor gene among Hungarian patients with hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Kalmar L, Bors A, Farkas H, Vas S, Fandl B, Varga L, Fust G, Tordai A. Source: Human Mutation. 2003 December; 22(6): 498. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14635117
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Myalgia and elevated creatine phosphokinase with Danazol in hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Spaulding WB. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1979 May; 90(5): 854. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=434701
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Naloxone, itch, asthma, urticaria, and angioedema. Author(s): Smitz S, Legros JJ, Le Maire M. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1982 November; 97(5): 788-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7137757
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Nasal congestion, urticaria, and angioedema caused by an IgE-mediated reaction to sodium metabisulfite. Author(s): Sokol WN, Hydick IB. Source: Ann Allergy. 1990 September; 65(3): 233-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1698347
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Natural course of physical and chronic urticaria and angioedema in 220 patients. Author(s): Kozel MM, Mekkes JR, Bossuyt PM, Bos JD. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2001 September; 45(3): 38791. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11511835
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Near fatal angioedema associated with captopril. Author(s): Cameron DI. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 1990 September; 6(7): 265-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2224615
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Neurological manifestations of angioedema. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Sunder TR, Balsam MJ, Vengrow MI. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1982 April 9; 247(14): 2005-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6174746
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Nonepisodic angioedema associated with eosinophilia: report of 4 cases and review of 33 young female patients reported in Japan. Author(s): Chikama R, Hosokawa M, Miyazawa T, Miura R, Suzuki T, Tagami H. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 1998; 197(4): 321-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9873168
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Nonfamilial, vibration-induced angioedema. Author(s): Ting S, Reimann BE, Rauls DO, Mansfield LE. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1983 June; 71(6): 546-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6189876
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Non-hereditary angioedema treated with tranexamic acid. A 6-month placebo controlled trial with follow-up 4 years later. Author(s): Munch EP, Weeke B. Source: Allergy. 1985 February; 40(2): 92-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3887974
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Normal complement C4 values do not exclude hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Karim Y, Griffiths H, Deacock S. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2004 February; 57(2): 213-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14747456
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NSAID facial angioedema in a selected pediatric atopic population. Author(s): Capriles-Behrens E, Caplin J, Sanchez-Borges M. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2000 September-October; 10(5): 277-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11108437
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NSAID-induced urticaria and angioedema: a reappraisal of its clinical management. Author(s): Sanchez-Borges M, Capriles-Hulett A, Caballero-Fonseca F. Source: American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 2002; 3(9): 599-607. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12444802
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Occupationally acquired vibratory angioedema with secondary carpal tunnel syndrome. Author(s): Wener MH, Metzger WJ, Simon RA. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1983 January; 98(1): 44-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6848041
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Ophthalmic manifestations of chronic angioedema with necrotizing vasculitis. Author(s): Margo CE, Stinson WG, Hamed LM. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1992 June 15; 113(6): 691-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1598961
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Oral cyclosporine for severe chronic idiopathic urticaria and angioedema. Author(s): Fradin MS, Ellis CN, Goldfarb MT, Voorhees JJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1991 December; 25(6 Pt 1): 1065-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1810983
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Oral manifestations and dental management of patients with hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Atkinson JC, Frank MM. Source: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology. 1991 March; 20(3): 139-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1828083
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Oropharyngeal angioedema associated with the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Author(s): Werber JL, Pincus RL. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1989 July; 101(1): 96-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2547188
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Oropharyngeal angioedema induced by inhaled histamine. Author(s): Koh YI, Choi IS. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2002 December; 17(6): 830-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12483011
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Oxandrolone treatment of childhood hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Church JA. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2004 March; 92(3): 377-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15049404
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Parameters for the treatment of urticaria and angioedema. Author(s): Yates C. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2002 November; 14(11): 478-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12479149
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Partial genetic deficiency of the C4 component of complement in discoid lupus erythematosus and urticaria/angioedema. Author(s): Agnello V, Gell J, Tye MJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1983 December; 9(6): 894-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6643787
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Periodic angioedema with eosinophilia: increased serum level of interleukin 5. Author(s): Okubo Y, Sato E, Hossain M, Ota T, Yoshikawa S, Sekiguchi M. Source: Intern Med. 1995 February; 34(2): 108-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7727874
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Peripheral T-cell lymphoma presenting with angioedema and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. Author(s): Harrison NK, Twelves C, Addis BJ, Taylor AJ, Souhami RL, Isaacson PG. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 October; 138(4): 976-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3264480
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Pharyngeal angioedema from oxygen. Author(s): Ildiz F. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1994 December; 65(12): 1160. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7872924
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Physical urticaria/angioedema: an experimental model of mast cell activation in humans. Author(s): Soter NA, Wasserman SI. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1980 November; 66(5): 358-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7002977
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Pirenzepine treatment in urticaria-angioedema syndrome caused by adverse reactions to foods. Author(s): Ciprandi G, Perasso A, Marenco G, Santucci R, Buffa P, Cheli R, Canonica GW. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1989 July-August; 17(4): 189-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2573259
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Plasma kallikrein and prorenin in patients with hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Purdon AD, Schapira M, De Agostini A, Colman RW. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1985 June; 105(6): 694-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3889200
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Plasma protease inhibitor and anaphylatoxin inactivator levels in chronic urticaria/angioedema and in patients experiencing anaphylactoid reactions to radiographic contrast media. Author(s): Mathews KP, Pan PM, Amendola MA, Lewis FH. Source: Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1986; 79(2): 220-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3943918
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Polyclonal autoantibodies against C1 inhibitor in a case of acquired angioedema. Author(s): Ponce IM, Caballero T, Reche M, Piteiro AB, Lopez-Serrano MC, Fontan G, Lopez-Trascasa M. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 June; 88(6): 632-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12086372
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Possible contraindication of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Shepherd GM. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1990 April; 88(4): 446. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2327437
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Potentially fatal hereditary angioedema: a review and case report. Author(s): Hardie J, Ringland T, Yang WH, Wagner V. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1990 December; 56(12): 1096-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2149524
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Precipitation of angioedema by antihypertensive drugs. Author(s): Hedner T, Samuelsson O, Lindholm L, Andren L, Wiholm BE. Source: Journal of Hypertension. Supplement : Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension. 1991 December; 9(6): S360-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1687873
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Precipitation of hereditary angioedema by infectious mononucleosis. Author(s): Weidenbach H, Beckh KH, Lerch MM, Adler G. Source: Lancet. 1993 October 9; 342(8876): 934. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8105195
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Predictors of airway intervention in angioedema of the head and neck. Author(s): Zirkle M, Bhattacharyya N. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2000 September; 123(3): 240-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10964298
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Presence of antibodies against endothelial cells in the sera of patients with episodic angioedema and hypereosinophilia. Author(s): Lassalle P, Gosset P, Gruart V, Prin L, Capron M, Lagrue G, Kusnierz JP, Tonnel AB, Capron A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1990 October; 82(1): 38-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2208795
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Pretreatment with montelukast blocks NSAID-induced urticaria and angioedema. Author(s): Perez C, Sanchez-Borges M, Capriles E. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 December; 108(6): 1060-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11742290
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Prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy in patients presenting with acquired angioedema type 2. Author(s): Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Guinnepain MT, Cacoub P, Dragon-Durey MA, Mouthon L, Blouin J, Cherin P, Laurent J, Piette JC, Fridman WH, Weiss L, Kazatchkine MO. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2002 August 15; 113(3): 194-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12208377
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Protease inhibitors in the treatment of hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Ritchie BC. Source: Transfusion and Apheresis Science : Official Journal of the World Apheresis Association : Official Journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis. 2003 December; 29(3): 259-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14572819
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Protein sgp 120 as a marker of an acquired angioedema. Author(s): Paranos S, Nikolic G. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2000 October; 30(10): 930-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11029608
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Quantification of C1-inhibitor functional activities by immunodiffusion assay in plasma of patients with hereditary angioedema--evidence of a functionally critical level of C1-inhibitor concentration. Author(s): Spath PJ, Wuthrich B, Butler R. Source: Complement. 1984; 1(3): 147-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6443347
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Race and angioedema. Author(s): Burkhart GA. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1997 June; 61(6): 700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9209254
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Rapid detection by fluorescent multiplex PCR of exon deletions and duplications in the C1 inhibitor gene of hereditary angioedema patients. Author(s): Duponchel C, Di Rocco C, Cicardi M, Tosi M. Source: Human Mutation. 2001; 17(1): 61-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11139243
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Rapid oral challenge-desensitization for patients with aspirin-related urticariaangioedema. Author(s): Wong JT, Nagy CS, Krinzman SJ, Maclean JA, Bloch KJ. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2000 May; 105(5): 997-1001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10808182
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Re: Case presentations on angioedema. Author(s): Li J. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1999 March-April; 17(2): 346. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10195502
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Recurrent "unexplained" scalp swelling in an eighteen-month-old child: an atypical presentation of angioedema causing confusion with child abuse. Author(s): Thakur BK, Kaplan AP. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1996 July; 129(1): 163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8757580
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Recurrent abdominal pain as the sole manifestation of hereditary angioedema in multiple family members. Author(s): Weinstock LB, Kothari T, Sharma RN, Rosenfeld SI. Source: Gastroenterology. 1987 November; 93(5): 1116-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3653633
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Recurrent angioedema and urticaria. Author(s): Bishop PC, Wisnieski JJ, Christensen J. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1993 November; 159(5): 605-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8279170
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Recurrent angioedema associated with hypogonadism or anti-androgen therapy. Author(s): Pichler WJ, Lehner R, Spath PJ. Source: Ann Allergy. 1989 October; 63(4): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2529797
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Recurrent angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor--associated angioedema. Author(s): Brown NJ, Snowden M, Griffin MR. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997 July 16; 278(3): 232-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9218671
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Recurrent episodes of skin angioedema and severe attacks of abdominal pain induced by oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy. Author(s): Bork K, Fischer B, Dewald G. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2003 March; 114(4): 294-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12681457
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Recurrent facial angioedema with elevated antinuclear antibodies. Author(s): Christodoulou CS, Diaz JD. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1997 November; 79(5): 397-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9396970
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Recurrent idiopathic angioedema in the presence of increased capillary fragility: an unusual case presentation. Author(s): Miller MM. Source: Clin Allergy. 1983 September; 13(5): 495-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6627625
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Renal manifestations of hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Hory B, Blanc D. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1991 May; 90(5): 661-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2029031
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Replacement therapy in hereditary angioedema. Successful treatment of two patients with fresh frozen plasma. Author(s): Pickering RJ, Good RA, Kelly JR, Gewurz H. Source: Lancet. 1969 February 15; 1(7590): 326-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4179348
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Replacement therapy in hereditary angioedema: successful treatment of acute episodes of angioedema with partly purified C1 inhibitor. Author(s): Gadek JE, Hosea SW, Gelfand JA, Santaella M, Wickerhauser M, Triantaphyllopoulos DC, Frank MM. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1980 March 6; 302(10): 542-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7351888
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Report angioedema secondary to hypertension medications. Author(s): Barna JS, Frable MA, Abedi E. Source: Va Med. 1989 April; 116(4): 147. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2543153
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Resolution of autoimmune angioedema after kidney transplantation. Author(s): Budreau JP, Mogridge C, Straatman D, Dutton S, Fish JC. Source: Clin Transpl. 1989; : 304. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2487582
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Response of variant hereditary angioedema phenotypes to danazol therapy. Genetic implications. Author(s): Gadek JE, Hosea SW, Gelfand JA, Frank MM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1979 July; 64(1): 280-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=376558
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Retrospective analysis of drug-induced urticaria and angioedema: a survey of 2287 patients. Author(s): Nettis E, Marcandrea M, Maggio GD, Ferrannini A, Tursi A. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 2001 November; 23(4): 585-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11792017
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Rheumatoid arthritis and hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Duncan IJ, Tymms KE, Carney G. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1988 April; 15(4): 700-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3397981
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Safety and efficacy of pasteurized C1 inhibitor concentrate (Berinert P) in hereditary angioedema: a review.
[email protected]. Author(s): De Serres J, Groner A, Lindner J. Source: Transfusion and Apheresis Science : Official Journal of the World Apheresis Association : Official Journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis. 2003 December; 29(3): 247-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14572817
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Serial measurement of serum tryptase in angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitorassociated angioedema. Author(s): Regner KR, Riegert-Johnson DL, Volcheck GW. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2003 May; 78(5): 655-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12744557
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Serum neutrophil chemotactic activity (NCA) during aspirin-induced urticaria and angioedema. Author(s): Grzelewska-Rzymowska I. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1988 July-August; 16(4): 231-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3228043
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Severe angioedema after long-term use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Author(s): Chin HL, Buchan DA. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1990 February 15; 112(4): 312-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2297216
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Severe angioedema and respiratory distress associated with lisinopril use. Author(s): Soo Hoo GW, Dao HT, Klaustermeyer WB. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1993 April; 158(4): 412-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8391190
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Severe angioedema causing airway obstruction after anterior cervical surgery. Author(s): Krnacik MJ, Heggeness MH. Source: Spine. 1997 September 15; 22(18): 2188-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9322331
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Severe angioedema induced by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors: role of precipitating factors. Author(s): Kaur S, Thami GP, Srinivasan V, Singh R, Kanwar AJ. Source: The Journal of Dermatology. 2002 June; 29(6): 336-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12126067
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Severe angioedema related to ACE inhibitors in patients with a history of idiopathic angioedema. Author(s): Orfan N, Patterson R, Dykewicz MS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1990 September 12; 264(10): 1287-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2167396
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Side effects of long-term prophylaxis with attenuated androgens in hereditary angioedema: comparison of treated and untreated patients. Author(s): Cicardi M, Castelli R, Zingale LC, Agostoni A. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 February; 99(2): 194-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9042044
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Simultaneous mucosal and small bowel angioedema due to captopril. Author(s): Smoger SH, Sayed MA. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1998 November; 91(11): 1060-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9824192
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Sonographic appearances of the abdominal manifestations of hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Dinkel HP, Maroske J, Schrod L. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2001 April; 31(4): 296-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11321752
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Spontaneous angioedema of oral cavity after dental impressions. Author(s): Aziz SR, Tin P. Source: The New York State Dental Journal. 2002 February; 68(2): 42-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11898272
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Studies of the mechanism of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitorassociated angioedema: the effect of an ACE inhibitor on cutaneous responses to bradykinin, codeine, and histamine. Author(s): Anderson MW, deShazo RD. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1990 May; 85(5): 856-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2185292
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Successful off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery in a patient with hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Lehmann A, Lang J, Boldt J, Saggau W. Source: Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 2002 August; 16(4): 473-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12154430
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Successful pregnancy in a woman with cyclic angioedema and eosinophilia. Author(s): Lorraine JK. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1996 December; 77(6): 497-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8970442
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Sudden upper airway obstruction in patients with hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Bork K, Ressel N. Source: Transfusion and Apheresis Science : Official Journal of the World Apheresis Association : Official Journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis. 2003 December; 29(3): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14572815
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Suspected angioedema of abdominal viscera. Author(s): Guy C, Cathebras P, Rousset H. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1994 December 1; 121(11): 900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7978713
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Suspected procainamide-induced angioedema. Author(s): Ponte CD, Horner P. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1985 February; 19(2): 139-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3971860
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Suspected tartrazine-induced acute urticaria/angioedema is only rarely reproducible by oral rechallenge. Author(s): Nettis E, Colanardi MC, Ferrannini A, Tursi A. Source: Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2003 December; 33(12): 1725-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14656361
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Syndrome of idiopathic chronic urticaria and angioedema with thyroid autoimmunity: a study of 90 patients. Author(s): Leznoff A, Sussman GL. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1989 July; 84(1): 66-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2754146
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Termination of pregnancy in a patient with hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Raychaudhuri K, Buck P, Pumphrey RS. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1997 September 17-30; 58(6): 287-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9488806
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The association of chronic urticaria and angioedema with autoimmune thyroiditis. Author(s): Turktas I, Gokcora N, Demirsoy S, Cakir N, Onal E. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1997 March; 36(3): 187-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9158998
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The carcinoid syndrome and angioedema. Author(s): Wymenga AN, de Monchy JG, de Vries EG. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1995 October 15; 123(8): 636. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7677314
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The cytokine profile in a transient variant of angioedema with eosinophilia. Author(s): Mizukawa Y, Shiohara T. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 January; 144(1): 169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11167701
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The diagnosis and management of urticaria: a practice parameter part I: acute urticaria/angioedema part II: chronic urticaria/angioedema. Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters. Author(s): Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2000 December; 85(6 Pt 2): 521-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11190256
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The effectiveness of a history-based diagnostic approach in chronic urticaria and angioedema. Author(s): Kozel MM, Mekkes JR, Bossuyt PM, Bos JD. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1998 December; 134(12): 1575-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9875196
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The natural history of chronic urticaria and angioedema in patients visiting a tertiary referral centre. Author(s): van der Valk PG, Moret G, Kiemeney LA. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2002 January; 146(1): 110-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11841375
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The pathogenesis of hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Davis AE 3rd. Source: Transfusion and Apheresis Science : Official Journal of the World Apheresis Association : Official Journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis. 2003 December; 29(3): 195-203. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14572810
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The syndrome of thyroid autoimmunity and idiopathic chronic urticaria and angioedema presenting as anaphylaxis. Author(s): Dreyfus DH, Fraser B, Randolph CC. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2003 May-June; 24(3): 171-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12866319
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The use of fresh-frozen plasma in hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Lieberman A. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994 August 17; 272(7): 518. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8046804
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Three generations of patients with lupus erythematosus and hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Pacheco TR, Weston WL, Giclas PC, Collier DH, Lee LA. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2000 August 15; 109(3): 256-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11023436
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Tolerability of nimesulide and paracetamol in patients with NSAID-induced urticaria/angioedema. Author(s): Nettis E, Marcandrea M, Ferrannini A, Tursi A. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 2001 August; 23(3): 343-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11694026
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Tongue angioedema after long-term use of ACE inhibitors. Author(s): Kyrmizakis DE, Papadakis CE, Fountoulakis EJ, Liolios AD, Skoulas JG. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1998 November-December; 19(6): 394-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9839915
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Tonsillectomy in a patient with hereditary angioedema after prophylaxis with C1 inhibitor concentrate. Author(s): Maves KK, Weiler JM. Source: Ann Allergy. 1994 November; 73(5): 435-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7978537
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Transmission of hepatitis G virus in patients with angioedema treated with steamheated plasma concentrates of C1 inhibitor. Author(s): De Filippi F, Castelli R, Cicardi M, Soffredini R, Rumi MG, Silini E, Mannucci PM, Colombo M. Source: Transfusion. 1998 March; 38(3): 307-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9563413
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Treatment of 193 episodes of laryngeal edema with C1 inhibitor concentrate in patients with hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Bork K, Barnstedt SE. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2001 March 12; 161(5): 714-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11231704
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Type II hereditary angioedema: presentation and follow-up of three cases. Author(s): Arias J, Moral A, Garcia MA, Fernandez-Rivas M, Abengozar R, Panadero P, Senent C. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 1994 November-December; 22(6): 244-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7892812
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Unusual manifestations of hereditary angioedema. Author(s): Neri S, Ierna D, Sfogliano L. Source: European Journal of Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine. 2000 June; 7(2): 111-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11132070
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Urticaria and angioedema due to itraconazole. Author(s): Martinez-Alonso JC, Dominguez-Ortega FJ, Fuentes-Gonzalo MJ. Source: Allergy. 2003 December; 58(12): 1317-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616112
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Urticaria and angioedema from cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Author(s): Kelkar PS, Butterfield JH, Teaford HG. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001 November; 28(11): 2553-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11708434
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Urticaria and angioedema in Siriraj medical students. Author(s): Jiamton S, Swad-Ampiraks P, Kulthanan K, Suthipinittharm P. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2003 January; 86(1): 74-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12678142
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Urticaria and angioedema induced by COX-2 inhibitors. Author(s): Grimm V, Rakoski J, Ring J. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2002 February; 109(2): 370. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11842312
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Urticaria and angioedema. Author(s): Charlesworth EN. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2002 September-October; 23(5): 341-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12476545
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Urticaria and angioedema. Author(s): Green JJ, Heymann WR. Source: Adv Dermatol. 2001; 17: 141-82. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11758115
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Urticaria and angioedema: a practical approach. Author(s): Muller BA. Source: American Family Physician. 2004 March 1; 69(5): 1123-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15023012
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Urticaria, angioedema, and an elevated eosinophil count in an adolescent. Author(s): Armstrong JL, Lantz AB, Jerath RS, Meyer CF. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2001 December; 87(6): 457-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11770691
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Urticaria-angioedema by deflazacort. Author(s): Gomez CM, Higuero NC, Moral de Gregorio A, Quiles MH, Nunez Aceves AB, Lara MJ, Sanchez CS. Source: Allergy. 2002 April; 57(4): 370-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11906376
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Valsartan-induced angioedema. Author(s): Irons BK, Kumar A. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 July-August; 37(7-8): 1024-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12841812
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Vasculitis involving lung, toes and kidneys in a patient with angioedema: a common pathogenesis? Author(s): Pecchini F, Agostini A, Bertoli G, Cicardi M, Ghiringhelli P. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 1993 August; 40(2): 120-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8222370
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Vibratory angioedema: a hereditary type of physical hypersensitivity. Author(s): Patterson R, Mellies CJ, Blankenship ML, Pruzansky JJ. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1972 September; 50(3): 174-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5050327
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Vibratory angioedema: lesion induction, clinical features, laboratory and ultrastructural findings and response to therapy. Author(s): Lawlor F, Black AK, Breathnach AS, Greaves MW. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1989 January; 120(1): 93-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2576934
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Visceral angioedema related to treatment with an ACE inhibitor. Author(s): Mullins RJ, Shanahan TM, Dobson RT. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1996 September 16; 165(6): 319-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8862331
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Warfarin sodium therapy for chronic urticaria and angioedema. Author(s): Duvall LA, Boackle RJ, King RG. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1986 March; 79(3): 389. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3952555
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ANGIOEDEMA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and angioedema.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Angioedema The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “angioedema” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “angioedema” (or a synonym): •
ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema of the intestine: Case report, incidence, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Author(s): Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada. Source: Oudit, G Girgrah, N Allard, J Can-J-Gastroenterol. 2001 December; 15(12): 82732 0835-7900
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Alpha 2-macroglobulin-kallikrein complexes detect contact system activation in hereditary angioedema and human sepsis. Author(s): Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA 19140. Source: Kaufman, N Page, J D Pixley, R A Schein, R Schmaier, A H Colman, R W Blood. 1991 June 15; 77(12): 2660-7 0006-4971
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor induced angioedema of the head and neck. Author(s): Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104. Source: DiNardo, L J Hendrix, R A Anderson, G DeDio, R M Trans-Pa-AcadOphthalmol-Otolaryngol. 1990; 42998-1001 0048-3206
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Chronic urticaria and angioedema associated with thyroid autoimmunity: review and therapeutic implications. Author(s): Division of Dermatology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at Camden, 08053, USA.
[email protected] Source: Heymann, W R J-Am-Acad-Dermatol. 1999 February; 40(2 Pt 1): 229-32 01909622
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Drug-induced, life-threatening angioedema revisited. Author(s): Department of Otolarynology--Head and Neck Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond. Source: Thompson, T Frable, M A Laryngoscope. 1993 January; 103(1 Pt 1): 10-2 0023852X
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Hereditary angioedema precipitated by estrogen replacement therapy in a menopausal woman. Author(s): Department of General Medicine, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
[email protected] Source: McGlinchey, P G McCluskey, D R Am-J-Med-Sci. 2000 September; 320(3): 212-3 0002-9629
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Life-threatening uvular angioedema caused by Ecbalium elaterium. Author(s): Emergency Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Balcali, Adana, Turkey. Source: Satar, S Gokel, Y Toprak, N Sebe, A Eur-J-Emerg-Med. 2001 December; 8(4): 3379 0969-9546
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Recurrent angioedema caused by circulating immune complexes containing antibodies against bovine proteins. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Source: Lefvert, A K Int-Arch-Allergy-Immunol. 1993; 102(1): 112-6 1018-2438
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Severe uvular angioedema caused by intranasal administration of Ecbalium elaterium. Author(s): Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey.
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Source: Eray, O Tuncok, Y Eray, E Gunerli, A Guven, H Vet-Hum-Toxicol. 1999 December; 41(6): 376-8 0145-6296
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ANGIOEDEMA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to angioedema. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to angioedema and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “angioedema” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to angioedema: •
A case of adult-onset Still's disease presenting with angioedema. Author(s): Soy M. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 2004 February; 23(1): 92. Epub 2003 December 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14749997
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A stoichiometric assay for the fourth component of complement in whole human serum using EAC'la-gp and functionally pure human second component. Author(s): Ruddy S, Austen KF. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1967 December; 99(6): 1162-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4168662
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Adverse reaction to lupine-fortified pasta. Author(s): Hefle SL, Lemanske RF Jr, Bush RK.
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Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1994 August; 94(2 Pt 1): 16772. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8064069 •
Adverse reactions associated with echinacea: the Australian experience. Author(s): Mullins RJ, Heddle R. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 January; 88(1): 42-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11814277
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Allergic conjunctivitis to chamomile tea. Author(s): Subiza J, Subiza JL, Alonso M, Hinojosa M, Garcia R, Jerez M, Subiza E. Source: Ann Allergy. 1990 August; 65(2): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2382873
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Allergy to fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum). Author(s): Patil SP, Niphadkar PV, Bapat MM. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1997 March; 78(3): 297-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9087156
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Ambulatory treatment of lead poisoning: report of 1,155 cases. Author(s): Sachs HK, Blanksma LA, Murray EF, O'Connell MJ. Source: Pediatrics. 1970 September; 46(3): 389-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4989395
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An activator of C'ls to C'l esterase in the macroglobulin fraction of human sera. Author(s): Laurell AB. Source: Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1969; 77(2): 291-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4985023
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Anaphylactic shock from mustard after ingestion of pizza. Author(s): Panconesi E, Sertoli A, Fabbri P, Giorgini S, Spallanzani P. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1980 June; 6(4): 294-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7398294
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Anaphylaxis to annatto dye: a case report. Author(s): Nish WA, Whisman BA, Goetz DW, Ramirez DA. Source: Ann Allergy. 1991 February; 66(2): 129-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1994783
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Angioneurotic oedema caused by sensitivity to herbal hair dye--a case report. Author(s): Nwaefuna A. Source: Niger Med J. 1978 May; 8(3): 272-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=706794
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Angiotensin receptor antagonists and ACE inhibitors. Author(s): Howes LG, Christie N. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1998 October; 27(10): 914-7, 919-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9798290
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Aspirin sensitivity and allergy. Author(s): Settipane GA. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 1988; 42(8): 493-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3066409
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Cleavage of C2 in pathological serum and plasma studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Author(s): Sjoholm AG, Sturfelt G. Source: Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand [c]. 1984 October; 92(5): 265-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6440413
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Cleavage of the second component of complement by plasma proteases: implications in hereditary C1-inhibitor deficiency. Author(s): Smith MA, Kerr MA. Source: Immunology. 1985 November; 56(3): 561-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2934317
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Clinical note: allergic reaction to daunomycin (NSC-82151). Author(s): Freeman AI. Source: Cancer Chemother Rep. 1970 December; 54(6): 475-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5290866
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Contact urticaria from Matricaria chamomilla. Author(s): Foti C, Nettis E, Panebianco R, Cassano N, Diaferio A, Pia DP. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 June; 42(6): 360-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10871109
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Contact urticaria provoked by balsam of Peru. Author(s): Temesvari E, Soos G, Podanyi B, Kovacs I, Nemeth I.
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Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1978 April; 4(2): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=668338 •
Drug-induced urticaria and angioedema: pathomechanisms and frequencies in a developing country and in developed countries. Author(s): Greaves MW, Hussein SH. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2002 May; 128(1): 1-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12037395
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Effect of time, temperature and additives on a functional assay of C1 inhibitor. Author(s): Nielsen EW, Johansen HT, Straume B, Mollnes TE. Source: Journal of Immunological Methods. 1994 August 1; 173(2): 245-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8046257
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Food allergy in infants and children: clinical evaluation and management. Author(s): Levy Y, Kornbroth B, Ofer I, Garty BZ, Danon YL. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1994 December; 30(12): 873-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8002267
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Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis: report of two cases. Author(s): Romano A, Di Fonso M, Venuti A, Palmieri V, Zeppilli P. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1992 November; 13(8): 585-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1487342
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Grape anaphylaxis. Author(s): Caiaffa MF, Tursi A, Macchia L. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2003; 13(3): 211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14635473
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Hereditary angioedema. The swelling disorder. Author(s): Huber MM, Calliari D. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1985 October; 85(10): 1090-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3901761
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High dose grass pollen tablets used for hyposensitization in hay fever patients. A one-year double blind placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Mosbech H, Dreborg S, Madsen F, Ohlsson H, Stahl Skov P, Taudorf E, Weeke B. Source: Allergy. 1987 August; 42(6): 451-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3310717
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Hypersensitivity reactions to epipodophyllotoxins in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Author(s): Kellie SJ, Crist WM, Pui CH, Crone ME, Fairclough DL, Rodman JH, Rivera GK. Source: Cancer. 1991 February 15; 67(4): 1070-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1991254
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Hypersensitivity reactions to food colours with special reference to the natural colour annatto extract (butter colour). Author(s): Mikkelsen H, Larsen JC, Tarding F. Source: Arch Toxicol Suppl. 1978; (1): 141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=150265
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Hypersensitivity to mustard seed. Author(s): Malet A, Valero A, Lluch M, Bescos M, Amat P, Serra E. Source: Allergy. 1993 January; 48(1): 62-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8457028
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Hypnotherapy in children. New approach to solving common pediatric problems. Author(s): Olness KN. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1986 March; 79(4): 95-100, 105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3513147
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Hypotensive peptides from milk proteins. Author(s): FitzGerald RJ, Murray BA, Walsh DJ. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2004 April; 134(4): 980S-8S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15051858
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IgE-mediated anaphylaxis to mustard. Author(s): Widstrom L, Johansson SG. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1986; 66(1): 70-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2424222
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Kinin formation in hereditary angioedema plasma: evidence against kinin derivation from C2 and in support of “spontaneous” formation of bradykinin. Author(s): Fields T, Ghebrehiwet B, Kaplan AP. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1983 July; 72(1): 54-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6222104
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Life-threatening uvular angioedema caused by Ecbalium elaterium. Author(s): Satar S, Gokel Y, Toprak N, Sebe A.
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Source: European Journal of Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine. 2001 December; 8(4): 337-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11785606 •
Severe uvular angioedema caused by intranasal administration of Ecbalium elaterium. Author(s): Eray O, Tuncok Y, Eray E, Gunerli A, Guven H. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1999 December; 41(6): 376-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10592944
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Studies of complement autoactivatability in hereditary angioedema: direct relationship to functional C-1-INA and the effect of classical pathway activators. Author(s): Ghebrehiwet B, Randazzo BP, Kaplan AP. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1984 July; 32(1): 101-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6733980
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Unique C1 inhibitor dysfunction in a kindred without angioedema. I. A mutant C1 INH that inhibits C1-s but not C1-r. Author(s): Wisnieski JJ, Knauss TC, Yike I, Dearborn DG, Narvy RL, Naff GB. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1994 March 15; 152(6): 3199-209. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8144914
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to angioedema; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Hives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
•
Herbs and Supplements Musa Banana Alternative names: Plantain, Banana; Musa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Stanozolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON ANGIOEDEMA Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “angioedema” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on angioedema, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patent Applications on Angioedema As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to angioedema:
8Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 9 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Biological markers and diagnostic tests for angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitorand vasopeptidase inhibitor-associated angioedema Inventor(s): Brown, Nancy J.; (Nashville, TN) Correspondence: Jenkins & Wilson, PA; 3100 Tower Blvd; Suite 1400; Durham; NC; 27707; US Patent Application Number: 20020137120 Date filed: October 31, 2001 Abstract: Deficiencies in certain physiological pathways are linked with ACE or vasopeptidase inhibitor associated angioedema. Additionally, detection and/or measurement of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) enzyme activity and aminopeptidase P (APP) enzyme activity is a predictor of this risk. The present invention provides biological markers, diagnostic tests, and pharmaceutical indications that are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of angioedema and in the marketing and safety of certain medications. This ability can be important for the treatment of a subject that is in need of or are taking an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and/or a vasopeptidase inhibitor (combined ACE and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitor), which are commonly used in the treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure), diabetes, and cardiac and renal diseases. Excerpt(s): The present patent application is based on and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/244,524, entitled "Biological Markers and Diagnostic Tests for Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor and Vasopeptidase Inhibitor Associated Angioedema", which was filed Oct. 31, 2000 and is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates generally to screening tests to determine which patients are at risk for developing angioedema associated with inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and/or combined ACE and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors (a combined ACE/NEP inhibitor is referred to herein as a "vasopeptidase inhibitor"). More particularly, the present invention relates to an association between dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) and aminopeptidase P (APP) enzymatic activity and ACE and vasopeptidase inhibitor-related angioedema. The present invention also provides screening tests and kits to identify a subject who is at risk for ACE and vasopeptidase inhibitor-associated angioedema. Administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors is common medical practice for the treatment of a variety of disease conditions, including: cardiac and renal diseases, diabetes, and hypertension (high blood pressure). Several combined ACE and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors are presently under investigation or are awaiting regulatory approval for the treatment of the aforementioned disease conditions. However, the administration of an ACE and/or a vasopeptidase inhibitor (referred to herein as an ACE/vasopeptidase inhibitor) is contraindicated for subjects with a history of angioedema due to the potential severity of this side effect, which can be so severe as to result in death. Approximately 0.1% to 1.0% of the population receiving an ACE inhibitor is predicted to be susceptible to developing at least one episode of angioedema during treatment. This percentage might be even higher, especially for subjects taking a vasopeptidase inhibitor. Also, these inhibitors are often administered over long periods of time because the illnesses that they treat are often chronic conditions. This could increase the chances of a subject developing angioedema over a course of treatment. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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C1 Inhibitor produced in the milk of transgenic mammals Inventor(s): Heus, Jonis Jan; (Amsterdam, NL), Nuijens, Johannes Henricus; (Heiloo, NL), Pieper, Frank Robert; (Heemstede, NL), Van Veen, Henricus Antonius; (Boskoop, NL) Correspondence: Joe Liebeschuetz; Townsend & Towsend & Crew; 8th Floor; Two Embarcadero Center; San Francisco; CA; 94111; US Patent Application Number: 20030140358 Date filed: July 17, 2002 Abstract: The invention provides transgenic nonhuman mammals expressing C1 inhibitor in their milk. The C1 inhibitor is useful in treating patients with hereditary angioedema or patients requiring immunosuppression. Excerpt(s): The present invention resides in the fields of recombinant genetics, and medicine, and is directed to transgenic production of C1 inhibitor and its use as a therapeutic molecule, e.g. in replacement therapy in patients with hereditary angioedema or patients requiring immunosuppression. Human C1 inhibitor, also known as C1 esterase inhibitor, is a well-known and identified substance. C1 inhibitor belongs to the superfamily of serine proteinase inhibitors and is the only inhibitor of C1r and C1s of the complement system and is the major inhibitor of factor XIIa and kallikrein of the contact system. In addition C1 inhibitor inhibits also other serine proteases of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems like factor XI, tissue type plasminogen activator and plasmin (Schapira M. et al. 1985, Complement 2:111/Davis A. E. 1988, Ann. Rev. Immunol. 6:595). C1 inhibitor is encoded by a single gene on chromosome 11 and consists of 8 exons and 7 introns. The entire genomic sequence is known and codes for a protein of 500 amino acids, including a 22 amino acid signal sequence (Carter P. et al. 1988, Euro. J. Biochem. 173; 163). Plasma C1 inhibitor is a glycoprotein of approximately 105 kDa and is heavily glycosylated, up to 50% of its molecular mass consists of carbohydrate. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with angioedema, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “angioedema” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on angioedema. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning angioedema. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ANGIOEDEMA Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to angioedema. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on angioedema include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “angioedema” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on angioedema: •
Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips Source: Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. 389 p. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522 (individuals) or (800) 782-4479 (schools); Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445; http://www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $99.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: This book is a clinically oriented atlas and text covering the symptoms and diseases of the oral mucosa and perioral skin. The authors focus on the essential aspects of each illness, concentrating on the clinical features that are important in the differential diagnosis. The authors include not only diseases confined to the oral mucosa but also those oral problems that may be signs of accompanying cutaneous (skin) or systemic diseases. Sixty-seven chapters are presented in three sections: the normal oral mucosa, general aspects of oral pathology, and diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips. Specific
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topics are inflammation of the lips, acquired diseases of the tongue, gingival hyperplasia, enlargement of the parotid gland, aphthous ulcers (stomatitis), pyostomatitis vegetans, disorders of pigmentation, urticaria and angioedema, psoriasis, Reiter's syndrome, lichen planus, graft-versus-host disease, rosacea, perioral dermatitis, erythema multiforme, acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet's syndrome), vesicular and bullous autoimmune diseases, desquamative gingivitis, necrotizing sialometaplasia, oral mucosal hemorrhage, viral diseases, bacterial diseases, fungal diseases, protozoal and parasitic diseases, mechanical damage, trauma, allergic and toxic contact stomatitis, occupational diseases of the oral mucosa, drug reactions and side effects, morphea and scleroderma, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, dermatomyositis, lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, polyarteritis nodosa, giant cell arteritis, plasma cell gingivitis, oral submucous fibrosis, halitosis, xerostomia, sialorrhea, selfinduced mucosal injuries, benign granulomatous processes, malignant granulomatoses, heterotopias and congenital malformations, genodermatoses and congenital syndromes, benign and malignant tumors, actinic keratosis, leukoplakia, paraneoplastic disorders, and oral signs of hematologic, nutritional, metabolic, and endocrine disorders. Each chapter includes full-color photographs and references are provided in individual sections. A subject index concludes the volume. (AA-M). •
Lip Complaints Source: in Scully, C. Handbook of Oral Disease: Diagnosis and Management. New York, NY: Thieme New York. 2001. p.300-338. Contact: Available from Thieme New York. 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001. (212) 760-0888, ext 110. PRICE: $35.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1841840874. Summary: This chapter on lip complaints is from a handbook of oral disease that is intended to be used by all members of the dental team who need a ready office reference. The handbook covers the more common and important soft tissue orofacial disorders and gives clinically relevant aspects of the etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The chapter covers bleeding, blisters, chapping, cheilitis (inflammation of the lips), colored lesions, macrostomia (swelling of the lip), microstomia (reduction in the mouth opening), white lesions, abnormal labial frenum, actinic cheilitis, angioedema, carcinoma (cancer of the lip), cleft lip and palate, double lip, erythema multiforme, herpes labialis, Kawasaki disease, labial melanotic macule, lip pit and fistula, plasma cell cheilitis, and venous lake. For each condition, the authors note etiology (cause), diagnosis, symptoms, epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and prevention (where possible). Much of the information is provided in table or outline format for ease of reference. Full color photographs illustrate some conditions. 28 figures. 4 tables. 29 references.
Chapters on Angioedema In order to find chapters that specifically relate to angioedema, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and angioedema using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “angioedema” (or
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synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on angioedema: •
Chapter 118: Urticaria and Angioedema Source: in Freedberg, I.M., et al., eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 5th ed., Vol. 1. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 1999. p. 1409-1419. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Customer Services. P.O. Box 548, Blacklick, OH 43004-0548. (800) 262-4729 or (877) 833-5524. Fax (614) 759-3749 or (614) 759-3641. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $395.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0070219435. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, pathology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of urticaria and angioedema. These common disorders occur as clinical manifestations of various immunologic and inflammatory mechanisms, or they may be idiopathic. The mast cell is believed to be the major effector cell in most forms of urticaria and angioedema. Urticaria is characterized by circumscribed, raised, erythematous, usually pruritic, evanescent areas of edema that involve the superficial portion of the dermis. Angioedema occurs when the edematous process extends into the deep dermis or subcutaneous and submucosal layers. Both disorders are associated with dilation of the venules. Forms of immunoglobulin (Ig) E and IgE receptor dependent physical urticaria or angioedema include dermographism, pressure urticaria, vibratory angioedema, cold induced urticaria, solar urticaria, cholinergic urticaria, heat urticaria, exercise induced anaphylaxis, adrenergic urticaria, and aquagenic urticaria and aquagenic pruritus. Other forms of IgE mediated urticaria include contact urticaria and autoimmune urticaria. Urticaria or angioedema mediated by the complement system and other plasma effector systems includes hereditary and acquired angioedema, necrotizing venulitis, and serum sickness. This type of urticaria may also occur from blood products, infections, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Other forms of urticaria or angioedema may occur after direct mast cell degranulation, relate to abnormalities of arachidonic acid metabolism, or be idiopathic. Patient evaluation includes a thorough history and physical examination. Diagnostic studies should be selected based on findings from the history and physical examination. Treatment involves the identification and removal of the cause. Drugs used in treatment include H1 antihistaminic drugs. The role of diet therapy is difficult to assess. 3 figures, 5 tables, and 66 references.
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ANGIOEDEMA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover angioedema.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on angioedema is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “angioedema” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to angioedema. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “angioedema” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for angioedema: •
Omapatrilat controls BP but risk of angioedema remains a concern Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 12, 2004
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Genzyme, Dyax form joint venture to develop angioedema drug Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 24, 2003
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HRT or oral contraceptives may induce or exacerbate angioedema symptoms Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 22, 2003
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Dyax angioedema drug shows promise in phase II Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 10, 2003
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Dyax starts phase II trial for angioedema drug Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 29, 2003
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Dyax angioedema therapy earns EU orphan drug designation Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 08, 2003
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Pharming angioedema treatment wins EU orphan status Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 15, 2001
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Visceral angioedema due to ACE inhibitor treatment may be underdiagnosed Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 28, 2000
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Continued ACE-Inhibitor Use After Episode Of Angioedema Increases Risk Of Recurrent Angioedema Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 21, 1997 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “angioedema” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology
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oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “angioedema” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to angioedema, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “angioedema” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Angioedema Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to angioedema. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering angioedema that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for angioedema. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with angioedema. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to angioedema: Anabolic Steroids •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anadrol-50; Deca-Durabolin; Durabolin; Durabolin-50; Hybolin Decanoate; Hybolin-Improved; Kabolin; Oxandrin; Winstrol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202035.html
Androgens •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Andro L.A. 200; Androderm; AndroGel 1%; Android; Android-F; Andronate 100; Andronate 200; Andropository 200; Andryl 200; Delatest; Delatestryl; Depotest; Depo-Testosterone; Everone 200; Halotestin; ORETON Methyl; T-Cypionate; Testamone 100; Testaqua; Testex; Testoderm; Testoderm TTS; Testoderm with Adhesives; Testopel Pellets; Testred; Testred Cypionate 200; Testrin-P.A.; Virilon; Virilon IM http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202036.html
Antihistamines •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alavert; Allegra; Aller-Chlor; AllerMax Caplets; Allermed; Atarax; Banophen; Banophen Caplets; Benadryl; Benadryl Allergy; Bromphen; Calm X; Chlo-Amine; Chlorate; Chlor-Trimeton; Chlor-Trimeton Allergy; Chlor-Trimeton Repetabs; Clarinex; Claritin; Claritin Reditabs; Compoz; Contac 12 Hour Allergy; Cophene-B; Dexchlor; Dimetapp Allergy Liqui-Gels; Dinate; Diphen Cough; Diphenhist; Diphenhist Captabs; Dormarex 2; Dramamine; Dramanate; Genahist; Gen-Allerate; Hydrate; Hyrexin; Hyzine-50; Nasahist B; Nervine Nighttime Sleep-Aid; Nolahist; Nytol QuickCaps; Nytol QuickGels; Optimine; PediaCare Allergy Formula; Periactin; Phenetron; Polaramine; Polaramine Repetabs; Siladryl; Sleep-Eze D; Sleep-Eze D Extra Strength; Sominex; Tavist; Tavist-1; Telachlor; Teldrin; Triptone Caplets; Twilite Caplets; Unisom Nighttime Sleep Aid; Unisom SleepGels Maximum Strength; Vistaril; Zyrtec http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202060.html
Corticosteroids •
Dental - U.S. Brands: Kenalog in Orabase; Orabase-HCA; Oracort; Oralone http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202010.html
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Inhalation - U.S. Brands: AeroBid; AeroBid-M; Azmacort; Beclovent; Pulmicort Respules; Pulmicort Turbuhaler; Qvar; Vanceril; Vanceril 84 mcg Double Strength http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202011.html
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Nasal - U.S. Brands: Beconase; Beconase AQ; Dexacort Turbinaire; Flonase; Nasacort; Nasacort AQ; Nasalide; Nasarel; Nasonex; Rhinocort; Vancenase; Vancenase AQ 84 mcg; Vancenase pockethaler http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202012.html
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•
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: AK-Dex; AK-Pred; AK-Tate; Baldex; Decadron; Dexair; Dexotic; Econopred; Econopred Plus; Eflone; Flarex; Fluor-Op; FML Forte; FML Liquifilm; FML S.O.P.; HMS Liquifilm; Inflamase Forte; Inflamase Mild; I-Pred; Lite Pred; Maxidex; Ocu-Dex; Ocu-Pred; Ocu-Pred Forte; Ocu-PredA; Pred Forte; Pred Mild; Predair; Predair A; Predair Forte; Storz-Dexa; Ultra Pred http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202013.html
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Otic - U.S. Brands: Decadron http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202014.html
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Rectal - U.S. Brands: Anucort-HC; Anu-Med HC; Anuprep HC; Anusol-HC; Anutone-HC; Anuzone-HC; Cort-Dome; Cortenema; Cortifoam; Hemorrhoidal HC; Hemril-HC Uniserts; Proctocort; Proctosol-HC; Rectasol-HC http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203366.html
Danazol •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Danocrine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202180.html
Doxepin •
Topical - U.S. Brands: Zonalon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202751.html
Epinephrine •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Epifrin; Epinal; Eppy/N; Glaucon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202213.html
Fexofenadine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Allegra http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203616.html
Losartan •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cozaar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202767.html
Omeprazole •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Prilosec http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202423.html
Sertraline •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Zoloft http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202651.html
Valsartan •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Diovan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203478.html
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Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.
PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.
Researching Orphan Drugs Although the list of orphan drugs is revised on a daily basis, you can quickly research orphan drugs that might be applicable to angioedema by using the database managed by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD), at http://www.rarediseases.org/. Scroll down the page, and on the left toolbar, click on “Orphan Drug Designation Database.” On this page (http://www.rarediseases.org/search/noddsearch.html), type “angioedema” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.” When you receive your results, note that not all of the drugs may be relevant, as some may have been withdrawn from orphan status. Write down or print out the name of each drug and the relevant contact information. From there, visit the Pharmacopeia Web site and type the name of each orphan drug into the search box at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. You may need to contact the sponsor or NORD for further information. NORD conducts “early access programs for investigational new drugs (IND) under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) approval ‘Treatment INDs’ programs which allow for a limited number of individuals to receive investigational drugs before FDA marketing approval.” If the orphan product about which you are seeking information is approved for
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marketing, information on side effects can be found on the product’s label. If the product is not approved, you may need to contact the sponsor. The following is a list of orphan drugs currently listed in the NORD Orphan Drug Designation Database for angioedema: •
C1-esterase-inhibitor, human, pasteurized http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=690
•
C1-inhibitor (trade name: C1-inhibitor (human) vapro heated, Immuno) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=691
•
C1-inhibitor (trade name: C1-inhibitor (human) vapor heated, Immuno) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=692
•
C1 esterase inhibitor (human) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=786
•
Recombinant human C1-esterase inhibitor http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=969
•
Recombinant human c1-esterase inhibitor http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=970
If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
10
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “angioedema” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 3712 12 30 3 158 3915
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “angioedema” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
13
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
14
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
18 Adapted 19
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on angioedema can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to angioedema. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to angioedema. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “angioedema”:
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Bruises http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bruises.html Diabetic Eye Problems http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticeyeproblems.html Eye Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyediseases.html Eye Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyeinjuries.html Food Allergy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodallergy.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to angioedema. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Associations and Angioedema The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to angioedema: •
Hereditary Angioedema Association, Inc Telephone: (717) 249-3438 Fax: (904) 658-1322 Web Site: http://www.hereditaryangioedema.com/index.htm Background: The Hereditary Angioedema Association, Inc. Is a non-profit organization dedicated to serving persons with angioedema resulting from CI inhibitor deficiency by increasing awareness of the disease and providing patients and physicians with authoritative and readily accessible information about it. The association also serves as a support network for patients, as well as an advocate for research seeking effective therapies and an ultimate cure. Hereditary angioedema is a rare inherited vascular disorder characterized by an excessive accumulation of body fluids that may block the normal flow of blood or lymphatic fluid, resulting in swelling at various locations in the body. With 150 members, the association provides services that include support groups, patient networking, a newsletter, and patient/professional education.
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to angioedema. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with angioedema. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about angioedema. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “angioedema” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database.
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Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “angioedema”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “angioedema” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “angioedema” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
21
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
22
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on angioedema: •
Basic Guidelines for Angioedema Angioedema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000846.htm Collagen vascular disease Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001223.htm Hereditary angioedema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001456.htm SLE Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000435.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Angioedema Abdominal cramping Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm
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Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Airway obstruction Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Chemosis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003038.htm Difficulty breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm Edema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Erythema Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Fainting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Itching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Leukemia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001299.htm Pruritus Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003217.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Stridor Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003074.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm Wheezing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003070.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Angioedema Allergy testing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003519.htm ANA Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003535.htm Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm
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C1 Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003353.htm C4 Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003354.htm CBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm Complement Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003456.htm ESR Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003638.htm Serology Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003511.htm Skin biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003840.htm Urinalysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003579.htm •
Background Topics for Angioedema Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Allergen Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002229.htm Allergic reactions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000005.htm Breathing difficulties - first aid Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000007.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm CPR Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000010.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Insect bites Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000033.htm Irritant Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002229.htm
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Scales Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003226.htm Shellfish Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002851.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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ANGIOEDEMA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] ACE: Angiotensin-coverting enzyme. A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH]
Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Actinic keratosis: A precancerous condition of thick, scaly patches of skin. Also called solar or senile keratosis. [NIH] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making
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emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Agarose: A polysaccharide complex, free of nitrogen and prepared from agar-agar which is produced by certain seaweeds (red algae). It dissolves in warm water to form a viscid solution. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Airway Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allopurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor that decreases uric acid production. [NIH] Alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin: Glycoprotein found in alpha(1)-globulin region in human serum. It inhibits chymotrypsin-like proteinases in vivo and has cytotoxic killer-cell activity in vitro. The protein also has a role as an acute-phase protein and is active in the control of immunologic and inflammatory processes, and as a tumor marker. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Alpha 1-Antitrypsin: Plasma glycoprotein member of the serpin superfamily which inhibits trypsin, neutrophil elastase, and other proteolytic enzymes. Commonly referred to as alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (A1PI), it exists in over 30 different biochemical variant forms known collectively as the PI (protease inhibitor) system. Hereditary A1PI deficiency is associated with pulmonary emphysema. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines
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include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino-terminal: The end of a protein or polypeptide chain that contains a free amino group (-NH2). [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angioedema: A vascular reaction involving the deep dermis or subcutaneous or submucal tissues, representing localized edema caused by dilatation and increased permeability of the capillaries, and characterized by development of giant wheals. [EU] Angioneurotic: Denoting a neuropathy affecting the vascular system; see angioedema. [EU] Angioneurotic Edema: Recurring attacks of transient edema suddenly appearing in areas of the skin or mucous membranes and occasionally of the viscera, often associated with dermatographism, urticaria, erythema, and purpura. [NIH] Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor: A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH] Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A class of drugs whose main indications are
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the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anthrax: An acute bacterial infection caused by ingestion of bacillus organisms. Carnivores may become infected from ingestion of infected carcasses. It is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The most common form in humans is cutaneous anthrax. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH]
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Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antiplasmin: A member of the serpin superfamily found in human plasma that inhibits the lysis of fibrin clots which are induced by plasminogen activator. It is a glycoprotein, molecular weight approximately 70,000 that migrates in the alpha 2 region in immunoelectrophoresis. It is the principal plasmin inactivator in blood, rapidly forming a very stable complex with plasmin. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthralgia: Pain in the joint. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atopic: Pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. [EU] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Bacillus: A genus of Bacillaceae that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls,
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multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Beta-Endorphin: A peptide consisting of amino acid sequence 61-91 of the endogenous pituitary hormone beta-lipotropin. The first four amino acids show a common tetrapeptide sequence with methionine- and leucine enkephalin. The compound shows opiate-like activity. Injection of beta-endorphin induces a profound analgesia of the whole body for several hours. This action is reversed after administration of naloxone. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH]
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Bleomycin: A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Burden: The total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH] Bronchus: A large air passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of asthma, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic rhinitis. [NIH] Bullous: Pertaining to or characterized by bullae. [EU] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a
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network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Capillary Permeability: Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement. [NIH] Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinoid: A type of tumor usually found in the gastrointestinal system (most often in the appendix), and sometimes in the lungs or other sites. Carcinoid tumors are usually benign. [NIH]
Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A median nerve injury inside the carpal tunnel that results in symptoms of pain, numbness, tingling, clumsiness, and a lack of sweating, which can be caused by work with certain hand and wrist postures. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like species native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. The dried flower-heads of two species, Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) and Matricaria recutita, have specific use
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as herbs. They are administered as tea, extracts, tinctures, or ointments. Chamomile contains choline, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylate derivatives, tannins, and volatile oils. [NIH] Cheilitis: Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Chimeras: Organism that contains a mixture of genetically different cells. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Cleft Lip: Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clot Retraction: Retraction of a clot resulting from contraction of platelet pseudopods attached to fibrin strands that is dependent on the contractile protein thrombosthenin. Used as a measure of platelet function. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH]
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Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Common Variable Immunodeficiency: Heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable B-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complement 1: The first complement component to act in the cytolysis reaction. It is a trimolecular complex held together with Ca ions and, when activated, has esterase activity which initiates the next step in the sequence. [NIH] Complement 1 Inactivators: Compounds which inhibit, antagonize, or inactivate complement 1. A well-known inhibitor is a serum glycoprotein believed to be alpha-2neuroaminoglycoprotein. It inhibits the activated (esterase) form of complement 1 as well as kinin-forming, coagulation, and fibrinolytic systems. Deficiency of this inactivator has been found in patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema. These compounds are members of the serpin superfamily. [NIH]
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Complement Activation: The sequential activation of serum components C1 through C9, initiated by an erythrocyte-antibody complex or by microbial polysaccharides and properdin, and producing an inflammatory response. [NIH] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast Media: Substances used in radiography that allow visualization of certain tissues. [NIH]
Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Artery Bypass: Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into
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three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Coumarins: Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the deltalactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]
Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dentition: The teeth in the dental arch; ordinarily used to designate the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH]
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Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Diagnosis, Differential: Determination of which one of two or more diseases or conditions a patient is suffering from by systematically comparing and contrasting results of diagnostic measures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discoid: Shaped like a disk. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNA-
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binding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Echinacea: A genus of perennial herbs used topically and internally. It contains echinacoside, glycosides, inulin, isobutyl amides, resin, and sesquiterpenes. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat hypertension. [NIH]
Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endorphin: Opioid peptides derived from beta-lipotropin. Endorphin is the most potent naturally occurring analgesic agent. It is present in pituitary, brain, and peripheral tissues. [NIH]
Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Enkephalin: A natural opiate painkiller, in the hypothalamus. [NIH]
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Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Eosinophil: A polymorphonuclear leucocyte with large eosinophilic granules in its cytoplasm, which plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Multiforme: A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen Replacement Therapy: The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, dyspareunia, and progressive development of osteoporosis. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy. [NIH]
Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH]
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Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Eye socket: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Furosemide: A sulfamyl saluretic and diuretic. It has a fast onset and short duration of
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action and is used in edema and chronic renal insufficiency. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Targeting: The integration of exogenous DNA into the genome of an organism at sites where its expression can be suitably controlled. This integration occurs as a result of homologous recombination. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gingival Hyperplasia: A pathological increase in the depth of the gingival crevice surrounding a tooth at the gum margin. [NIH] Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonads: The gamete-producing glands, ovary or testis. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH]
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Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Halitosis: An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hay Fever: A seasonal variety of allergic rhinitis, marked by acute conjunctivitis with lacrimation and itching, regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific allergens. [NIH]
Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic
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decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hyperaemia: An excess of blood in a part; engorgement. [EU] Hypereosinophilic Syndrome: A heterogeneous group of disorders with the common feature of prolonged eosinophilia of unknown cause and associated organ system dysfunction, including the heart, central nervous system, kidneys, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. There is a massive increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood, mimicking leukemia, and extensive eosinophilic infiltration of the various organs. It is often referred to as idiopathic. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperreflexia: Exaggeration of reflexes. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypogammaglobulinemia: The most common primary immunodeficiency in which antibody production is deficient. [NIH] Hypogonadism: Condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased
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functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]
Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]
Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunoglobulins: Glycoproteins present in the blood (antibodies) and in other tissue. They are classified by structure and activity into five classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM). [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indapamide: A sulfamyl diuretic with about 16x the effect of furosemide. It has also been shown to be an effective antihypertensive agent in the clinic. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU]
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Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infectious Mononucleosis: A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (Human herpesvirus 4). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-5: Factor promoting eosinophil differentiation and activation in hematopoiesis. It also triggers activated B-cells for a terminal differentiation into Ig-secreting cells. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Introns: Non-coding, intervening sequences of DNA that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of
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messenger RNA. Most genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes contain introns, as do mitochondrial and chloroplast genes. [NIH] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemic stroke: A condition in which the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Also called "plug-type" strokes. Blocked arteries starve areas of the brain controlling sight, speech, sensation, and movement so that these functions are partially or completely lost. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 80 percent of all strokes. Most ischemic strokes are caused by a blood clot called a thrombus, which blocks blood flow in the arteries feeding the brain, usually the carotid artery in the neck, the major vessel bringing blood to the brain. When it becomes blocked, the risk of stroke is very high. [NIH] Itraconazole: An antifungal agent that has been used in the treatment of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis. [NIH] Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog produced by the action of tissue and glandular kallikreins on low-molecular-weight kininogen. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that functions through vasodilatation. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratosis: Any horny growth such as a wart or callus. [NIH] Kidney Transplantation: The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Lead Poisoning: Disease caused by the gradual accumulation of a significant body burden of lead. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH]
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Leukoplakia: A white patch that may develop on mucous membranes such as the cheek, gums, or tongue and may become cancerous. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Lichen Planus: An inflammatory, pruritic disease of the skin and mucous membranes, which can be either generalized or localized. It is characterized by distinctive purplish, flattopped papules having a predilection for the trunk and flexor surfaces. The lesions may be discrete or coalesce to form plaques. Histologically, there is a "saw-tooth" pattern of epidermal hyperplasia and vacuolar alteration of the basal layer of the epidermis along with an intense upper dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of T-cells. Etiology is unknown. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lisinopril: An orally active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Loa: A genus of parasitic nematodes found throughout the rain-forest areas of the Sudan and the basin of the Congo. L. loa inhabits the subcutaneous tissues, which it traverses freely. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoblastic: One of the most aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte Depletion: Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct
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drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which
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the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular mass: The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule, based on a scale in which the atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 1, 12, 14, and 16, respectively. For example, the molecular mass of water, which has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, is 18 (i.e., 2 + 16). [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mononucleosis: The presence of an abnormally large number of mononuclear leucocytes (monocytes) in the blood. The term is often used alone to refer to infectious mononucleosis. [EU]
Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]
Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Natriuresis: The excretion of abnormal amounts of sodium in the urine. [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH]
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Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasitic Diseases: Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch
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over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Pedigree: A record of one's ancestors, offspring, siblings, and their offspring that may be used to determine the pattern of certain genes or disease inheritance within a family. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]
Perioral: Situated or occurring around the mouth. [EU] Periorbital: Situated around the orbit, or eye socket. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral stem cells: Immature cells found circulating in the bloodstream. New blood cells develop from peripheral stem cells. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Pharmacokinetics: Dynamic and kinetic mechanisms of exogenous chemical and drug absorption, biotransformation, distribution, release, transport, uptake, and elimination as a function of dosage, and extent and rate of metabolic processes. It includes toxicokinetics, the pharmacokinetic mechanism of the toxic effects of a substance. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions
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between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma Kallikrein: A peptidohydrolytic enzyme that is formed from prekallikrein by factor XIIA. It activates factor XII, factor VII, and plasminogen. It is selective for both arginine and to a lesser extent lysinebonds. EC 3.4.21.34. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmids: Any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant. Plasmids are self-replicating circular molecules of DNA that are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Plasminogen Inactivators: Important modulators of the activity of plasminogen activators. Four inhibitors, all belonging to the serpin family of proteins, have been implicated in plasminogen activation inhibition. They are PAI-1, PAI-2, protease-nexin, and protein C inhibitor (PAI-3). All inhibit both the tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen
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activators. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polyarteritis Nodosa: A form of necrotizing vasculitis involving small- and medium-sized arteries. The signs and symptoms result from infarction and scarring of the affected organ system. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precipitating Factors: Factors associated with the definitive onset of a disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of action. Usually one factor is more important or more obviously recognizable than others, if several are involved, and one may often be regarded as "necessary". Examples include exposure to specific disease; amount or level of an infectious organism, drug, or noxious agent, etc. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prekallikrein: A plasma protein which is the precursor of kallikrein. Plasma that is deficient in prekallikrein has been found to be abnormal in thromboplastin formation, kinin generation, evolution of a permeability globulin, and plasmin formation. The absence of prekallikrein in plasma leads to Fletcher factor deficiency, a congenital disease. [NIH] Procainamide: A derivative of procaine with less CNS action. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of
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action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH]
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Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pruritic: Pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. [EU] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together
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in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Retreatment: The therapy of the same disease in a patient, with the same agent or procedure repeated after initial treatment, or with an additional or alternate measure or follow-up. It does not include therapy which requires more than one administration of a therapeutic agent or regimen. Retreatment is often used with reference to a different modality when the original one was inadequate, harmful, or unsuccessful. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rituximab: A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH]
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Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serine Endopeptidases: Any member of the group of endopeptidases containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis. EC 3.4.21. [NIH] Serine Proteinase Inhibitors: Exogenous or endogenous compounds which inhibit serine endopeptidases. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serpins: A family of serine proteinase inhibitors which are similar in amino acid sequence and mechanism of inhibition, but differ in their specificity toward proteolytic enzymes. This family includes alpha 1-antitrypsin, angiotensinogen, ovalbumin, antiplasmin, alpha 1antichymotrypsin, thyroxine-binding protein, complement 1 inactivators, antithrombin III, heparin cofactor II, plasminogen inactivators, gene Y protein, placental plasminogen activator inhibitor, and barley Z protein. Some members of the serpin family may be substrates rather than inhibitors of serine endopeptidases, and some serpins occur in plants where their function is not known. [NIH] Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. [NIH]
Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Sickness: Immune complex disease caused by the administration of foreign serum or serum proteins and characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and urticaria. When they are complexed to protein carriers, some drugs can also cause serum sickness when they act as haptens inducing antibody responses. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Sialorrhea: Increased salivary flow. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH]
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Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Snoring: Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate. [NIH]
Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Stanozolol: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae.
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[EU]
Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Submucous: Occurring beneath the mucosa or a mucous membrane. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by
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Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thermography: Measurement of the regional temperature of the body or an organ by infrared sensing devices, based on self-emanating infrared radiation. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Plasminogen Activator: A proteolytic enzyme in the serine protease family found in many tissues which converts plasminogen to plasmin. It has fibrin-binding activity and is immunologically different from urinary plasminogen activator. The primary sequence, composed of 527 amino acids, is identical in both the naturally occurring and synthetic proteases. EC 3.4.21.68. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU]
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Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]
Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvula: Uvula palatinae; specifically, the tongue-like process which projects from the middle of the posterior edge of the soft palate. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH]
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Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Wart: A raised growth on the surface of the skin or other organ. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xanthine: An urinary calculus. [NIH] Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria. EC 1.1.3.22. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Xerostomia: Decreased salivary flow. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
143
INDEX A Abdominal, 4, 25, 26, 42, 45, 46, 101, 102, 105, 130, 131 Abdominal Pain, 25, 26, 42, 105 ACE, 3, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 23, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 35, 45, 46, 49, 51, 54, 59, 66, 74, 105 Acetylcholine, 105, 113, 129 Actinic keratosis, 70, 105 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 61, 105 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 105 Acute renal, 105, 122 Adrenal Cortex, 105, 115, 136 Adrenergic, 71, 105, 119 Adverse Effect, 105, 137 Affinity, 7, 105, 138 Agar, 105, 106, 124 Agarose, 106, 124 Airway, 4, 10, 15, 23, 31, 33, 40, 45, 46, 102, 106 Airway Obstruction, 4, 15, 23, 31, 45, 46, 106 Alanine, 9, 106 Albumin, 106, 130, 132 Algorithms, 106, 110 Allergen, 103, 106, 117 Allergic Rhinitis, 106, 111, 122 Allopurinol, 22, 106 Alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin, 106, 137 Alpha 1-Antitrypsin, 106, 137 Alternative medicine, 74, 106 Alveoli, 106, 116 Amine, 78, 106, 122 Amino Acid Sequence, 107, 108, 110, 119, 137 Amino Acids, 67, 107, 108, 110, 114, 131, 133, 134, 137, 140 Amino-terminal, 8, 107 Anaesthesia, 10, 11, 107, 124 Analgesic, 107, 113, 118, 129 Analogous, 107, 118, 133, 141 Anaphylatoxins, 107, 114 Anaphylaxis, 48, 58, 60, 61, 71, 107 Androgenic, 107, 116 Androgens, 5, 32, 45, 78, 105, 107, 116 Anesthesia, 24, 46, 106, 107, 134 Angioneurotic, 9, 59, 107, 114 Angioneurotic Edema, 9, 107, 114
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, 12, 31, 40, 45, 66, 71, 107 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, 38, 107 Angiotensinogen, 108, 136, 137 Animal model, 5, 108 Anionic, 108, 139 Anthrax, 7, 108 Antiallergic, 108, 116 Antibacterial, 108, 138 Antibiotic, 108, 138 Antibodies, 12, 40, 43, 54, 108, 109, 122, 123, 124, 132, 136 Antibody, 7, 14, 105, 108, 114, 115, 122, 123, 124, 125, 129, 136, 137, 138 Anticoagulant, 108, 134 Antifungal, 108, 126 Antigen, 105, 107, 108, 114, 123, 124, 125 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 108, 114 Antihypertensive, 4, 40, 108, 124 Anti-inflammatory, 6, 108, 109, 116, 121, 136 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 108, 109, 116 Antimicrobial, 109, 113 Antineoplastic, 109, 111, 116 Antiplasmin, 18, 109, 137 Aorta, 109, 115 Arachidonic Acid, 71, 109, 127, 134 Arginine, 107, 109, 132 Arterial, 109, 112, 123, 134, 139 Arteries, 109, 111, 115, 126, 133, 140 Arteriolar, 109, 111, 136 Arterioles, 109, 111 Arteritis, 70, 109 Artery, 109, 115, 126, 130 Arthralgia, 29, 109, 137 Ascites, 109, 130 Aspergillosis, 109, 126 Aspirin, 41, 44, 59, 109 Assay, 28, 41, 57, 60, 109 Atopic, 37, 109 Attenuated, 32, 45, 109 Atypical, 42, 109, 125 Autoantibodies, 39, 109 Autoantigens, 109 Autoimmune disease, 70, 109 Autoimmunity, 47, 48, 54, 109
144
Angioedema
B Bacillus, 108, 109 Bacteria, 108, 109, 110, 118, 128, 134, 136, 138, 141 Bacterial Infections, 110, 114 Bacterium, 110, 122 Base, 110, 126 Basement Membrane, 110, 120 Benign, 70, 110, 112, 116 Beta-Endorphin, 29, 110 Bewilderment, 110, 115 Bile, 110, 121, 127, 138 Biological Markers, 66, 110 Biological response modifier, 110, 125 Biopsy, 102, 103, 110 Biosynthesis, 109, 110, 137 Biotechnology, 8, 9, 74, 87, 110 Blastomycosis, 110, 126 Bleomycin, 23, 111 Blister, 16, 111 Blood pressure, 66, 108, 111, 112, 123, 138 Blood vessel, 105, 107, 111, 118, 122, 132, 138, 139, 140, 141 Body Burden, 111, 126 Body Fluids, 93, 111, 138 Bone Marrow, 7, 105, 111, 116, 122, 127, 129, 138 Bowel, 32, 45, 111, 125 Bradykinin, 5, 12, 13, 46, 61, 111, 126, 132 Bronchial, 111, 123 Bronchoconstriction, 34, 111 Bronchus, 111 Buccal, 111, 127, 138 Budesonide, 10, 111 Bullous, 70, 111 Bypass, 111 C Calcium, 111, 114 Callus, 111, 126 Capillary, 43, 111, 112, 142 Capillary Fragility, 43, 112 Capillary Permeability, 111, 112 Captopril, 21, 36, 45, 112 Carbohydrate, 67, 112, 116 Carcinoid, 47, 112 Carcinoma, 70, 112 Cardiac, 66, 112, 119, 138 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 37, 112 Carrier Proteins, 112, 132 Case report, 3, 10, 20, 23, 26, 31, 35, 40, 54, 58, 59, 112 Catecholamine, 112, 131
Central Nervous System, 105, 106, 112, 123, 127, 129, 137 Cervical, 45, 112, 128 Cervix, 112 Chamomile, 58, 112 Cheilitis, 70, 113 Chemotactic Factors, 113, 114 Chest Pain, 9, 113 Chimeras, 5, 8, 113 Choline, 113 Cholinergic, 71, 113 Chromatin, 113, 128 Chromosomal, 6, 113 Chromosome, 67, 113 Chronic, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 29, 30, 32, 34, 36, 37, 39, 47, 48, 51, 54, 66, 103, 110, 113, 121, 125, 135, 136, 139 Ciprofloxacin, 24, 113 Cleft Lip, 70, 113 Clinical Medicine, 24, 28, 39, 113, 133 Clinical trial, 5, 87, 113, 115, 116, 129, 134, 135 Cloning, 110, 113 Clot Retraction, 113, 132 Coagulation, 6, 67, 111, 113, 114, 132, 140 Codeine, 46, 113 Codon, 9, 22, 114 Cofactor, 114, 134, 137, 140 Colitis, 6, 114 Collapse, 107, 114 Colon, 114, 126 Combination Therapy, 114, 119 Common Variable Immunodeficiency, 14, 114 Complement, 4, 5, 6, 8, 21, 37, 38, 41, 57, 59, 62, 67, 71, 103, 107, 114, 115, 132, 137 Complement 1, 114, 137 Complement 1 Inactivators, 114, 137 Complement Activation, 6, 107, 115 Complementary and alternative medicine, 57, 63, 115 Complementary medicine, 57, 115 Computational Biology, 87, 115 Confusion, 42, 115, 117 Congestion, 36, 115, 119 Conjunctiva, 115 Conjunctivitis, 58, 115, 122 Connective Tissue, 111, 115, 116, 120, 127, 139 Consciousness, 107, 115, 117 Contractility, 108, 115 Contraindications, ii, 115
145
Contrast Media, 39, 115 Controlled study, 60, 115 Coronary, 24, 46, 115 Coronary Artery Bypass, 24, 46, 115 Corticosteroid, 24, 115 Coumarins, 113, 116 Creatine, 35, 116 Creatinine, 116 Curative, 116, 140 Cutaneous, 46, 69, 108, 110, 116, 127 Cyclic, 46, 116, 134 Cyclosporine, 37, 116 Cytokine, 7, 19, 47, 116 Cytoplasm, 116, 119, 128, 129 D Danazol, 9, 16, 24, 28, 35, 44, 79, 116 De novo, 23, 25, 116 Decarboxylation, 116, 123 Degenerative, 116, 122 Dental Care, 4, 11, 16, 116 Dentition, 3, 116 Dermatitis, 7, 10, 15, 58, 59, 60, 70, 116 Dermatosis, 70, 116 Dermis, 71, 107, 116, 139 Desensitization, 41, 117, 124 Developed Countries, 60, 117 Diagnosis, Differential, 71, 117 Diagnostic procedure, 65, 75, 117 Dialyzer, 117, 122 Diarrhea, 6, 117 Diastolic, 117, 123 Diffusion, 112, 117, 124, 125 Digestion, 110, 111, 117, 125, 127, 138 Dilation, 71, 111, 117, 141 Direct, iii, 62, 71, 77, 113, 117, 130, 136, 139 Discoid, 38, 117 Discrete, 117, 127 Disorientation, 115, 117 Dissociation, 8, 105, 117 Dissociative Disorders, 117 Distal, 5, 115, 117, 135 Diuretic, 117, 120, 124 Dorsal, 117, 119, 133 Drug Design, 74, 80, 81, 117 Drug Interactions, 80, 118 Dysphagia, 10, 118 Dyspnea, 19, 118 E Echinacea, 58, 118 Edema, 4, 7, 19, 25, 30, 49, 71, 102, 107, 118, 121, 130 Effector, 71, 105, 114, 118
Effector cell, 71, 118 Efficacy, 44, 118 Electrocoagulation, 113, 118 Electrolyte, 116, 118, 128, 138 Electrophoresis, 118, 124 Embryo, 118, 124, 128, 133 Enalapril, 19, 22, 118 Endogenous, 109, 110, 118, 137 Endometriosis, 116, 118 Endorphin, 110, 118 Endoscopy, 10, 118 Endothelial cell, 40, 118, 140 Endotoxin, 5, 118 Enkephalin, 110, 118 Environmental Exposure, 110, 119 Environmental Health, 86, 88, 119 Enzymatic, 66, 111, 114, 119, 120, 122 Enzyme Inhibitors, 119, 132 Eosinophil, 7, 50, 119, 125 Eosinophilia, 7, 11, 15, 18, 19, 20, 23, 29, 36, 38, 46, 47, 119, 123 Eosinophilic, 119, 123 Epidemiologic Studies, 110, 119 Epidermal, 119, 127 Epidermis, 111, 116, 119, 127, 135 Epinephrine, 79, 105, 119, 129 Erythema, 9, 20, 70, 102, 107, 119, 141 Erythema Multiforme, 70, 119 Erythrocytes, 111, 119, 136 Estrogen, 20, 54, 119 Estrogen Replacement Therapy, 54, 119 Exogenous, 112, 118, 119, 121, 131, 137 Exon, 17, 21, 23, 25, 41, 119 Extensor, 120, 135 Extracellular, 6, 115, 120, 138 Extracellular Matrix, 7, 115, 120 Extracellular Space, 120 Extraction, 30, 120 Eye socket, 120, 131 F Facial, 4, 21, 30, 35, 37, 43, 120, 130 Facial Nerve, 120, 130 Family Planning, 87, 120 Fat, 109, 111, 116, 120, 138 Febrile, 70, 120 Fibrin, 109, 113, 120, 132, 140 Fibrinogen, 120, 132, 140 Fibrinolytic, 18, 67, 114, 120 Fibroblasts, 120, 125 Fibrosis, 70, 120 Fistula, 70, 120 Flexor, 120, 127
146
Angioedema
Forearm, 111, 120, 128 Free Radicals, 117, 120 Furosemide, 120, 124 G Gallbladder, 105, 121 Gastric, 121, 123 Gastrin, 121, 123 Gastrointestinal, 111, 112, 113, 119, 121, 123, 127, 137 Gastrointestinal tract, 121, 123, 127, 137 Gene, 5, 6, 9, 21, 22, 23, 25, 35, 41, 67, 110, 121, 125, 137 Gene Targeting, 5, 121 Genetics, 67, 121 Genital, 113, 121 Genotype, 121, 132 Gingival Hyperplasia, 70, 121 Gingivitis, 70, 121 Gland, 70, 105, 121, 127, 130, 132, 136, 138, 139, 140 Glomerular, 121, 126 Glomeruli, 121 Glomerulonephritis, 24, 34, 121 Glucocorticoid, 111, 121 Glucuronic Acid, 121, 122 Glycine, 121, 129, 137 Glycoprotein, 67, 106, 109, 114, 120, 121, 140 Gonads, 121, 124 Governing Board, 121, 133 Graft, 46, 70, 122, 124 Grafting, 24, 115, 122 Graft-versus-host disease, 70, 122 H Hair follicles, 116, 122 Halitosis, 70, 122 Haptens, 105, 122, 137 Hay Fever, 60, 106, 122 Heart failure, 108, 122, 127, 130, 131 Hematopoiesis, 122, 125 Hemodialysis, 29, 117, 122 Hemolytic, 6, 122 Hemorrhage, 70, 118, 122, 135, 139, 141 Heparin, 18, 29, 122, 137 Hepatitis, 29, 49, 122, 125 Hepatocytes, 122 Heredity, 121, 122 Herpes, 70, 122 Herpes Zoster, 122 Heterogeneity, 7, 105, 122 Histamine, 27, 38, 46, 107, 122, 123 Histidine, 123
Histology, 20, 123 Homologous, 7, 121, 123 Hormonal, 116, 119, 123 Hormone, 42, 110, 115, 119, 121, 123, 140 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 42, 123 Hybridomas, 123, 125 Hydrogen, 106, 110, 112, 123, 129 Hydrolysis, 123, 133, 134 Hydrophilic, 123, 139 Hyperaemia, 115, 123 Hypereosinophilic Syndrome, 7, 123 Hyperplasia, 123, 127 Hyperreflexia, 123, 140 Hypersensitivity, 51, 61, 106, 107, 117, 119, 123, 127 Hypertension, 3, 15, 18, 40, 43, 66, 108, 118, 123, 127, 131 Hypertrophy, 123 Hypogammaglobulinemia, 114, 123 Hypogonadism, 42, 123 I Idiopathic, 3, 37, 43, 45, 47, 48, 71, 123, 124 Immune response, 108, 109, 116, 122, 124, 142 Immune system, 109, 118, 124, 127, 128, 141, 142 Immunity, 106, 124 Immunodeficiency, 114, 123, 124 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 114, 124 Immunodiffusion, 28, 41, 106, 124 Immunoelectrophoresis, 59, 106, 109, 124 Immunoglobulins, 124, 132 Immunologic, 71, 106, 113, 124 Immunosuppression, 67, 124, 127 Immunosuppressive, 121, 124 Immunosuppressive Agents, 124 Immunotherapy, 117, 124 In vitro, 12, 28, 106, 124 In vivo, 8, 18, 106, 122, 124, 127, 140 Indapamide, 20, 124 Induction, 51, 107, 124 Infarction, 125, 133 Infection, 9, 29, 32, 108, 110, 113, 124, 125, 127, 129, 139, 141, 142 Infectious Mononucleosis, 40, 125, 129 Infiltration, 121, 123, 125, 134 Infusion, 10, 13, 125 Ingestion, 22, 27, 58, 108, 122, 125, 133 Inhalation, 27, 78, 125, 133 Interferon, 28, 29, 125, 127 Interferon-alpha, 125 Interleukin-5, 18, 29, 125
147
Interleukin-6, 29, 125 Intestinal, 6, 29, 125 Intestine, 27, 54, 111, 125, 126 Intracellular, 125, 134 Intravenous, 29, 30, 125 Intrinsic, 6, 18, 105, 110, 125 Introns, 67, 125 Inulin, 118, 126 Ions, 110, 114, 117, 118, 123, 126 Ischemic stroke, 10, 126 Itraconazole, 49, 126 K Kallidin, 111, 126 Kb, 86, 126 Keratosis, 105, 126 Kidney Transplantation, 43, 126 L Labile, 114, 126 Laceration, 126, 140 Large Intestine, 125, 126, 137 Laryngeal, 4, 30, 49, 126 Larynx, 126, 141 Lead Poisoning, 58, 126 Lesion, 51, 110, 115, 126 Lethal, 7, 26, 126 Leucine, 110, 126 Leucocyte, 119, 126, 127 Leukemia, 15, 102, 123, 126 Leukoplakia, 70, 127 Leukotrienes, 109, 127 Libido, 107, 127 Lichen Planus, 70, 127 Ligaments, 115, 127 Lip, 70, 113, 127 Lisinopril, 3, 22, 32, 35, 45, 127 Liver, 12, 35, 105, 106, 109, 110, 121, 122, 127, 136 Loa, 32, 127 Localized, 107, 125, 127, 130, 132, 136, 140, 141 Loop, 5, 127 Lupus, 31, 38, 48, 70, 127, 139 Lymph, 112, 118, 125, 127, 137 Lymph node, 112, 127 Lymphadenopathy, 125, 127, 137 Lymphatic, 93, 125, 127, 130, 138, 140 Lymphoblastic, 127 Lymphoblasts, 105, 127 Lymphocyte Depletion, 124, 127 Lymphocytes, 15, 108, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 138, 140, 142 Lymphoid, 108, 126, 128
Lymphoma, 15, 39, 127, 128 M Macrophage, 28, 128 Malignant, 33, 70, 109, 128 Malignant tumor, 70, 128 Mammary, 115, 128 Maxillary, 3, 113, 128 Medial, 113, 128 Median Nerve, 112, 128 Mediate, 13, 128 MEDLINE, 87, 128 Membrane, 106, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 126, 128, 129, 131, 139 Meningitis, 126, 128 Mental, iv, 5, 86, 88, 115, 117, 128, 135 Mental Processes, 117, 128, 135 Mesoderm, 113, 128 Microbiology, 109, 128 Microorganism, 114, 128, 142 Migration, 28, 113, 128 Mineralocorticoids, 105, 116, 128 Modeling, 118, 128 Molecular, 6, 13, 35, 67, 87, 89, 109, 110, 115, 117, 120, 122, 126, 129, 132, 141 Molecular mass, 67, 129 Molecule, 67, 108, 110, 112, 114, 117, 118, 123, 129, 135, 141 Monoclonal, 7, 41, 123, 129, 136 Monocytes, 125, 129 Mononuclear, 125, 129 Mononucleosis, 129 Morphine, 113, 129 Mucosa, 69, 127, 129, 138, 139 Multicenter study, 7, 129 Mydriatic, 117, 129 N Naloxone, 36, 110, 129 Natriuresis, 108, 129 Nephropathy, 27, 129 Neuropathy, 107, 129 Neurotransmitter, 105, 111, 121, 123, 129 Neutrophil, 44, 106, 129 Nitrogen, 106, 107, 129 Norepinephrine, 105, 129 Nuclei, 126, 130 Nucleus, 113, 116, 128, 129, 130 O Oedema, 22, 59, 130 Ointments, 113, 130 Opiate, 110, 118, 129, 130 Oral Hygiene, 122, 130 Orbit, 120, 130, 131
148
Angioedema
Orofacial, 70, 130 Osteoporosis, 119, 130 Ovalbumin, 130, 137 Ovary, 121, 130, 133 P Palate, 19, 70, 130, 138, 141 Palliative, 130, 140 Palsy, 21, 130 Pancreas, 105, 130 Parasite, 130 Parasitic, 70, 127, 130 Parasitic Diseases, 70, 130 Parotid, 70, 130 Patch, 127, 130 Pathologic, 110, 115, 123, 131, 135, 141 Pathophysiology, 12, 54, 131 Pedigree, 25, 131 Peptide, 110, 131, 133, 134 Perennial, 118, 131 Pericardium, 131, 139 Perindopril, 31, 131 Periodontal disease, 3, 131 Periodontitis, 121, 131 Perioral, 4, 69, 131 Periorbital, 16, 33, 131 Peripheral blood, 7, 34, 125, 131 Peripheral Nervous System, 129, 130, 131 Peripheral stem cells, 122, 131 Peritoneal, 109, 130, 131 Peritoneal Cavity, 109, 130, 131 Pharmacokinetics, 118, 131 Pharmacologic, 107, 131, 141 Pharmacotherapy, 15, 22, 51, 59, 131 Phenotype, 110, 131 Photocoagulation, 113, 132 Physical Examination, 71, 132 Physiologic, 110, 126, 132, 134, 135 Physiology, 110, 132 Pigment, 132 Pigmentation, 70, 132 Pituitary Gland, 115, 132 Plants, 113, 126, 129, 132, 133, 137, 141 Plasma cells, 108, 132 Plasma Kallikrein, 5, 132 Plasma protein, 8, 106, 132, 133 Plasmids, 6, 132 Plasmin, 6, 18, 24, 67, 109, 132, 133, 140 Plasminogen Activators, 132 Plasminogen Inactivators, 132, 137 Pleural, 130, 133 Pleural cavity, 130, 133 Pneumonia, 115, 133
Poisoning, 10, 133 Pollen, 60, 133 Polyarteritis Nodosa, 70, 133 Polymorphism, 21, 33, 133 Polypeptide, 107, 120, 132, 133, 142 Posterior, 117, 130, 133, 141 Postmenopausal, 119, 130, 133 Practice Guidelines, 88, 133 Precancerous, 105, 133 Precipitating Factors, 45, 133 Precursor, 20, 108, 109, 113, 118, 119, 129, 133 Prekallikrein, 132, 133 Procainamide, 46, 133 Procaine, 133 Progression, 108, 134 Progressive, 119, 134 Prophylaxis, 4, 18, 23, 32, 45, 49, 134 Prostaglandin, 108, 134, 140 Protease, 5, 6, 39, 41, 106, 114, 132, 134, 140 Protein C, 27, 106, 107, 114, 134, 137 Protein S, 110, 134 Proteins, 5, 54, 61, 107, 108, 112, 113, 114, 124, 129, 131, 132, 134, 137, 140 Proteolytic, 6, 106, 114, 120, 132, 134, 137, 140 Protocol, 7, 134 Protozoa, 128, 134 Protozoal, 70, 134 Proximal, 117, 135 Pruritic, 71, 127, 135 Pruritus, 71, 102, 135 Psoriasis, 70, 135 Psychiatric, 110, 135 Psychology, 117, 135 Public Policy, 87, 135 Publishing, 8, 135 Pulmonary, 22, 39, 106, 111, 119, 127, 135 Pulmonary Artery, 111, 135 Pupil, 117, 129, 135 Purines, 135, 137, 142 Purpura, 107, 135 Pyrimidines, 135, 137 R Race, 41, 128, 135 Radiation, 119, 120, 124, 135, 140 Radiography, 115, 135 Randomized, 118, 135 Rape, 60, 135 Receptor, 5, 7, 10, 13, 15, 25, 32, 59, 71, 108, 135, 137
149
Recombinant, 5, 8, 12, 67, 81, 135, 141 Recombination, 121, 136 Red blood cells, 119, 122, 136 Refer, 1, 111, 114, 122, 129, 136, 141 Refraction, 136, 138 Regimen, 118, 131, 136 Renin, 108, 112, 136 Renin-Angiotensin System, 108, 112, 136 Retreatment, 40, 136 Risk factor, 70, 119, 136 Rituximab, 27, 136 S Salicylate, 113, 136 Salivary, 120, 136, 137, 142 Saphenous, 115, 136 Saphenous Vein, 115, 136 Scleroderma, 70, 136 Screening, 35, 66, 113, 136 Sebaceous, 116, 136 Sebaceous gland, 116, 136 Secretion, 116, 123, 128, 136 Sedative, 113, 136 Senile, 105, 130, 136 Sepsis, 54, 136 Septic, 5, 137 Serine, 5, 6, 67, 137, 140 Serine Endopeptidases, 137 Serine Proteinase Inhibitors, 67, 137 Serotonin, 129, 131, 137 Serpins, 6, 8, 137 Sertraline, 20, 79, 137 Serum, 17, 18, 28, 29, 38, 44, 57, 59, 71, 106, 107, 114, 115, 128, 137 Serum Sickness, 71, 137 Sex Characteristics, 107, 137 Shock, 5, 58, 107, 137, 141 Sialorrhea, 70, 137 Side effect, 45, 66, 70, 77, 81, 105, 137, 140 Signs and Symptoms, 133, 137 Skeletal, 107, 137 Small intestine, 123, 125, 137 Smooth muscle, 107, 123, 129, 136, 138 Snoring, 19, 138 Sodium, 36, 51, 128, 129, 138, 139 Soft tissue, 70, 111, 138 Solid tumor, 111, 138 Specialist, 93, 117, 138 Species, 109, 112, 119, 128, 129, 130, 132, 135, 138, 141, 142 Specificity, 5, 105, 137, 138 Spectrum, 7, 138 Sperm, 107, 113, 133, 138
Spleen, 127, 138 Splenomegaly, 125, 138 Stanozolol, 16, 63, 138 Steroid, 116, 138 Stimulant, 123, 126, 138 Stimulus, 115, 118, 138, 140 Stomach, 105, 121, 123, 131, 137, 138 Stomatitis, 70, 138 Stress, 102, 112, 139, 141 Stroke, 12, 24, 86, 126, 139 Subacute, 125, 139 Subclinical, 125, 139 Subcutaneous, 71, 107, 118, 127, 130, 139 Submucous, 70, 139 Substrate, 119, 139 Support group, 93, 139 Suppression, 116, 139 Sweat, 116, 139 Sweat Glands, 116, 139 Sympathetic Nervous System, 108, 139 Synapse, 105, 139 Systemic, 21, 27, 31, 69, 78, 79, 107, 109, 111, 119, 125, 130, 136, 138, 139 Systemic disease, 69, 139 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 21, 27, 31, 139 Systolic, 123, 139 T Tartrazine, 47, 139 Terminator, 114, 139 Tetani, 139, 140 Tetanic, 139, 140 Tetanus, 6, 139 Therapeutics, 12, 41, 80, 140 Thermal, 117, 140 Thermography, 35, 140 Threonine, 137, 140 Threshold, 123, 140 Thrombin, 120, 134, 140 Thrombomodulin, 134, 140 Thrombosis, 18, 54, 134, 139, 140 Thromboxanes, 109, 140 Thymus, 127, 140 Thyroid, 47, 48, 54, 140 Thyroid Gland, 140 Thyroiditis, 47, 140 Thyroxine, 106, 137, 140 Tissue Plasminogen Activator, 12, 140 Toxic, iv, 70, 119, 124, 129, 131, 140, 141 Toxicity, 118, 140 Toxicology, 13, 18, 88, 141 Toxin, 118, 139, 141
150
Angioedema
Trachea, 111, 126, 140, 141 Tranexamic Acid, 34, 37, 141 Transfection, 110, 141 Transplantation, 12, 128, 141 Trauma, 70, 141 Tuberculosis, 127, 141 Tunica, 129, 141 U Uric, 106, 135, 141 Urinary, 113, 140, 141, 142 Urine, 116, 117, 129, 141 Uterus, 112, 141 Uvula, 27, 138, 141 V Vaccine, 134, 141 Vascular, 46, 93, 101, 107, 116, 125, 130, 132, 140, 141 Vasculitis, 22, 27, 29, 37, 51, 133, 141 Vasodilation, 108, 141 Vasodilator, 111, 123, 141 Vasomotor, 119, 141 Vector, 130, 141 Vein, 125, 130, 136, 142
Venous, 70, 130, 134, 142 Venules, 71, 111, 142 Vesicular, 70, 122, 142 Veterinary Medicine, 87, 142 Viral, 70, 142 Virulence, 109, 140, 142 Virus, 49, 125, 142 Viscera, 46, 107, 142 Visceral, 12, 30, 32, 51, 74, 142 Vitro, 122, 142 Vivo, 128, 142 W Wart, 126, 142 White blood cell, 105, 108, 125, 128, 129, 132, 142 Windpipe, 111, 140, 142 X Xanthine, 106, 142 Xanthine Oxidase, 106, 142 Xenograft, 108, 142 Xerostomia, 70, 142 Z Zymogen, 134, 142
151
152
Angioedema